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After the Treaties: a Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842
University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Author (Year of Submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University Faculty or School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. University of Southampton Department of History After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 Michael Sivapragasam A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History June 2018 i ii UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Doctor of Philosophy After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 Michael Sivapragasam This study is built on an investigation of a large number of archival sources, but in particular the Journals and Votes of the House of the Assembly of Jamaica, drawn from resources in Britain and Jamaica. Using data drawn from these primary sources, I assess how the Maroons of Jamaica forged an identity for themselves in the century under slavery following the peace treaties of 1739 and 1740. -
Branding Jamaica's Tourism Product
Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 2015 Stepping out from the Crowd: (Re)branding Jamaica's Tourism Product through Sports and Culture Thelca Patrice White Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in Communication Studies at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation White, Thelca Patrice, "Stepping out from the Crowd: (Re)branding Jamaica's Tourism Product through Sports and Culture" (2015). Masters Theses. 2367. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/2367 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Graduate School~ U'II'El\.N ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY'" Thesis Maintenance and Reproduction Certificate FOR: Graduate Candidates Completing Theses in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree Graduate Faculty Advisors Directing the Theses RE: Preservation, Reproduction, and Distribution of Thesis Research Preserving, reproducing, and distributing thesis research is an important part of Booth Library's responsibility to provide access to scholarship. In order to further this goal, Booth Library makes all graduate theses completed as part of a degree program at Eastern Illinois University available for personal study, research, and other not-for-profit educational purposes. Under 17 U.S.C. § 108, the library may reproduce and distribute a copy without infringing on copyright; however, professional courtesy dictates that permission be requested from the author before doing so. Your signatures affirm the following: • The graduate candidate is the author of this thesis. -
Statement by the Honourable Olivia Grange, Cd, Mp Minister of Culture, Gender, Entertainment & Sport
STATEMENT BY THE HONOURABLE OLIVIA GRANGE, CD, MP MINISTER OF CULTURE, GENDER, ENTERTAINMENT & SPORT ON THE MATTER OF EFFORTS TO CLEAR THE CRIMINAL RECORDS OF NATIONAL HEROES AND OTHER FREEDOM FIGHTERS HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 12, 2016 Mr. Speaker, The legacy that we honour and celebrate during Heritage week is a direct result of the selfless acts of our country’s six named National Heroes. During this week every year we acknowledge as a nation that the tenacity, resilience and fearlessness of these freedom fighters laid the foundation for the social, economic and political advancement of Jamaica. It is only fitting therefore that I rise in this Honourable House today to advise you Mr. Speaker, the Members of the House and the entire Jamaica of the intention of this administration to take immediate steps to enact legislation which would once and for all set the record straight and ensure that justice is served for at least some of those who stood up for cleared the pathway to our modern democracy. Mr Speaker the Cabinet has approved drafting instructions in respect of legislation which will cause the expungement of the criminal records of notable freedom fighters, national heroes, supporters, sympathizers and participants by association who were involved in the 1760 Chief Tacky’s St. Mary rebellion, the 1831/32 Christmas rebellion, the 1865 Morant Bay rebellion and the 1929 campaign of the People’s Political Party. 1 | P a g e Our National Heroes Paul Bogle, Samuel Sharpe and Marcus Garvey, as well as, our ancestral hero Tacky, will be those directly affected by this legislation when it comes into being. -
The Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica
timeline The Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica Questions A visual exploration of the background to, and events of, this key rebellion by former • What were the causes of the Morant Bay Rebellion? slaves against a colonial authority • How was the rebellion suppressed? • Was it a riot or a rebellion? • What were the consequences of the Morant Bay Rebellion? Attack on the courthouse during the rebellion The initial attack Response from the Jamaican authorities Background to the rebellion Key figures On 11 October 1865, several hundred black people The response of the Jamaican authorities was swift and brutal. Making Like many Jamaicans, both Bogle and Gordon were deeply disappointed about Paul Bogle marched into the town of Morant Bay, the capital of use of the army, Jamaican forces and the Maroons (formerly a community developments since the end of slavery. Although free, Jamaicans were bitter about ■ Leader of the rebellion the mainly sugar-growing parish of St Thomas in the of runaway slaves who were now an irregular but effective army of the the continued political, social and economic domination of the whites. There were ■ A native Baptist preacher East, Jamaica. They pillaged the police station of its colony), the government forcefully put down the rebellion. In the process, also specific problems facing the people: the low wages on the plantations, the ■ Organised the secret meetings weapons and then confronted the volunteer militia nearly 500 people were killed and hundreds of others seriously wounded. lack of access to land for the freed people and the lack of justice in the courts. -
Em Powering and Engendering Hidden H Istories in Caribbean Peasant Com M Unities
Empowering and Engendering Hidden Histories in Caribbean Peasant Communities Jean Besson (London) Reflecting on the United States South in the 1970s, Eugene Genovese observed that ‘the history of the lower classes has yet to be written’ (1971:102). In the 1980s, the anthropologist Eric Wolf wrote of Eu rope and the People Without History, arguing th at ‘[W]e ... need to un cover the history of “the people without history”- the active histories of “primitives”, peasantries, labourers, immigrants, and besieged minorities’ (1982:v). Keesing likewise noted that Third World peasant communities were still being regarded as ‘more or less closed and self-contained, and often as devoid of known history’ (1981:423). While significant progress in these fields has since been made, academics, journalists and Native Americans all felt it necessary to point to the hidden histories of the post- Columbian Americas in the context of the ‘New World’ quincentenary in 1992 (e.g. Ellwood 1991; Menchú 1992; Besson 1992a, 1992b). This theme was again highlighted in 1994 by the 48th International Congress of Americanists.1 This neglect of ‘the people without history’ has perhaps been nowhere more pronounced than in the Caribbean Region, which has been variously described as the ‘Third World’s third world’ (Naipaul 1973), the ‘oldest colonial sphere’ (Mintz 1971a:17), the ‘gateway to Europe’s New World’ (Besson 1994c), and the ‘core area’ of African America (Mintz 1989:22). Here the Native Americans were virtually wiped out, and post-Conquest societies manufactured through European colonialism, American planta tions, Euro-Asian indenture, and African slavery. In the 1970s and 1980s, Mintz highlighted the neglect, by both anthropologists and historians, of the region’s history and emergent contemporary cultures (1970, 1971b, 1975, 1989). -
The History of St. Ann
The History of St. Ann Location and Geography The parish of St. Ann is is located on the nothern side of the island and is situated to the West of St. Mary, to the east of Trelawny, and is bodered to the south by both St. Catherine and Clarendon. It covers approximately 1,212 km2 and is Jamaica’s largest parish in terms of land mass. St. Ann is known for its red soil, bauxite - a mineral that is considered to be very essential to Jamaica; the mineral is associated with the underlying dry limestone rocks of the parish. A typical feature of St. Ann is its caves and sinkholes such as Green Grotto Caves, Bat Cave, and Dairy Cave, to name a few. The beginning of St. Ann St. Ann was first named Santa Ana (St. Ann) by the Spaniards and because of its natural beauty, it also become known as the “Garden Parish” of Jamaica. The parish’s history runs deep as it is here that on May 4, 1494 while on his second voyage in the Americas, Christopher Columbus first set foot in Jamaica. It is noted that he was so overwhelmed by the attractiveness of the parish that as he pulled into the port at St. Anns Bay, he named the place Santa Gloria. The spot where he disembarked he named Horshoe Bay, primarily because of the shape of the land. As time went by, this name was changed to Dry Harbour and eventually, a more fitting name based on the events that occurred - Discovery Bay. -
John Eyre, the Morant Bay Rebellion in 1865, and the Racialisation of Western Political Thinking
wbhr 02|2012 John Eyre, the Morant Bay Rebellion in 1865, and the Racialisation of Western Political Thinking IVO BUDIL The main purpose of this study is to analyze the process of so-called ra- cialisation of the Western thinking in a concrete historical context of Brit- ish colonial experience in the second half of the nineteenth century. For most authors, the concept of racialisation was related to the Europeans´ response to their encounter with overseas populations in the course of global Western expansion from the early modern age. Frantz Fanon de- scribed the phenomenon of racialisation as a process by which the Euro- pean colonists created the “negro” as a category of degraded humanity: a weak and utterly irrational barbarism, incapable of self-government.1 However, I am convinced that the post-colonial studies established by Eric Williams and his followers emphasizing the role of racism as a strategy of vindication and reproduction of Western hegemony over overseas socie- ties and civilizations tend to neglect or disregard the emergence and the whole intellectual development of the racial vision of the human history and society with various functions, impacts and role within the Western civilization itself. Ivan Hannaford stressed that the idea of ancient Greeks to see peo- ple not in terms of their origin, blood relations, or somatic features, but in terms of membership of a public arena presented a crucial political achievement and breakthrough in human history.2 It created the concept of free political space we live in since -
From Freedom to Bondage: the Jamaican Maroons, 1655-1770
From Freedom to Bondage: The Jamaican Maroons, 1655-1770 Jonathan Brooks, University of North Carolina Wilmington Andrew Clark, Faculty Mentor, UNCW Abstract: The Jamaican Maroons were not a small rebel community, instead they were a complex polity that operated as such from 1655-1770. They created a favorable trade balance with Jamaica and the British. They created a network of villages that supported the growth of their collective identity through borrowed culture from Africa and Europe and through created culture unique to Maroons. They were self-sufficient and practiced sustainable agricultural practices. The British recognized the Maroons as a threat to their possession of Jamaica and embarked on multiple campaigns against the Maroons, utilizing both external military force, in the form of Jamaican mercenaries, and internal force in the form of British and Jamaican military regiments. Through a systematic breakdown of the power structure of the Maroons, the British were able to subject them through treaty. By addressing the nature of Maroon society and growth of the Maroon state, their agency can be recognized as a dominating factor in Jamaican politics and development of the country. In 1509 the Spanish settled Jamaica and brought with them the institution of slavery. By 1655, when the British invaded the island, there were 558 slaves.1 During the battle most slaves were separated from their masters and fled to the mountains. Two major factions of Maroons established themselves on opposite ends of the island, the Windward and Leeward Maroons. These two groups formed the first independent polities from European colonial rule. The two groups formed independent from each other and with very different political structures but similar economic and social structures. -
The Development of Baptist Thought in the Jamaican Context
THE DEVELOPMENT OF BAPTIST THOUGHT IN THE JAMAICAN CONTEXT A Case Study by MICHAEL OLIVER FISHER Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Theology) Acadia University Spring Convocation 2010 © by MICHAEL OLIVER FISHER, 2010. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………...................................…………… vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………….………………..…. vii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………….…...… viii INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………....……………..... 1 CHAPTERS: 1. BAPTIST LIFE AND THOUGHT AS CONTEXT…………………………………………... 5 1.1 The Polygenetic Nature of Baptist Origins……………….…………… 7 1.2 A Genetic History of Baptist Thought…………………………………… 13 1.3 General Patterns in Baptist Thought…………………………….…….... 25 1.4 Relevant Themes in Baptist Life and Thought……......………...…... 34 2. THE HISTORY OF BAPTISTS IN JAMAICA………………….…………………………....... 41 2.1 A Chronological History of Jamaica………………..…………..………… 42 2.2 An Introduction to the Baptist Mission……....……………….………… 51 2.2.1 American Influences…………………..…………………………….. 53 2.2.2 British Influences……………………...……………………………… 59 2.3 The Development of the Baptist Mission in Jamaica...………….…. 72 3. FOUNDATIONS OF AFRO‐CHRISTIAN THOUGHT IN JAMAICA……………….… 91 3.1 Bases of Jamaican Religious Thought………………………...………..... 93 3.1.1 African Religious Traditions……………………………...….…… 94 3.1.2 Missiological Religious Thought…………………………….…... 101 3.2 The Great Revival and the Rise of Afro‐Christian Theology......... 118 3.3 Features of Jamaica Religious -
A Mighty Experiment: the Transition from Slavery To
A MIGHTY EXPERIMENT: THE TRANSITION FROM SLAVERY TO FREEDOM IN JAMAICA, 1834-1838 by ELISABETH GRIFFITH-HUGHES (Under the Direction of Peter C. Hoffer) ABSTRACT When Britain abolished slavery, in 1834, it did not grant immediate freedom to the slaves, but put in place an apprenticeship period of four to six years depending upon occupation designation. This period, along with compensation of 6 million pounds, was awarded to the planters for their property losses. It was meant to be used to "socialize" the former slaves and convert them from enslaved to wage labor. The British government placed the task of overseeing the apprenticeship period in the hands of a force of stipendiary magistrates. The power to punish the work force was taken from the planters and overseers and given to the magistrates who ruled on the complaints brought by planters, overseers, and apprentices, meted out punishments, and forwarded monthly reports to the governors. Jamaica was the largest and most valuable of the British West Indian possessions and consequently the focus of attention. There were four groups all with a vested interest in the outcome of the apprenticeship experiment: the British government, the Jamaican Assembly, the planters, and the apprentices. The thesis of this work is that rather than ameliorating conditions and gaining the cooperation they needed from their workers, the planters responded with coercive acts that drove the labor force from the plantations. The planters’ actions, along with those of a British government loathe to interfere with local legislatures after the experience of losing the North American colonies, bear much of the responsibility for the demise of the plantation economy in Jamaica. -
Maroon Societies: a Political Perspective Chantal Mcfarlane
..... Maroon Societies: A Political Perspective Chantal McFarlane Chantal Noelene McFarlane is a third year student at the University of Toronto. She is presently pursuing her undergraduate degree in Caribbean Studies and English. As a proud descendant of the Accompong Town Maroons in Jamaica, she is a staunch believer in the concept of “Kindah”, One Family - she believes that this can manifest in the Caribbean in the form of regional integration. Chantal is particularly interested in the cultural, social and historical aspects of Jamaica. The act of grand marronage had a far reaching impact on slave societies. Marronage in its most simplistic sense may be described as the running away from slavery by the enslaved. In Jamaica1 slaves who absconded for great periods tended to live by themselves or join a Maroon settlement. This essay will argue that Maroon societies acted as an entity of defiance against slave communities, even though intricate organizational structures had an atypical symbiotic relationship with them. It will show that the political aspect of Maroon societies acted as a dominant factor in solidifying their relationship with slave communities. This paper will first establish that Maroons in Jamaica were more autonomous prior to 1739 and that the difference in political structures from that of the plantation was pivotal in shaping the relationship between the two societies. It will then argue that the political scope of Maroon societies impacted the culture and socio-economic organization of the Maroons. Finally it will posit the idea that a significant change in the relationship between Maroons and the plantation in Jamaica acted as an impetus which changed the political configuration of Maroon communities. -
Roger Mais and George William Gordon
KARINA WILLIAMSON Karina Williamson is retired. She was university lecturer in English Literature at Oxford and Edinburgh, has researched, taught and published on 20th century Caribbean literature, and has just edited the Jamaican novel Marly (1828) for the Caribbean Classics series. She is now preparing an anthology of poems on slavery and abolition, 1700-1834. ______________________________________________________________________ The Society For Caribbean Studies Annual Conference Papers edited by Sandra Courtman Vol.3 2002 ISSN 1471-2024 http://www.scsonline.freeserve.co.uk/olvol3.html _____________________________________________________________________ RE-INVENTING JAMAICAN HISTORY: ROGER MAIS AND GEORGE WILLIAM GORDON Karina Williamson Abstract This paper represents the convergence of two lines of interest and research: (1) in concepts and uses of history in Caribbean literature; (2) in the Jamaican writer Roger Mais. George William Gordon comes into the picture both as a notable figure in Jamaican history and as a literary subject. Gordon, a coloured man, was Justice of the Peace and representative of St Thomas in the East in the House of Assembly in the 1860s. Although he was a prosperous landowner himself, he fought vigorously on behalf of black peasants and smallholders against members of the white plantocracy, and was an outspoken critic of Governor Eyre in the Assembly. After the Morant Bay rebellion in 1865 he was arrested on Eyre’s orders and executed for his alleged implication in the rebellion. In 1965 he was named as a National Hero of Jamaica, alongside Paul Bogle, 1 leader of the rebellion. In a now almost forgotten play George William Gordon, written in the 1940s, Roger Mais dramatised Gordon’s involvement in the events of 1865.[1] Mais was not the first or last writer to turn Gordon into a literary hero or to recast the rebellion in fictional terms, but his reinvention of this historic episode is of peculiar interest because it is connected with events which earned Mais himself a small but unforgotten niche in modern Jamaican history.