Extraction and Characterization of Oil from Ethiopian Mangifera Indica Seed Kernels

Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 77, February 2018, pp. 131-135 Extraction and Characterization of Oil from Ethiopian Mangifera Indica Seed Kernels M Kemal1, S A Jabasingh1,*, A Yimam1 and J A Kumar2 1Process Engineering Division, School of Chemical and Bio Engineering, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Received 03 October 2016; revised 17 July 2017; accepted 24 December 2017 High population growth demands alternative sources for producing valuable products from waste materials. One such waste material in Ethiopia is mango seed kernel and the oil extracted from the mango seed kernel, have immense application in the cosmetics industry. The main aim of this research is to determine the optimum operating condition for the extraction of oil from the mango seed kernel. Keywords: Mango Seed Kernel, Oil, Cosmetic Industry, Extraction, Yield Introduction The moisture content of the kernel was determined by Natural oils are excellent emollients derived from a measuring the weight of the sample before drying and variety of plants1,2. Mango seed kernel oil has been after drying in an oven at 105°C respectively. used as a key ingredient in the cosmetics, as it is a good Mango oil extraction 3,4 source of phenolic compounds . In the context of The experimental work was conducted using soxhlet Ethiopia, 126,800 qt of mango are produced in the extractor in triplicate with three different solvents: Arba Minch and Zuria Woreda with a total area hexane, petroleum ether and ethanol1,2. 75 g mango coverage of 634 hectares. Mango farmsteads in Asossa seed kernel at three different particle sizes (3-1.5mm, produce an average of 13,500 mangoes per farmstead. 1.5-0.5mm and 0.5-0.25mm) were extracted using Though mango seed kernels, generated by mango Soxhlet extracter with 300 mL solvent with varying consumption find some few applications, production of treatment times (2 h, 4 h and 6 h). The mango seed oil from the mango seed kernel could be resourceful5,6. kernel was found to have an oil content of 8-16%, hence, an average 12% oil content was used for Materials and Methods calculating the percentage oil yield3. The percentage oil Chemicals and processing conditions yield and extraction yield was calculated as follows. Asossa mango varieties were purchased from (Mass of oil) Kenuma and Akea juice processing house, Addis Percentage oil yield = × 100% Ababa. Hexane, petroleum ether, ethanol, sodium (0.12 × Mass of the sample) hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, … (1) folin ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid, sodium carbonate, (Mass of oil) Percentage extraction yield = × 100% acetone, and phenolphthalein were procured from (Mass of the sample) Merck, Germany. The mangoes were peeled, deseeded 7 … (2) and sun dried for five days . The hardcover of the seed was decorticated manually and the seed kernel was Physical and chemical characterization dried in the oven at 50°C for 18 h5,8. The dried mango The moisture content, volatile matter and seed kernel was milled in centrifugal miller with a specific gravity of the oil were determined by the 9 sieve size of 4 mm using a vibrating shaker for 15 min. standard procedures . Kinematic viscosity of the oil was measured using —————— *Author for Correspondence Vibro viscometer. The pH electrode was standardized E-mail: [email protected] with a buffer solution and immersed into 2 g of the 132 J SCI IND RES VOL 77 FEBRUARY 2018 oil sample and 13 mL of hot distilled water for the be 46.6, 46.9, 49.0, 47.6, 52.6, 51.0 and 51.4 % measurement of the pH11. The saponification value, the respectively. The mean plus the standard deviation of amount of unsaponifiable matter, acid value, total the seven samples were 49.3% ± 2.47. The oil phenolic content and percentage free fatty acid values extraction was carried out in a Soxhlet apparatus using are calculated using the standard methods10. The three different solvents. The oil yield and extraction peroxide value, iodine value and refractive index yield were calculated and summarized in Table 1. value of the oil sample was determined by the Maximum percentage oil yield was 84.81±1.7 standard procedures at JIJE Analytical testing service (equivalent to 10.18±0.2 percentage extraction yield) laboratory, Addis Ababa9. for the particle size range of 0.25-0.5 mm, extraction Experimental design time of 6 h and hexane as the solvent. Minimum A regression model was established for the percentage oil yield was 18.89±1.11 (equivalent to dependent variables to fit the experimental data for 2.27±0.13 percentage extraction yield) for the particle the response using Design expert 7.0.0 software12,13. size range of 0.5-1.5 mm, extraction time 2 h and Factorial design is used to test the effect of each factor ethanol as solvent. Previous reports presented an (Table 1). In the factorial experiments, all the possible extraction yield of 8.46±0.1% (equivalent to 70.5±0.83 % combinations of the factor levels were tested14. oil yield) with hexane as a solvent for an extraction time of 6 h2. A reported yield of 10.2% (85% oil yield) Results and Discussion using hexane as solvent and with extraction time of 5 h 2 Outcome of process parameters on yield was reported earlier . The effect of particle size on oil The moisture content of the seed kernel with 11.6, yield for hexane as a solvent, is shown in Figure 1(a). 16.2, 10.5, 10.4, 9.5, 4.9, and 3.5 g was determined to For 2 h, 4 h and 6 h, as the particle size decreases, the Table 1 — Yield of mango seed kernel oil using full factorial design Run Factors Oil yield (%) Extraction yield PS (mm) t (h) S R1 R2 R3 Mean±SD (%) 1 0.25-0.5 2 H 57.78 60.0 54.44 57.41±2.8 6.89±0.34 2 0.5-1.5 2 H 43.33 45.56 44.44 44.44±1.1 5.33± 0.13 3 1.5-3 2 H 42.22 40.0 44.44 42.22±2.2 5.07±0.27 4 0.25-0.5 4 H 82.22 83.33 81.11 82.22±1.1 9.87±0.13 5 0.5-1.5 4 H 58.89 57.78 58.89 58.52±0.6 7.02±0.08 6 1.5-3 4 H 45.56 43.33 5.73 45.57±2.2 5.47±0.27 7 0.25-0.5 6 H 84.44 86.67 83.33 84.81±1.7 10.18±0.2 8 0.5-1.5 6 H 68.89 70.0 71.11 70.0±1.11 8.4±0.13 9 1.5-3 6 H 64.44 64.44 63.33 64.07±0.6 7.69±0.08 10 0.25-0.5 2 E 23.33 22.22 25.56 23.70±1.7 2.84±0.20 11 0.5-1.5 2 E 21.11 20.0 20.0 20.37±0.6 2.44±0.08 12 1.5-3 2 E 17.78 20.0 18.89 18.89±1.1 2.27±0.13 13 0.25-0.5 4 E 48.89 47.78 50.0 48.89±1.1 5.87±0.13 14 0.5-1.5 4 E 40.0 42.22 41.11 41.11±1.1 4.93±0.13 15 1.5-3 4 E 30.0 30.0 31.11 30.37±0.6 3.64±0.08 16 0.25-0.5 6 E 56.67 55.57 58.89 57.04±1.6 6.84±0.20 17 0.5-1.5 6 E 46.67 46.67 47.78 47.04±0.6 5.64±0.08 18 1.5-3 6 E 43.33 44.44 47.78 45.18±2.3 5.42±0.28 19 0.25-0.5 2 PE 62.22 61.11 61.11 61.48±0.6 7.38±0.03 20 0.5-1.5 2 PE 38.89 40.0 36.67 38.52±1.7 4.62±0.20 21 1.5-3 2 PE 40.12 40.11 40.07 40.01±0.1 4.8±0.11 22 0.25-0.5 4 PE 73.33 75.56 73.33 74.07±1.2 8.89±0.15 23 0.5-1.5 4 PE 56.61 56.67 57.78 57.02±0.6 6.84±0.08 24 1.5-3 4 PE 44.44 42.22 45.57 44.08±1.7 5.29±0.20 25 0.25-0.5 6 PE 83.33 82.22 84.44 83.33±1.1 10.0±0.13 26 0.5-1.5 6 PE 68.89 71.11 67.78 69.26±1.7 8.31±0.20 27 1.5-3 6 PE 61.11 60.0 63.33 61.48±1.7 7.38±0.20 Note: *R-Replicate ;S-Solvent type; t-Time, h; PS-Particle size, mm;PE-Petroleum Ether; H-Hexane; E-Ethanol JABASINGH et al.: EXTN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL FROM INDICA SEED 133 Fig. 1 — Effect of (a) Particle size, (b) Extraction time, (c) Solvent type on the Mango seed kernel oil yield (%) oil yield increases from 42.22% to 57.41%, 45.57% to minimum yield for the same operating conditions, 82.22% and 64.07% to 84.81% for the particle sizes in when petroleum ether was used as solvent was found the range of 0.25-0.50,0.50-1.50,1.50-3.0 respectively.

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