Corporative Institutions of Italian·Fascism

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Corporative Institutions of Italian·Fascism THE SYNDICAL AND · CORPORATIVE INSTITUTIONS OF ITALIAN·FASCISM BY G. LOWELL FIELD, M. A. INSTRUCTOR IN·GOVERNMENT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY .• . SUBMITfED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY .. IN THE FACULTY OF POLITICAL SciENCE. CoLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ·NEW ¥0RK 1938 · THE SYNDICAL ·AND. CORPORATIVE INSTITUTIONS OF ITALIAN FASCISM George Lowell Field M.A. INfoTRUCTOR IN GOVERNMENT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY .ao. 4-33 in the "StUdies in History, :Economics [nd Public law'' o:r Columbia University~ SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF .THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY JN THE FACULTY OF PoLITICAL SciENCE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY NEW YORK 1938 BY ftiX"IED Dr THE CXJYED SYA'IES OF AVQJCA ACKNOWLEDGMENT FoR useful advice and other assistance in the preparation of this study the author is gratt;ful to Professor Lindsay Rogers, Professor Arthur W . .Macmahon, Dr. Michael T. Florinsky, Professor Herbert W. Schneider, and Professor Schuyler C. Wallace of Columbia University. For his appointment to the Cutting Travelling Fellowship and other fellowships he is obli­ gated to Columbia University. For hospitality and assistance during his residence in Italy he is beholden to persons whose acquaintance he made at that time. · CONTENTS PACE INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 PART I . THE DICIAToRSHIP. CHAPTER I The Executive and the Fascist Party • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 CHAPTER II The Fascist Parliament. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 PART II THE OFFICIAL SYNDICATES CHAPTER III The Legal Position of the Syndicates • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 61 CHAPTER IV The Structure of the Official Syndicates . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • 72 CHAPTER V Syndical Representation . 83 CHAPTER VI Syndical Functions: Collective Labor Contracts ••• CHAPTER VII Syndical Functions: Labor Litigation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 118 PART III THE CoRPORATIVE INSTITUTIONS CHAPTER VIII The Earlier Corporative Institutions ••••• 137 s 6 CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER IX .Planning the Corporations • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • . I 54 CHAPTER X Debate in the National Council of Corporations, , , •• , • , • . I6z CHAPTER XI The Establishment of the Corporations •• , • , , • • • • • • • . I77 CHAPTER XII The Corporations in Operation . , • 194 APPENDIX •••• 205 INDEX •••••• 207 APPENDIX· LrsT OF LEGAL AND DoculiiENTAaY SouaCES I. Raccolta ufficiale delle leggi e dei decreti del Regna fi'" Italia. Rome. Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato. Annually from,I86I. The official collection of ltaliao legislation. 2. Lex, Legislazione Italiana, raccolta cronologica con-richiami alle leggi .ottinenti e ricchi indici semestriali e annuali. TW"in. Unione Tipografico­ Editrice Torinese. Annually from 1915. A ·privately published collection of Italian legislation, often superior to the official editioa in cross-references to statutes amended or repealed. · J. Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d'Italia. Rome. lstituto Poligrafico dello Stato. The· official serial publication of laws, decrees, and other official -documents. 4- Istituto Nuionale Fascista di Cultura, Legislazione e Ordinamento Sindacale Corporativo. Rome, 1934- Useful collection of selected docu­ ments relating to the "corporative state." s. Ministero delle Corporazioni, Sindacato e Corporazione. Rome. Monthly. Official bulletin of Ministry of Corporations. 6. Atti Parlamentari. Rome. In occasional sheafs and periodically in bound volumes. The official proceedings, documents, etc. of the Italian Parliament. Separate volumes for the two chambers, marked" discussioni," contain the debates. 7. Segretaria del Senato, Segretaria della Camera dei Deputati. Bollettino Parlamentare. Rome. Irregularly from 1927. · Collections of speeches, statistics, Italian and foreign documents issued by the two chambers. 8. lstituto Centrale di Statistica. Annuario Statistico. Roine. In annual volumes. The official Italian statistical compendium. .INDEX "Arbitrary invasion and occupation Corporations (Fascist), 61, 137-139; of premises," crime, 98; see also, activities of, 194-203; Beets and " Crimes against the order of­ Sugar Corporation, 194-199; col­ labor." lective economic agreements l'ati­ Assembly of the Corporations, see, fied by, 201; debate in National National Assembly of the Cor­ Council of Corporations on, x62- porations; National Council of I82; earlier use of term " corpor­ Corporations, general assembly; ation",.· 138; establishment of "Chamber of Fasci and Corpor­ present corporations, ISS; first ations" corporation (of Stage), IS4-IS5; form· of organization, 189-xgo; Boycott, crime, 97 ; see also, "Crimes functions of, 138; law of February against the order of labor " 5, 1934, on, x86-188; list and classification of, 188-18g; member­ ship of councils of, 190-192; Category, 72 . "National Assembly" of, 148, Central Corporative Committee, 29, 193; report of Central Corporative 151-152, 195, 1g8-200 Committee on, 156-161; resolution Chamber of Deputies, 29-33, 56-58; of National Council of Corpor­ election of, · 3o-33; proceerungs,. ations on, 175-176; rule-mak!ing by, 34-47, ss, 184-186; votes in, 38, 42, 2oo-201 ; subjects considered by 47 ; see also, Parliament councils of, 201-202; see also, Cor­ "Chamber of Fasci and Corpora­ pora<tive organizations tions,'' 148 Corporative organizations, list, 137; Charter of Labor, 61-62, 69-70, 102- see also, Corporations (Fascist); 103 National Council of Corporations; Chigi Palace (Pact of), 62 National Assembly of the Corpor­ Collective economic agreements, 7S, ations ; Provincial Councils of 83, 151, 187, 201 Cor.porative Economy ; " Chamber Collective labor contracts, 63-64. 7S, of Faici and Corporations"; 77, 83, IOQ-II7; "completing con­ Cor.porativism (Fascist) tracts,'' 104; ·effect of, Ioo-IOI; Corporativism (Fascist), 61, 137; examples, 104-111; form of, 101; see also, Corporative organizations government approval, 102; how Cooocil' of Corporations, see, Na­ made, Ioo-Ioi, 103-104; quasi­ tional Council of Corporations legislative character, 100; require­ Councils of Corporative Economy, ments as to content, xoz.-103; see, Provincial Councils of Cor­ statistics, II7; workers' represen­ .porative Economy tation, 117, II2-II3; work-sharing "Crimes against the order of labor", agreements, IC7-II7; see also, 97 · Syndical organizations ; Collective labor controversies Decrees and decree-laws, 21·-22, 30, Collective· labor controversies, n8- 33-34, s6 I23; courts having jurisdiction Deliberative bodies, 29 over, I 19; establishment of new labor conditions, 120; examples, Economic agreements, collective, 121-123; parties in, 120; prior con­ 75, 83, 151, 187, 201 ciliation, 121; quasi-legislative "Economic relations", 137 character, 123; revision of existing Electoral law, of 1923, II; of 1gz8, contracts, 121; statistics, n8-119 30-33 Confederations (syndical), 72-73 Employment exchanges, 142-143 207 2o8 INDEX Fasci dj combattimento, 8, 23 Matteotti crisis, 12 Fasci9111, change in program, 8-9; characteristics, 7; consolidatioo of National Assembly of the Corpor­ power, 13; distinctive institutions, ations, 148, 193; set also, National 13, 61; doctrine, 13--16; foundation Council of Corporations, general of Milan fascio, 8; seizure of assembly; " Chamber of Fasci power, 13; terrorist activities, 8 and Corporations" Fascist Party, 23-28 ; activities of National Council of Corporations, fasci, 27-28; as cadre organization, 144-153; Central Corporative Com­ 27; foundation of, 9; fasci di com­ mittee, 151-152; functions of, xso- battimento, 8, IJ ; Grand Council, 151; general assembly of, 146-147; 24-26, 31~ internal organization, powers of president, 148-xso; pro­ 23-24; militia, xo, 24; .nature of, ceedings, 152-153, 162-182 23 ; youth g1roups, 28 ; see also, National syndicates, 73 Fascism Federations, Fascist Party, 23; Parliament, 29-58; character of pro­ syndical, 72-73 ceedings of, 56-58; committees of, 57-58; composition of, 30; govern­ Grand Council of Fascism, 24-26, 31 ment bills in, 56; interrogations in, 37-8, 43, s8 ; legal restrictions on, Head of. the Government (office), 30; legal sovereignty of, 30; private 19-23; executive powers, 20; legis­ members' bills in, 56-57; proceed­ lative control by, 21 ; penalties for ings of, 33-58; see also, Senate; attack on, 22 Chamber of Deputies Popolo d'ltalia, 8 . Individual labor controversies, 124. Provincial Councils of Corporative 129-133; nature of, 124; prior con­ Economy, x38-142 ciliation, 130-131; scope of, 129- Provincial syndicates, 73-74 IJO; significance in enforcing col­ Provincial unions (syndical), 73-74 lective contracts, 129; suits brought after discharge, 131-IJa; unequal position of parties, 129; see also, Senate, 29-30, s6-s8; proceedings, Labor conditions (enforcement of) 47-55, I83-184; votes in, so, 5I, 54; Interprovincial syndicates, 73 see also, Parliament Interprovincial unions (syndical), Shop committees, 62 Sovereignty (legal), 30 73-74 Statutes, 30 "Juridical relations", 137 Strike, a crime, 97; statistics, 98-99 Suffrage (qualifications), 32 Labor conditions (enforcement of), Syndical law of April 3, 1926, 63 124-132; criminal prosecution, 124, Syndical organizations (official), 61- 126-128; employer's plea of ignor­ 136; by-laws, 75-86; confedera­ ance, 126-127; frequency of vio­ tions, 72-73; directing officers, 68, · lations, 125 ; representations to em­ 78-8o ; disci-plinary powers, 76, 83- ployer's syndicate, 125; see also, 84, 88; dues, 65-66 ; elections, 88, Individual labor controversies 91 ; excluded groups, 64-65; ex­ Labor
Recommended publications
  • Comparative Political Reactions in Spain from the 1930S to the Present
    Comparative Political Reactions in Spain from the 1930s to the Present Undergraduate Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in Spanish in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Benjamin Chiappone The Ohio State University April 2020 Project Advisor: Professor Eugenia Romero, Department of Spanish and Portuguese Co-Advisor: Professor Ignasi Gozalo-Salellas, Department of Spanish and Portuguese Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………3 1. The Franco Regime • Francoism & Fascist European Counterparts…………………………………………6 • Franco & the Coup d’état……………………………………………………10 • Memory of the Dictatorship…………………………………………………...12 2. Left-Wing Reactions • CNT & Anarchist Traditions…………………………………………14 • ETA’s Terrorism………………………………………………………………21 • The Catatonia Crisis…………………………………………………………31 • Catalonia & Protest Through the 1992 Olympic Games…………………..35 3. VOX: a Right-Wing Reaction • VOX’s Success & Politics……………………………..…………………...41 Conclusion……………………………………………………..……………..50 2 Introduction George Santayana, a 20th century philosopher once said, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” In Spain’s Pacto de Olvido, the goal was just that, to forget. The pact was initially a political decision, but was given legal legitimacy in the Ley De Amnistía. The decree prevented any accountability for the people who were killed, tortured, and exiled during the civil war. It pardoned those (even far-right military commanders) who were involved in the regime, allowed those who were exiled to return to Spain, and has prevented the nation from investigating human rights violations under the dictatorship. Further, the pact prevented any observation of the war or any commission to look into who bore responsibility for the war (Encarnación). Regardless, memory is crucial in order to understand the past of a nation and its trajectory moving forward.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Adriatic to the Black Sea: the Italian Economic and Military Expansion Endeavour in the Balkan-Danube Area
    Studies in Political and Historical Geography Vol. 8 (2019): 117–137 http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2300-0562.08.07 Corrado Montagnoli From the Adriatic to the Black Sea: The Italian economic and military expansion endeavour in the Balkan-Danube area Abstract: During the years that followed the end of the Great War, the Adriatic area found itself in a period of deep economic crisis due to the emptiness caused by the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The ancient Habsburg harbours, which had recently turned Italian, had lost their natural positions of Mitteleuropean economic outlets toward the Mediterranean due to the new political order of Central-Eastern Europe. Rome, then, attempted a series of economic manoeuvres aimed at improving Italian trade in the Julian harbours, first of all the port of Trieste, and at encouraging Italian entrepreneurial penetration in the Balkans. Resolved in a failure, the desire for commercial boost toward the oriental Adriatic shore coincided with the Dalmatian Irredentism and became a topic for claiming the 1941 military intervention across the Balkan peninsula. Italian geopoliticians, who had just developed the geopolitical discipline in Italy, made the Adriatic-Balkan area one of their most discussed topics. The fascist geopolitical project aimed at creating an economic aisle between the Adriatic and the Black Sea, in order to bypass the Turkish straits and become completion and outlet toward the Mediterranean of the Nazi Baltic-Mitteleuropean space in the north. Rome attempted the agreement with the other Danubian States, which subscribed the Tripartite Pact, in order to create a kind of economic cooperation area under the Italian lead.
    [Show full text]
  • Sicily and the Surrender of Italy
    United States Army in World War II Mediterranean Theater of Operations Sicily and the Surrender of Italy by Albert N. Garland and Howard McGaw Smyth Assisted by Martin Blumenson CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY UNITED STATES ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 1993 Chapter XIV The Climax Sardinia Versus the Mainland The successful invasion of Sicily clarified strategic problems and enabled the Allies to turn from debate to decision. The Combined Chiefs of Staff at the TRIDENT Conference in May had directed General Eisenhower to knock Italy out of the war and contain the maximum number of German forces, but they had not told him how. Preparing to launch operations beyond the Sicilian Campaign, AFHQ had developed several outline plans: BUTTRESS, invasion of the Italian toe by the British 10 Corps; GOBLET, a thrust at the ball of the Italian foot by the British 5 Corps; BRIMSTONE, invasion of Sardinia; and FIREBRAND, invasion of Corsica. But a firm decision on the specific course of action to be taken was still lacking.1 The four plans, Eisenhower had explained to Churchill during the Algiers meetings in June, pointed to two broad alternative courses. If the Axis resisted vigorously in Sicily, thereby forecasting high Italian morale and a bitter and protracted struggle for the Allies, then BRIMSTONE and FIREBRAND, insular operations, were preferable. Otherwise, operations on the Italian mainland were more promising. Despite Churchill's articulate enthusiasm for the latter course, Eisenhower had made no commitment. He awaited the factual evidence to be furnished in Sicily. Meanwhile, the Americans and British continued to argue over strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Consensus for Mussolini? Popular Opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943)
    UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL OF HISTORY AND CULTURES Department of History PhD in Modern History Consensus for Mussolini? Popular opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943) Supervisor: Prof. Sabine Lee Student: Marco Tiozzo Fasiolo ACADEMIC YEAR 2016-2017 2 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the University of Birmingham is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of my words. 3 Abstract The thesis focuses on the response of Venice province population to the rise of Fascism and to the regime’s attempts to fascistise Italian society.
    [Show full text]
  • Buddhism from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump To: Navigation, Search
    Buddhism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A statue of Gautama Buddha in Bodhgaya, India. Bodhgaya is traditionally considered the place of his awakening[1] Part of a series on Buddhism Outline · Portal History Timeline · Councils Gautama Buddha Disciples Later Buddhists Dharma or Concepts Four Noble Truths Dependent Origination Impermanence Suffering · Middle Way Non-self · Emptiness Five Aggregates Karma · Rebirth Samsara · Cosmology Practices Three Jewels Precepts · Perfections Meditation · Wisdom Noble Eightfold Path Wings to Awakening Monasticism · Laity Nirvāṇa Four Stages · Arhat Buddha · Bodhisattva Schools · Canons Theravāda · Pali Mahāyāna · Chinese Vajrayāna · Tibetan Countries and Regions Related topics Comparative studies Cultural elements Criticism v • d • e Buddhism (Pali/Sanskrit: बौद धमर Buddh Dharma) is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one"). The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[2] He is recognized by adherents as an awakened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end suffering (or dukkha), achieve nirvana, and escape what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth. Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada—the oldest surviving branch—has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, and Mahayana is found throughout East Asia and includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tendai and Shinnyo-en. In some classifications Vajrayana, a subcategory of Mahayana, is recognized as a third branch.
    [Show full text]
  • For the Defense of the Race: the Italian Racial Laws and the Persecution of the Jews Under Fascism
    For the Defense of the Race: The Italian Racial Laws and the Persecution of the Jews under Fascism Edward Grodin 1746-7995 Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….1 A Brief Historiography…………………………………………………………………...3 Act I: Ab initio (In the Beginning) The Situation before 1938……………………………………………………………..….6 Informazione Diplomatica n. 14………………………………………………………....10 The “Manifesto of Racial Scientists”…………………………………………………….11 Act II: Le leggi razziali (The Racial Laws) Institutionalized Racism………………………………………………………………….15 Measures against Jews in Schools and Foreign Jews……………………………….…...17 Declaration on Race………………………………………………………………….......20 Measures for the Defense of the Italian Race....................................................................23 Expanding Persecution: 1939-1943……………………………………………………...28 Act III: Götterdämmerung (The Twilight of the Gods) Salò and “I campi di sterminio”.........................................................................................37 The Persecuted…………………………….……………………………………….…….41 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….…50 Appendix: Chronological List of Major Fascist Legislation Bibliography “I have been a racist since 1921. I do not know how they can think that I imitate Hitler, he was not born yet. They make me laugh. The race must be defended…We need to give a sense of the race to Italians, so that they do not create mixed races, so that they do not spoil that which is good in us.”1 - Benito Mussolini to his mistress, Clara Petacci, on August 4, 1938 Introduction The story of the Jews in Fascist Italy can be best understood as a tragedy in three acts. In the first act (ab initio), the Jews found themselves as equal participants in the emergence of a new political phenomenon, Fascism, whereby Benito Mussolini (Il Duce) ruled as the face of a triumphant return to the grandeur of the Roman Empire. Since the birth of the Italian nation-state, Jews had enjoyed a political atmosphere that emphasized patriotism over all other considerations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Startling Rise to Power of Benito Mussolini
    The Journal of Values-Based Leadership Volume 11 Article 3 Issue 2 Summer/Fall 2018 July 2018 Lessons from History: The tS artling Rise to Power of Benito Mussolini Emilio F. Iodice [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/jvbl Part of the Business Commons Recommended Citation Iodice, Emilio F. (2018) "Lessons from History: The tS artling Rise to Power of Benito Mussolini," The Journal of Values-Based Leadership: Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 3. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.22543/0733.62.1241 Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/jvbl/vol11/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Business at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The ourJ nal of Values-Based Leadership by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Lessons from History: The Startling Rise to Power of Benito Mussolini EMILIO IODICE, ROME, ITALY Democracy is beautiful in theory; in practice it is a fallacy. All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state. Yes, a dictator can be loved. Provided that the masses fear him at the same time. The crowd loves strong men. The crowd is like a woman. If only we can give them faith that mountains can be moved, they will accept the illusion that mountains are moveable, and thus an illusion may become reality. Italian journalism is free because it serves one cause and one purpose…mine! Better to live a day as a lion than 100 years as a sheep.
    [Show full text]
  • Nazi Party from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Create account Log in Article Talk Read View source View history Nazi Party From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the German Nazi Party that existed from 1920–1945. For the ideology, see Nazism. For other Nazi Parties, see Nazi Navigation Party (disambiguation). Main page The National Socialist German Workers' Party (German: Contents National Socialist German Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (help·info), abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known Featured content Workers' Party in English as the Nazi Party, was a political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945. Its Current events Nationalsozialistische Deutsche predecessor, the German Workers' Party (DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920. The term Nazi is Random article Arbeiterpartei German and stems from Nationalsozialist,[6] due to the pronunciation of Latin -tion- as -tsion- in Donate to Wikipedia German (rather than -shon- as it is in English), with German Z being pronounced as 'ts'. Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Leader Karl Harrer Contact page 1919–1920 Anton Drexler 1920–1921 Toolbox Adolf Hitler What links here 1921–1945 Related changes Martin Bormann 1945 Upload file Special pages Founded 1920 Permanent link Dissolved 1945 Page information Preceded by German Workers' Party (DAP) Data item Succeeded by None (banned) Cite this page Ideologies continued with neo-Nazism Print/export Headquarters Munich, Germany[1] Newspaper Völkischer Beobachter Create a book Youth wing Hitler Youth Download as PDF Paramilitary Sturmabteilung
    [Show full text]
  • Fascism, Liberalism and Europeanism in the Political Thought of Bertrand
    5 NIOD STUDIES ON WAR, HOLOCAUST, AND GENOCIDE Knegt de Jouvenel and Alfred Fabre-Luce Alfred and Jouvenel de in the Thought Political of Bertrand Liberalism andFascism, Europeanism Daniel Knegt Fascism, Liberalism and Europeanism in the Political Thought of Bertrand de Jouvenel and Alfred Fabre-Luce Fascism, Liberalism and Europeanism in the Political Thought of Bertrand de Jouvenel and Alfred Fabre-Luce NIOD Studies on War, Holocaust, and Genocide NIOD Studies on War, Holocaust, and Genocide is an English-language series with peer-reviewed scholarly work on the impact of war, the Holocaust, and genocide on twentieth-century and contemporary societies, covering a broad range of historical approaches in a global context, and from diverse disciplinary perspectives. Series Editors Karel Berkhoff, NIOD Thijs Bouwknegt, NIOD Peter Keppy, NIOD Ingrid de Zwarte, NIOD and University of Amsterdam International Advisory Board Frank Bajohr, Center for Holocaust Studies, Munich Joan Beaumont, Australian National University Bruno De Wever, Ghent University William H. Frederick, Ohio University Susan R. Grayzel, The University of Mississippi Wendy Lower, Claremont McKenna College Fascism, Liberalism and Europeanism in the Political Thought of Bertrand de Jouvenel and Alfred Fabre-Luce Daniel Knegt Amsterdam University Press This book has been published with a financial subsidy from the European University Institute. Cover illustration: Pont de la Concorde and Palais Bourbon, seat of the French parliament, in July 1941 Source: Scherl / Bundesarchiv Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Typesetting: Crius Group, Hulshout Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 94 6298 333 5 e-isbn 978 90 4853 330 5 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789462983335 nur 686 / 689 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The author / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2017 Some rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 X 60' EPISODIC BREAKDOWN 1. Ortona 1943: a Bloody Christmas It
    WWII 7 x 60’ EPISODIC BREAKDOWN 1. Ortona 1943: A Bloody Christmas It was the bloodiest and most mysterious battle of the Second World War in Italy. In Ortona, a small seaside town in the Abruzzo region, Germans and Canadians literally fought street by street, house by house, even room by room. Why did everyone want to conquer Ortona in December 1943? What was so important about it? And why was it forgotten so quickly afterwards? What embarrassing secret does Ortona hide until this day? Amazing library footage restored in HD, never before heard eyewitness accounts, documents that have remained secret until now, German photographs recently found and shown for the first time, astonishing computer reconstructions and moving re-enactments help us to relive not only the political and military climate of the time, but take us back to the narrow alleys of the time, standing side-by-side with the soldiers to discover the embarrassing truth that has remained hidden for over half a century. 2. Blue Jeans And Short Skirts - American Trieste After The War At the end of the Second World War, Trieste, a city in the north of Italy that had remained in the shadows throughout the conflict, suddenly found itself the focus of great strategic interest. Caught between Italy and Yugoslavia, between the West and the Communist block, it was administrated by America and Britain for no less than nine years. These were the years of Philip Morris cigarettes, of the first blue jeans seen in Europe, of neon signs, nylon stockings, increasingly short skirts, of nights fuelled by martinis and boogie-woogie, and the first Hollywood movies.
    [Show full text]
  • Waffen-SS from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (Redirected from Waffenss)
    Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Waffen-SS From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from WaffenSS) Navigation The Waffen-SS (German pronunciation: [ˈvafәn.ɛs.ɛs], Armed SS) was created as the Waffen-SS [2] Main page armed wing of the Nazi Party's Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron"), and gradually [3] Contents developed into a multi-ethnic and multi-national military force of Nazi Germany. Featured content The Waffen-SS grew from three regiments to over 38 divisions during World War II, and [4] Current events served alongside the Heer (regular army) but was never formally part of it. Adolf Hitler Active 1933–1945 Random article resisted integrating the Waffen-SS into the army, as it was to remain the armed wing of Country Nazi Germany Donate to Wikipedia [5] the Party and to become an elite police force once the war was won. Prior to the war Allegiance Adolf Hitler it was under the control of the SS Führungshauptamt (SS operational command office) Branch Schutzstaffel beneath Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. Upon mobilization its tactical control was Interaction Type Panzer given to the High Command of the Armed Forces (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht).[6] Help Panzergrenadier Initially membership was open to Aryans only in accordance with the racial policy of Cavalry About Wikipedia Nazi Germany, but the rules were partially relaxed in 1940, although Jews and Poles Infantry Community portal remained banned. Hitler authorized the formation of units composed largely or solely of Mountain Infantry Recent changes foreign volunteers and conscripts. By the end of the war, non-Germans made up Police Contact Wikipedia approximately 60 percent of the Waffen-SS.[citation needed] Size 38 Divisions and many minor units at its peak At the post-war Nuremberg Trials the Waffen-SS was condemned as a criminal Toolbox Part of Wehrmacht (de facto) organization due to its essential connection to the Nazi Party and involvement in Garrison/HQ SS Führungshauptamt, Berlin What links here numerous war crimes.
    [Show full text]
  • Hegemony and Consensus in Italy
    HEGEMONY AND CONSENSUS: THE RELkTIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICS AND CULTURE IN FASCIST ITALY Brian Grfflth N July 1943, Benito Mussolini was deposed as fascist dictator of Italy I and incarcerated by the Grand Council of fascism.’ Shortly after his liberation by the Germans in September1943, Mussolini fled to northern Italy where he co-founded and administered the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale ftaliana or RSI), a puppet state of Nazi Germany. Upon the untimely disintegration of the RSI in April 1945, Mussolini, along with a small group ofhis closest associates, attempted to escape to Francisco Franco’s Spain via Switzerland. The group, however, was identified and captured by members of the Italian Resistance, executed near Lake Como, and strung up in Milan’s Piazza Loreto for a post mortem public display (fig. 1). The spectacle of Mussolini’s dramatic fall from power in Italy was eerily reminiscent of the spectacle of the fascist regime he had so carefully constructed and orchestrated throughout the previous twenty years, often referred to as the ventennio nero (black decades).2 Shortly after the conclusion of the Second World War, a generation ofanti-fascist scholars began to characterize the years of fascism in Italy as an aberration in history, or a brief pause in time. Benedetto Croce, for example, famously characterized the twenty years of fascist rule as a “parenthesis in history”.3 Norberto Bobbio, a prominent intellectual both Fascism — as defined by Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile in ‘Foundations and Doctrine of Fascism” (1932) — is a social and political ideology which imagines the State as the locus around which the individual is defined and, ultimately, socially constituted.
    [Show full text]