THE SYNDICAL AND · CORPORATIVE INSTITUTIONS OF ITALIAN·

BY G. LOWELL FIELD, M. A.

INSTRUCTOR IN·GOVERNMENT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

.• . SUBMITfED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY .. IN THE FACULTY OF POLITICAL SciENCE. CoLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

·NEW ¥0RK 1938 · THE SYNDICAL ·AND. CORPORATIVE INSTITUTIONS OF

George Lowell Field M.A.

INfoTRUCTOR IN GOVERNMENT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY .ao. 4-33 in the "StUdies in History, :Economics [nd Public law'' o:r Columbia University~

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF .THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY JN THE FACULTY OF PoLITICAL SciENCE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

NEW YORK 1938 BY

ftiX"IED Dr THE CXJYED SYA'IES OF AVQJCA ACKNOWLEDGMENT FoR useful advice and other assistance in the preparation of this study the author is gratt;ful to Professor Lindsay Rogers, Professor Arthur W . .Macmahon, Dr. Michael T. Florinsky, Professor Herbert W. Schneider, and Professor Schuyler C. Wallace of Columbia University. For his appointment to the Cutting Travelling Fellowship and other fellowships he is obli­ gated to Columbia University. For hospitality and assistance during his residence in he is beholden to persons whose acquaintance he made at that time. · CONTENTS

PACE INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7

PART I

. THE DICIAToRSHIP.

CHAPTER I The Executive and the Party • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19

CHAPTER II The Fascist Parliament. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29

PART II

THE OFFICIAL SYNDICATES

CHAPTER III The Legal Position of the Syndicates • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 61

CHAPTER IV The Structure of the Official Syndicates . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • 72

CHAPTER V Syndical Representation . 83

CHAPTER VI Syndical Functions: Collective Labor Contracts •••

CHAPTER VII Syndical Functions: Labor Litigation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 118

PART III

THE CoRPORATIVE INSTITUTIONS

CHAPTER VIII The Earlier Corporative Institutions ••••• 137 s 6 CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER IX .Planning the Corporations • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • . . . . I 54 CHAPTER X Debate in the National Council of Corporations, , , •• , • , • . . I6z CHAPTER XI The Establishment of the Corporations •• , • , , • • • • • • • . . I77 CHAPTER XII The Corporations in Operation . , • 194

APPENDIX •••• 205

INDEX •••••• 207 APPENDIX·

LrsT OF LEGAL AND DoculiiENTAaY SouaCES

I. Raccolta ufficiale delle leggi e dei decreti del Regna fi'" Italia. . Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato. Annually from,I86I. The official collection of ltaliao legislation. 2. Lex, Legislazione Italiana, raccolta cronologica con-richiami alle leggi .ottinenti e ricchi indici semestriali e annuali. TW"in. Unione Tipografico­ Editrice Torinese. Annually from 1915. A ·privately published collection of Italian legislation, often superior to the official editioa in cross-references to statutes amended or repealed. · J. Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d'Italia. Rome. lstituto Poligrafico dello Stato. The· official serial publication of laws, decrees, and other official -documents. 4- Istituto Nuionale Fascista di Cultura, Legislazione e Ordinamento Sindacale Corporativo. Rome, 1934- Useful collection of selected docu­ ments relating to the "corporative state." s. Ministero delle Corporazioni, Sindacato e Corporazione. Rome. Monthly. Official bulletin of Ministry of Corporations. 6. Atti Parlamentari. Rome. In occasional sheafs and periodically in bound volumes. The official proceedings, documents, etc. of the Italian Parliament. Separate volumes for the two chambers, marked" discussioni," contain the debates. 7. Segretaria del Senato, Segretaria della Camera dei Deputati. Bollettino Parlamentare. Rome. Irregularly from 1927. · Collections of speeches, statistics, Italian and foreign documents issued by the two chambers. 8. lstituto Centrale di Statistica. Annuario Statistico. Roine. In annual volumes. The official Italian statistical compendium. .INDEX

"Arbitrary invasion and occupation Corporations (Fascist), 61, 137-139; of premises," crime, 98; see also, activities of, 194-203; Beets and " Crimes against the order of­ Sugar Corporation, 194-199; col­ labor." lective economic agreements l'ati­ Assembly of the Corporations, see, fied by, 201; debate in National National Assembly of the Cor­ Council of Corporations on, x62- porations; National Council of I82; earlier use of term " corpor­ Corporations, general assembly; ation",.· 138; establishment of "Chamber of Fasci and Corpor­ present corporations, ISS; first ations" corporation (of Stage), IS4-IS5; form· of organization, 189-xgo; Boycott, crime, 97 ; see also, "Crimes functions of, 138; law of February against the order of labor " 5, 1934, on, x86-188; list and classification of, 188-18g; member­ ship of councils of, 190-192; Category, 72 . "National Assembly" of, 148, Central Corporative Committee, 29, 193; report of Central Corporative 151-152, 195, 1g8-200 Committee on, 156-161; resolution Chamber of Deputies, 29-33, 56-58; of National Council of Corpor­ election of, · 3o-33; proceerungs,. ations on, 175-176; rule-mak!ing by, 34-47, ss, 184-186; votes in, 38, 42, 2oo-201 ; subjects considered by 47 ; see also, Parliament councils of, 201-202; see also, Cor­ "Chamber of Fasci and Corpora­ pora

Born.January 1, 1911, in Worcester, Massachusetts. Primary and secondary education in public schools of that city. Attended Wesleyan University .1928-1932. Graduated 1932, Bachelor of Arts. Attended Columbia University 1932-1934· Master of Arts, 1933. Gilder Fellow, 1932-1933; University Fellow, 1933-1934; Cutting Traveliing Fellow, 1934-1935. Published "Forms of Organization of Italian Public Undertakings" in Annals of Collective Economy (vol. X, No. 1) Geneva, Swit­ zerland in 1934 and a note with same title in the American Political Science Review (vol. XXVII, No. 6). Instructor in Government in Columbia University since September 1935. Attended seminar in government and Politics under Professors Lindsay Rogers, Arthur W. Macmahon, Schuyler C. \Vallace, and Raymond Moley. 211