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Section 3.7 Marine Mammals

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Section 3.7 Marine Mammals Point Mugu Sea Range Draft EIS/OEIS April 2020 Environmental Impact Statement/ Overseas Environmental Impact Statement Point Mugu Sea Range TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.7 Marine Mammals ............................................................................................................. 3.7-1 3.7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 3.7-1 3.7.2 Region of Influence ............................................................................................... 3.7-1 3.7.3 Approach to Analysis ............................................................................................ 3.7-1 3.7.4 Affected Environment ........................................................................................... 3.7-2 3.7.4.1 General Background .............................................................................. 3.7-2 3.7.4.2 Mysticete Cetaceans Expected in the Study Area ............................... 3.7-28 3.7.4.3 Odontocete Cetaceans Expected in the Study Area ............................ 3.7-50 3.7.4.4 Otariid Pinnipeds Expected in the Study Area ..................................... 3.7-79 3.7.4.5 Phocid Pinnipeds Expected in the Study Area ..................................... 3.7-85 3.7.4.6 Mustelids (Sea Otter) Expected in the Study Area .............................. 3.7-89 3.7.5 Environmental Consequences ............................................................................ 3.7-91 3.7.5.1 Long-Term Consequences ................................................................... 3.7-92 3.7.5.2 Stressor Assessment ............................................................................ 3.7-92 3.7.5.3 No Action Alternative ........................................................................ 3.7-120 3.7.5.4 Alternative 1 (Preferred Alternative) ................................................. 3.7-120 3.7.5.5 Alternative 2 ...................................................................................... 3.7-136 3.7.5.6 Indirect Effects ................................................................................... 3.7-148 3.7.5.7 Consideration of Results from Monitoring of Navy Activities At-Sea 3.7-149 List of Figures Figure 3.7-1: Composite Audiograms for Hearing Groups Likely Found in the Study Area .................. 3.7-16 Figure 3.7-2: Blue Whale Biologically Important Feeding Areas Identified in the Vicinity of the PMSR Study Area (per Calambokidis et al. 2015) ....................................................................... 3.7-31 Figure 3.7-3: Gray Whale Biologically Important Area Migration Corridors Identified in the Vicinity of the PMSR Study Area (per Calambokidis et al. 2015) ............................................................ 3.7-40 Figure 3.7-4: Humpback Whale Biologically Important Feeding Areas Identified in the Vicinity of the PMSR Study Area (per Calambokidis et al. 2015) ............................................................ 3.7-45 i Table of Contents Point Mugu Sea Range Draft EIS/OEIS April 2020 Figure 3.7-5 Areas Under Consideration as Humpback Whale Critical Habitat in the Vicinity of the PMSR Study Area ........................................................................................................................ 3.7-46 Figure 3.7-6: Morro Bay Harbor Porpoise Biologically Important Small and Resident Population Area Identified in the Vicinity of the PMSR Study Area (per Calambokidis et al. 2015) .......... 3.7-61 Figure 3.7-7: Southern Sea Otter Military Readiness Areas As Established by the 2016 NDAA ........... 3.7-90 List of Tables Table 3.7-1: Marine Mammals Within the Point Mugu Sea Range Study Area ...................................... 3.7-5 Table 3.7-2: Species Within Marine Mammal Hearing Groups Likely Found in the PMSR Study Area 3.7-14 Table 3.7-3: Summary of Stressors Assessed for Potential Marine Mammal Impacts Associated with the Same or Similar Testing and Training Activities ............................................................. 3.7-114 ii Table of Contents Point Mugu Sea Range Draft EIS/OEIS April 2020 3.7 Marine Mammals 3.7.1 Introduction In this Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement (OEIS), potential impacts on marine mammals are evaluated based on their distribution and ecology relative to the stressor or activity being considered. Activities are evaluated for their potential impact on marine mammals in general, on stocks and populations as appropriate, and on species listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the Point Mugu Sea Range (PMSR) Study Area (Study Area). The following subsections provide introductions to marine mammal species that occur in the Study Area, including federally listed threatened or endangered species. General information relevant to all marine mammal species is provided in Section 3.7.4.1 (General Background), followed by subsections that discuss the status, habitats, population trends, predator-prey interactions, and species-specific threats. The complete analysis and summary of potential impacts of the proposed testing and training activities on marine mammals is found in Section 3.7.5 (Environmental Consequences). Throughout this section, references are made to three regions of the Pacific Ocean. These regions, delineated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Science Centers, are defined for management purposes as (1) the Eastern North Pacific, an area in the Pacific Ocean that is east of 140 degrees (°) west (W) longitude and north of the equator; (2) the Central North Pacific, north of the equator and between the International Date Line (180° W longitude) and 140° W longitude; and (3) the Eastern Tropical Pacific, an area roughly extending from the United States (U.S.)-Mexico Border west to Hawaii and south to Peru. 3.7.2 Region of Influence The region of influence for marine mammals includes the waters of the PMSR Study Area and pinniped haulouts on land at San Nicolas Island (SNI). Many cetaceans and pinnipeds are only seasonally present in the PMSR Study Area, so discussion of those life cycle events and threats to those species and populations elsewhere are considered part of the analysis in this EIS/OEIS. Populations and population trends of pinnipeds that haul out on islands that are not within the PMSR are discussed because these data provide the best estimates of pinniped populations that are expected to be present in the Study Area. 3.7.3 Approach to Analysis The analysis of potential impacts on marine mammals due to the Proposed Action was based on the review of scientific publications cited in this section and from recent Navy documents that analyzed potential impacts from the same or similar activities on marine mammals (U.S. Department of the Navy, 2018b, 2018d). A list of stressors potentially affecting marine mammals or their habitat was created by categorizing the different types of activities and the aircraft, vessels, ordnance, and expended materials used during those activities. Potential impacts on marine mammals resulting from exposure to these stressors would come primarily from direct physical injury or behavioral harassment. Analysis of these stressors on marine mammals is presented in Section 3.7.5 (Environmental Consequences). Mitigation measures proposed as a result of the analysis and to reduce or avoid impacts on marine mammals are presented in Chapter 5 (Standard Operating Procedures and Mitigation). 3.7-1 3.7 Marine Mammals Point Mugu Sea Range Draft EIS/OEIS April 2020 3.7.4 Affected Environment 3.7.4.1 General Background Marine mammals are a diverse group of approximately 130 species. Most live predominantly in the marine habitat, although some species, such as seals, spend time in terrestrial habitats (Jefferson et al., 2015; Rice, 1998). The exact number of formally recognized marine mammal species changes periodically with new scientific understanding or findings (Rice, 1998). For a list of current species classifications, see the formal list “Marine Mammal Species and Subspecies” maintained online by the Society for Marine Mammalogy (Committee on Taxonomy, 2016, 2018). In this document, the United States Department of the Navy (Navy) follows the naming conventions presented by NMFS in the applicable annual Stock Assessment Reports (SARs) for the Pacific and Alaska covering the marine mammals present in the PMSR Study Area (Carretta et al., 2019c; Muto et al., 2019). All marine mammals in the United States are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), and some species receive additional protection under the ESA. The MMPA defines a marine mammal “stock” as “…a group of marine mammals of the same species or smaller taxon in a common spatial arrangement that interbreed when mature” (16 United States Code section 1362; for further details, see Oleson et al. (2013). As provided by NMFS guidance, “…for purposes of management under the MMPA a stock is recognized as being a management unit that identifies a demographically independent biological population” (National Marine Fisheries Service, 2016c). However, in practice, recognized management stocks may fall short of this ideal because of a lack of information or for other reasons and, in some cases, may even include multiple species in a management unit, such as with Mesoplodon beaked whales1 occurring off California (Carretta et al., 2019c). The ESA provides for listing species, subspecies, or
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