Full Report

About the Toronto Community Foundation Community vitality has been our purpose, promise, and passion since 1981, when we started connecting donors to community needs and opportunities. What makes us unique is our ability to mobilize hundreds of individual and family Fundholders, high-impact community organizations, and cross-sector leaders to tackle complex quality of life issues in creative and inspiring ways.

We know Toronto. We identify the city’s current and emerging needs in our Toronto’s Vital Signs® Report, convene to explore solutions, and invest in these solutions through our grant programs and special initiatives. Our processes, knowledge and relationships fuel innovative forms of collaboration across many demographic, cultural, geographic and creative communities. Everything we do is focused on generating meaningful impact. We’re effective in connecting donors to inspiring opportunities that transform not only individuals, but whole communities. We call it “The Art of Wise Giving”.

About the Toronto’s Vital Signs® Report Toronto's Vital Signs® provides a snapshot of the trends in our city, highlighting progress we should be proud of and challenges that need to be addressed for Toronto’s quality of life. The Report is compiled from current statistics and special studies which look at eleven different, yet interconnected, issue areas that are critical to the well-being of our city and its residents.

The Report aims to: inspire civic engagement, provide focus for public debate, and guide donors and stakeholders who want to direct their resources to areas of greatest need. Since Toronto’s first Vital Signs publication in 2001, the Report has been adopted by 16 communities across Canada.

About the Community Knowledge Centre Learn about the issues. Be part of the solutions.

Visit the Community Knowledge Centre at www.tcf.ca to learn about innovative and effective solutions to some of our city’s most pressing issues as identified in Toronto’s Vital Signs® Report. Just as Toronto’s Vital Signs® is a snapshot of the issues, the Community Knowledge Centre is a snapshot of some of the solutions. We hope the website inspires you to imagine and participate in transformational change in our city – and make Toronto the best place to live, work, learn, and grow.

About community foundations Community foundations are independent public foundations that strengthen their communities by partnering with donors to build permanent endowments, which support community projects, and by providing leadership on issues of broad community concern. Vital Signs is an annual community check-up conducted by community foundations across Canada that measures the vitality of our communities, identifies significant trends, and assigns grades in a range of areas critical to quality of life. Vital Signs is coordinated nationally by Community Foundations of Canada. The Vital Signs trademark is used with permission from Community Foundations of Canada.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report

Toronto’s Vital Signs 2010 letter from Martin Connell and Rahul Bhardwaj

Advice to the new Mayor of Toronto Dear Mayor,

You have inherited a wonderful city; a city with tremendous untapped potential. At the same time, it is a city with significant challenges that -- through inaction and lack of vision -- have brought other cities to their knees. Toronto is truly at a turning point. What will set it in the right direction is a new kind of leadership; leading us to be the city we all know we are capable of being.

PricewaterhouseCoopers selected Toronto as one of 21 leading international cities. It ranks us among the best in terms of economic power and cost of doing business, and number one for liveability.

We are a productive and prosperous city, with GDP increasing steadily from $86 Billion in 1987 to $121 Billion in 2009.

We are among the most diverse cities in the world, reflecting more than 200 ethnicities and overflowing with highly educated talent and strong international connections.

We live within the largest near-urban greenbelt area on the planet (1.8 million acres) and in 2009 Toronto was the first city in North America to pass a by-law requiring green roof construction for large-scale new developments.

Police-reported crime continues a decade-long decline in Toronto, down 3.8% from 2008. This situates us in the metropolitan area with the lowest crime rate in Canada.

Yes, the numbers show we are a winning city. But this is no time for a victory lap. Toronto’s Vital Signs uncovers real threats to our prosperity, our liveability and our legacy.

It is true that we remain among the leading centres of business, finance and culture, but our ability to attract investment is very weak, ranking 19th among 24 key international city regions. And although Toronto shows glimpses of innovation, ranking 17th in the world for the 3rd year in a row for number of new patents, our 843 patents in 2009 falls far behind top-ranking Tokyo with 20,605.

In 2008 we were a seriously unaffordable housing market and this past year we crossed the threshold into severely unaffordable, ranking 215th least affordable out of 272 markets surveyed in key industrialized countries.

Our neighbourhoods – once a proud reflection of our cultural and economic mosaic – are shifting apart. In 1970 66% of our neighbourhoods were middle income. Thirty-five years later only 29% can make this claim. Over one million Torontonians now live in the most challenged areas of the city. Toronto is at serious risk of becoming divided between the inner city and the inner suburbs, the rich and the poor.

One in three children are overweight or obese, and more than half of Torontonians live in “food deserts” – areas with no grocery store within a one kilometre radius, leaving convenience stores and fast food outlets as the only accessible options for those without a car or proximity to public transportation.

Congestion in the city is costing the Canadian economy over $5 billion per year and the TTC needs to find the resources to accommodate 175 million projected new riders by 2021. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) recently cited Toronto’s transportation woes as the key liability threatening our prosperity. At the same time, we are the only one of 31 OECD member countries without a long-term federal transit plan.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report

We know you are serious about Toronto achieving its potential and providing a prosperous future for its residents. To do this you will need to break through the immediate political gridlock and commit to investing for the long term.

Start with public transit. This is our circulatory system but it is old and clogged. We need leadership that recognizes that a successful public transportation system supports the people and businesses that we need in this city as well as the region. Public transportation should connect us not divide us through the politics of cars versus bikes.

New leadership must recognize that we compete daily for global business as well as global talent. Most industrialized nations are facing declining birthrates and aging populations and are supplementing their labour force growth through immigration. We cannot continue to take highly skilled foreign talent for granted as it is simply too important to our future success.

Toronto has become out of reach for many families who are just getting started. We must have affordable housing so young people, newcomers and, above all, growing families can actually afford to live in the city. A city without children is no city at all.

Our roads, water mains and sewers need to be updated and current budget constraints have us putting that off at our peril. Dithering on this key issue does not bode well for a successful future.

Most importantly, the times call for a mayor who can think globally and act globally. The days of “fixing potholes” alone are long behind us. We need you to build bridges that will connect us with the emerging global village.

You can’t do this work alone. Our future prosperity depends on collaborative leadership. We need a mayor who can steer Council to work as a unit, a mayor who can mobilize regional partners to attract and retain the best businesses and workers from around the world, and one who is firmly looking to the future.

It was a competitive drive to succeed that brought Toronto and its over 2.5 million residents to where we are today. But the solutions to tomorrow’s challenges can only be found together. We need to move from competition to collaboration. Our future is dependent on the ability to use knowledge to see what’s coming, connect the needs and opportunities, coordinate action, and progress through collaborative efforts.

At the Toronto Community Foundation we work with hundreds of donors to connect them with community needs and opportunities. We are one group among many invested in making this city the best place to live, work, learn and grow. Whether in business, the not-for-profit sector, the public sector, labour or academia, consider us all your partners. In realizing your vision for the future, we ask that you reach out and include us in your plans.

Yes, Mayor, there are significant challenges ahead. But you have received a prize – a populace rich in assets and overflowing with potential. All we need to succeed is here. Toronto’s Vital Signs confirms that.

It has been said that “a politician thinks of the next election; a statesman of the next generation”. What kind of mayor will you be?

Martin Connell Rahul K. Bhardwaj Chair, Board of Directors President & CEO

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010

Notes: 1. The “city of Toronto,” “Toronto” or “the city” refers to the former Regional Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, which consisted of the former cities of Toronto, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, York and the Borough of East York. When the “C” in “City” is capitalized, it refers to the municipal government.

2. The “Toronto Region” or “Region” refers to the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA), the largest metropolitan area in Canada, stretching from Ajax and Pickering on the east, to Milton on the west and New Tecumseth and Georgina on the north. Almost half the population of the Toronto Region resides in the city of Toronto.

The Toronto Region is an area slightly smaller than the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and is comprised of the city of Toronto plus 23 other municipalities: Ajax, Aurora, Bradford-West Gwillimbury, Brampton, Caledon, East Gwillimbury, Georgina, Georgina Island, Halton Hills, King Township, Markham, Milton, Mississauga, Mono Township, Newmarket, Tecumseth, Oakville, Orangeville, Pickering, Richmond Hill, Uxbridge, Whitchurch-Stouffville and Vaughan.

3. The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) refers to the entire area covered by the regions of Halton, Peel, York, Toronto and Durham. The area is slightly larger than the CMA.

4. Trends have been illustrated by the use of arrows. The timeframe can be inferred from the text of the particular indicator. There is no symbol attached to indicators that do not include comparisons over time, or where a trend could be interpreted both positively and negatively.

Trend Symbol No significant change Ù Upward positive × Upward negative × Downward positive Ø Downward negative Ø

5. See Glossary at the back of this document for a list of definitions.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report

Table of Contents Who we are...... 1 Learning...... 9 Arts and Culture...... 13 Work ...... 18 Getting Around ...... 24 Getting Started in Toronto ...... 29 Health and Wellness ...... 33 Environment ...... 38 Housing ...... 45 Safety...... 50 Gap Between Rich and Poor...... 55 Leadership, Civic Engagement and Belonging...... 62 Glossary ...... 66 Acknowledgements ...... 69 Endnotes ...... 73

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010

Who we are:

A diverse array of people, representing more than 200 distinct ethnic origins, call Toronto “home”. They could be:

¾ Asad arrived in Toronto in 2009. He is one of about 300,000 members of the city’s South Asian communities, the largest visible minority population in the city. ¾ Amina goes to elementary school in northwestern Toronto. Her classmates come from 57 different countries. She and 80% of the students at her school are English language learners. ¾ Francesca came to Canada in 1967 and settled in Toronto. Her predominantly Italian neighbourhood has changed a lot over the years. Now more people speak Tamil than Italian in Toronto. ¾ Roberto has just finished high school and is starting college in Toronto this fall. He knows that further education will make all the difference in finding good work, when more than 30% of his contemporaries (15-24 year-olds who have been in Canada for 5 to 10 years) are unemployed. ¾ Philomena is a resident in a long-term care facility in Toronto. At 93, she is still active, one of over 16,000 Torontonians 90 and older in 2009 (a number expected to double by 2026).

Toronto’s population is growing gradually, as immigration slows, but by 2036 the city will be home to more than 500,000 new residents, and by 2031, the GTA will make up half of the population of Ontario: o The GTA share of the province’s population is projected to rise from 46.5% to just over 50% by 2031. Within that timeframe, the city of Toronto’s population is expected to grow to 3.19 million from just under 2.7 million in 2009 (of which 20.5% will be 65 or older, compared to 13.6% in 2009). o In 2036, the proportion of youth in the Toronto population will be only half that of seniors (10.2%, compared to 10.8% in 2009).1 o International immigrants continue to make up most of the region’s growth, although the Toronto Region has received fewer immigrants each year for the past 5 years (a 26.9% decline since 2005).2 Ø o By 2031, it is estimated that more than 6 in 10 residents in the Toronto Region will be visible minorities (63% of the population, up from 43% in 2006).3 o Toronto relies on economic immigrants (highly educated and skilled people selected for their ability to contribute to the Canadian economy) to fill jobs. But the percentage of immigrants in this category in 2007 (48%) was at its lowest level in 10 years.4 Ø

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 1

Toronto’s Ranking on the World Stage:

Among 21 ‘Cities of Opportunity’, Toronto leads in livability: • PricewaterhouseCoopers selected Toronto as one of 21 “leading centres of business, finance and culture” in 2010, ranking it in ten categories including intellectual capital and innovation, economic clout, lifestyle assets and health, safety and security. Toronto was high on the list with eight other global cities (New York, London, Paris and Tokyo; Stockholm, Chicago, Sydney and Singapore) in providing both its businesses and its residents a healthy balance of economic competitiveness and quality of life. o London, Paris, New York and Toronto topped the rankings on economic clout, and the city scored well for its relatively low cost of doing business. o In the area of sustainability (named as a prime consideration for economic success) Toronto ranked fourth after Stockholm, Sydney and Frankfurt. Toronto’s overall carbon footprint was much larger than Sydney’s or São Paulo’s but it topped the list (with Stockholm) on air quality, and was rated highly for the percentage of green space in the city. o Toronto was named the leading city for livability (also judged to be a key economic asset) in 2010, rated highly for its ethnic diversity, high quality of health and safety, mix of housing, and low risk of natural disaster (and in spite of poor rankings on commute time and ‘thermal comfort’).5

• The Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Toronto 16th in 2009 among 221 global cities (close to the 15th spot it has occupied for the last three years Ø), after 4th placed Vancouver and 14th placed Ottawa. European cities continue to dominate the ranking, with Honolulu still the highest placed US city (at #31). o When the cities were ranked on the basis of ecological criteria (water availability, waste disposal, sewage, air pollution and congestion), Calgary moved to the top spot and Ottawa, Montreal and Vancouver were also in the top ten ranking, while Toronto dropped to 39th.6

Toronto is among the world’s most expensive cities, but wages go further than in most big cities around the globe: • Based on a review of the cost of a basket of 122 basic goods and services (including rent and energy costs) in 73 major global metropolises, 28 cities – most of them in western Europe and a handful in North America – were more expensive than Toronto in 2009. o Despite the high cost of living, purchasing power was higher in Toronto than in many places in the world when net hourly wages were factored in, and after the deduction of taxes and social security contributions. Wages purchased more goods and services in only 16 cities (Zurich and Sydney were in 1st and 2nd spot in 2009, and Montreal was in 12th).7

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 2

A highly attractive labour market boosts Toronto on the Toronto Board of Trade 2010 Scorecard on Prosperity, but weak GDP and productivity growth, difficulty attracting capital investment, and traffic congestion are a drag on the Region’s economic success:

Estimated GDP, city of Toronto, 1987 - 20098

140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 GDP Basic Prices at 0

9 1 3 0 0 005 007 ( Millions in Constant 2002 Dollars) Millions 2002 ( in Constant 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 199 200 2 2 2 2009

• In the areas of productivity, innovation and investment – three of the major drivers of prosperity – Toronto and the whole Toronto Region does not shine. The 2010 rankings placed the Region in the middle of the pack (11th overall) on economic indicators such as per capita GDP, GDP growth, productivity and productivity growth. In productivity the Toronto Region ranked 13 of 22 cities behind 5 of 7 US cities and far behind the leaders.9

Productivity (2005 estimated GDP divided by employment) Economic output generated per Rank worker Tokyo 1 $112,100 Paris 2 $104,100 Boston 6 $87,500 Hong Kong 9 $79,800 Calgary 12 $76,900 Toronto 13 $76,800 Chicago 15 $75,900 Vancouver 19 $53,500 Montreal 21 $52,400

• Toronto’s international ranking on numbers of patents remained unchanged for the third year in a row (in 17th place).Ù Half of the 20 top ranked cities saw a decrease in patent activity in 2009. Considered a reliable measure of innovation, the number of Canadian patents filed in Toronto had grown steadily in recent years, but dropped by 9.4% in a year, to 843 in 2009. This compared to top- ranking Tokyo with 20,605 patents in 2009.10

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 3

• The single most important determinant of prosperity may be the ability to attract investment. There, Toronto is very weak (ranking 19th in 2010 among the 24 cities). Venture capital investment in relation to GDP was just $1,069 (US$ per million GDP) compared to top-ranked San Francisco ($21,750 per million GDP). The weakness is not due to an unskilled labour market but to the relatively small size of Toronto’s (and Canada’s) financial markets.11

• Even so, the 2010 KPMG annual index of business costs across a dozen industries ranked the Toronto Region as a relatively competitive place to do business. In 2010, the Region was 95.8 on the index, Ø compared to Montreal (94.2) and Vancouver (94.9). A rating of less than 100 indicates a more favourable business environment than the benchmark (the average of American cities surveyed).12

The Financial Profile of the City in 2009:

What the City of Toronto does: Within Canada, only the federal government and the governments of Ontario, British Columbia, Quebec and Alberta are responsible for larger populations than the City of Toronto. The City was responsible for providing more than 40 key services in 2009, including: ¾ 24-hour medical response from 43 ambulance stations ¾ 2,790 firefighters, who responded to 142,000 calls including 8,382 fires and 79,747 medical emergencies ¾ 940 child care centres and 21 home child care agencies ¾ 45,000 business licenses and over 50,000 business inspections ¾ Maintenance of 1,504 parks, 136 community centres, 5,600 kms of roads, 8,000 kms of sidewalks, 600 bridges and 400 kms of bike lanes ¾ Management and protection of nine watersheds on 38,000 acres ¾ 60,000 recreation programs ¾ Management of 97 City-owned heritage and cultural buildings at 60 heritage sites, including 10 historic museums ¾ 99 branch libraries, providing materials in 40 languages and no-charge services and programs for newcomers and for small business developers ¾ Preventative public health services, such as basic dental treatment to 300,000 people, and dental screening for 200,000 children in 636 public schools ¾ 24-hour on-line and telephone access to information on City services in 180 languages (311).13

How the City of Toronto is financed: • Toronto can borrow money to fund its Capital Budget, but not its Operating Budget. The City’s 2010 Operating Budget of $9.2 billion is supported by a combination of sources:

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 4

City of Toronto 2010 Revenues 14

Municipal Land Provincial Transfer Tax Subsidies and and Personal Grants Us e r Fe e s Vehicle Tax 20% 15% 3% Reserves / Fe de r al Gr ants Reserve Funds and Subsidies 5% 2%

Other Re ve nue s Property Taxes 17% 38%

o The $306 million tax increase in 2010 (2.9% for residents and 0.967% for businesses) represents a 1.82% increase on the entire property tax base. The $306 million increase primarily goes towards maintaining key services such as police, transit, recreation, children’s and social services, as well as funding the increased Ontario Works caseload, still rising as a result of the recession and slow job recovery. Average monthly caseloads are projected to continue to grow from 90,000 in 2009 to 105,000 in 2010 (a 38.7% increase from 2008 levels). × o New and enhanced services ($56,255,000 in 2010) are funded primarily through partnerships and new user fees. The property tax contribution to new services is $2.6 million.15

• In May 2009, the 2010 budget pressure was estimated at $821 million. This gap was ultimately closed and the budget balanced by a combination of: ƒ cost reductions, efficiencies and service changes ($167 million) ƒ user fee and TTC fare increases, and new fees ($62 million) ƒ provincial upload of services ($119 million) ƒ one-time revenues, which included: a higher than anticipated 2009 surplus of which $276 million (including $31 million savings from a 2009 labour disruption) was applied to 2010; and $76 million in reserve draws ƒ property tax increases and assessment growth.

• The proportion of the total budget funded through property taxes has decreased steadily from 46% in 1999, to 38% in 2010, as the City diversifies its funding base.16

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 5

• $343 million in 2010 revenues came from unsustainable or one-time sources, in large part due to the lack of agreement with the province over shared transit funding. Toronto’s transit system serves a population of individuals and businesses far beyond the boundaries of the City’s tax base. In the U.S., major transit systems (serving populations of 2 million or more) are 51% subsidized by federal and state funding. Prior to 1998, the province shared 50% of the operating costs of the TTC. If this funding had continued, in 2010 this would have translated into a subsidy of $256 million. Toronto hopes to conclude an agreement to restore 50% provincial transit funding by December, 2010.17

• Toronto residents had a lower than average municipal tax burden (residential taxes and residential sewer and water costs) than several big cities in Ontario in 2008:18

Residential Residential Municipal Taxes + Tax Burden (based Tax Levy Water/Sewer on a typical per capita as a % of household in each Household municipality) Income Hamilton $4,579 $1,231 5.9% London $3,993 $1,153 5.2% Ottawa $4,373 $1,304 4.6% Toronto $4,008 $1,296 4.6% Average $4,238 $1,246 5.1%

o The 2009 Toronto average residential tax levy was also only 75.7% of the average in six surrounding cities (Oakville, Vaughan, Oshawa, Markham, Brampton and Mississauga) and among the lowest in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA).19

20

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 6

• As in 2009, almost three-quarters (73%) of the property tax budget funded the following major services: Toronto Police Service (25.2%); provincially mandated health and social services (21.1%); the TTC (14.5%); and fire and ambulance services (12.1%). Debt charges, to service debt acquired through prior capital expenditures, take up a further 11.3%. All other services, such as libraries, City planning, economic development, culture, parks, forestry and recreation and transportation services, make do with just 16% of the property tax budget.21

City of Toronto 2010 total Operating Budget (including the property tax budget and expenditures funded through other sources) 22

Toronto Public Shelter, Support and Health* Toronto Public Housing Admin.* Library 2.4% Transportation 9.3% 2.0% Services 3.1% Children's Services* Economic TTC 4.1% Development and 15.8% Culture Long Term Care 0.4% Homes and Services* Parks, Forestry and 2.4% Recreation 3.9% Toronto Employment Licensing and and Social Services* Standards 14.7% Debt Charges 0.5% 4.7% Emergency Medical Toronto Police Services Administration and City Planning Service 1.8% Other 0.4% 10.4% Fire Services 20.1% 4.0%

* Indicates provincially mandated and shared services.

• The City of Toronto generates approximately 10% of Canada’s (and about 25.7% of the province’s) GDP, though the proportion has dropped since 2001 when it was estimated at 10.76%. GDP per worker in Toronto shrank for the fourth year in a row to an estimated $75,338 in 2009. Ø The compound average annual shrinkage has been -0.37% since 2001.23

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 7

Toronto Region residents had the third highest average incomes and net worth in the country in 2009, and the highest level of household savings, but they were also among the most indebted: • A 2009 Wealthscape survey found that the average net worth of Toronto Region households rose by 4.9% to $536,620, × below the average growth for Canada’s large cities (6.7%). Vancouver remains Canada’s highest average net worth city at $572,999, but Saskatoon, Halifax and Oshawa had growth rates three times as high or more.

o Toronto households had average savings of $118,390, well above the average of $71,130 among the 17 metropolitan regions surveyed. Calgary’s households had managed to save an average $91,130. o Toronto’s average household debt stood at $140,330, in third place behind Calgary ($184,850) and Vancouver ($158,370).24

Personal bankruptcies rose by more than 25% since 2008, and consumer spending dropped: • 15,423 people declared personal bankruptcy in the Toronto Region in 2009, a 26.3% increase over 2008 (31.3% over 2007). × However the last quarter of 2009 showed some slight progress as bankruptcies were down 1.8% over the last quarter of the year before. Ø o Business bankruptcies were 7.2% lower in 2009 in the Region, at 1,322, Ø and the rate per 1,000 businesses was unchanged from 2007 to 2008, at 2.4 Ù (a drop of 22.7% since 2000 when the rate was 3.1).25 Ø o Retail sales in the Toronto Region dipped to 2007 levels of just under $58 billion in 2009 Ø (from $60.2 billion in 2008, though still 12.9% higher than in 2000 – in current dollars). Total retail sales for May 2010 were 5.7% higher than the same month the year before.26 ×

Global recession meant fewer visitors to Toronto in 2009: • The Toronto Region attracted 22.4 million visitors from more than 200 countries in 2009, who contributed almost $4 billion in spending to the region’s economy, and supported close to 65,000 jobs in the accommodation and food service sector. o Overall, overnight visits declined by 4.6% in 2009 and overseas visits dropped by 13.6% over 2008, as people chose to travel closer to home. Ø o Total overnight visitor spending of $3.14 billion in 2009 showed a decline of 19.1% since 2007, with a substantial drop in domestic visitor spending, from $1.49 billion in 2008 to $1.16 billion in 2009 (down 22%). Ø o 82% of domestic visitors are from other parts of Ontario. US visitors (21% of all overnight visitors in 2009) come primarily from New York State and Michigan. Overseas visitors (12.5% of all visitors) come primarily from the UK, Germany, France, China, Japan and India.27

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 8

Learning: As post-secondary credentials become essential to filling new jobs, education is often the dividing line between those who succeed in Toronto, and those who are left behind.

The proportion of the Region’s population with post-secondary education rose by more than 50% between 1990 and 2009: × • 54% of the population (15 years old and over) in the Toronto Region had completed a post secondary diploma, certificate or degree in 2009 (compared to 55.6% in Montreal, 62.9% in Ottawa, and 50.8% in all of Canada).28 o The percentage of the Region’s population that has not completed high school has also dropped – by 42.3% since 1990 – to 17.9% of those 15 years old and over in 2009 (the rate in 2008 was 18.6%). Ø o Two-thirds of the labour force in Toronto had completed a post-secondary certificate, diploma or degree (unchanged from 2008, and compared to 63.6% of the Toronto Region’s and 60.4% of Ontario’s workers). Ù Only 8.6% of the labour force had not graduated from high school in 2009 (down from 10.5% in 2007).29 Ø

Many eligible students are not pursuing post-secondary education, and the barrier is largely financial: • University participation rates in Canada vary by parental income far more than by academic eligibility. For students with averages of 80%-89%, the participation rate for those in the top two income quartiles is considerably higher than for those in the bottom two quartiles. o Tuition costs rose an average 19% over the decade 1997-2007 (adjusted for inflation), which combined with other cost of living increases (particularly housing), put post-secondary education out of reach for many. × o Government subsidies to students have generally failed to identify those in genuine need, and have exacerbated a growing education gap. On average, students in the highest income quartile receive 70% as much subsidy as those in the lowest income quartile, including 50% as much of needs-based subsidies (like student loans for example).30

• 2007 was the second year in a row when a majority of students (53%) in the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) applied to post-secondary institutions.× o There is a considerable gender gap in university entrance (59% of female students applied vs. 45% of male students; 41% of females confirmed an offer of admission to university vs. 29% of males). The gap did not exist for college admission acceptance. o Students living with two parents were much more likely to apply (64%) than those living with a single mother (45% applied) or father (41% applied). 31

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 9

• University enrolment remained relatively unchanged in Toronto in 2008/2009. 146,550 full- and part-time students were enrolled at the Ontario College of Art and Design, Ryerson, the University of Toronto, and York. Ù At the same time, college enrolment grew by 4.4% to 79,967 full- and part-time students at the five Toronto area colleges (Centennial, George Brown, Humber, Seneca and Sheridan).32 × o Toronto’s community colleges are required to serve more students with less funding. Real operating funding per student in 2009/2010 was about 7% lower than in 1994/1995. Ø Per-student revenues from operating grants and tuition fees for Ontario colleges continue to be the lowest among Canadian provinces.33 o Less than half of young Torontonians (18-35 year-olds) responding to a recent poll, believe that the city is ‘very successful’ in providing the wide range of post-secondary education opportunities required for the jobs of the future. Even less (38%) see increased availability of educational opportunities without restrictive entrance barriers or waiting lists.34

• 341,800 students were enrolled in 2009/2010 in Toronto’s four school boards. Ø Continued declining enrolments (the average Ontario secondary school has 812 students, compared to 947 in 2002) mean that seven Toronto schools face closure by 2012 (another 68 are under review). Only two replacement schools are proposed to be built. Across the province, 182 schools are recommended or slated to close and 55 schools to be built. Of the 55 replacement schools, 10 are proposed for the York District School Board.35

Schools can play a vital role at the centre of communities, but require a comprehensive provincial policy and the funding to do so: • Schools function as vital community hubs, and the Ontario Ministry of Education’s 2010 review of the education funding formula is an opportunity to rethink the possibilities for shared use of school buildings. o The Ministry is proposing that wherever new schools are built, boards will be required to work with other public services and community groups to ensure that schools serve a wide variety of functions (like healthcare clinics, libraries, community kitchens and meeting spaces), and facilitate shared use of older buildings with community partners.36

• The percentage of Toronto elementary schools with full-time teacher librarians continued its downward slide, from 1999, when 40% of schools had full-time librarians to just 19% in 2009 (a 26% decrease over 2008 and a 50% decrease since 2000).37 Ø

Schools report that resources, space and time in the school day are still lacking to ensure the required level of student physical activity. Currently, only 14% of children and youth meet appropriate physical education levels: • 70% of Toronto schools have health and physical education teachers (up from 52% in 2004/2005). × About half (48%) are full-time, almost back to 2007/2008 level of 49% and 37.5% higher than five years ago when only 30% of physical education teachers were full-time. × 30% of schools rely on non-specialist teachers to deliver programs.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 10

o Schools are still facing major challenges in delivering the provincially- mandated 20 minutes of daily physical activity. ƒ 37% of schools report that they lack adequate space ƒ 38% of schools say they need more time in the school day ƒ 77% need more resources or supports.38

• More than one quarter of Toronto’s elementary schools (28%) report that students with identified special education needs are still not receiving recommended support (unchanged from a year ago). Ù There are 4,700 children on waiting lists for services, although the numbers have dropped by almost 64% since 1999/2000.39 Ø

• There was a little more support for at-risk students in Toronto schools in 2009. 83% of elementary schools now have regular access to social workers, a significant increase from five years ago, when the service was available to only 59% of schools. × But service is spread thinly across schools, and few schools have a team of social workers, psychologists and youth workers functioning together, as recommended by the Senate Commission on Mental Health in 2006.40

• 94% of Toronto’s elementary schools (600 schools) now require support for English Language Learners, up from 90% in 2008/2009, and 10% higher than in 1999/2000.× In some Toronto schools up to 90% of students require English Language Learning support.41 o 24,652 students in Toronto’s publicly funded school system were newcomers to Canada in the 2007/2008 school year. The number was approximately the same as the 2004/2005 level, but 10% higher than the previous year (2006/2007).42 o The percentage of schools without English as a Second Language teachers is dropping (from 34% in 2007/2008 to 26% in 2009/2010), Ø but that still means that close to one quarter of the schools with English Language Learners have no specialized teachers to help them. School boards are not required to provide such programming and may choose to allocate funding received for English language programs to other areas.43

Toronto’s young children will be better prepared for a life of learning as Ontario implements full-day kindergarten: • The Ontario Ministry of Education Early Learning Initiative is implementing full-day kindergarten programs in 600 schools province-wide, beginning in the 2010/2011 school year. One hundred and one schools in Toronto are offering full-day learning for 4- and 5-year-olds. Twenty more schools will begin offering full-day programs in 2011, with all schools on stream by 2015-2016.44

Toronto parents still have to negotiate a wide variety of arrangements for their children’s early before- and after-school care, and waiting lists for subsidies continue to rise: • The city is beginning to implement full-day kindergarten, but seamless before- and after-school care is lacking in almost half of Toronto schools, and only 20% of programs that do exist work together with the school to coordinate programming: o In 2009/2010, 6% of Toronto schools were running a kindergarten program full-day, every day.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 11

o Just over half (54%) of all Toronto schools have a school-based child care centre (the highest percentage of any region reporting school-based care in the province). o However, only one quarter of schools had before- and after-school programs for children up to age 12 (compared to 33% of schools in all of Ontario).45

• Toronto has 56,750 spaces in 969 licensed child care centres and home child care agencies across the city. o The number of child care fee subsidies has not changed in two years. Ù Those 24,000 subsidies are enough to support only 28% of Toronto’s low- income children. The City faced budget pressure to eliminate 5,000 subsidy places beginning in 2010, but additional permanent childcare funding in the 2010 provincial budget forestalled immediate cuts. o In June 2010, there were more than 17,800 children on the waiting list for a subsidy.46 ×

More than a quarter of Toronto’s senior kindergarten students are not ready to learn in school: • Readiness to learn is a critical determinant of lifelong well-being, including mental and physical health. Children who begin school with age-appropriate cognitive, social, emotional and communication skills are far less likely to experience difficulties later in life. 26.9% of Toronto’s senior kindergarten students were considered not ready to learn at school in 2007/2008 (compared with 28% in 2004/2005).47 Ø

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 12

Arts and Culture: Toronto is among the leading global regions in the arts and culture sector – a sector vital to the generation of wealth and community vitality.

• The cultural sector is widely recognized as crucial to the economic life of a region – attracting talent and investment, and stimulating innovation. In recent research led by the University of Toronto, 5 Canadian metropolitan regions were benchmarked against 20 in the United States. In an assessment of degree of specialization and concentration of creative enterprises relative to the North American average (the location quotient), the size of the sector (the number of establishments) and growth rates over time, Toronto emerged among the leaders:48

Growth of the Cultural and Creative Sector in Select Canadian and US Cities, 1998-2005 49

Note: The size of the bubbles represents the relative size of the sectors.

• Internationally, the Toronto Region ranked first in a 2007 survey in attracting talent and investment in digital media against comparable cities such as Boston, Frankfurt, Washington and Bangalore. Toronto was particularly strong in its potential to recruit local talent, and in the quality of its living environment, although less competitive in the area of infrastructure (quality of the telecommunications network, and availability of transit and appropriate real estate).50

• The capacity for innovation depends on the convergence of talent, space (the urban environment that supports creativity), and multi-disciplinary collaboration (cross-sectoral partnerships, networks and leadership). Leaders in Toronto’s arts and cultural sector such as the Toronto International Film Festival Group (TIFFG), the Ontario College of Art and Design University’s Digital Futures Centre and the MaRS Discovery District are examples of such convergence in the city in 2009.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 13

These institutions “leverage investment at the intersection of place, culture, technology and entrepreneurship” and have the capability to drive innovation and creativity.51

Toronto has over 750 cultural facilities – 30% of which are owned by the City: • The richness of Toronto’s cultural inheritance is preserved in 97 City-owned heritage and cultural buildings and 60 heritage sites. These facilities are hubs for neighbourhood cultural activities, incubators of creative ideas and people, showcases for professional artistic performances and exhibits, and places where cultural memories are housed and celebrated.52

Attendance at City-funded or programmed cultural events grew by 20% in 2009, to 15.4 million people: × • The City of Toronto provided support to more than 750 local festivals and events in 2009. o More than 2.5 million visitors and residents participated in Nuit Blanche, WinterCity Festival, Winterlicious, Summerlicious and the Cavalcade of Lights, some of the nine major City-sponsored annual festivals and events. o Annually, the City-operated 21 museums, historic sites, cultural centres and art galleries welcome more than half a million visitors.53

The City has yet to reach per capita spending targets in year seven of its ten-year Culture Plan: • Per capita arts and culture spending remains at $18.00, still a long way from the $25 per capita that Toronto City Council targeted for 2013 back in 2003.54 Ù o A 2008 comparison of four Ontario metropolitan areas found Toronto to be just below the average in spending on a wide range of cultural services, but considerably above the average in spending on libraries:55

Per capita spending on Library and Cultural Services, 200856 Net Library Cultural Spending Services Hamilton $55 $15 London $55 $25 Ottawa $49 $22 Toronto $69 $20 Average $57 $21

The Toronto Region has a thriving arts, entertainment and cultural sector providing the creative and technical skills to produce and promote live performances and events, preserve and exhibit cultural objects, and operate facilities for recreational and leisure activities: • Employment in the full range of arts and culture occupations (including arts, entertainment, recreation and sport, film and video, publishing, broadcasting and heritage institutions), grew over the year by 9.3% from 81,400 to 89,000 in 2009. × The sector represented 3.08% of total industries in the Region (up from 2.79% in 2009), well above the average in Canada where arts and culture represents 2.04% of all industries (unchanged from the year before).57

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 14

o In 2009, only 60% of those employed in the arts and entertainment worked full-time. Over one-third (37.8%) were self-employed.58

The city of Toronto has the highest number of artists in the country: • A strong artistic community can stimulate economic and educational outcomes, shape and celebrate the character of neighbourhoods, and contribute to community well-being. o Five cities are home to almost 40% of all artists in Canada, with the greatest concentration in Vancouver (2.3% of the labour force), followed by Toronto (1.6%), Montreal (1.5%), Ottawa (0.9%) and Calgary (0.8%). o One-sixth of all artists in Canada in 2006 (22,300 people) lived in Toronto. o The median earnings of artists who reported income in 2005 was about 36% less than the median for all Toronto workers. An additional 11% of artists reported no earnings from their art, for the year. Earnings are significantly lower despite educational attainment. Half of Toronto artists have attained a bachelor’s degree or higher.59

Concentration of artists in Toronto neighbourhoods, 2006 60

Total on-location production spending – including film and television, commercials, music videos and animation – increased by more than 40% in Toronto in 2009, buoyed by steady growth in domestic spending and a more than doubling of U.S. activity: • Production companies spent $877,840,000 filming in Toronto in 2009 (43% higher than in 2008). × Major production spending (84% of the total) climbed by 148% to $739,740,000 in 2009 following an almost 25% decline between 2007 and 2008. o U.S. production spending increased by 287% to $228,520,000 following three years of sharp declines. ×

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 15

o Domestic spending continued to grow, totalling $434,020,000 in 2009 (a 4.1% increase over 2008 and a 61.5% increase over the most recent low of under $269 million in 2006).61 ×

70% of Aboriginal residents in Toronto report a growth in Aboriginal cultural vitality: • In a recent survey, 39% of Aboriginal residents in Toronto responded that one of the things they like best about their city is the cultural and artistic activities available to them. 40% of Montreal Aboriginal residents also ranked arts, recreation and entertainment opportunities as among the best aspects of city life. o Aboriginal residents in Toronto and Vancouver were much more likely than those in other Canadian cities to say that they live in their neighbourhood because of its proximity to Aboriginal cultural and spiritual services, and 70% of Aboriginal respondents in Toronto said that they believed that Aboriginal culture has grown stronger over the past five years. 62

698,000 Canadians volunteered in arts and culture organizations in 2007, contributing 73.5 million volunteer hours (the equivalent of about 38,000 full-time jobs, or $1.1 billion): • Arts and culture ranked 8th out of 11 types of not-for-profits in the number of volunteers it attracted. The greatest numbers are recruited for sports and recreation and social service organizations (3 million each). The sector constitutes about 4% of volunteer hours. Slightly more than half of all volunteer hours are spent on sports and recreation (17%), religious (18%) and social service organizations (16%). o There was a 4% decrease in the number of volunteers in arts and culture between 2004 and 2007, Ø at the same time as the overall numbers of Canadian volunteers increased by 6%. As a result, arts and cultural organizations’ share of total volunteers decreased. 63 Ø

Arts and Culture Volunteers as a Percentage of All Volunteers, 2007 64

Nov a Sc otia Quebec New Brunsw ick Saskatchew an Manitoba Canadian Average British Columbia Alberta Ontario

0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0%

Arts and Culture Volunteers as a Percentage of All Volunteers, 2007

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 16

Long-term time use trends reveal that Canadians face a leisure “time-crunch”: • A complex interaction of demographic change, workplace pressures, sluggish transportation, childcare challenges and less active lifestyles all combine to impact the quality and quantity of Canadians’ participation in arts and cultural activities.65

Individual household spending on arts and culture dropped, as the recession deepened: • Household spending on entertainment, museums, live arts and sports events, and art purchases dipped in 2008 to pre-2005 levels (in current dollars). Ø Average spending totalled $1,011 in the Toronto Region in 2008, compared to the Ontario average of $1,050 (unchanged from the previous year), Ù and the Canadian average of $937 (a slight increase from the year before). In 2007, the Region’s households spent 9.3% more than the average for Ontario. In 2008 the gap was only 3.7%.66

The Toronto Public Library experienced its busiest year ever in 2009, as residents looked to its services and programs for help in challenging economic times: • With three newly renovated branches re-opening in 2009, circulation increased by 5% to over 31 million books, DVDs and other materials.× Circulation figures surpassed a historical high of 30,575,000 in 2005. o 17.5 million library visits represented an 8.5% increase over the year before. Torontonians borrowed 88% more eTitles (eBooks, eAudiobooks and music files) than in 2008. × o In-branch computer use rose by 11.5%. All branches are now equipped with free Wi-Fi access. o The Library launched a new website in 2009 to provide information to job seekers. • The Toronto Public Library’s Museum and Art Pass (MAP) is now offered at all 99 branches. Anyone with a library card is entitled to borrow a free family pass to any of 10 city museums. The popularity of the program is growing and 10,000 passes are now borrowed every month.67

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 17

Work: Toronto’s attractive labour market is the envy of many cities, but doesn’t protect its workers from multiple pressures.

The Toronto Region is: ¾ the site of the head office for 40% of Canada’s businesses; ¾ the home to 3 of the world’s 25 largest banks, and a world-class financial services industry; ¾ a major manufacturing hub for the automotive, biomedical and electronics industries; ¾ the location of 25% of Canada’s best ranked workplaces.

But the Regional workforce (1,487,960 of whom resided in the city of Toronto in 2009) faces serious stresses: ¾ an unemployment rate that was higher in 2009 than the rest of Ontario, and for the first time ever, higher than in Montreal (9.4% vs. 6.2%); × ¾ an 18.6% drop in employment in the manufacturing sector between 2008 and 2009; Ø ¾ a lower percentage of residents with apprenticeship training, trades certificates or college education than the rest of Ontario.68

The changing nature of the Canadian job market is placing increasing pressure on the workforce of cities like Toronto: • A 2010 Special Report by TD Economics summarizes the trends shaping Canada’s workplaces: 69

18,210 fewer Toronto residents were employed in 2009: • After 5 consecutive years of job growth, the number of people employed in the city fell by 1.34% in 2009 (compared to a 1.1% drop in the Toronto Region as a whole and a 2.41% decline across Ontario). Ø

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 18

o Employment rates were lower in the city of Toronto in July 2010 than in the same month the year before (58.5% of those 15 and over, in July 2010, compared to 59.3% in July 2009 – seasonally adjusted). Ø The rates were also below the level for the Region (62.1% in July 2010 compared to 61.5% in July the year before). ØThe Ontario employment rate in July 2010 was 61.7%.70

Unemployment in Toronto is directly related to age, education and immigrant status; for young recently arrived immigrants in the city, the rate doubled between 2008 and 2009: • The average unemployment rate of 10% for 2009 was higher in Toronto and the Region than the Ontario rate of 9.05% and the Canadian rate of 8.3%. High unemployment levels in the city are due in part to the influx of large numbers of immigrants in the 18-25 year age range.71

Percentages Unemployed in the city of Toronto 72 2008 2009 Population 15 years and over Total 7.5% 10.0% Landed immigrant 8.7% 11.8% In Canada less than 5 years 13.3% 17.0% In Canada 5-10 years 9.4% 15.1% With a college or university credential (born in Canada) 5.5% 8.3% With a college or university credential (in Canada less than 5 years) 11.8% 14.5% With less than high school completion 12.7% 18.7% 15- 24 year-olds Total 15.3% 18.4% In Canada less than 5 years 21.6% 18.4% In Canada 5-10 years 15.6% 30.2% 25- 44 year-olds Total 6.6% 10.1% With a college or university credential 6.5% 10.0% With a college or university credential (in Canada less than 5 years) 7.8% 16.2%

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 19

• There is still a glaring gender gap in Canadian wages compared to other developed economies. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Canada has the 4th largest gender wage gap of all 30 developed member countries. Only in Korea, Japan and Germany do women fare worse, even though they constituted 47% of the Canadian labour force in 2009 and were being granted more than 60% of all bachelor’s degrees and almost 55% of all master’s degrees in Canada by 2007. The gap is not fully explained by women’s over-representation in certain occupations, like health and life sciences, or in part-time employment.73

• The city lost more than twice as many business establishments in 2009 as the year before, declining to a total of 73,600 establishments. Ø The 1.7% decline in 2009 was small compared to the largest recorded decline in a single-year (a decrease of 3.6% in the early 1990’s). o The decline does not necessarily imply a loss of jobs. The number of retail establishments in the city fell by 1,100 over the decade, while total jobs in the sector grew by 2,200, a reflection of the growth in “big box” stores. The average retail store had 8.1 employees in 1999 and 8.9 in 2009.74

Finance, ambulatory health care, hospitality/tourism, art and entertainment/culture industries grew in the Toronto Region in 2009, as manufacturing continued to decline: • The manufacturing sector continued to decline through 2009, though it is still, at 11%, an important sector in the Toronto Region: Ø o The decline in manufacturing has forced the Region to adopt creative strategies to stimulate growth. Toronto’s commitment to, and investment in green building infrastructure may provide a partial offset to job losses in the sector. o In 2009, 39% of the Region’s 155,790 construction workers (62,120 people) lived in Toronto. Infrastructure needs will ensure that the sector grows over the next decade. New environmental standards, large commercial retrofits, and major projects such as Transit City, the Pan/Parapan American Games and the Tower Renewal Initiative may create significant numbers of new construction jobs. However, there are also looming labour shortages as large numbers of workers retire, with insufficient youth entering the trades to replace them.75

The shape of the Toronto Region workforce makes entry and movement more difficult for those without higher education credentials: • Both the Toronto and the Ontario economies have an ‘hourglass’ shape (see figure below), but Toronto is unique in the province in its number of knowledge workers (jobs that demand a high level of skill and education), which is 40% higher than the rest of Ontario. This demand for knowledge workers comes at the expense of middle-level jobs, which require demonstrated skill but less experience and education. o The increasing polarization of the workforce, with the decline of middle- level jobs, affects Toronto workers in entry-level positions – predominantly youth, newcomers and those without post-secondary education. There are fewer jobs that pay well, and less opportunity for advancement.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 20

o Creating more middle-level jobs is a priority for the Region, in order to boost economic productivity and promote greater equity in the job market.76

Comparison of the Jobs ‘Hourglass’ between Toronto and the Rest of Ontario 77

Service workers in the city of Toronto – the largest occupational class – are less well served by rapid transit than those in the creative class: • Service workers (including food and beverage workers, salespeople, cashiers and administrative assistants) represent 45% of Toronto’s workforce, compared to the 33% in what has come to be known as the ‘creative class’ (including doctors, teachers, managers, artists, cultural and information technology workers). Although service workers make up the majority of workers in 70% of Toronto’s census tracts, these tend to be clustered in areas away from the city core, and away from the city’s subway lines. o Less than a quarter (21%) of high-proportion service worker neighbourhoods are within easy access (500 metres) of a subway station, compared to 65% of high-proportion creative worker neighbourhoods. Creative workers have much higher average incomes and are less likely to rely on rapid transit than lower paid workers in the service class.78

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 21

Census Tracts in the city of Toronto Showing the Predominant Class of Jobs79

• The number of employment insurance beneficiaries climbed throughout 2009 in the Toronto Region. × By the end of the year the pace slowed somewhat, but the November year-over-year increase was still 72%, from 49,300 to 84,800 (not seasonally adjusted). 80

Total Employment Insurance Beneficiaries in the Toronto Region 1997 - 200981

160,000 140,000

120,000

100,000 80,000 60,000

40,000

20,000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

*Monthly data are averaged to form annual averages.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 22

The economic cost of social exclusion is high: • The participation rate of disabled persons in the work force was 41% for men and 32% for women in 2002, and the average employment income for people 15 years and older with disabilities (already, on average, lower than incomes of those without disabilities) declined between 2001 and 2006. o The economic exclusion of people with disabilities costs both the affected populations and the wider community, in decreased earning potential, the toll on caregivers (including increased absenteeism), higher social and health care expenditures, and lower tax revenues. When immediate family members are taken into account, the number of people affected by disability is almost 55% of the population.82 o Toronto is well-placed to support growing markets for accessibility products and support services. 77 of 168 businesses specializing in such products and services in 11 Ontario regions with an established industry cluster, were located in the Toronto Region in 2009.83

• Between 2001 and 2006, the percentage of Ontarians with a disability grew by 15.4%, with more than half that growth attributable to an aging population.× o More than 2 in 10 adults aged 45-64 are disabled (21% in 2006, compared to 19% in 2001), and the proportion of older workers is growing, compounding already predicted labour shortages of over 1 million workers in the province by 2030. o It is estimated that as many as 1 in 33 children (5 -19 years old) in the general population is living with a developmental disability.84

In a 2010 poll, only 38% of ‘Generation Y’ Torontonians (18 - 35 year-olds) and 35% of employers in the city rated Toronto as better than other world cities at providing dynamic opportunities for those entering the workforce: • When asked to name the worst things about Toronto, the highest percentage of young workers cited poor/underfunded transit (23%), followed by the cost of living (23%) and traffic congestion (19%). For employers the cost of living/taxes topped the list (27%), followed by traffic congestion (17%) and road infrastructure (8%). o However, the majority of Gen Y respondents (82%) said they would be somewhat likely or very likely to be living in the GTA in the next 10 years, and a high percentage of employers (80%) reported that they would be very likely to be operating a business in the GTA ten years from now.85

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 23

Getting Around: Toronto needs to fund and build an expanded rapid transit network before congestion brings the city to a halt.

Weekday vehicle traffic entering the city of Toronto almost doubled in two decades: • New road construction increased in the Toronto Region by 56% between 1986 and 2006 while personal vehicle travel grew by 106%. Average peak traffic speed was reduced by 17% between 2001 and 2006 because of increasing congestion.86

• Demand for public transit also vastly exceeded supply between 1986 and 2006. Public transit infrastructure grew by 18%, but demand (measured in passenger- kilometres) increased by 45%.87

Weekday Morning Vehicle traffic, city of Toronto 1985 - 2006 88 ×

350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000

50,000

0

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Mean Number of Vehicles entering the City between 6:30 and 9:30 AM on weekday mornings

Congestion in the Toronto Region is costing the Canadian economy over $5 billion per year: • Toronto scored last among 19 major metropolitan regions ranked by the Toronto Board of Trade Scorecard on Prosperity - 2010, with an average commute time of 80 minutes, trailing Montreal (in 18th place at 76 minutes).× Vancouver was 14th with a 67-minute average commute time, compared with first-place Barcelona at 48.4 minutes.89 o Barcelona, with a metropolitan population of approximately 5.5 million (very close to that of the GTA), is served by a metro system consisting of 11 lines, which by 2012 will operate on 157 km of track and include 209 stations (compared to Toronto’s 3 subway and one Rapid Transit (RT) line that run on 68.3 km of track and include 69 subway and 5 RT stations.)90

• The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) recently cited Toronto’s transportation woes (congestion and the need for expanded infrastructure) as the key liability threatening the region’s future prosperity. Canada is currently the only one of the 31 OECD member countries without a long-term federal transit plan. The US federal administration, for example, funds about 80% of transit capital projects.91

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 24

o All levels of government (municipal, provincial and federal) will need to make significant investments in the Region’s transportation plan (which includes five major Light Rail Transit (LRT) projects with a price tag of $50 billion in 2008 dollars). o The Toronto City Summit Alliance has proposed a number of potential new transit/transportation funding sources that the City will likely need to consider, each of which has policy advantages and drawbacks, but each of which has the potential to generate an additional $1 - 2 billion in annual revenues to the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA): ƒ Road tolls on GHTA freeways ƒ A regional gas/diesel fuel tax ƒ A commercial parking levy on non-residential parking spots ƒ A regional sales tax (1 - 2% in addition to the HST).92 o Ontario has committed approximately $12 billion to fund provincial transit expansion, including $8.1 billion for the Transit City projects. But the current level of funding requires postponing (perhaps indefinitely) a planned 22.5 km of track and 25 stations that would serve some of Toronto’s poorest neighbourhoods, and delays construction of four other major projects by several years.93

Toronto’s Neighbourhoods with Declining Incomes (1970-2005), and the Originally Proposed Transit City Plan, 2009 94

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 25

The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) reported record ridership in 2009, but the overcrowded system needs to increase capacity to handle another 175 million riders annually by 2021:95

• The TTC is the third largest rapid transit system in North America, after New York and Mexico City (based on ridership per route km). o In 2009, the TTC provided 471,200,000 rides, an increase from 466,700,000 in 2008 and a new all-time record. × The network serves 1,495,000 passengers on an average business day, resulting in almost one million fewer car trips every weekday (average automobile occupancy is 1.10 for inbound trips to the city of Toronto). o 2009 saw almost no increase in carrying capacity (13 km of new bus/streetcar routes added to 7,510.7 km – less than 0.2%).96 Ù

The cost of transit is among the highest in the country, even as affordability grows: • The cost of a transit pass in the Toronto Region, as a percentage of monthly minimum wage income, is still among the highest in the country, and well above the average for large Canadian municipalities (only Montreal and Surrey are less affordable).

Cost of a Monthly Transit Pass as a Percentage of Minimum Wage Income in Quality of Life Reporting System (QOLRS) communities 97

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 26

Car-sharing is beginning to change the landscape of vehicle ownership, and to contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions: • By 2010 approximately 22,000 Torontonians were members of the city’s car-share companies (up from just 2,000 in 2006). × o Toronto’s car-share fleet stood at 471 in June 2010 (an increase from 290 in 2006). 98 × A 2010 study estimates that every car-sharing vehicle takes between 9 and 13 vehicles off the road, in deferred vehicle purchases.99 A Quebec study shows that car-sharing members use less polluting vehicles, and on average, reduce the distance they travel by 2,900 km per year,

resulting in a reduction in CO2 emissions of approximately 1.2 tonnes per 100 person per year.

The City looks at creating Complete Streets as it moves toward a comprehensive policy framework for active transportation: • Toronto has an implicit framework for a transportation policy in a number of current strategic planning documents (including its Bike Plan, Clean Air and Sustainable Energy Action Plan, Walking Strategy and Agenda for Prosperity). As it constructs a coherent active transportation policy, the City is looking at the concept of creating Complete Streets. o ‘Complete Streets’ is a term increasingly being used by urban planners and transportation engineers, to describe roadways that are designed with the needs of the whole community in mind. Complete streets take into account the complex and interrelated dynamics of public health, the environment, and the economic and social life of the community. On Complete Streets, pedestrians, bicyclists, transit and other vehicles are all able to move easily about, interacting safely with each other.101

More than half of adult Torontonians are biking. The challenge remains, to improve convenience, safety and accessibility: • The percentage of city residents who bike for utilitarian or recreational purposes, increased by 6% between 1999 and 2009 to 54%. × Close to 75% of cyclists believe that the overall quality of cycling in Toronto has improved over the decade. o In 2009, 66% of Toronto households included at least one bike (up from 62% in 1999).102 ×

• The network of city bike paths, bike lanes and routes grew from 166 km in 2001 to 418 km in 2009, × and the focus of the City’s commitment of $100 million for cycling infrastructure over the next decade is on: o connecting the gaps in the current system to link sections of the existing network and to connect with rapid transit o building a solid core of downtown bikeways o launching a public bike rental program o providing secure bike parking options.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 27

• Cycling is still more accessible to better off, well-educated Torontonians. In 2009, cyclists were more than twice as likely as non-cyclists to have a household income over $100,000 (30% vs. 14%).103

Toronto was named one of the most walkable cities in Canada in 2010, in spite of the challenges some city residents face in neighbourhoods built for cars: • up! Magazine ranked Toronto as the fourth most walkable city in the country in 2010 (Toronto was second only to Vancouver in 2009).× That West Coast city retained its number one spot in 2010, followed by Victoria and Montreal.104

• Many Torontonians walk to carry out daily tasks, simply because they don’t have other options. Residents in low-income neighbourhoods with dense concentrations of apartment towers often face intimidating walking conditions including indirect routes to services, heavy, fast-moving traffic, poor sidewalks and lack of snow clearance. o In one recent survey of 8 tower apartment neighbourhoods, 27% of respondents reported regularly walking to buy food, in spite of distance or weather. Another 27% walk in at least one direction and take a bus or taxi in the other. 40% of households do not own a car (many because they cannot afford one).16% walk to get to work, and 41% use transit, which also entails walking to and from a transit stop.105

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 28

Getting Started in Toronto: New immigrants still struggle to have their skills and experience valued, despite the pride that many Torontonians have in the city’s diversity.

By 2031, nearly two-thirds of the population of the GTA – 5.6 million people – will be visible minorities: • In 20 years, visible minorities will comprise 63% of the population of Toronto, (compared to 59% in Vancouver and 31% in Montreal). o The South Asian population will have risen to 2.1 million (three times the size of the current population), and residents of Chinese origin will number 1.1 million.106

• Across Canada, immigrants are already younger and many are better educated than their Canadian-born neighbours (half of all immigrants in Toronto were under 25 in 2006). They make up a ever-increasing percentage of the working-age population. Immigration will account for 100% of net job growth in the country by 2011.107

Many newcomers settle in Toronto’s growing minority group enclaves: • The ‘social geography’ of the city has undergone a major shift, as visible minorities – including recent immigrants – increasingly settle in ‘minority enclaves’.

Distribution of Visible Minorities in Toronto by Neighbourhood Type, 1996-2006108

50.0% 45.0%

40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0%

5.0% 0.0% 1996 2006

"White" (visible minorities less than 20%) Mixed (visible minorities 20-50%) Mixed (visible minorities 50-70%) Mixed Minority (visible minorities greater than 70%, no single group dominates) Minority Enclave (visible minority greater than 70%, single group at least twice the size of any other)

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 29

o Residents in minority enclaves are in many ways more disadvantaged than the average Toronto resident. Households are typically larger (3.4 compared to the average 2.8 for the city in 2006); employment rates are lower; median incomes are smaller, although rates of home ownership are above the city average (69% in 2006, compared to 67.6% for the whole of Toronto); and the number of residents with a university degree is at the average for the city. o However, the 26.2% of visible minorities who live in enclaves are generally better off than the population who lives in mixed high visible minority neighbourhoods where no one group predominates. Newcomers settling in these more mixed visible minority neighbourhoods, (15% of the city population) face the challenges of: ƒ a 30% low income rate ƒ a one-third higher unemployment rate than the Toronto average ƒ reliance on government transfers of income 47% higher than the city average.109

Despite arriving in Canada with valuable training and experience, newcomers continue to struggle to have their skills recognized and accredited, and face high unemployment levels and discrimination in the labour market: • Many immigrants arrive in Canada with savings, but the odds are very high that they quickly become impoverished. Almost 2 in 5 immigrants in the skilled worker category and more than half of refugees reach low-income status within their first year in Canada. Language and cultural literacy skills are factors in the difficulties new immigrants face finding good jobs. But a significant barrier to employment is the difficulty immigrants face in having foreign credentials and work experience recognized.110

• The unemployment rate for recent immigrants (in Canada less than 5 years) rose from 13.3% in 2008 to 17% in 2009 in the city of Toronto × (compared to 10% unemployment in 2009 for the total city population). Even for new arrivals with college or university credentials, unemployment more than doubled among 25 – 44-year olds, from 7.8% in 2008, to 16.2% in 2009 (a 107% increase, compared to a 53.8% increase – from 6.5% to 10% – for those with the same education in the total population).111

• Significantly higher immigrant unemployment rates in Toronto may be due in part to immigrants not being granted an interview. A 2009 GTA study found that Canadian education and experience, and even whether applicants had an English name, were major factors in callback rates for interviews. o Interview rates for applicants with English-sounding names and Canadian education and experience were more than three times likely to be considered for an interview than those with Chinese, Indian or Pakistani names and foreign education and work experience; the comparative rate was no different however, for applicants from Britain. o Employers are more interested in Canadian work experience than in where the applicant was educated. Even so, job applicants with English-sounding names were 40% more likely to receive an interview than those with identical Canadian training and experience, but with Chinese, Indian or Pakistani names.112

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 30

Newcomers are overrepresented in entry level jobs in Toronto, compared to the rest of Ontario: • There is a significant difference between Toronto and the rest of the province, in the proportion of recent immigrants employed in entry level jobs – both ‘working entry’ jobs (in manufacturing, the trades or transportation) and entry level jobs in the service sector. Immigrants and newcomers are also more likely to be employed in middle-level work (jobs that require some experience but don’t generally require post-secondary education), and less likely to be employed in knowledge work (jobs that require high specialization and university or college education). This difference exists despite the fact that there is no significant difference in the educational attainment of newcomers in Toronto and elsewhere in Ontario.113

Percentage distribution of employed residents by skill/sector category (2006)114

Note: K-workers refers to knowledge workers.

Recent immigrants, especially women, have a higher risk of developing diabetes: • Immigrants from South Asia, Latin American and the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa and the Middle East are far more likely to develop diabetes than long-term Ontario residents, according to a study of immigrants to Canadian urban centres between 1985 and 2000. Recent immigrants, particularly women and new arrivals from South Asia and Africa, are at the highest risk, which becomes evident in young adulthood. Low income and length of time in Canada since immigration, increase the likelihood of developing the disease.115

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 31

More than a third of food bank users are newcomers to Canada: • 37% of Toronto residents who relied on food banks in 2009/2010 had been in the city for less than five years. 14% had arrived in Toronto less than a year before, and 23% had lived in the city between one and four years. o More than one quarter (26%) of the newcomers using Toronto food banks had gone hungry at least once a day in the previous year. 30% had not eaten for a whole day. The situation was not much improved for those in the city longer. One quarter of food bank users living in Canada between one and four years, were going without meals for a full day.116

Both young Torontonians and employers in the city of Toronto are likely to rate cultural diversity as one of the best things about Toronto: • Cultural diversity is one of Toronto’s best qualities according to more than half of ‘Gen Y’ (18-35 year-old) respondents to a 2010 poll and 28% of responding employers. No other feature of the city was more highly ranked by either group. o About half the respondents in each group believes that Toronto is somewhat, or much better than, other Canadian cities and other world cities at providing excellent job opportunities to those new to the county. However, only 9% of Gen Y and 6% of employer respondents think that Toronto is very successful in providing new Canadians more opportunities to do the jobs they were trained for in their home countries.117

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 32

Health and Wellness: A convergence of risk factors and demographic change threatens to put an unprecedented burden on Toronto’s health care system.

Toronto’s health checkup: (population 12 years and over) Diabetic

10.0% 8.0%

Eats 5 or more serving of fruits and 6.0% 4.0% vegetables daily 2.0% 60.0% 0.0% 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% 2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009

Heavy Drinker 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 Contact with a medical doctor within the last year

84.0% 82.0%

80.0%

78.0% 2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009

Daily or occasional smoker

25.0% 20.0% At least moderately active during 15.0% leisure time 10.0% 5.0% 60% 0.0% 2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 40% 20% 0% 2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 33

Most Toronto residents feel that they are healthy, even as stress levels rise: • 72% rate their mental health as very good or excellent in the 2010 Canadian Community Health Survey (down from 77.5% a year earlier). Ø o 80% feel that they are able to function fully (the rate is the same for Ontario), although only 62.2% rate their physical health as very good or excellent (up from 57.6% a year earlier). × o Even so, slightly over one-quarter of Torontonians (26%) over the age of 15 say that most days they experience quite a bit of stress or that life is extremely stressful (up from 21.2% last year).118 ×

• In Canada as a whole, 60.5% assessed their health as very good or excellent – a rate that has not changed significantly since 2001. However, the rate among Canadians who had never smoked was 64.7% in 2009, compared with only 51.5% of current smokers. Body weight also affected perceptions of health, with only 43.5% of obese Canadians reporting very good or excellent health, compared to 67.5% of those reporting ‘normal’ weight (based on BMI).119

Leadership in public health policy and anti-smoking legislation have paid off in decreased Toronto hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory conditions: • Smoking is widely acknowledged to be the leading cause of preventable disease and death. A recent study showed that Toronto’s restaurant smoking ban between 1999 and 2006 (before a province-wide ban came into effect) was linked to reductions in hospital admissions during that period for smoking-related cardiovascular conditions (a 39% reduction) and respiratory conditions (a 33% reduction). No such reductions were seen in cities where no ban was in effect.120 o According to the Canadian Community Health Survey, 13.9% of Toronto adults reported being daily or occasional smokers in 2009 (down from the 18% reported rate in 2008). Ø It is currently unclear if this rapid and significant decrease is due to a true decline in smoking prevalence or if it is a statistical anomaly.121

Diabetes, heart disease and stroke disproportionally affect visible minority populations in Toronto: • When they settle in the city, many immigrants face new health challenges resulting from changes in lifestyle (less physical activity, a diet higher in processed food, higher stress). o Canadians of South Asian and African-Caribbean origin are particularly affected by higher diabetes rates and related increased risk of heart disease. 11% of Canadians of South Asian origin have diabetes compared to 6% of Canadians of white European origin and are likely to develop heart disease 5 -10 years earlier than other ethnic populations. 5.2% of Ontarians of South Asian origin have heart disease (compared to 3.2% of those of Chinese background). o A new South Asian Diabetes Prevention Program started in 2009, primarily to serve northeast Toronto, an area with one of the highest rates of diabetes in the city, with neighbourhoods marked by poverty, poor housing, limited recreational options and lower educational attainment – factors that also contribute to elevated rates of the disease.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 34

o The province currently spends almost $5 billion annually on treatment of diabetes and related illnesses. Unchecked, the cost is expected to rise to $7 billion by 2020, when an estimated one in four people in Ontario will either have been diagnosed with diabetes, or be pre-diabetic.122

Regular physical activity and healthy food choices are essential for healthy development in children and youth, helping to maintain appropriate body weight, improving academic achievement and lowering levels of anxiety and depression: • Less than 15% of Ontario children are physically active enough (getting the recommended hour and a half a day of physical activity, half of which should come from active play).123 o 1 in 3 children (aged 2 to 11) is overweight or obese; most are exposed to intense marketing of unhealthy food choices. × 124

Toronto high school students are significantly more likely than students in other regions of Ontario to rate their health as poor; more of them are physically inactive and almost 15% spend 7 or more hours a day in front of a computer or TV screen: • 17.9% of students in Grades 7-12 rated their physical health as poor in 2009 (the Ontario average was 14.5%).× More than one-third (35.8%) had not seen a doctor in the past year, even for a checkup.× However, 27% had visited a mental health professional within the previous year × (compared to the provincial average of 23.8%). o 14.5% of students are highly sedentary, reporting daily screen time of seven hours or more (the Ontario average was 9.7% of students in 2009). 125

• About one quarter (24.5%) reported being overweight or obese (slightly below the 25.2% provincial average). Childhood obesity significantly increases the risk of adult obesity, a range of physical illnesses and premature death.126 o Approximately 31% of teenaged boys and 25% of teenaged girls are overweight in Canada, nearly double the percentage of overweight teens in 1981.127 Ø

• Barely more than a third of teenagers (aged 15 -17) were eating one daily meal at home with their parents in 2005. Long commutes, non-standard work hours, extra- curricular activities conflicting with meal times and parents too tired to cook a family meal were some of the likely causes of the more than 80% decline since 1992.128 Ø

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 35

Youth who participate in organized sports are twice as likely to be physically active as those who don’t, but Toronto’s students fall below the Canadian average for participation in school sports: • In the Toronto District School Board, the number of athletic teams and participants increased between 2005/2006 and 2008/2009, despite declining enrollment. × But the increase at the elementary level of 800 new sports teams and 15,300 new participants, still means that less than half (45.5%) of all students are participating in organized sport. At the secondary level, the addition of 500 new sports teams and 2,100 new participants brings the total participation rate to only 37% of all students (compared to the national overall average, where about half of Canadian children and youth report being active in at least one school sport).129 o Life-long habits of daily physical activity aren’t being cultivated in the majority of Toronto’s youth. This is reflected among Toronto’s 20 - 34 year- olds, 58% of whom reported leisure time inactivity in 2009.130

Registration in City recreation programs was markedly lower in 2009: • The number of registrants in City-run recreation programs decreased by almost 30% in 2009, from almost 459,420 in 2008 to 356,968, in part attributable to the summer labour disruption. Ø 52,076 programs were offered (compared to 62,246 in 2008). Ø o Overall, children’s and youth programs attracted 288,671 registrants (down 24% from 2008). Ø Of these, the 17,810 youth who registered for programs represented a 5% increase over the youth cohort in 2008.131 ×

In 2010, the City of Toronto became the first municipality in the world to endorse the Vienna Declaration, advocating a harm reduction approach to illicit drug use: • Toronto has signed on to a recent international document that seeks to improve community health and safety by using evidence-based research as the basis for illicit drug policies. The document’s emphasis on lessening an over-reliance on drug law enforcement in favour of harm reduction aligns well with the City’s Drug Strategy, which follows a ‘four pillars’ approach, including prevention, treatment, harm reduction and enforcement.132

A long-term survey points to decreased drug and alcohol use among Toronto students. A decreasing sense of the availability of street drugs and heightened perception of the risk of harm are also encouraging signs: • Since the late 1970s, Toronto students in grades 7 -12 have been surveyed every two years to determine levels of drug and alcohol use. Although there may be under-reporting due to absenteeism among those more likely to use drugs, the long-term trends reveal some good news: o Smoking rates have been steadily declining since the late 1990s, although they have leveled off since 2007. Ø o Alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine and heroin use is significantly lower than peaks observed in the late 1970s and the late 1990s (and in the early 2000s for cocaine and tranquillizers/sedatives). Ø o Fewer young students are using alcohol, tobacco and cannabis. In 2009, 2% of 7th graders had smoked their first cigarette by grade 6 compared to 27% in 1997 and 41% in 1981. 17% had used alcohol by Grade 6 compared to 42% in 2003 and 50% in 1981.133 Ø

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 36

• Students were surveyed about their use of 24 different drugs in 2009, including non-medical uses of prescription and over the counter drugs, solvents, and street drugs. Excluding cannabis, 40.6% of Toronto students reported at least one usage over the year. There was no difference in the proportion of young men and women, but the percentages rise from 21.5% in grade 7 to 55.4% in grade 12.134

Access to a regular medical doctor in Toronto is easier than in many Canadian communities: • The number of family physicians on the active registry in Toronto grew slightly to 2,890 in 2009 (up from 2,838 in 2007). × The 2009 rate of 107.9 per 100,000 is unchanged from 2008 Ù and down 1% from 2007. Rates for the total number of physicians (family medicine and specialists) have remained stable in the city

since 1998, (280 per 100,000 population in 2008) compared to 199 in the Region and 178 in Ontario as a whole, where rates range from 129 in Kitchener to 330 in Kingston.135 o Just under 1 in 10 people in Toronto (9.5% of the population) 12 years and older, had no access to a regular medical doctor in 2009. That figure is slightly lower than in 2003 when it was 9.8%. Ø The percentage is much higher in Alberta and Quebec (and 15.1% for all of Canada in 2009).136

Toronto’s long-term care residences continue to receive high satisfaction ratings, but the supply of long-term beds remains unchanged: • 96% of the residents in Toronto’s long-term care facilities and their families continued to express high levels of satisfaction with the homes as a place to live in 2008 (down from 97% in 2007). Ù Toronto ranks 3rd among 14 Ontario municipalities in resident satisfaction ratings. o The city’s share of long-term beds – 2,641 of 15,337 beds from all service providers (17.2% in 2008) has remained unchanged since 2000. Ù At the same time the population of elderly continues to rise (from 152,655 persons over 75 years in 2007 to 176,107 in 2008). Toronto was 10th among the 14 municipalities in 2008 (up from 11th place the year before) in the number of long-term beds it provided relative to the elderly population. (At 8.7%, it was unchanged from 2007, below the median of 9.2% and still below the provincially mandated standard of 10%).137 Ù

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 37

Environment: The City’s focus on creating a sustainable food system reveals the links between the environment, the economy, transportation and health.

Toronto needs to take concerted action to mitigate the effects of rising temperatures and expanding heat islands: • Growth in the Toronto area – much of it greenfield development (see Housing section) – has exacerbated the phenomenon of urban heat islands. A heat island is defined as an area where surface temperatures are at least 5o above the average for the surrounding area. In 1985, 9.84% of the Toronto Region was estimated to be a heat island. By 2004, the percentage had grown to 12.86% (an increase of almost 38%). × Toronto’s heat islands are still estimated to be growing by 3% annually. o Heat islands create a vicious cycle of adverse effects, stimulating the use of air conditioning, which contributes to increased energy use, thereby increasing heat-trapping GHG emissions.138

A Thermal Image of Downtown Toronto, Summer, 2009 139

The number of extreme heat days in Toronto is expected to grow, particularly affecting the city’s vulnerable residents, including socially isolated seniors, children, people with chronic and pre-existing illnesses, and people who are marginally housed or homeless:

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 38

• Although the number of Heat Alerts in Toronto was low in 2009 (3, compared to 9 in 2008), Ø the city is getting warmer. As of September 2, 2010, there were 5 Heat Alerts and 11 Extreme Heat Alerts issued in 2010. × The average of 14.3 Heat Alerts issued annually between 2005 and 2010 was a significant increase over the annual average of 5.7 in the six previous years. × A Heat Alert is issued when the likelihood of increased weather-related mortality exceeds 65%, and an Extreme Heat Alert when the likelihood of additional weather related mortality exceeds 90%.140

Number of Heat Alert Days in the city of Toronto, 1999 - 2010 141 (as of September 2, 2010)

30 s 25 20 18 15 2 8 5 10 11 3 14 6 5 3 9 10

Number of Heat Alert Day Alert Heat of Number 8 6 5 3 2 3 2 0 1 0 1 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Heat Alert Days Extreme Heat Alert Days

Changes in Average Monthly Temperature in the city of Toronto, 1970 - 2009 142

40 July Daily Maximums

C) July Daily Minimums o 30 January Daily Maximums January Daily Minimums 20 On average, July's maximum temperatures have increased by 0.5 oC since 1970 10 On average, July's minimum temperatures have increased 3.3 0 oC since 1970

On average, January's maximum temperatures have increased by -10 o 3.0 C since 1970 Average monthly temperature ( temperature monthly Average On average, January's minimum -20 temperatures have increased by 4.7 oC since 1970 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 Year

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 39

• Climate change is expected to more than double the number of days with temperatures over 30º C in Toronto over the next few decades – from about 15 days per year between 1961 and 1990 to about 37 days per year by 2041 and 2069.143

Moderating the growth of heat islands is a priority for the City, through strategies such as its new Green Roof By-law and Eco-Roof Incentive Program: • Toronto was the first city in North America to pass a by-law, in 2009, requiring green roof construction on new and industrial development with a floor area of 2,000m2 or more. The by-law applies to new building permit applications for residential (above 6 storey), commercial and institutional construction after January 31, 2010, and will apply to new industrial construction in 2011. The percentage of coverage depends on the size of the building. For example, a new building of 15,000 m2 would now have to have 50% of roof space dedicated to green roofing (minus areas used for renewable energy, or residential outdoor space). o The City’s Eco-Roof Incentive Program provides funding for the retrofit of existing commercial, industrial or institutional buildings with either green roofs (supporting vegetation) or cool roofs (with high solar reflectivity). Eligible applicants receive up to $100,000 ($50/ m2) to construct a green roof, and about half that amount for a cool roof. In 2009, the City approved 49 applications, funding a total area of more than 66,000 m2.144

• Toronto is committed to doubling the present tree canopy (from 17% to 34%) by 2050. In 2009, the City adopted an eight-year plan to protect, maintain and plant new trees. Additional investments of $4,350,000 in the 2010 Budget allow for the planting of an additional 10,000 trees per year. With contributions from other sources, including donations, the City will be able to plant about 109,000 trees in 2010.145 ×

Air quality improved in the Toronto Region in 2009, but still ranks as the most pressing environmental concern for many residents: • The Toronto Region is making progress on air quality, but there were still 5 days in 2009 when ground level ozone exceeded the daily maximum level of 65 parts per billion (above the Canada-wide standard that communities are expected to meet by 2010). Ø There were 14 days of poor air quality in 2008 (2001 - 2009 averaged 18.6 days per year).146 o In 2007, Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHG) from private vehicle operation totalled 6,760,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. At 1,322 tonnes per capita, that was below the average of 1,549 tonnes for all Canadian metropolitan areas.147

• Based on the provincial Air Quality Index (AQI), Toronto experienced 4 smog alert days in 2009, down from 13 days in 2008. Ø But the average for the 8 years from 2002 - 2009 was 18.6 days, compared to an average of only 7.8 for the 8 years prior.148 × o The contribution of vehicle emissions to poor air quality (and adverse health effects) may be lowered further if the City is able to enforce a new by-law passed in 2010, lowering the limit on car idling from 3 minutes to 1 minute.149

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 40

Number of Smog Alert Days in the city of Toronto, 1993-2009 150

60

50 48

40 29 30 20 20 18 12 14 13 10 9 11 10 5 7 3 5 3 4

Number of Alert Days Alert of Number 1 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

• Estimated residential water consumption was unchanged in 2009 from 2008, after another cooler, wetter summer. Ù Estimated demand has dropped about 13% since 2003, due in part to the weather, and in part to increased water rates and residential metering. Ø Toronto’s Water Efficiency Program is targeting a 12% city-wide reduction in average daily water demand over projected, by 2011.151 o Industrial, commercial and institutional customers use about one-third of Toronto’s water although they make up only 3% of Toronto Water customers. The City has instituted a water buy-back program that offers a one-time rebate of $0.30/litre for those businesses and institutions that make permanent, measurable changes to their operations to reduce water consumption. For example, Redpath Sugars – one of the largest water- using facilities in Toronto (more than 2 million litres daily) – has reduced its consumption by 212,080 litres/day and received a rebate of $53,000 from the City.152

Toronto’s total average annual water consumption (m3), 1970 - 2009 153

1,400,000

1,300,000

1,200,000

1,100,000

1,000,000

900,000

800,000

4 73 000 1970 19 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 199 1997 2 2003 2006 2009

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 41

• Residential waste diversion was affected by a 39-day labour disruption in 2009 (11% of the collection year). With uninterrupted service, the City estimates that the overall diversion rate would have been 46% (compared to the actual rate of 44%, unchanged from 2008). Ù o The City diverted 139,757 tonnes for recycling from blue bins (down from 158,747 tonnes in 2008), and 1,095 tonnes of electronics. Some of the decrease in blue bin tonnage was attributed to reductions in the weight of packaging and decreased newspaper size and volume.154

Toronto consumers prove sensitive to pricing incentives in changing their environmental behaviours: • Since the introduction of a City by-law in 2009 requiring retailers to charge consumers for single use plastic bags, usage has reportedly dropped noticeably. Large grocery chains in the Toronto area reported that 70-80% fewer bags were being distributed soon after the charge was introduced.155 Ø

The City of Toronto adopted a Sustainable Energy Strategy in 2009, with ambitious cumulative targets for conserving energy, improving distribution infrastructure and reducing GHG emissions: • In 2010, the City is taking steps to meet these goals, overcome some serious obstacles and create new opportunities for prosperity. o Torontonians spend almost $4.5 billion on electricity and natural gas every year, but up to two-thirds is not used due to generation and end-use inefficiencies and distribution losses. That translates into a $3 billion annual wasted expense. o An estimated 14.2 jobs are created for every $1 million investment in energy conservation, renewable energy and ‘smart’ distribution.156

More than 80% of buildings that exist today in Toronto will still be in use in 2050, and many, including the city’s more than 1,000 residential high-rises, use space and energy inefficiently: • Toronto’s aging apartment buildings, with their exposed concrete slab edges, lack proper insulation and are estimated to be 20% less energy efficient than the average single family home. o Four pilot sites have now been identified in the ambitious Tower Renewal Initiative to retrofit the city’s apartment towers and surrounding lands. The pilots are intended to demonstrate the potential for city-wide renewal, through building cladding, renewable energy systems, urban agriculture, better transit and improved community access to services, amenities and green spaces. o The partners in the program have identified significant opportunities for improving waste diversion, including recycling of grey water (water from domestic activities that doesn’t contain human waste). Success can be achieved in many cases through simple operational adjustments.157

Businesses collaborate in the Toronto Region to green their bottom lines: • For more than a decade, the Toronto Region Conservation Authority and the Greater Toronto Airport Authority (GTAA) have partnered to develop an Eco- Business Zone in the area surrounding Pearson International Airport. Partners in

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 42

Project Green, an innovative business-to-business collaboration, helps companies of all sizes become more energy efficient, through shared information, training and access to resources. o In 2009, the project launched the Clinton Climate Initiative Purchasing Alliance to give area businesses access to green technologies and products at reduced cost. The program aims to stimulate and speed up worldwide adoption of energy efficient products.158

• Toronto has now received seven Sustainable Community awards from the Federation of Canadian Municipalities, including two in 2010. The first was for the adaptive reuse of the Wychwood Car Barns – the first heritage site in Canada with LEED® Gold certification for redevelopment. The second 2010 award was for the Regent Park revitalization (Phase 1). That project, also developed to LEED® Gold certification, includes a community energy system that reduces GHG emissions by 30% (13,000 tonnes) annually.159

More of Toronto’s beaches are meeting the standards for Blue Flag designation: • 7 of Toronto’s 11 beaches met the standard for international Blue Flag designation in 2009 (which includes 27 strict water quality and site management criteria, one of which is that the beach is open at least 80% of the season).× Only 4 beaches received a Blue Flag in 2005.160 o In a 2010 survey, residents in the Toronto Region were asked to rate the quality of the environment in their community. Less than half (46%) believed that the quality of water in nearby lakes and rives is good or excellent, and 50% rated it as fair or poor (compared to 62% in Montreal and 30% in Vancouver).161

Toronto looks toward a health-focused sustainable food system: • Toronto residents: ¾ spend $7 billion a year on food; ¾ live within the largest protected near-urban greenbelt area on the planet (728,434 hectares or 1.8 million acres); ¾ boast the second largest food-distribution hub on the continent (1 job in 8 in the city is food-related); ¾ come from more than 200 distinct ethnic backgrounds and offer each other an array of food choices.162

In spite of that: ¾ 1 in 10 cannot afford a healthy diet; ¾ Many young Torontonians have little idea where food comes from and few food skills; ¾ The average food producer in Ontario was earning a little over $8,000 annually from farming in 2006; ¾ Toronto relies on an unsustainable fossil-fuel dependent global food production system that contributes up to one third of GHG emissions.163

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 43

• In 2010, Toronto Public Health began consultations towards creating a healthy and sustainable food system in the city. Recognizing that food is the vital connection between health, the environment, the economy and community, they proposed six pathways towards creating a health-focused food system that protects the environment, promotes equity and inclusion, creates local economic development and builds strong communities.164

• Toronto has the potential to scale up urban agriculture. A recent study estimated that 10% of Torontonians’ fresh vegetable consumption could be grown on underdeveloped land – on City-owned land, on the grounds of large institutions, on hydro corridors and on small rooftop plots – and processed within the city boundaries. The study suggests that Torontonians would have to overcome barriers such as the idea that farming happens “out in the country” and the lack of a supply chain linking urban growers and urban consumers.165

The Humber and Don Rivers are closer to being part of the provincial Greenbelt: • In February, 2010, Toronto City Council agreed to request the province to add the Humber and Don River valleys to the already protected 728,434 hectares (1.8 million acres) of greenbelt surrounding the city. o Greenbelt designation is permanent. The 37 km Humber and 53 km Don Rivers, already publically owned and protected waterways, would receive additional protection against development encroachment.166

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 44

Housing: Economic stimulus funding boosted affordable housing starts in Toronto, but the wait – and the waiting list – for affordable housing continues to grow.

More than half of the Toronto Region’s growth between 1991 and 2001 happened on rural land: • Urban sprawl is commonly defined as an increase in urbanized land that outpaces increase in population and housing growth. Between 1991 and 2001, the Toronto Region’s urban land grew by 28%, while its population grew by 19%. In Vancouver, urban land increased by 16% compared to 24% population growth; in Calgary, with the same population growth rate (24%), urban land increased by 43%. o A comparison of the three cities shows marked differences in the proportion of greenfield growth (residential growth on rural land) to urban infill and redevelopment.167

Greenfield Growth vs. Urban Growth in Housing Stock vs. Intensification 1991 - 2001 Population Growth 1991-2001

90% 30% 80% 25% 70% Growth in 60% 20% Greenfield Housing Stock 50% 15% 40% Intensification Growth in 30% 10% 20% 5% Population 10%

0% Vancouver 0% Calgary Toronto Calgary Vancouver Toronto

Low interest rates buoyed the Toronto Region housing market, in the short-term: • Residential real estate in 2009 contributed to the Region’s economic recovery with a 17% increase in sales over 2008 (87,208 home sales). × Sales fell short of the record set in 2007 (93,193 home sales), but the median house price rose in December 2009 to a new high of $349,000 (from $305,000 in 2008 and $320,950 in 2007).168 ×

• The Toronto Region moved from the ranks of the ‘seriously’ unaffordable in 2008 to the ‘severely’ unaffordable housing markets in 2009, among six regions (Canada, US, UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand) surveyed by the Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey. Toronto was rated the 5th most expensive housing market in Canada and among the least affordable of the 272 locations surveyed (in 215th place). Ø Vancouver was the least affordable of any market surveyed, and Victoria, Abbotsford and Kelowna were also pricier than the Toronto Region.169

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 45

o The ratio of average housing prices to median family incomes in the Toronto Region has generally been growing since 1995. In 2008, the average Toronto residence was 4.62 times the median family income.Ø (The ratio was 3.54 in 1995 and 4.8 in 2007.) Ratios of house prices to incomes were 4.13 for Canada as a whole in 2008, and considerably higher in B.C. (6.99 in 2008).170

Households Spending 30% or More of Their Incomes on Shelter, city of Toronto 1981 – 2006 171

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0% 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

Renters Owners

New home ownership loans help some Toronto families achieve the goal of home ownership 10 years earlier than they otherwise could: • In 2010, the City of Toronto began investing $2 million annually in small ($10,000) loans to help 200 families buy homes. The loans assist families with household incomes below about $78,000 to buy a new home built by a non-profit developer. The City recoups its money when the home is sold and then re-loans it to another family.172 o In July, 2010, the City announced an additional $2.5 million for the Home Ownership Alternative (HOA) program, through a combination of federal and provincial investment. The new funding will help 108 low-to-moderate- income home buyers in a High Park affordable housing development with down payment assistance. 173

Recession and economic uncertainty hit tenants hardest. There are more housing choices for Toronto renters, but affordability remains a serious problem: • The overall vacancy rate (in private structures of 3+ apartments) in Toronto grew in 2009 to 3.1%, from 2.0% in 2008 × (the average over the past 5 years is 3.3%). Factors contributing to the more healthy rate included an increase in numbers of tenants moving into the condominium market in Toronto or into affordable suburban housing, due to low interest rates. But fewer job opportunities for youth meant that some were less likely to become renters, and more moved into shared rental housing.174 o The vacancy rate in the Toronto Region was 2.4% in 2009 (equal to the average for all metropolitan areas in Canada, but down from 2.8% in 2008).175 Ø

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 46

• The average rent for a two-bedroom apartment in Toronto was $1,106 in 2009,Ù still the highest in Ontario (Peel Region averaged $1,068 and York $1,044), although rents grew by only 4.2% in the period 2004 - 2009, well below the rate of inflation. In the same period, rents in Ottawa increased by 9.4%, in London 18.2% and in Sudbury 26.7%.176

• The 2009 - 2011 period will likely see a drop in tenant incomes and worsening housing affordability (a similar pattern to the recession of the early 1990s). Already, in 2009, estimated incomes for a number of occupations and groups put affordable housing out of reach. 177

Average Incomes for Different Occupations and Affordable Rent, city of Toronto, 2009 178 Annual Monthly Apartment Income Income Average Size Needed Needed Rent Bachelor $29,680 $2,473 $742 1 bedroom $36,080 $3,007 $902 2 bedroom $42,880 $3,573 $1,072

Average 2009 Monthly Affordable Income (est.) Income Housing Carpenter $34,347 $2,862 $859 Medical Secretary $31,735 $2,645 $793 Labourers in processing, mfg. & utilities $22,843 $1,904 $571 Data entry clerks $25,435 $2,120 $636 Retail Salesperson $23,745 $1,979 $594 Chefs and cooks $21,001 $1,750 $525 Minimum wage earner (2010 min. wage) $18,383 $1,532 $460 Two minimum wage earners $36,765 $3,064 $919 Single pensioner $1,253 $375 Couple pensioner $2,062 $619 Note: The average incomes of the categories highlighted in blue would be inadequate to afford even a bachelor apartment in the city of Toronto.

• Landlords in Toronto filed eviction applications against more than 25,000 tenant households in 2009 for non-payment of rent.179

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 47

Toronto received financial stimulus in 2010 to build more affordable housing units: • In June, 2010, the City was reporting that 19 affordable rental housing projects (totaling 2,096 units) were either in development or under construction. 16 projects are slated for completion by the end of 2011. Of those, 9 projects representing 1,243 units, received $146 million in provincial and federal funding through the Affordable Housing Program Economic Stimulus Initiative. 180 o The City’s goal is to build 1,000 units of affordable rental housing and 200 units of affordable home ownership housing every year.181

• The number of households on the active waiting list for social housing in Toronto grew by 15% in 2009 to 60,197 (an increase of almost 8,000 households who have met all eligibility requirements and are simply waiting for housing availability). × o The number of seniors on the total waiting list increased by 20% between 2005 and 2009.182 ×

The number of people staying in Toronto’s shelters varies widely year over year, impacted by international events and federal immigration policy: • The average number of people staying in family shelters on any given night in 2009 had increased 9.3% since 2006, × though the numbers are still 45% below a peak in 2001. Ø o 3,269 children stayed in Toronto’s shelters in 2009, 550 more than the year before (a 20% increase). The numbers of children accompanying their parents into shelters has been growing since 2005.183 o Because refugee claimants arrive in Canada with few resources, and no federal funding exists to assist with shelter, many are forced to turn to the city’s shelters. 72% of the estimated growth between 2006 and 2008 of families in shelters, was attributed to an increase in numbers of refugee households in the city.184

Total Number of Children Using the City of Toronto Shelter System, 2000 - 2009185

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000 3,000

2,000 1,000

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 48

One in five short-term inmates in Toronto’s jails is homeless, and even a brief sentence increases the likelihood of having no home to return to upon release: • There is a critical need for housing supports and services for Torontonians serving jail sentences in the city’s institutions. A 2010 report by the John Howard Society shows that 23% of prisoners serving sentences of less than 2 years in Toronto jails were homeless before going to jail. That number increased to almost one-third who had no home to return to when leaving jail, and another 12% had no idea where they would go. o One in ten respondents in the study lost a job while in jail, and short-term sentences in provincial institutions offer almost no support for reintegration into the community. The average length of jail term among the respondents was two months, but much briefer stays were shown to increase vulnerability to homelessness.186

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 49

Safety: Police-reported crime continues an almost decade-long decline in Toronto.

• The Toronto Region’s overall crime rate was 3,802 per 100,000 in 2009 (down 5% from 3,998 in 2008), still the lowest of any metropolitan area in Canada. Ø The average rate across the country was 6,406 in 2009.187

Overall Crime Rate (including traffic offences) in the city of Toronto, 1998 - 2009 188

9000 8500 8000 7500 7000 6500 6000 5500

Rate per 100,000 population 100,000 per Rate 5000 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

• Total criminal offenses (not including traffic offences) in the city of Toronto dropped for the third year in a row, by 3.8% from 2008, to a rate of 6,433.5 per 100,000 population. This compares to a rate of 7,567.9 in 2006.189 Ø

• The number of reported violent crimes in the city also continued to decline to its lowest level in more than a decade.ØThe 2009 rate of 1,171 crimes per 100,000 population (31,919 criminal offenses) compares to the 1999 rate of 1,302 (33,122 violent offenses).190 Ø o The number of violent crimes per 100,000 population in the Region also dropped in 2009 (by 4.4% over 2008) to 943. This represents a 17.4% decrease from 1999 when the rate was 1,142.191 Ø

Violent Crime Rate in the city of Toronto, 1998 - 2009 192

1500 1450 1400 1350 1300 1250 1200 1150 1100 1050

Rate per 100,000 population 100,000 per Rate 1000 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 50

• Homicides claimed 62 lives in the city of Toronto in 2009, 11.4% fewer than the 70 deaths in 2008. Ø This is close to the average of 60 homicides annually in the decade 1995 - 2004, and well below the average of 76.5 homicides reported each year between 2005 and 2008. o In the Toronto Region, there were 1.6 homicides per 100,000 population (90 deaths) in 2009, compared to a rate of 2.2 (down from 2.5 in 2008) for the city. ØThe rate for all of Canada was 1.8 in 2009.193

• The youth violent crime rate in the city (persons 12 -17 years old) dropped in 2009, to 13.5% of the total number of persons charged, the lowest percentage since 1998. Ø The 12-year average is 15.31%. The age group charged with the most violent offenses is those 25 - 34 years old (25.4% of the total).194 o 7 young offenders (aged 12 - 17) were charged with murder in 2009, and 15 with attempted murder. × This figure is higher than the 5 charged in 2008, but still below the 15 youth charged in 2007. The ten-year average is 6.8.195 o The youth violent crime rate declined 5% in Ontario from 2008. The 2009 rate of 1,666 (per 100,000 population) was 11.8% lower than the Canadian rate of 1,864. o The 79 youth (under 17 years old) accused of homicide across Canada represents an increase in 2009, and a significantly higher number than the average of 56 over the past decade.196

• There were fewer property crimes in the city in 2009. The 2.8% decrease over 2008 brought the rate down to 3,856 per 100,000 population. Ø The total number of reported crimes (105,066) was 16.9% lower than a decade earlier. Ø o Property crimes in the Toronto Region were significantly below the national rate in 2009 (62% lower) and among the lowest of any large centre in the country. Ø The 2009 rate of 2,534 property crimes compares to 3,170 across Ontario, 5,336 in Alberta and 5,535 in British Columbia. The 2009 rate was one-third lower than the rate a decade earlier (3,778 per 100,000 population in 1999).197

• Criminal code traffic offenses were down in Toronto in 2009 to a rate of 3,912 (per 100,000 population), well below the rate of 4,216 reported in 2005, Ø but still above the 1999 rate of 3,802.198 × o The rate of criminal code traffic violations has been rising since 2006 in the Toronto Region, and was up again slightly in 2009 (by 3.1% over 2008 to 231 per 100,000 population), × almost exactly the same rate as in 1999, but 17.5% below a peak in 2002.199

• The Crime Severity Index (CSI) first introduced in 2009, and Youth Crime Severity Index released in 2010, assigns a weight to crimes based on sentences handed down. o Highest crime severity rates continue to be found in western Canada and the lowest are in Ontario. The Toronto Region has the third lowest CSI among all metropolitan areas (only Guelph and Québec were lower in 2009):200

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 51

Police-reported Crime Severity Index, by Census Metropolitan Area (CMA), 2009 201

The Youth Crime Severity Index points to a decrease in the severity of youth crime in Canada since 2001, though the index was 10% higher in 2009 than a decade before: o On the Youth Crime Severity Index, Ontario was down 2% over 2008 and below the average (87.8 compared to 93.7 for the provinces and territories). o The overall rate of youth crime in Canada has been stable over the decade and was lower in 2009 than at any time since 1999.202

• Cases of child pornography have risen 64% in Canada since 2003. As with other sexual offenses, there is likely an underreporting of the actual incidence of sex crimes against children.203

• Hate/bias crimes increased in the city of Toronto by almost 14% in 2009. × 174 cases were reported in 2009, compared to 153 in 2008. The average over 17 years is 201. o Since 2007, the three most affected groups have been the Jewish community (the subject of the most attacks on the basis of religion, the majority being mischief/vandalism), the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) community (15% of occurrences in 2009) and the Black community, (8% of the population, and 14% of reported hate/bias crimes in 2009). o The LGBT community suffered the majority of violent attacks in 2009, including 12 assaults and 1 attempted murder. o Racially motivated attacks (16% of the total reported – down from 18% in 2008) primarily targeted the Black community.204

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 52

Although crime rates are lower in Toronto than in many Canadian communities, rates are linked to the socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of city neighbourhoods: • A recent analysis of crime in city of Toronto neighbourhoods shows that crime rates are associated with particular geographic and demographic aspects of the community: o Violent crime is more concentrated in Toronto neighbourhoods where residents have access to few socioeconomic resources (e.g. poor employment prospects, low incomes, and lower educational attainment). It is also higher in more ‘urban’ neighbourhoods, where high population density and greater residential mobility (caused by short tenancies) contribute to a lack of social cohesion or sense of belonging to the community, which in turn, impacts crime rates. o Property crime is higher in areas in neighbourhoods close to the city centre, and other areas with high levels of commercial activity (such as shopping malls). o Crime rates were found to be lower in neighbourhoods with a high population of seniors. Older residents, who are more often at home, may informally ‘police’ the community. o Rates for a range of criminal offenses were also generally lower in neighbourhoods with high numbers of recent immigrants. This was especially the case when socioeconomic resources were factored in. In two neighbourhoods with equal access to resources, the one with the higher proportion of recent immigrants was likely to have lower violent crime rates. The lower rate is perhaps attributable to the generally higher educational attainment of recent immigrants. It may also be due to the development of community organizations and informal networks that immigrants establish when they move in, that foster community cohesion and deter crime.205

A feeling of safety contributes to community cohesion and personal health and well- being: • Perceptions of safety influence how residents use their time. Trusting neighbourhoods have stronger networks of informal support and higher levels of social interaction. And parents who believe that crime rates are low in their neighbourhood are more likely to encourage their children to engage in social and recreational activities.206

• A recent study reveals a strong link between high levels of trust to greater feelings of well-being. The study concludes that the goal for large urban environments like Toronto, is to manage public space in order to promote community engagement, and design areas where residents can connect safely with one another.207

The percentage of Toronto high school students who report being threatened or harmed at school has declined since 2007: • The latest results of a long-term Ontario study of students in Grades 7 to 12 indicated that students in the Toronto school boards were less likely to carry a weapon in school in 2009 (5.8% compared to 9% in 2007). Ø

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 53

o Almost one-quarter of students in Grades 7-12 (23%) reported being bullied at school Ù (about the same percentage that reported bullying others) and 18% worried about being harmed or threatened.208

Half of Toronto’s young residents think that the city is a safe place to live, but almost one in five believe crime to be a problem: • 54% of 18-35 year olds responding to a 2010 poll, rate Toronto as a safer place to live than other large international cities, but 18% put crime on the list of some of the worst things about the city. In contrast, only 4% of employers polled cited crime as one of the city’s big problems.209

Aboriginal residents in Toronto are much more likely to have had some contact with the criminal justice system: o Across the country, one in two (52%) urban Aboriginal people have had serious encounters with the justice system (as victims, witnesses to, or perpetrators of crimes). The incidence is much higher in Toronto, where two-thirds (67%) of Aboriginal people report some type of serious involvement with the system.210

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 54

Gap Between Rich and Poor: Toronto’s vulnerable families and neighbourhoods increasingly rely on a strained municipal social infrastructure.

As direct funding assistance from other levels of government has withered, cities have been increasingly obliged to provide not just traditional infrastructure (roads, sewers, etc.) but social infrastructure – that broad system of social services and facilities that support all residents, but particularly those with the least ability to cope in financially difficult times: • Toronto, like other Canadian municipalities, faces relentless demand to increase the provision of these services, but lacks new funding sources beyond the property tax. The result: longer wait lists every year for social housing and subsidized child care, pressure to increase user fees and transit fares, and ongoing major underinvestment in traditional infrastructure needs.211

Poverty rates for children and seniors have declined significantly in the Toronto Region over the last three decades: • The poverty rate in the Toronto Region in 2008 (based on after-tax Low Income Cutoff (LICO)) was 10.8%, a 12.9% drop in the rate since 2000 and 2.7% decrease from 2007. Ø This compares to the rate for Canada (9.4% – a 24.8% drop since 2000), Ontario (9.3%), metropolitan Calgary (10%) and Vancouver (14.9%).212

• The proportion of children living in poverty (aged 17 and under) was 9.5% in the Toronto Region in 2008 (after-tax LICO), down from 13.8% in 2007 Ø – an even more significant drop from the 2000 level of 17.4% and the 1995 level of 20.8%. Ø o However the percentage of children living in poverty in female lone-parent families was 23.4% in 2008.213 o Over the longer term, the 2008 level represents a 20.8% reduction in the rate of child poverty over the 1980 level. ØThat trend is reflected across the country although less dramatically in Ontario as a whole, where the 2008 child poverty rate was 9.1% (the same as in Canada) compared to 10.4% in 1980.214

• The incidence of elder poverty in the Toronto Region (measured by the after-tax LICO) declined steadily and dramatically between 1980 and 2004 (from 22.9% to 5.6%) a trend mirrored across the country. Ø Since then it has remained fairly steady, but rose from 5% in 2007 to 8.7% in 2008 (an increase of 74% in one year to almost double the Ontario rate of 4.4%).× This still represents an almost 15% decline in elder poverty since 2000. Ø It compares to a 2008 rate of 15.3% poverty among seniors in Montreal and 12.4% in Vancouver.215

• More than 160,000 people were receiving social assistance through Ontario Works, in the city of Toronto in June 2010 (10.2% more than in June 2009) as caseloads continued to rise to over 94,500. × The 2009 average monthly caseload was 88,506, an increase of 16.9% over 2008 when the average was 75,708 × (and slightly lower than the 90,000 average anticipated in the City budget).216

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 55

Ontario’s new Material Deprivation Index measured what poverty looked like in 2009: • The new index measures ten common effects of poverty, such as inability to eat fresh fruit and vegetables, or to repair or replace broken appliances. o In 2009, 22% of the Toronto Region population experienced one or more deprivations, and 8% experienced three or more. o In Ontario, 35% of those with incomes below the Low Income Cutoff (LICO) reported experiencing two or more deprivations. Recent immigrants were significantly more materially deprived than those born in Canada:217

Ontario Material Deprivation Survey, 2009218 Immigrants Recent (in Canada Born Immigrants longer than 5 in Canada years) Cannot afford to eat fresh fruit and vegetables 12% 4% 5% Cannot afford to get dental care if needed 24% 12% 8% Cannot afford to replace broken or damaged appliances 17% 9% 8% Cannot afford appropriate clothes for a job interview 9% 4% 3% Cannot afford to have friends or family over for a meal at least once a week 16% 6% 3% Cannot afford to buy small gifts for family or friends at least once a year 9% 3% 2% Cannot afford a hobby or leisure activity 14% 6% 4%

One in ten households in the city of Toronto lives without food security: • A household is described as food secure when every member has access to enough safe and nutritious food to provide for a healthy life. In 2007/2008, 9.9% of households in the city reported that at some point in the year, because of inadequate income, they lacked enough to eat or worried about how to obtain food (compared to 7.7% for Canada). 80,000 Torontonians (3.7% of households) experienced severe food insecurity, meaning they went without food or eating patterns were disrupted (compared to 2.7% for Canada). Women were less likely to be food secure than men (88.6% vs. 91.6%). Food insecurity has been identified as a major public health issue, and is linked to poor physical health, obesity, anxiety and depression.219

Almost half of Toronto is a ‘food desert’: • Access to a wide range of healthy foods is linked not only to income but to the relative proximity of a grocery store. 51% of Torontonians live in a ‘food desert’ with no grocery store within a 1 km radius. Low-income residents, particularly those in the suburbs that ring the city core, who are less likely to own a car or have easy access to transit, are often forced to rely on the less healthy food choices available in closer-by convenience stores and fast food outlets. o Many of the grocery stores that do exist in the city’s 13 Priority Neighbourhoods, are on the edges of the community, making access time- consuming and more difficult. Seniors and disabled residents are at an even greater disadvantage.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 56

o Replacing food deserts with fresh, accessible food choices may not entail just building more large grocery stores, but supporting the development of a vibrant local grocery and market sector, able to supply healthy and appropriate food to Toronto’s diverse neighbourhoods.220

Toronto’s “Food Deserts” 221 Indicated by coloured areas on the map. Note the food deserts in low income neighbourhoods beyond the 13 Priority Neighbourhoods – the pale purple areas.

Reliance on food banks continues to rise across Ontario. Food bank users are younger than the provincial average, one in three is a new Canadian, and in a third of their households, at least one member misses three or more meals a week:222 • In the city of Toronto,123,000 additional visits (a 14% increase in a year) pushed the total to almost 1 million food bank visits between April 2009 and March 2010. × The increase came on top of a 9% increase in visits in the previous year. o The rest of the GTA served 190,000 food bank visitors in the same period, with almost half of new users (46%) coming because of job loss or reduced work hours; o The average GTA food bank user spends 68% of income on rent or mortgage (including utilities); o 45% of food bank users have a serious illness or are disabled.223

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 57

Analysis of income trends in Toronto over the 35-year period 1970 - 2005, by researchers at the Cities Centre, University of Toronto, reveals that Toronto’s middle income neighbourhoods are disappearing, as “three cities” emerge with markedly different income levels and prospects: • The gap between Toronto’s high- and low-income neighbourhoods is deepening. Over a million people live in neighbourhoods in the northwest and northeast of the city that have experienced more than a 20% decline in incomes since 1970, compared to the Regional average. • City #1 on the map below indicates neighbourhoods where average incomes increased 20% or more between 1970 and 2005, compared to the average income for the entire Toronto Region. City #2 shows neighbourhoods where the increase or decrease was less than 20%, and City #3 indicates neighbourhoods where incomes decreased 20% or more. City #3 neighbourhoods, located primarily in the northwest and northeast of the city of Toronto, are areas of the city that in 1970 were predominantly middle income but have seen a significant decline in income since then.224

• The bar graph below shows the dramatic decrease in middle income neighbourhoods in the city (from 66% of neighbourhoods in 1970, to only 29% in 2005). This graph also appeared in the 2009 Toronto’s Vital Signs® report.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 58

• Compared to the city of Toronto, City #3 is comprised of somewhat larger households, higher percentages of foreign-born, recent immigrant and visible minority residents, and a population with lower economic status, including much lower levels of university education, a higher prevalence of blue-collar occupations and low household incomes. City #3 is also served by a much lower number of subway stations than the rest of Toronto. o More detailed analysis shows that within City #3 (43% of Toronto’s population in 2006), four distinct neighbourhood groups emerge (see map and table below). The comparisons made are with respect to the overall characteristics of City #3. The labels applied to each group are not intended to stereotype neighbourhoods, but rather to capture the variety of housing and household characteristics in City #3: ƒ Group A neighbourhoods – Home Owner Immigrant Families: these neighbourhoods are characterized by a much smaller percentage of rental and apartment dwellings, a relatively large proportion of family households, a high proportion of foreign-born and visible minority residents, a slightly lower level of blue-collar jobs and slightly higher average incomes. ƒ Group B neighbourhoods – Older Blue-Collar Families: these are neighbourhoods with a relatively high proportion of seniors, a considerably lower percentage of visible minorities, lower educational levels but slightly higher incomes.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 59

ƒ Group C neighbourhoods – Foreign-born Well Educated Apartment Dwellers: these neighbourhoods have a high proportion of rental and highrise apartment accommodation, a higher proportion of foreign-born residents, especially recent immigrants (many from South Asia), relatively high educational levels and low incomes. ƒ Group D neighbourhoods – Younger Visible Minorities with Low Economic Status: these neighbourhoods are characterized by a relatively high proportion of highrise dwellings, especially social housing, a younger population, a relatively high proportion of visible minorities, relatively low education levels and low incomes.225

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 60

Selected Characteristics of Neighbourhoods in Cities #1, #2, and #3, city of Toronto, 2006 226 Characteristics Totals Groups in City #3 city of City #1 City #2 City #3 A B C D Toronto Rented 36% 40% 47% 23% 42% 74% 60% 46% Dwellings Social Housing 6% 9% 11% 4% 7% 10% 26% 10% Apt. Dwellings 57% 57% 63% 41% 50% 89% 66% 60% Population <15 15% 15% 19% 17% 17% 20% 23% 16% Population 65+ 14% 15% 14% 14% 17% 10% 11% 14% Persons Per 2.3 2.5 2.9 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.7 Household Family Households 60% 66% 75% 83% 74% 68% 72% 65% Foreign Born 28% 45% 61% 70% 57% 70% 61% 50% Immigrants, 2001-06 4% 8% 15% 14% 12% 27% 12% 11% Visible 18% 35% 66% 80% 51% 68% 72% 43% Minorities Adults 25+ with university education 61% 35% 31% 37% 27% 43% 20% 39% Blue Collar 5% 16% 24% 20% 25% 21% 31% 17% Jobs Average $88,000 $35,700 $26,900 $28,140 $29,400 $24,900 $23,500 $40,400 Individual Income Low Income 14% 22% 30% 24% 23% 38% 39% 25% Households Subway 40 50 19 7 15 16 5 68 Stations * based on 2006 census figures

New Community Hubs provide much-needed public spaces and strengthen Priority neighbourhoods: • In early 2009, the first of eight Community Hubs opened in the Eglinton East/Kennedy Park area of Toronto. The United Way Toronto partnered with health care and social service agencies to bring together under one roof a wide range of community services including health and dental services, health promotion, diabetes education, employment counselling and seniors services. The hubs will be places for the communities to gather, to organize and to develop leadership.227

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 61

Leadership, Civic Engagement and Belonging: There are few signs of progress in diversifying leadership necessary to strengthen a culture of citizen engagement.

Participation in traditional political activities is low, and interest in politics doesn’t necessarily translate into voter turnout: • Only about 2% of Canadians volunteer in traditional political groups, and the number of volunteer hours for law, advocacy and political groups decreased 15% between 2004 and 2007.228 Ø

• Interest and participation in non-formal political activities (such as signing a petition, protesting or boycotting) is much higher (in 2002 over 50% of Canadians 15 years or older participated in some form of political activity – traditional or non- traditional). However satisfaction with the way democracy is exercised in Canada, varies markedly year over year (from 62.6% in 2000 to 54.2% in 2004 to 59% in 2006). In 2007, just over 50% of Ontario residents reported being satisfied with the way democracy is exercised.229 Ø

• Voter turnout in the last two municipal elections in the city of Toronto (in 2003 and 2006) was approximately 39%.230 o Voters in ridings with high percentage immigrant populations are somewhat less likely to vote in federal elections. 6 of the 10 federal ridings with the highest percentages of population born outside Canada are located in the city of Toronto. In both the 2004 and 2006 elections, average voter turnout in those ridings fell below the average for all of Canada (53.8% vs. 60.9% in 2004 and 60.0% vs. 64.7% in 2006).231

Visible minorities still aren’t well represented among GTA decision-makers and a wide disparity exists across sectors: • The second year of the three-year study of diversity in leadership in the GTA shows little change in the proportion of the region’s leaders who are visible minority (14%, up from 13.5% a year ago). Ù More than half (56.6%) of all organizations across sectors (3,348 leaders) have no visible minority representation. The 2010 report shows that 21.9% have relatively high levels (greater than 20%) of visible minority leadership, indicating that a small percentage of organizations are making concerted efforts to increase diversity in leadership. o Visible minority leadership in the corporate sector is unchanged at 4.1%. Ù More than 75% of the 52 corporate boards surveyed had no visible minority members. o Voluntary sector leadership is somewhat more reflective of the region’s diverse population (12.5% of leaders are visible minorities, down from 12.8% in 2009), Ù although 8 of the region’s 13 largest charities and foundations (by revenue) have no visible minorities on their boards.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 62

o In the education sector, total visible minority leadership is almost unchanged from a year ago, at 19.9% of the approximately 1,200 boards and executives analyzed. Ù Across the sector, college leaders are the most diverse (25.2% are visible minorities, unchanged from the year before). Ù However, less than 20% of Toronto District School Board principals and vice-principals are a visible minority (19.3%), and the numbers appear to be dropping.232 Ø

The City of Toronto is acknowledged for its significant progress in diversifying municipal board leadership: • In the City of Toronto, the percentage of diversity leadership has risen to 33% across 30 government agencies boards and commissions (compared to 43% of the total population that is a visible minority) – more than twice the provincial percentage and a significant increase since 2003 - 2004, when 22% of the membership of 15 boards was a visible minority. × In 2007, the City received the Maytree Foundation Diversity in Governance award, for its commitment to, and success to date, in creating diverse board membership.233

• The City is responding to the challenge of increasing the number of women in elected office. Canadian municipalities need 2,000 more women on municipal councils, to meet the minimum UN standard for women’s participation (30% representation). For the second time, in 2009, the Toronto Regional Champion Campaign matched 16 talented young women (mostly college and university students) from a wide variety of backgrounds, with the City’s 10 women councillors (22.7% of Council). These young women participated in an eight- month internship, in order to cultivate their interest in politics and develop their skills and experience in City finance and governance.234

Many in the Toronto Region access media in their own language, but much greater effort is required to represent and reflect Toronto’s diversity in the leadership of print and broadcast media: • GTA residents enjoy the availability of seven daily English language newspapers and ten daily papers published in languages other than English. A 2007 Ipsos Reid poll revealed that more than half of Chinese-Canadians in the GTA read Chinese newspapers and magazines exclusively (they have three local daily papers to choose from). A similar trend exists in other visible minority communities. o However, in the major English-language media, in a typical week, most of the city’s print and broadcast decisions are made entirely without visible minority participation:235

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 63

Visible Minority Decision-Makers in GTA English-language Media Organizations – 2010

Number # Visible % Visible analyzed Minorities Minorities Members of Boards of Directors (Print and Broadcast) 66 4* 6.1% Senior Managers (Print and Broadcast) 138 5 3.6%** Print Newsroom Decision-makers 62 2 3.2% Broadcast Decision-makers 21 3 14.30% *Three of these are on the same board. **Of the executive groups analyzed, 82.4% have no visible minorities.

Ontario not-for-profit organizations face a “recovery-free zone” as the economic recession continues to take its toll: • Almost half of Canadian charitable organizations reported increased demand for their services in 2009, and are having difficulty fulfilling their mission. × Almost a third expect to face financial shortfalls in 2010 and a quarter don’t know whether they will survive.236 In Ontario, 133 not-for-profit community service organizations surveyed in April 2009 and again in April 2010 – one half located in the GTA – reported ongoing significant challenges in a second year of recession: o Almost two-thirds reported increases in service demand (up from the 56% who reported increases a year ago). × o 79% attributed the increase wholly, or in part, to the continuing economic downturn. o 91% of those surveyed reported seeing an increased number of clients since April 2009 (compared to 96% a year earlier). × o 54% of the agencies were dealing with increased crisis management and had less time for preventative programming. × o 73% were dealing with increasingly complex needs among their clients. × o The implications for the service organizations included having to support more people without additional staffing (65%) and not being able to respond (48%). o In the 2010 fiscal year, more than a third of responding agencies had experienced a cut in revenue, and 28% reported overall increases in funding. About half believed that government funding levels would be maintained in 2011, but were less confident of funding from other sources. In the 2010 fiscal year, 32% were faced with reduced United Way funding, 39% experienced a drop in community foundation funding and 44% reported decreased funding from private donors.237 Ø

Charitable donations dropped slightly in the Region in 2008: • After rising steadily between 1999 and 2006, charitable donations fell for the second year in a row, from a median donation of $350 in 2007 to $340 in 2008, for tax filers declaring donations in the Toronto Region. Ø Even so, median charitable donations grew by almost half (47.8% in current dollars) over the decade. 238 ×

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 64

o The proportion of tax filers in the Region who declared charitable donations was essentially unchanged in 2008 at 24.1%. Ù But the percentage is continuing to fall further below the provincial rate (6% below the 25.7% provincial rate in 2008).239 o Torontonians rallied to raise a record $109 million in the 2009 United Way Campaign, surpassing the goal set by $1.5-million.× The funding supports more than 200 health and social service agencies in the city. 240

Many in Toronto’s Aboriginal population feel a strong and growing sense of vibrant communal life, despite perceptions of stereotyping and discrimination: • Half of Canada’s Aboriginal population lives in urban centres. The Toronto population is estimated at about 70,000.241 A 2009 study that explored the perceptions of urban Aboriginal peoples in 11 cities across Canada concluded that most urban Aboriginals (70%) have both a strong sense of being a part of an Aboriginal community as well as a strong sense of pride in being Canadian. Aboriginal residents in Toronto were more likely than those in most other cities surveyed : o to feel that they can have a big impact in making their city a better place to life (37%, compared to 35% in Vancouver); o to feel a sense of success in doing work that allows them to work with other Aboriginal peoples and “give back” to the community (25% compared to 23% in Vancouver); o to feel that they have been unfairly treated because of their Aboriginal background (51%, compared to 37% in all cities).242

One-quarter of Toronto’s youth lack a sense of belonging to their local community, a feeling that increases significantly as they reach young adulthood: • Just under 62% of Toronto residents reported feeling a strong or somewhat strong sense of belonging to their local community in 2009 (compared to 65.4% in Canada and down from 65.6% in 2008). Ø o Three out of four of those aged 12 -19 (76.7%) feel they belong, but one out of every two young adults (52.9% of those aged 20 - 34) feel the same. o Seniors are much less likely to report strong feelings of community belonging in Toronto than in Canada as a whole (64.5% compared to 71.9%).243

• A recent study points to much lower levels of feelings of belonging among Canadian-born minorities. Black recent immigrants have high levels of volunteerism, but that level drops for those in the second generation. Nationally, 65% of recent Black immigrants, 70% of South Asian immigrants and 52% of Chinese immigrants felt they belonged in Canada. In the second generation those numbers had dropped to 37%, 50% and 44% respectively (based on analysis of the 2002 Statistics Canada Ethnic Diversity Survey). The greater the discrimination faced, the more someone was likely not to identify themselves as Canadian.244

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 65

Glossary

Affordable housing The cost of adequate shelter should not exceed 30% of household income. Housing which costs less than this is considered affordable. (Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) definition).

Brownfield Development In contrast to Greenfield Development (see below), Brownfield Development is re-development of previously developed land (generally urban infill or intensification).

Business establishment An establishment refers to any business or firm location. Some businesses, such as a restaurant chain, may have a number of establishments at different locations.

Child Poverty Children are defined as living in poverty when they are a part of low income families (see the definition of low income families included in the Low Income Measure below).

City-funded Arts and Culture Organization A City-funded organization is one that receives an annual municipal operating grant.

Crime Severity Index The new police-reported Crime Severity Index (CSI) was introduced in the spring of 2009 to enable Canadians to track changes in the severity of police-reported crime from year to year. The police-reported crime rate, which measures changes in the volume of crime, counts each criminal incident equally. As a result, the rate is dominated by high volume, less-serious offences.

The police-reported Crime Severity Index (PRCSI) measures changes in the severity of crime from year to year. Each type of offence is assigned a weight derived from actual sentences handed down by courts in all provinces and territories. Weights are calculated using the five most recent years of available sentencing data. More serious crimes are assigned higher weights, less serious offences lower weights. As a result, when all crimes are included, more serious offences have a greater impact on changes in the Index.

In contrast to the Police-Reported Crime Rate (PRCR), which is a rate per 100,000 population, the PRCSI is an index where the base year in 2006 is equal to 100. Data for the Index are available back to 1998 only.

Greenfield Development In the context of this report, Greenfield Development is defined as development on land that has not been developed before (generally rural and often agricultural).

Grey water Grey water is water used in domestic activities such as dishwashing and bathing, that may be recycled for other purposes such as irrigation. Grey water, in contrast to ‘black water’ doesn’t contain human waste.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 66

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) GDP is a measure of a jurisdiction’s annual official economic output. The most direct way of determining GDP is to add up the value of production in all categories of economic enterprise. To bring the Canadian System of National Economic Accounts into line with international standards, the valuation of production is now calculated according to basic prices. GDP at basic prices, (as opposed to GDP at factor costs or at market prices) includes indirect taxes (for example property taxes, capital taxes and payroll taxes) but excludes taxes and subsidies attached to the factors of production (for example sales taxes, fuel taxes, duties and taxes on imports, excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol products and subsidies paid on agricultural commodities, transportation services and energy).245

Low Income Cutoff (LICO) The LICO is defined as the income levels at which 70% or more of a family’s before tax income is spent on food, shelter and clothing. It takes into account the total family income, the number of people supported by that income and the population size of the municipality where they live.246

Low Income Measure (LIM) In contrast to the LICO, The LIM is a relative measure of low income. LIMs are a fixed percentage (50%) of adjusted median family income where adjusted indicates a consideration of family needs. The family size adjustment used in calculating the Low Income Measures reflects the precept that family needs increase with family size. For the LIM, each additional adult, first child (regardless of age) in a lone- parent family, or child over 15 years of age, is assumed to increase the family’s needs by 40% of the needs of the first adult. Each child less than 16 years of age (other than the first child in a lone-parent family), is assumed to increase the family’s needs by 30% of the first adult. A family is considered to be low income when their income is below the Low Income Measure (LIM) for their family type and size.

Median The median equals the mid-point in distribution of a number of values being studied where one half is above and the other half below. The Average, equals the sum of all the values, divided by the number of values being studied. Average values can be misleading. For example, in a population of ten people, if one person earns $1 million and 9 earn $30,000, the average income would be $127,000. However, the median income in the sample would be $30,000.

Ontario Municipal Benchmarking Initiative (OMBI) The Ontario Municipal Benchmarking Initiative is a partnership project to push for service excellence in municipal government. The 15 participating municipalities (providing regional services to more than 9.3 million residents or 73% of Ontario’s population) work together to identify and share performance statistics and operational best practices.

Priority Neighbourhoods In 2005, the City’s Strong Neighbourhoods Task Force recommended the designation of 13 areas of the city that faced particular economic and social challenges (low income, high levels of unemployment, high numbers of recent immigrants, etc.) for particular attention and investment. These 13 Priority Neighbourhoods (sometimes referred to as Priority Areas) are:

• #1Jamestown • #2 Jane-Finch • #3 Malvern

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 67

• #4 Kingston-Galloway • #5 Lawrence Heights • #6 Steeles-L'Amoreaux • #7 Eglinton East-Kennedy Park • #8 Crescent Town • #9 Weston-Mt. Dennis • #10 Dorset Park • #11 Scarborough Village • #12 Flemingdon Park-Victoria Village • #13 Westminster-Branson

Recent Immigrant Recent immigrants refer to those who arrived in Canada in the five years between January 1, 2001 and Census Day, May 16, 2006. Established immigrants are those who have resided in Canada 10 years or more.

Quality of Life Reporting System (QOLRS) Led by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM), the Quality of Life Reporting System (QOLRS) measures, monitors and reports on social, economic and environmental trends in Canada’s largest cities and communities. Starting with 16 municipalities in 1996, the QOLRS has grown to 24 communities in 7 provinces.

Subsidized housing Sometimes called Social Housing, subsidized housing is housing that receives some form of government or not-for-profit subsidy. Forms of subsidized housing include some housing co-ops (with rent geared to income for low income residents, or housing geared to specific low income groups such as seniors or artists), public housing (where the government directly manages the property) and rent supplements (paid to landlords). Tenants must generally meet eligibility requirements for subsidized housing.

Urban Heat Island In the context of this report, an urban heat island is defined as an area within a metropolitan centre, where surface temperatures are at least 5o above the average for the whole of the metropolis. Heat islands are caused by the combined effects of heat-generating and heat-trapping construction materials; lack of vegetation; tall buildings that block wind; air pollution; and waste heat from energy generation, industrial processes, air conditioning and automobiles.

Visible Minority Visible minority refers to whether or not a person, under criteria established by the Employment Equity Act, is non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour. Under the Act, an Aboriginal person is not considered to be a Visible Minority.247

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 68

Acknowledgements - Thanks to our Partners and Sources

The Toronto Community Foundation is grateful to contributors to the Vital Toronto Fund for their generous support of Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010.

Special thanks to our lead research partner George Brown College.

We also acknowledge Community Foundations of Canada and The J. W. McConnell Family Foundation who have made it possible for Vital Signs to be replicated in other communities across Canada.

The Toronto Community Foundation also thanks all the individuals and organizations who provide information, statistics, and advice for the report:

Don Altman Marisol D’Andrea Jennifer Beck Kevin Behan Matt Bentley Donald Bevers Elena Bird Larry Bourne* Rupen Brahmbhatt Jason S. Campbell Ruby Chui Liz Corson Rob Downie Enriketa Dushi Suzanne Dwyer Jane Farrow Paul Fleiszer Sean Gadon Allyson Hewitt* J. David Hulchanski Joanne Hamill Paul Hess Kelly Hill Juliet Huntly* Barry Isaacs Marie Kamel* Annie Kidder Harold Kim Eva Ligeti Robert Luke* Darcy MacCallum Richard Matern Marjorie McColm* Andrew McConahan Kevin McLaughlin Randy McLean*

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 69

Catherine McVitty* Nuala Meagher Eric Miller* Gordon Mitchell Shannon Morton Bob Murdie Doug Norris Tobias Novogrodsky* Christy Parker Blair Peberdy Mark Pugash Laural Raine Ceta Ramkhalawansingh Meghan Roberts Doug Rollins Andrew Sharpe Andrew Sinclair Rebecca Sizelove Lori Smith Joseph Stapleton Gay Stephenson Nicole Stewart Lorne Turner Peter Viducis Soraya Walker Ross Wallace* * Advisory Group

Active Healthy Kids Canada Architech Solutions AutoShare Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Canadian Diabetes Association Canadian Index of Wellbeing Canadian Institute for Health Information Centre for Addictions and Mental Health Centre for Spatial Economics Centre for the Study of Living Standards (National Research Partner) Children's Aid Society Cities Centre, University of Toronto Citizenship and Immigration Canada City of Toronto: Affordable Housing Office City Clerk's Office City Manager’s Office Corporate Finance Cultural Services Culture Division Diversity Management and Community Engagement Economic Development

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 70

Film and Television Office Finance & Administration Communications Parks and Recreation Pedestrian and Cycling Planning Division Policy and Strategic Planning - Research Public Health Shelter, Support and Housing Administration Social Development and Administration Social Services Solid Waste Management Services Strategic and Corporate Policy Toronto Water Toronto's Children Services Transportation Services Division Clean Air Partnership Colleges Ontario Council of Ontario Universities Creative Convergence Project Consortium Daily Bread Food Bank Demographia Environics Analytics Federation of Canadian Municipalities George Brown College (Lead Research Partner) Get Active Toronto Go Transit Hill Strategies Research Imagine Canada Industry Canada Institute for Clinical Evaluative Studies John Howard Society KPMG Leger Marketing MaRS Discovery District Martin Prosperity Institute Maytree Foundation Mercer Metrolinx Mothercraft Neptis Foundation Ontario Association of Food Banks Ontario Ministry of Finance Ontario Ministry of Health Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing Ontario Non-Profit Housing Association Ontario Physician Human Resource Data Centre Ontario Trillium Foundation People for Education PricewaterhouseCoopers Settlement Workers in Schools

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 71

Social Planning Network of Ontario Social Planning Toronto Statistics Canada Surrey Place TD Economics The Toronto Star Toronto Arts Council Toronto Board of Trade Toronto Catholic District School Board Toronto City Summit Alliance Toronto District School Board Toronto Foundation for Student Success Toronto Police Services Toronto Public Library Toronto Real Estate Board Toronto Transit Commission Toronto Workforce Innovation Group Tourism Toronto University of Toronto: Centre for International Studies Centre for Urban and Community Studies Geography Department UBS United Way Toronto Wellesley Institute York University

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 72

Endnotes

1 Ontario Ministry of Finance. (Spring 2010). Ontario Population Projections Update. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/economy/demographics/projections/. 2 Citizenship and Immigration Canada. (2010). Facts and Figures 2009, Permanent and Temporary Residents. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2009-summary/index.asp 3 Statistics Canada. (2010) Proportion of foreign-born and visible minority populations by census metropolitan area, 2006 and 2031. Last accessed September 9, 2010 from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/100309/t100309a1-eng.htm 4 Colleges Ontario. (July 2009). 2009 Environmental Scan. Pgs 7-8. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://www.collegesontario.org/research/2009-environmental- study/CO_EnvScan_09_complete.pdf. 5 PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2010). Cities of Opportunity. Pgs 14, 30, 51-52. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/2009/assets/cities-of-opportunity- 2009.html. 6 Mercer. (2010). Quality of Living worldwide city rankings 2010 - Mercer survey. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr. 7 UBS. (2009). Prices and Earnings 2009. Pgs 8 and 10. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://www.ubs.com/1/ShowMedia/wealthmanagement/wealth_management_research/prices_ear nings?contentId=170298&name=PreiseLoehne_2009_e.pdf. 8 City of Toronto Economic Model (2010), Version 7, Table 1, Key Economic Indicators, March 22, 2010. 9 Toronto Board of Trade. (2010). Toronto as a Global City: Scorecard on Prosperity – 2010. Pgs. 6- 7, 26. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://bot.com/Content/NavigationMenu/Policy/Scorecard/Scorecard_on_Prosperity_2010_FINAL. pdf. 10 City of Toronto: Economic Development and Culture Division. (2010). Economic Indicators, July 2010. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/business_publications/pdf/2010-july.pdf. 11 Toronto Board of Trade. (2010). Toronto as a Global City: Scorecard on Prosperity – 2010. Pg 48. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://bot.com/Content/NavigationMenu/Policy/Scorecard/Scorecard_on_Prosperity_2010_FINAL. pdf. 12 KPMG, "Competitive Alternatives 2010," Exhibit 4.12 and Exhibit 7.1. in: NVS, Table XIII-8: Overall Competitiveness Index in Vital Signs Communities, 2010. 13 City of Toronto. (2010). 2010 Budget Committee Recommended Operating Budget. Pg. 21. Last accessed August, 20, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2010/bu/bgrd/backgroundfile-28663.pdf. 14 City of Toronto. (2010) Executive Committee – 2010 Budget Committee Recommended Operating Budget. Pg. 42. Last accessed August 20, 2010 from http://www.toronto.ca/budget2010/pdf/op2010_presentation_exec_april7.pdf. 15 City of Toronto. (2010). 2010 Budget Committee Recommended Operating Budget. Last accessed August, 20, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2010/bu/bgrd/backgroundfile-28663.pdf. 16 City of Toronto. (2010) Executive Committee – 2010 Budget Committee Recommended Operating Budget. Pg. 42. Last accessed August 20, 2010 from http://www.toronto.ca/budget2010/pdf/op2010_presentation_exec_april7.pdf. 17 City of Toronto. (2010). Long Term Fiscal Plan Update. Pgs. 2, 30, 33. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/finance/pdf/opbud2010_corporatereport.pdf#page=ltfp. 18 Plamondon and Associates Inc. (2010). The Big Picture: City of Ottawa Finances 2006-2010. Pg. 19. Last accessed August 20, 2010 from http://www.bobplamondon.com/public-finance/selected- reports---public-finance/DeckJune112010.pptx?attredirects=0&d=1.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 73

19 City of Toronto. (2010) Executive Committee – 2010 Budget Committee Recommended Operating Budget. Pg. 42. Last accessed August 20, 2010 from http://www.toronto.ca/budget2010/pdf/op2010_presentation_exec_april7.pdf. 20 City of Toronto. (2010) Corporate Finance, Special Request 21 City of Toronto. (2010). 2010 Budget Committee Recommended Operating Budget. Pg. 8. Last accessed August, 20, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2010/bu/bgrd/backgroundfile-28663.pdf. 22 City of Toronto. (2010). 2010 Budget Committee Recommended Operating Budget. Pg. 8. Last accessed August, 20, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2010/bu/bgrd/backgroundfile-28663.pdf. 23 Centre for Spatial Economics (C4SE) and Statistics Canada. (2010). Special request. In NVS, Table XIII-1-c: Share of National GDP by Selected CMAs and CSDs, 1996- 2009; NVS Table XIII-1-d: Share of Provincial GDP by Selected CMAs and CSDs, 1996-2009; NVS Table XIII-2: GDP per worker in Vital Signs Communities, Constant 2002 Dollars, 2001-2009. 24 Binet, Andrew. (2010, July 14). Want to boost your net worth? Live in a mid-sized city. The Globe and Mail. Last accessed August 20, 2010 from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe- investor/personal-finance/want-to-boost-your-net-worth-live-in-a-mid-sized-city/article1640442/. 25 Industry Canada, Office of the Superintendant of Bankruptcy Canada. (2000-2009). Annual Statistics Report. In NVS, Table XIII-4-ii: Business Bankruptcies in Vital Signs Communities, 2000- 2009; Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy Canada. In NVS Table XIII-4-iv: Business Bankruptcies per 1000 businesses in Vital Signs Communities, 1997-2008; Industry Canada, Office of the Superintendant of Bankruptcy Canada. (2000-2009). Annual Statistics Report. In NVS Table XIII-4-v: Consumer Bankruptcies in Vital Signs Communities Quarterly, 2007-2009. 26 Statistics Canada. (2010). Retail Trade Survey CANSIM table 080-0015, series labels v21645106, v21645190, v21645211, v21645232, v21645253, v21645274, v21645316, v21645337, v21645358, v21645379. In NVS, Table XIII-7-b-i: Retail Sales in Vital Signs Communities, 2000-2009; City of Toronto: Economic Development and Culture Division. (2010). Economic Indicators, July 2010. Pg. 4. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/business publications/pdf/2010-july.pdf. 27 Tourism Toronto. (2010). Tourism in Toronto: A Market Analysis. Pgs. 3-6, 13, 29, 47. Last accessed August 20, 2010 from http://www.seetorontonow.com/Web.CMS/pdf/TourismInToronto_2009.pdf. 28 Statistics Canada. (2010). Labour Force Survey, available by special request program A050705. In NVS, Table IV-2-a: Proportion of the Population (15 years and over) with Post-secondary Education (University Degree; Post-Secondary Certificate or Diploma) for CMAs and Economic Regions, 1990, 2000-2009. 29 City of Toronto. (2010). Labour Force Survey, Statistics Canada: Educational Attainment. Last accessed on August 21, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/invest-in-toronto/xls/LF_education.xls. 30 TD Economics. (2010).The Changing Canadian Workplace. Pg. 6. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.td.com/economics/special/ff0310_canlab.pdf. 31 Brown, R.S. (2009). An Examination of TDSB Post-Secondary Patterns: 17 Year Old Students, 2007 – An Overview. Pgs. 2 and 4. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.tdsb.on.ca/wwwdocuments/about_us/external_research_application/docs/Post- SecondaryPatternsAnOverview%20-%20Final.pdf. 32 Council of Ontario Universities. (2010). Common University Data Ontario. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.cou.on.ca/_bin/relatedSites/cudo.cfm; Colleges Ontario. (2010). Special request for Toronto Vital Signs 2010. 33 Colleges Ontario. (July 2010). 2010 Environmental Scan – College Resources. Pgs. 5-6. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://www.collegesontario.org/research/2010_environmenatal_scan/2010_scan_college_resource s.pdf.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 74

34 Leger Marketing. (2010). Toronto Next Research Report: Phase One, prepared for George Brown College. 35 People for Education. (2010). School Closings in Ontario. People for Education’s report on accommodation reviews and school closings 2009. Pgs. 4, 8-11. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://www.peopleforeducation.com/schoolclosingreport/nov2009. 36 People for Education. (2010). School Closings in Ontario. People for Education’s report on accommodation reviews and school closings 2009. Pgs. 4, 8-11. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://www.peopleforeducation.com/schoolclosingreport/nov2009. 37 People for Education. (2010). Special report prepared for Vital Signs 2010, results from the Annual Survey of Ontario’s Schools 2009/2010. 38 People for Education. (2010). Special report prepared for Vital Signs 2010, results from the Annual Survey of Ontario’s Schools 2009/2010. 39 People for Education. (2010). Special report prepared for Vital Signs 2010, results from the Annual Survey of Ontario’s Schools 2009/2010. 40 People for Education. (2010). Special report prepared for Vital Signs 2010, results from the Annual Survey of Ontario’s Schools 2009/2010. 41 People for Education. (2010). Special report prepared for Vital Signs 2010, results from the Annual Survey of Ontario’s Schools 2009/2010. 42 Settlement Workers in Schools. (2010). As reported by schools in OnSIS 2008-2009 (October submission), Number of Publicly Funded Elementary and Secondary Schools Students who Entered Canada for the First Time during School Years 2003/2004 through 2007/2008. Special Request 43 People for Education. (2010). Special report prepared for Vital Signs 2010, results from the Annual Survey of Ontario’s Schools 2009/2010. 44 City of Toronto: Children’s Services. (2010). Early Learning. Last accessed August 21, 2010 from http://www.toronto.ca/children/early_learning.htm. 45 People for Education. (2010). Special report prepared for Vital Signs 2010, results from the Annual Survey of Ontario’s Schools 2009/2010. 46 City of Toronto: Children’s Services. (2010). Children’s Services Fact Sheet, Spring 2010. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/children/pdf/factsheet_jun2010.pdf. 47 Mothercraft. (2009). School Readiness in Toronto Communities: EDI Results from the 2007/2008 School Year. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.mothercraft.ca/resource- library/EDI/200708-report/200708_EDI_Final_Report_Includes_Riding_Profiles.pdf. 48 Creative Convergence Project Consortium. (2009). Convergence Centres: Building Capacity for Innovation. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.torontoartscape.on.ca/system/files/attachments/Convergence+Centres+Final+Report. pdf. 49 Creative Convergence Project Consortium. (2009). Convergence Centres: Building Capacity for Innovation. Pg. 23. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.torontoartscape.on.ca/system/files/attachments/Convergence+Centres+Final+Report. pdf. 50 Creative Convergence Project Consortium. (2009). Convergence Centres: Building Capacity for Innovation. Pgs. 23-24. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.torontoartscape.on.ca/system/files/attachments/Convergence+Centres+Final+Report. pdf. 51 Creative Convergence Project Consortium. (2009). Convergence Centres: Building Capacity for Innovation. Pg. 5. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.torontoartscape.on.ca/system/files/attachments/Convergence+Centres+Final+Report. pdf. 52 City of Toronto: Cultural Services. (2010). Economic Development and Culture, 2010 submission to Toronto Community Foundation’s Vital Signs 2010. Special request. 53 City of Toronto: Cultural Services. (2010). Economic Development and Culture, 2010 submission to Toronto Community Foundation’s Vital Signs 2010. Special request.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 75

54 City of Toronto: Cultural Services. (2010). Economic Development and Culture, 2010 submission to Toronto Community Foundation’s Vital Signs 2010. Special request. 55 Plamondon and Associates Inc. (2010). The Big Picture: City of Ottawa Finances 2006-2010. Pg. 10. Last accessed August 20, 2010 from http://www.bobplamondon.com/public-finance/selected- reports---public-finance/DeckJune112010.pptx?attredirects=0&d=1. 56 Plamondon and Associates Inc. (2010). The Big Picture: City of Ottawa Finances 2006-2010. Pg. 10. Last accessed August 20, 2010 from http://www.bobplamondon.com/public-finance/selected- reports---public-finance/DeckJune112010.pptx?attredirects=0&d=1. 57 Statistics Canada. (2010). Labour Force Survey, Special Request, program A060804. In NVS, Table VII-2-b: Employment in Cultural Industries for Vital Signs by CMA and Economic Region, 1997, 2000, 2008, 2009. 58 Toronto Workforce Innovation Group. (2010). Toronto’s Opportunities and Priorities, TOP Report: Investing in our Local Labour Market. Pg. 18. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.workforceinnovation.ca/sites/workforceinnovation.ca/files/TOP2010_0.pdf. 59 Hill, K. (2010). Hill Strategies Research: Mapping Artists and Cultural Workers in Canada’s Large Cities. Pg. 6. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.hillstrategies.com/docs/Mapping_artists.pdf. 60 Hill, K. (2010). Hill Strategies Research: Mapping Artists and Cultural Workers in Canada’s Large Cities. Pg. 43. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.hillstrategies.com/docs/Mapping_artists.pdf. 61 City of Toronto Film and Television Office. A snapshot: Film, television, commercial and music video production in Toronto. Last accessed August 26, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/tfto/stats.htm 62 Environics Institute. (2010). The Urban Aboriginal Peoples Study. Pgs. 38-39, 61. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://uaps.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/UAPS-Main-Report.pdf. 63 Hill, K. (2010). Volunteers in Arts and Culture Organizations in Canada in 2007. Statistical insights on the arts, Vol. 8(4). Pgs. 2, 6, 15. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.hillstrategies.com/docs/Volunteers2007.pdf. 64 Hill, K. (2010). Volunteers in Arts and Culture Organizations in Canada in 2007. Statistical insights on the arts, Vol. 8(4). Pgs. 2, 6, 15. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.hillstrategies.com/docs/Volunteers2007.pdf. 65 Canadian Index of Wellbeing. (2010) Caught in the Time Crunch: Time Use, Leisure and Culture in Canada. Pg. 18. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.ciw.ca/Libraries/Documents/Caught_in_the_Time_Crunch.sflb.ashx. 66 Statistics Canada. (2010). Survey of Household Spending. For CMA data, special request R26728 for 2005, R28208 for 2006, 62F001 for 2007. For Canada and Provinces, Cansim Tables 2030005 and 2030010. In NVS, Table VII-4: Total Average Household Spending on Arts and Culture by Vital Signs CMAs, 1997-2008. 67 Toronto Public Library. (2010). Library busier than ever. Shelf Life, January 2010. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/content/about-the-library/news-publications/shelf-life/10- jan.pdf 68 Toronto Workforce Innovation Group. (2010). Toronto’s Opportunities and Priorities, TOP Report: Investing in our Local Labour Market. Pgs. 4, 8-9, 52. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.workforceinnovation.ca/sites/workforceinnovation.ca/files/TOP2010_0.pdf. 69 TD Economics. (2010).The Changing Canadian Workplace. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.td.com/economics/special/ff0310_canlab.pdf. 70 City of Toronto: Economic Development and Culture Division. (2010). Labour force overview, from Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey. Last accessed on August 21, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/invest-in-toronto/xls/historical_overview.xls. 71 Toronto Workforce Innovation Group. (2010). Toronto’s Opportunities and Priorities, TOP Report: Investing in our Local Labour Market. Pgs. 4 and 8. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.workforceinnovation.ca/sites/workforceinnovation.ca/files/TOP2010_0.pdf.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 76

72 City of Toronto: Economic Development and Culture Division. (2010). Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey. Special request. 73 TD Economics. (2010).The Changing Canadian Workplace. Pg. 9. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.td.com/economics/special/ff0310_canlab.pdf. 74 City of Toronto: City Planning Division. (2010). Toronto Employment Survey 2009. Pgs. 1, 3-4. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/demographics/pdf/survey2009.pdf. 75 Toronto Workforce Innovation Group. (2010). Toronto’s Opportunities and Priorities, TOP Report: Investing in our Local Labour Market. Pgs. 6, 14, 35. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.workforceinnovation.ca/sites/workforceinnovation.ca/files/TOP2010_0.pdf. 76 Toronto Workforce Innovation Group. (2010). An Economy Out of Shape Changing the Hourglass. Pgs. 7 and 16. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.workforceinnovation.ca/sites/workforceinnovation.ca/files/AnEconomyOutofShape_0.p df 77 Toronto Workforce Innovation Group. (2010). An Economy Out of Shape Changing the Hourglass. Pgs. 7 and 16. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.workforceinnovation.ca/sites/workforceinnovation.ca/files/AnEconomyOutofShape_0.p df 78 The Martin Prosperity Institute, (2010) All Over the Map: The Geography of Service Work in Toronto. Last accessed August 29, 2010 from http://www.martinprosperity.org/media/pdfs/Toronto_election_series- Geography_of_Service_Class.pdf 79 The Martin Prosperity Institute, (2010) All Over the Map: The Geography of Service Work in Toronto. Map by Zara Matheson. Last accessed August 29, 2010 from http://www.martinprosperity.org/media/pdfs/Toronto_election_series- Geography_of_Service_Class.pdf 80 Statistics Canada. (2010). Calculated from Cansim Table 276-0009; monthly data are averaged to form annual data. In NVS Table XIII-10-i: Total Employment Benefits Beneficiaries in Vital Signs CMAs and CAs, Annual, 1997-2009. 81 Statistics Canada. (2010). Calculated from Cansim Table 276-0009; monthly data are averaged to form annual data. In NVS Table XIII-10-i: Total Employment Benefits Beneficiaries in Vital Signs CMAs and CAs, Annual, 1997-2009. 82 Cukier, Wendy. (2010, January). Changing attitudes about people with disability. Metro News. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.ryerson.ca/diversity/news/metro-comment- jan_14.pdf. 83 Martin Prosperity Institute. (2010). Releasing Constraints: The Impacts of Increased Accessibility on Ontario’s Economy. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://martinprosperity.org/images/stories/jmc/cache/mpi-releasing-constraints-the-impacts-of- increased-accessibility-on-ontarios-economy.pdf. 84 Martin Prosperity Institute. (2010). Releasing Constraints: The Impacts of Increased Accessibility on Ontario’s Economy. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://martinprosperity.org/images/stories/jmc/cache/mpi-releasing-constraints-the-impacts-of- increased-accessibility-on-ontarios-economy.pdf; Ouellette-Kuntz, H. and Paquette, D. (2001). The prevalence of developmental disabilities in Lanark County, Ontario. Journal on Developmental Disabilities: 8(1) 1-16. 85 Leger Marketing. (2010). Toronto Next Research Report: Phase One, prepared for George Brown College. Pgs. 5, 12, 18. 86 The Toronto City Summit Alliance. (2010). Time to Get Serious: Reliable Funding for GTHA Transit/Transportation Infrastructure. Pg 12. Last accessed August 26, 2010, from http://www.sustainableprosperity.ca/files/Alliance%20Reliable%20Funding%20Paper2010-07- 05.pdf. 87 The Toronto City Summit Alliance. (2010). Time to Get Serious: Reliable Funding for GTHA Transit/Transportation Infrastructure. Pg 12. Last accessed August 26, 2010, from http://www.sustainableprosperity.ca/files/Alliance%20Reliable%20Funding%20Paper2010-07- 05.pdf.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 77

88 City of Toronto Urban Development Services, (2000) City of Toronto Cordon Count 1998. Last accessed August 26, 2010 from http://www.et.byu.edu/~msaito/CE562MS/Lecture_topics_files/cordoncountTronto.pdf; Toronto Public Health (2007) Air Pollution Burden of Illness from Traffic in Toronto. Last accessed August 26, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/health/hphe/pdf/air_pollution_burden.pdf 89 Toronto Board of Trade. (2010). Toronto as a Global City: Scorecard on Prosperity – 2010. Pg 43 and 58. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://bot.com/Content/NavigationMenu/Policy/Scorecard/Scorecard_on_Prosperity_2010_FINAL. pdf. 90 Population of metropolitan Barcelona accessed on August 21, 2010, from http://www.idescat.cat/poblacio/?q=Bar&lang=en; Toronto Transit Commission. (2010). 2009 System Quick Facts. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2009.jsp. 91 Toronto Board of Trade. (2010). The Move Ahead: Funding “The Big Move”. Pgs. 3 and 6. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.bot.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Growing_the_Economy&Template=/CM/Content Display.cfm&ContentID=4702. 92 The Toronto City Summit Alliance. (2010). Time to Get Serious: Reliable Funding for GTHA Transit/Transportation Infrastructure. Pgs 7-8. Last accessed August 26, 2010, from http://www.sustainableprosperity.ca/files/Alliance%20Reliable%20Funding%20Paper2010-07- 05.pdf. 93 Paperny, A. M, and Grant, K., (2010, May 7), The track stops here: transit plan mired in signal failure. The Globe and Mail. Last accessed August 26, 2010 from http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/images/the_track_stops_here_transit_plans_face_signal_failure /metrolinxmap_630341a1.shtml 94 Hulchanski, D.J. (2010). Toronto’s “City 3,” Neighbourhoods with Declining Incomes, 1970- 2005, and the Proposed Transit City Plan, 2009. University of Toronto Cities Centre, Special Request. 95 Toronto Transit Commission. (2010). 2009 System Quick Facts. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2009.jsp. 96American Public Transit Association. (2010). Transit Ridership Report. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2010_q1_ridership_APTA.pdf; Toronto Transit Commission. (2010). 2009 System Quick Facts. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2009.jsp. 97 Federation of Canadian Municipalities. (2010). Mending Canada’s Frayed Social Safety Net: The role of municipal governments. Pg. 46. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.fcm.ca//CMFiles/QofL6En_Embargp1KGE-3242010-6436.pdf. 98 AutoShare. (2010).Toronto car sharing vehicle count. Special request. 99 Lidicker, J., Martin, E., and Shaheen, S.A. (2010). Carsharing’s Impact on Household Vehicle Holdings: Results from North American Shared-Use Vehicle Survey. Pg. 2. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://docs.trb.org/prp/10-3437.pdf. 100 Communoauto. (2010). CO2 emissions reduced by 168 000 tons per year thanks to car-sharing. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.communauto.com/abonnes/Comunike_Equi_CRE_fev07_ENG.pdf 101 Moller, H. (2010). Complete Streets for Toronto, University of Toronto: Promoting Health through Active Transportation (unpublished). Special request. 102 Ipsos Reid. (2010). City of Toronto Cycling Study: Tracking Report (1999 and 2009). Pgs. 9, 14, 18. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/cycling/reports/pdf/cycling_study_1999_and_2009.pdf. 103 City of Toronto: Transportation Services. (2010). Changing Gears: Toronto for Cyclists. Pgs. 3 and 9. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/cycling/reports/pdf/changing_gears_book.pdf.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 78

104 The most walkable cities in Canada 2010. WestJet up! Magazine. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.upmagazine.com/canadas-most-walkable-cities. 105 Hess, P. and Farrow, J. (2010). Walkability Studies in Toronto’s Inner Suburban High Rise Neighbourhoods. Update for Vital Signs. Special request. 106 Siddiqui, Haroon. (2010, March 14). Our home and native - and adopted – land. The Toronto Star. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.thestar.com/opinion/article/779239. Toronto Workforce Innovation Group. (2010). Toronto’s Opportunities and Priorities, TOP Report: Investing in our Local Labour Market. Pg. 49. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.workforceinnovation.ca/sites/workforceinnovation.ca/files/TOP2010_0.pdf; TD Economics. (2010).The Changing Canadian Workplace. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.td.com/economics/special/ff0310_canlab.pdf. 107Siddiqui, Haroon. (2010, March 14). Our home and native - and adopted – land. The Toronto Star. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.thestar.com/opinion/article/779239; Toronto Workforce Innovation Group. (2010). Toronto’s Opportunities and Priorities, TOP Report: Investing in our Local Labour Market. Pg. 49. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.workforceinnovation.ca/sites/workforceinnovation.ca/files/TOP2010_0.pdf; TD Economics. (2010).The Changing Canadian Workplace. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.td.com/economics/special/ff0310_canlab.pdf. 108 Hiebert, D. (2009). Exploring minority enclave areas in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Research and Evaluation. Pg. 30. 109 Hiebert, D. (2009). Exploring minority enclave areas in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Research and Evaluation. Pgs. 16, 18, 29. 110 TD Economics. (2010).The Changing Canadian Workplace. Pg. 12. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.td.com/economics/special/ff0310_canlab.pdf. 111 Toronto Workforce Innovation Group. (2010). Toronto’s Opportunities and Priorities, TOP Report: Investing in our Local Labour Market. Pgs. 4 and 8. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.workforceinnovation.ca/sites/workforceinnovation.ca/files/TOP2010_0.pdf. 112 Oreopoulos, P. (2009). Why Do Skilled Immigrants Struggle in the Labour Market? A Field Experiment with Six Thousand Résumés. Pgs. 2 and 17. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~oreo/research/compositions/why_do_skilled_immigrants_struggl e_in_the_labour_market.pdf. 113 Toronto Workforce Innovation Group. (2010). An Economy Out of Shape Changing the Hourglass. Pgs. 7-8. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.workforceinnovation.ca/sites/workforceinnovation.ca/files/AnEconomyOutofShape_0.p df 114 Toronto Workforce Innovation Group. (2010). An Economy Out of Shape Changing the Hourglass. Pgs. 7-8. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.workforceinnovation.ca/sites/workforceinnovation.ca/files/AnEconomyOutofShape_0.p df. Pg. 24. 115 Creatore, M.I., Moineddin, R., Booth, G., Manuel, D.H., DesMeules, M., McDermott, S., and Glazier, R.H. (2010, May). Age- and sex-related prevalence of diabetes mellitus among immigrants to Ontario, Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal: 182: 781 - 789. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://ecmaj.com/cgi/reprint/182/8/781.pdf. 116 Daily Bread Food Bank. (2010). Special Request. 117 Leger Marketing. (2010). Toronto Next Research Report: Phase One, prepared for George Brown College. Pgs. 8, 11, 14. 118 Statistics Canada. (2010). Health Profile. Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 82-228-XWE. Ottawa. Released June 15, 2010. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/health-sante/82-228/index.cfm?Lang=E. 119 Statistics Canada. (2010). Health Profile. Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 82-228-XWE. Ottawa. Released June 15, 2010. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/health-sante/82-228/index.cfm?Lang=E. 120 Naiman, A., Glazier, R., Moineddin, R. (2010, May). Association of anti-smoking legislation with rates of hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory conditions. Canadian Medical Association Journal: Vol. 182(8). Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/182/8/761.pdf.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 79

121 City of Toronto: Toronto Public Health. (2010). Vital Signs 2010 submission. Special request. 122 Boyle, Theresa. (2010, March 3). South Asians generally healthy when they get here. Healthzone.ca. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.healthzone.ca/health/articlePrint/771453; Canadian Diabetes Association (2010). The Cost of Diabetes in Ontario. Last accessed September 8, 2010 from http://www.diabetes.ca/documents/get-involved/cost-of-diabetes-ontario.pdf Canadian Diabetes Association (2010). It’s Time to Get Serious: Tackling Diabetes in Ontario. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.diabetes.ca/files/tackling_diabetes_in_ontario.pdf. 123 Active Healthy Kids Canada. (2010). 2010 Active Healthy Kids Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. Pg. 10. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.activehealthykids.ca/ecms.ashx/2010ActiveHealthyKidsCanadaReportCard- longform.pdf. 124 City of Toronto: Toronto Public Health. (2010). Food Connections: Toward a Healthy and Sustainable Food System for Toronto. Pgs. 3-4, 6-7, 18, 21. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/health/food_connections_report.pdf. 125 Paglia-Boak, A., Mann, R.E. et al. (2010). The mental health and well-being of Ontario students, 1991-2009: Detailed OSDUHS findings. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Research Document Series: No. 29. Pg. 11. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/OSDUS/Detail ed_MentalHealthReport_2009OSDUHS_Final_June2010.pdf. 126 Paglia-Boak, A., Mann, R.E. et al. (2010). The mental health and well-being of Ontario students, 1991-2009: Detailed OSDUHS findings. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Research Document Series: No. 29. Pg. 28. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/OSDUS/Detail ed_MentalHealthReport_2009OSDUHS_Final_June2010.pdf. 127 Statistics Canada (2009) Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007 - 2009. Last accessed September 6, 2010, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/100113/dq100113a-eng.htm 128 Canadian Index of Wellbeing. (2010) Caught in the Time Crunch: Time Use, Leisure and Culture in Canada. Pg. 18. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.ciw.ca/Libraries/Documents/Caught_in_the_Time_Crunch.sflb.ashx. 129 Active Healthy Kids Canada. (2010). 2010 Active Healthy Kids Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. Pgs. 10 and 16. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.activehealthykids.ca/ecms.ashx/2010ActiveHealthyKidsCanadaReportCard- longform.pdf; Get Active Toronto. (2010). Time to Get Active Toronto: 2010 Get Active Toronto Report on Physical Activity. Pg. 5. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://data.memberclicks.com/site/geat/2010GetActiveTorontoReportonPhysical%20Activity.pdf. 130 Statistics Canada. (2010). Health Profile. Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 82-228-XWE. Ottawa. Released June 15, 2010. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/health-sante/82-228/index.cfm?Lang=E. People for Education. (2010). Special report prepared for Vital Signs 2010, results from the Annual Survey of Ontario’s Schools 2009/2010. 131 City of Toronto: Policy and Strategic Planning – Research. (2010). Vital Signs 2009. Special request. 132 City of Toronto Press Release. Last accessed on August 29, 2010 from http://www.viennadeclaration.com/august-26---toronto-city-council-endorses-vienna- declaration.html 133 Paglia-Boak, A., Mann, R.E. et al. (2010). Drug Use Among Ontario Students 1977–2009. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Research Document Series: No. 28. Pgs. 13-14, 17-18. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/OSDUS/Highli ghts_DrugReport_2009OSDUHS_Final_Web.pdf.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 80

134 Paglia-Boak, A., Mann, R.E. et al. (2010). Drug Use Among Ontario Students 1977–2009. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Research Document Series: No. 28. Pgs. 13-14, 17-18. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/OSDUS/Highli ghts_DrugReport_2009OSDUHS_Final_Web.pdf. 135 Ontario Physicians Human Resource Data Centre. (2010). 2009 Active Physicians in Ontario by Family Medicine and Specialists by County and Census Subdivision. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from https://www.ophrdc.org/public/download.aspx?fileType=pdf&fileName=2009%20PIO%20by%20 County_CSD_SNS.pdf; Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2010). Health Indicator Reports. In NVS, Table III-2: Physicians per 100,000 for Vital Signs Health Regions, 1997-2008 136 Statistics Canada. (2010). Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), Indicator Profile, Cansim Table 105-0502 for Canada, Provinces and Health Regions. In NVS, Table III-10: Proportion of the Population 12 years and over without a Regular Medical Doctor for Vital Signs by Health Region, 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2008. 137 City of Toronto: City Manager’s Office – Executive Management Division. (2010). 2008 Performance Measurement and Benchmarking Report. Pgs.115-121. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/city_performance/pdf/consolidated-2008-PMBR-report.pdf. 138 Arrau, C.P., and Peña, M.A. (2010). Urban Heat Islands (UHIs). Last updated February 23, 2010. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.urbanheatislands.com/toronto. 139 Behan, Kevin. (2010). Urban Heat Mapping and Analysis Program (UMAP), 2010 Urban Heat Island Summit [PowerPoint slides]. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.cleanairpartnership.org/files/Behan.pdf. 140 City of Toronto: Toronto Public Health. (2010). Vital Signs 2010 submission. Special request. 141 City of Toronto: Toronto Public Health. (2010). Vital Signs 2010 submission. Special request. 142 City of Toronto: Toronto Public Health. (2010). Vital Signs 2010 submission. Special request. 143 Warren, F.J., and Egginton, P.A. (2008). Background Information: Concepts, Overviews, and Approaches. D.S. Lemmen et al (Eds.). Impacts to Adaptation Canada in a Changing Climate 2007. (28-56). Ottawa: Government of Canada. Pg. 50. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/assess/2007/pdf/ch2_e.pdf. 144 City of Toronto: Green Roofs. (2009). Green Roof Bylaw. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/greenroofs/overview.htm. 145 City of Toronto: Parks, Forestry and Recreation. (2010). 2010 Budget Briefing Note: Sustaining and Expanding the Urban Forest – Multi-Year Service Plan. Pgs. 1, 4-5. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/budget2010/pdf/briefingnote_2010_pfr_forestry.pdf. 146 Environment Canada. Data obtained by special request from Air Quality Research Division at Environment Canada. In NVS, Table VIII-3-a: Air Quality in Vital Signs Communities, Days above Threshold Levels, 2001-2009. 147 Data from tables 5 and 6 of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Private Vehicles in Canada, 1990 to 2007 by Berouk Terefe. In NVS, Table VIII-2: Households’ greenhouse gas emissions from private vehicle operation, by CMA, 2007. 148 City of Toronto: Toronto Public Health. (2010). Vital Signs 2010 submission. Special request. 149 Rider, D., Moloney, P. Idling law reduced to one minute but now includes TTC buses. Reported in The Toronto Star, June 10, 2010. Last accessed September 9, 2010, from http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontocouncil/article/820807--idling-law-reduced-to-one- minute-but-now-includes-ttc-buses 150 City of Toronto: Toronto Public Health. (2010). Vital Signs 2010 submission. Special request. 151 City of Toronto: Toronto Water. (2010). Vital Signs 2010 submission. Special request. 152 City of Toronto: Water Efficiency Program. (2010). Water Buy-Back Program. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/watereff/ici_water_saver.htm. 153 City of Toronto: Toronto Water (2010). Special request. 154 City of Toronto: Waste Diversion. (2010). Residential Waste Diversion. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/garbage/residential-diversion.htm.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 81

155 Draaisma, M. (2010, June 3). And they said it wouldn't catch on. CBC News. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/06/03/f-plastic-bag-tax.html. 156 City of Toronto: Live Green Toronto. (2009). The Power to Live Green: Toronto’s Sustainable Energy Strategy. Pgs. 13 and 28. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/livegreen/downloads/2009-10_report.pdf. 157 City of Toronto: Live Green Toronto. (2010). Mayor’s Tower Renewal Program. Last accessed August 22, 2010 http://www.towerrenewal.ca/ 158 GTAA/TRCA Partners in Project Green. (2010). Partners in Project Green: A Pearson Eco- Business Zone. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.partnersinprojectgreen.com. 159 Federation of Canadian Municipalities. 2010 FCM Sustainable Community Awards. Last accessed September 6, 2010, from http://gmf.fcm.ca/FCM-CH2M-Awards/FCM-CH2M-Awards-2010-Awards/default.asp 160 City of Toronto: Parks, Forestry and Recreation. (2009). Great City, Great Beaches: Toronto Beaches Plan. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/parks/pdf/toronto_beaches_plan.pdf Blue Flag Canada. (2010). Toronto’s Blue Flag Beaches. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://blueflag.ca/drupal/?q=node/94. 161 Environics Research Group. (2010). Canadian Environmental Barometer. Community Foundations of Canada 2010 Vital Signs National Survey. 162 City of Toronto: Toronto Public Health. (2010). Food Connections: Toward a Healthy and Sustainable Food System for Toronto. Pgs. 3-4, 6-7, 18, 21. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/health/food_connections_report.pdf. 163 City of Toronto: Toronto Public Health. (2010). Food Connections: Toward a Healthy and Sustainable Food System for Toronto. Pgs. 3-4, 6-7, 18, 21. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/health/food_connections_report.pdf. 164 City of Toronto: Toronto Public Health. (2010). Food Connections: Toward a Healthy and Sustainable Food System for Toronto. Pgs. 3-4, 6-7, 18, 21. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/health/food_connections_report.pdf. 165 Baker, L., Campsie, P., and Rabinowicz, K. (2010). Menu 2020: Ten Good Ideas for Ontario. Pg. 26. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.metcalffoundation.com/downloads/Metcalf_Food_Solutions_Menu_2020.pdf. 166 City of Toronto (2010). Staff Report. Possible Greenbelt Designation for Humber and Don River Valleys. Last accessed September 6, 2010 from http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2010/pe/bgrd/backgroundfile-26533.pdf; City Council Meeting of February 22 and 23, 2010. Last accessed September 6, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/council_highlights/2010/022210.htm. 167 The Neptis Foundation. (2010). Growing Cities: Comparing urban growth patterns and urban growth policies in Calgary, Toronto and Vancouver, 2010. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.neptis.org/library/show.cfm?id=89&cat_id=33. 168 Toronto Real Estate Board. (2009). December 2009. Market Watch. Pg. 1. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.torontorealestateboard.com/consumer_info/market_news/mw2009/pdf/mw0912.pdf. 169 Demographia. (2010). Sixth Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey. Pgs. 11 and 22. Last accessed August 22, 2010 from http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf. 170 Statistics Canada. (2010). CANSIM Table 326-0002, series v737344. Average residential prices found through Canadian Housing Observer, Table 6. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, based on data from CREA. In NVS, Appendix Table V-2-ii: Ratio of MLS Average Residential Prices and Median Economic Family Income for Select Vital Signs CMAs, 1995-2008. 171 City of Toronto Briefing Note: (2008) Release of the 2006 Census Data on Income and Shelter Costs. 172 Alcoba, Natalie. (2010, June 11). City to issue home loans to lower-income residents. National Post. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/06/11/city-to-issue- home-loans-to-lower-income-residents/.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 82

173 Home Ownership Alternatives. (2010, July 22). Press release. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.hoacorp.ca. 174 Ontario Non-Profit Housing Association. (2010). Where’s Home? A study of affordable rental housing within 22 communities in Ontario. Pg. 22. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.onpha.on.ca/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Where_s_Home&Template=/CM/ContentDis play.cfm&ContentID=7648. 175 Canada Housing and Mortgage Corporation (2010). Housing Market Information: Rental Market Statistics. In NVS, Table V-3: Rental Vacancy Rates (%) in Vital Signs Communities, 2006-2009. 176 Ontario Non-Profit Housing Association. (2010). Where’s Home? A study of affordable rental housing within 22 communities in Ontario. Pgs. 35 - 38. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.onpha.on.ca/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Where_s_Home&Template=/CM/ContentDis play.cfm&ContentID=7648. 177 Ontario Non-Profit Housing Association. (2010). Where’s Home? A study of affordable rental housing within 22 communities in Ontario. Pg. 35 and 64. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.onpha.on.ca/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Where_s_Home&Template=/CM/ContentDis play.cfm&ContentID=7648. 178 Ontario Non-Profit Housing Association. (2010). Where’s Home? A study of affordable rental housing within 22 communities in Ontario. Pg. 35 and 64. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.onpha.on.ca/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Where_s_Home&Template=/CM/ContentDis play.cfm&ContentID=7648. (Note: 2005 incomes are updated using change in average weekly wage in Ontario to 2009.) 179 Centre for Equality Rights in Accommodation. (2010). Eviction Prevention. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.equalityrights.org/cera/?page_id=88. 180 City of Toronto: Affordable Housing Office. (2010). Developments May/June 2010. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/affordablehousing/pdf/affordable_housing_developments_status_report.pd f; Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing. (2010, April 19). Correspondence. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/affordablehousing/pdf/stimulus_funding2.pdf. 181 City of Toronto: Housing Opportunities Toronto (HOT). (2010). An Affordable Housing Action Plan 2010-2020. Pg. 32. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/affordablehousing/pdf/hot_actionplan.pdf. 182 Housing Connections. (2010). Annual Statistical Report 2009. Pg. 3. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.housingconnections.ca/pdf/annualReports/2009/Annual%20Report%202009.pdf. 183 City of Toronto: Shelter, Support, and Housing Administration. (2010). Special Request. 184 City of Toronto: Shelter, Support, and Housing Administration. (2010). 2009 Street Needs Assessment: Results and Observations. Pgs. 4-5, 8. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2010/cd/bgrd/backgroundfile-29122.pdf. 185 City of Toronto: Shelter, Support, and Housing Administration. (2010). Special Request. 186 The John Howard Society. (2010). Homeless and Jailed: Jailed and Homeless. Last accessed August 26, 2010, from http://media.thestar.topscms.com/acrobat/ef/6e/a2fdc45d452d8cc6e23535371b07.pdf. 187 Dauvergne, M., and Turner, J. (2010). Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2009. Juristat: V.3 (2). Pgs. 25 and 32. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85- 002-x/2010002/article/11292-eng.pdf. 188 Toronto Police Service, TPS Statistical Reports 1998 to 2009. Last accessed August 29, 2010 from http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/publications/ 189 Toronto Police Service (2009) Annual Statistical Report. Special Request. 190 Toronto Police Service (2009) Annual Statistical Report. Special Request. 191 Statistics Canada. (2010). Table 252-0051 for 1998-2009 data. In NVS, Table II-1: Total Violent Criminal Code Violations Per 100,000 population in Vital Signs Communities, 1998-2009

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 83

192 Toronto Police Service, Annual Statistical Reports 1998 to 2009. Last accessed August 29, 2010 from http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/publications/ 193 Toronto Police Service (2009) Annual Statistical Report. Special Request; Dauvergne, M., and Turner, J. (2010). Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2009. Juristat: V.3 (2). Pg. 32. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2010002/article/11292- eng.pdf. 194 Toronto Police Service (2009) Annual Statistical Report. Special Request. 195 Toronto Police Service, Annual Statistical Reports 2000 to 2009. Last accessed September 7, 2010 from http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/publications/ 196 Dauvergne, M., and Turner, J. (2010). Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2009. Juristat: V.3 (2). Pg. 35. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002- x/2010002/article/11292-eng.pdf. 197 Statistics Canada. (2010). Table 252-0051 for 1998-2009 data. In NVS, Table II-2: Total Property Crime Violations Per 100,000 Population in Vital Signs Communities, 1998-2009. 198 Toronto Police Service (2009) Annual Statistical Report. Special Request. 199 Statistics Canada. (2010). Table 252-0051 for 1998-2009 data. In NVS, Table II-3: Criminal Code Traffic Violations Per 100,000 Population in Vital Signs Communities, 1998-2009. 200 Dauvergne, M., and Turner, J. (2010). Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2009. Juristat: V.3 (2). Pg. 11. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002- x/2010002/article/11292-eng.pdf. 201 Dauvergne, M., and Turner, J. (2010). Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2009. Juristat: V.3 (2). Pg. 11. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002- x/2010002/article/11292-eng.pdf. 202 Dauvergne, M., and Turner, J. (2010). Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2009. Juristat: V.3 (2). Pg. 34. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002- x/2010002/article/11292-eng.pdf. 203 Dauvergne, M., and Turner, J. (2010). Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2009. Juristat: V.3 (2). Pg. 27. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002- x/2010002/article/11292-eng.pdf. 204 Toronto Police Service: Hate Crime Unit, Intelligence Division. (2010). 2009 Annual Hate/Bias Crime Statistical Report. Pgs. 3 and 8. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/publications/files/reports/2009hatecrimereport.pdf. 205 Charron, M. (2010). Neighbourhood Characteristics and the Distribution of Police-reported Crime in the City of Toronto. Canadian Centre For Justice Statistics. Pgs. 13-15, 19. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-561-m/85-561-m2009018-eng.pdf. 206 Canadian Index of Wellbeing. (2010) Caught in the Time Crunch: Time Use, Leisure and Culture in Canada. Pg. 35. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.ciw.ca/Libraries/Documents/Caught_in_the_Time_Crunch.sflb.ashx. 207 Helliwell, J., Wang, S. (2010). Trust and Well-Being. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper Series, Working Paper 15911. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Last accessed September 6, 2010, from http://wellbeing.econ.ubc.ca/helliwell/papers/w15911.pdf 208 Paglia-Boak, A., Mann, R.E. et al. (2010). The mental health and well-being of Ontario students, 1991-2009: Detailed OSDUHS findings. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Research Document Series: No. 29. Pg. 11. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/OSDUS/Detail ed_MentalHealthReport_2009OSDUHS_Final_June2010.pdf. 209 Leger Marketing. (2010). Toronto Next Research Report: Phase One, prepared for George Brown College. Pg. 7. 210 Environics Institute. (2010). The Urban Aboriginal Peoples Study. Pgs. 96-98, 61. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://uaps.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/UAPS-Main-Report.pdf.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 84

211 Federation of Canadian Municipalities. (2010). Mending Canada’s Frayed Social Safety Net: The role of municipal governments. Pg. 37. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://www.fcm.ca//CMFiles/QofL6En_Embargp1KGE-3242010-6436.pdf. 212 Statistics Canada. (2010). Income Trends in Canada 1976-2008. Table 202-0802 titled Persons in low income, Canada, provinces and select CMAs. CANSIM Series: V1562083, V1562215, V1562347, V1562697, V1562829, V1562933, V1563213, V1563263, V1563505, V1563747, V1563871, V1561419, V1561551 and V1561687. In NVS, Table I-2-c-ii: Overall Incidence of Poverty for All Persons Based on LICO in Vital Signs CMAs, After-Tax, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000-2008. 213 Statistics Canada. (2010). Persons in low income after-tax. CANSIM table 202-0802 Catalogue no. 75-202-X. Accessed July 9, 2010. 214 Statistics Canada. (2010). Income Trends in Canada 1976-2008. Table 202-0802 titled Persons in low income, Canada, provinces and select CMAs. Based on SLID data. In NVS, Table I-3-c-ii Incidence of Child Poverty in Vital Signs CMAs Using LICO, After-Tax, 1980, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1995 and 2000-2008.; population figure from Statistics Canada Community Profile for Toronto (CMA) 2006. 215 Statistics Canada. (2010). Income Trends in Canada 1976-2008. Table 202-0802 titled Persons in low income, Canada, provinces and select CMAs. In NVS, Table I-4-c-ii: Incidence of Poverty based on LICO for the Elderly in Vital Signs CMAs, After-Tax, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000- 2008, Per Cent. 216 City of Toronto: Employment and Social Services Division. (2010). 2009 Budget Briefing Note, 2009 Staff Recommended Ontario Works Caseload Projections. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/budget2009/pdf/09_op_tess_caseload_BN.pdf; City of Toronto: Employment and Social Services Division. (2010). 2010 Budget Briefing Note: 2010 Staff Recommended Ontario Works Caseload Projections. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/budget2010/pdf/briefingnote_2010_tess.pdf; City of Toronto: Economic Development and Culture Division. (2010). Economic Indicators, July 2010. Last accessed August 20, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/business_publications/pdf/2010-july.pdf. 217 Daily Bread Food Bank. (2010). Ontario Material Deprivation Index Data Tables. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.dailybread.ca/learningcentre/documents/StatscanDepriovationIndexTables.xls. 218 Daily Bread Food Bank. (2010). Ontario Material Deprivation Index Data Tables. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.dailybread.ca/learningcentre/documents/StatscanDepriovationIndexTables.xls. 219 Statistics Canada. (2010). Table 105-0547 - Household food insecurity, by age group and sex, Canada, provinces, territories, health regions (2007 boundaries) and peer groups, occasional (number unless otherwise noted), CANSIM (database); Statistics Canada. (2010). Health Fact Sheet. Last accessed on August 22, 2010, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-625-x/2010001/article/11162-eng.htm. 220 Martin Prosperity Institute. (2010). Food Deserts and Priority Neighbourhoods in Toronto. Insights. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.martinprosperity.org/media/images/Toronto_Updated.jpg. 221 Martin Prosperity Institute. (2010). Food Deserts and Priority Neighbourhoods in Toronto. Insights. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.martinprosperity.org/media/images/Toronto_Updated.jpg. 222 Ontario Association of Food Banks. (2009). Ontario Hunger Report 2009: Living With Hunger. Pg. 3. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.oafb.ca/assets/pdfs/OHR2009Red.pdf. 223 Daily Bread Food Bank. (2010). Fighting Hunger: 2010 Profile of Hunger in the GTA. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.dailybread.ca/learningcentre/documents/HungerSnapshot2010.pdf. 224 Hulchanski, D.J. (2010). Four Groups of Neighbourhoods in Toronto’s City #3: Selected Characteristics, 1971-2006, Cities Centre, University of Toronto. Special Request; The “Three Cities” in Toronto: Selected Characteristics. Last accessed on September 17, 2010 from

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 85

http://www.urbancentre.utoronto.ca/pdfs/gtuo/rb41/RB-41_Table-1.pdf 225 Hulchanski, D.J. (2010). Four Groups of Neighbourhoods in Toronto’s City #3: Selected Characteristics, 1971-2006, Cities Centre, University of Toronto. Special Request 226 Hulchanski, D.J. (2010). Four Groups of Neighbourhoods in Toronto’s City #3: Selected Characteristics, 1971-2006, Cities Centre, University of Toronto. Special Request 227 United Way Toronto. (2010). Community Hubs. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.unitedwaytoronto.com/whatWeDo/communityHubs.php. 228 Canadian Index of Wellbeing. (2010). Democratic Engagement. Pg. 102. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.ciw.ca/Libraries/Documents/DemocraticEngagement_DomainReport.sflb.ashx. 229 Canadian Index of Wellbeing. (2010). Democratic Engagement. Pg. 102. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.ciw.ca/Libraries/Documents/DemocraticEngagement_DomainReport.sflb.ashx. 230 Toronto Community Foundation. (2004). Toronto Vital Signs 2004. Pg. 19. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.urbancentre.utoronto.ca/pdfs/elibrary/TCF_Tor-Vital-Signs_2004.pdf; City of Toronto: Information and Technology Division. (2006). 2006 Voter turnout by ward. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/vote2006/results/turnout-by-ward- map.pdf 231 Jedwab, J., (2006) The “Roots” of Immigrant and Ethnic Voter Participation in Canada. Elections Canada, Electoral Insight. Last accessed September 5, 2010, from http://www.elections.ca/res/eim/article_search/article.asp?id=143&lang=e&frmPageSize=5 232 DiverseCity. (2010). The Greater Toronto Leadership Project, Diversity Counts 2, A Snapshot of Diverse Leadership in the GTA 2010. Pgs. 5-6, 10, 13, 16, 18. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.diversecitytoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/DC-counts2-lowres.pdf. 233 DiverseCity. (2010). The Greater Toronto Leadership Project, Diversity Counts 2, A Snapshot of Diverse Leadership in the GTA 2010. Pgs. 5-6, 10, 13, 16, 18. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.diversecitytoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/DC-counts2-lowres.pdf. 234 City of Toronto: Diversity Management and Community Engagement. (2010). Increasing women's and diverse groups' participation in public appointments. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://wx.toronto.ca/inter/it/newsrel.nsf/7017df2f20edbe2885256619004e428e/e467cb68eb55d0 1e852577260050a2f3?OpenDocument. 235 DiverseCity. (2010). The Greater Toronto Leadership Project, Diversity Counts 2, A Snapshot of Diverse Leadership in the GTA 2010. Pg. 32. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.diversecitytoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/DC-counts2-lowres.pdf. 236 Imagine Canada. (2010). Sector Monitor, Vol. 1 no. 1, 2010. Pg. 3. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.imaginecanada.ca/files/www/en/sectormonitor/sectormonitor_vol1_no1_2010.pdf. 237 Social Planning Network of Ontario. (2010). A Recovery-Free Zone: The Unyielding Impact of the Economic Downturn on Nonprofit Community Social Services in Ontario. Pgs. 6, 26, 29, 33. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://socialplanningtoronto.org/reports/a-recovery-free- zone-the-unyielding-impact-of-the-economic-downturn-on-nonprofit-community-social-services-in- ontario. 238 Statistics Canada (2010). Table 111-0001 series v745963, v746158, v746171, v746184, v746249, v746275, v746314, v746340, v746379, v746288, v746444, v746470, v745976, v745989, v746015, v746028, v746041. In NVS, Table X-4: Median Charitable Donations for Donors in Vital Signs Communities, Current Dollars, 1997-2008 239 Statistics Canada. (2010). Table 111-0001, series v745953, v745954, v746148, v746149, v746161, v746162, v746174, v746175, v746239, v746240, v746265, v746266, v746304, v746305, v746330, v746331, v746369, v746370, v746278, v746279, v746434, v746435, v746460, v746461, v745966, v745967, v745979, v745980, v746005, v746006, v746018, v746019, v746031, v746032.. In NVS X-1: Table X-1: Charitable Donors as a Proportion of Tax Filers for Vital Signs Communities, 1997-2008.

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 86

240 United Way Toronto. (2010). United Way Toronto announces $109-million achievement. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.unitedwaytoronto.com/media/2010/20100121.php. 241 City of Toronto. (2010). Facts. Last accessed August 22, 2010, from http://www.toronto.ca/toronto_facts/diversity.htm. 242 Environics Institute. (2010). The Urban Aboriginal Peoples Study. Pgs. 49 and 61. Last accessed August 21, 2010, from http://uaps.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/UAPS-Main-Report.pdf. 243 Statistics Canada. (2010). Health Profile. Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 82-228-XWE. Ottawa. Released June 15, 2010. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/health-sante/82-228/index.cfm?Lang=E. 244 Reitz, J.; Breton, R.; Dion, K; Dion K. (2009) Multiculturalism and Social Cohesion: Potentials and Challenges of Diversity. Published by Springer, April 2009 . Reported in The Toronto Star, Tuesday May 14, 2009. Last accessed on September 3, 2009 from http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/634117 245 Statistics Canada, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Frequently asked questions. Last accessed August 25, 2010 from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/nea-cen/faq-foq/gdp-pib-eng.htm 246 Statistics Canada. (2006). Census Data Dictionary Last accessed September 5, 2010 from www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/dictionary/ fam020.cfm. 247 Statistics Canada (2006). Last accessed September 5, 2010 from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/definitions/minority-minorite1-eng.htm

Toronto’s Vital Signs® 2010 Full Report 87