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Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform Timothy Donais (Ed.) Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) LIT Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform edited by Timothy Donais LIT (Bibliographic information here) Contents Preface vii Abbreviations ix Part I: Local Ownership in Theory and in Practice 1 Understanding Local Ownership in Security Sector Reform 3 Timothy Donais 2 The Challenge of Local Ownership of SSR: 19 From Donor Rhetoric to Practice Laurie Nathan Part II: Bridging the Local-International Divide in SSR 3 Local Ownership in Peace Operations 39 Annika S. Hansen 4 Unknotting Local Ownership Redux: 59 Bringing Non-State/Local Justice Networks Back In Eric Scheye 5 Security Sector Evolution: Which Locals? 83 Ownership of What? Alex Martin and Peter Wilson 6 Gender Perspectives and Women as Stakeholders: 105 Broadening Local Ownership of SSR Sanam Naraghi-Anderlini 7 Enabling Local Ownership: Participation and 127 Capacity-Building in SSR Olawale Ismail Part III: National Perspectives 8 Local Ownership and Emerging Trends in SSR: 149 A Case Study of Outsourcing in Liberia Adedeji Ebo 9 South Africa: SSR after Apartheid 169 Sandy Africa 10 And They Came In and Took Possession of Reforms: 191 Ownership and Palestinian SSR Roland Friedrich and Arnold Luethold 11 Shadow Ownership and SSR in Afghanistan 215 Antonio Giustozzi 12 Local Ownership and the Experience of SSR in Indonesia 233 Riefqi Muna 13 Bosnia: SSR under International Tutelage 253 Slobodan Perdan Part IV: Conclusion 14 Operationalising Local Ownership 275 Timothy Donais List of Contributors 291 About DCAF 293 Preface The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) is an international foundation whose mission is to assist the international community in promoting good governance and reform of the security sector. Beyond a range of publications linked to its activities, each year DCAF dedicates one volume to a topic that is particularly relevant to our research and operational priorities. The first volume, Challenges of Security Sector Governance, was published in 2003. Since then, titles have included Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector, Security Governance in Post- Conflict Peacebuilding, Private Actors and Security Governance and Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform. The sixth edition in the DCAF Yearly Book Series is not dedicated to an identified priority for the Centre but to an imperative that underpins all of DCAF’s analytical and operational activities: local ownership. This concept has become a sine qua non of good practice in the field of security sector reform (SSR). It is prominent in such important points of reference as the recent report of the United Nations Secretary-General on SSR and the OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform: Supporting Security and Justice. However, it is widely recognised that local ownership is less evident in terms of its implementation on the ground in concrete SSR programming. This gap between policy and practice provides the point of departure for the 2008 DCAF Yearly Book on Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform. This year’s edition represents a change from past practice in that for the first time we have welcomed a guest editor for this publication project: Dr. Timothy Donais, Assistant Professor at the Wilfrid Laurier University in Canada and a long-standing DCAF collaborator. This is not a change of DCAF policy but rather an opportunity seized to build on Dr. Donais’ particular research expertise on this issue and more generally on his experience in previous years as an external reviewer for the Yearly Book series. I am most grateful for his commitment and excellent contribution to this work. It would not have been possible to successfully complete this volume, particularly in light of the tight timescales involved, without the invaluable support of a number of people. In particular, thanks go to Fairlie Chappuis for research and editing assistance and Oliver Wates for his excellent copy- viii editing. Paul Jackson and Herbert Wulf provided incisive comments and inputs on earlier drafts of the manuscript. Veit D. Hopf and Frank Weber of LIT Verlag once more guided us through the publication process with much patience and encouragement. I would also like to acknowledge the contributions of DCAF colleagues Alan Bryden, Heiner Hänggi and Yury Korobovsky who oversaw the editing process and provided valuable comments on different parts of the publication. But thanks go in particular to the contributors, who agreed to write under significant time pressure. Many contributors also made themselves available for an authors’ workshop, held in Geneva on 23 May 2008, which greatly enriched the development of this volume. Ambassador Dr. Theodor H. Winkler DCAF Director Geneva, 16 September 2008 Abbreviations ABRI Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, Indonesian Defence Forces ADP Active duty personnel AFL Armed Forces of Liberia AIHRC Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission AMF Afghan Military Forces ANA Afghanistan National Army ANBP Afghanistan New Beginning Programme ANC African National Congress APLA Azanian People’s Liberation Army (former armed wing of the PAC) AZAPO Azanian People’s Organisation BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina CFC-A Combined Forces Command – Afghanistan CIA Central Intelligence Agency CODESA Convention for a Democratic South Africa COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement (Liberia) CSCAP Council for Security and Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific DAT Defence Advisory Team DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces DDR Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration DFID UK Department for International Development DIAG Disarmament of illegal armed groups DISEC District Security Committee DPA Dayton Peace Accords ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EPG Eminent Persons Group EU European Union EUPOL European Union Police Mission EUPOL COPPS EU Police Co-ordinating Office for Palestinian Police Support FAS Femmes Afrique Solidarité, African Women’s Solidarity FGD Focus group discussions x GC Governance Commission ICHR Independent Commission for Human Rights ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia IET Initial Entry Training Course (Liberia) IMF International Monetary Fund IPS Iraqi Police Service ISAF International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan (NATO) IWG-SSR Indonesian Working Group on Security Sector Reform JSSR Justice and security sector reform MDM Mass Democratic Movement MK Umkhonto we Sizwe, Spear of the Nation (former armed wing of the ANC) MoD Ministry of Defence MoI Ministry of Interior MPR Majlis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, People’s Consultative Assembly (Indonesia) NACCSOL National Coalition of Civil Society Organisations in Liberia NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NGO Non-governmental organisation NIS National Intelligence Service (South Africa) NPA National Peace Accord (South Africa) NPKF National Peace Keeping Force (South Africa) NSC National Security Council OAU Organisation of African Unity OHR The Office of the High Representative OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD DAC Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OMC-A Office of Military Cooperation (Afghanistan) ONSA Office of the National Security Adviser OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OVI Objectively verifiable indicators PAC Pan Africanist Congress PAE Pacific Architects and Engineers xi PEGASE Mécanisme Palestino-Européen de Gestion de l'Aide Socio-Économique, Euro-Palestinian mechanism for socio-economic aid PfP Partnership for Peace (NATO) PICCR Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizens Rights PKI Partai Komunis Indonesia Indonesian Communist Party PLC Palestinian Legislative Council PLO Palestinian Liberation Organisation PMC Private military company PNA Palestinian National Authority PRDP Palestinian Reform and Development Plan PROSEC Provincial Security Committee PSC Private security company RS Republika Srpska SAA Stabilisation and Association Agreement (EU) SADF South African Defence Force SANDF South African National Defence Force SAP South Africa Police SBiH Stranka za Bosnu i Hercegovinu, Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia) SBS State Border Service (Bosnia) SDA Stranka Demokratske Akcije, Party of Democratic Action (Bosnia) SDP Socijaldemokratska Partija BiH - Socijaldemokrati, Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Socialdemocrats (Bosnia) SDR Strategic Defence Review SNSD Savez nezavisnih socijaldemokrata, Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (Bosnia) SSDAT Security Sector Development Team SSR Security sector reform TEC Transitional Executive Council TIM Temporary International Mechanism TNI Tentara Nasional Indonesia, Indonesian Armed Forces UN United Nations UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan UDF United Democratic Front UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNMIL United Nations Mission in Liberia xii UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services USAID United States Agency for International Development USSC United States Security Coordinator WIPNET West African Women in Peacebuilding Network WIPSEN-A Women, Peace and Security Network-Africa PART I LOCAL OWNERSHIP IN THEORY AND IN PRACTICE Chapter 1 Understanding Local Ownership in Security Sector Reform Timothy Donais Over the past two decades, in response
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