S chnabel, BACK TO THE ROOTS: SECURITY SECTOR REFORM AND Albrecht Schnabel and Vanessa Farr (Eds) F DEVELOPMENT arr ( E ds) Back to the Roots: There has now been more than a decade of conceptual work, policy development and operational activity in the field of BACK TO THE ROOTS: security sector reform (SSR). To what extent has its original aim to support and facilitate development been met? The different SECURITY SECTOR contributions to this volume address this question, offering a range of insights on the theoretical and practical relevance of REFORM AND the security-development nexus in SSR. They examine claims of how and whether SSR effectively contributes to achieving DEVELOPMENT both security and development objectives. In particular, the analyses presented in this volume provide a salutary lesson that development and security communities need to take each other’s concerns into account when planning, implementing and evaluating their activities. S ecurity The book offers academics, policy-makers and practitioners within the development and security communities relevant S lessons, suggestions and practical advice for approaching SSR ector Reform and as an instrument that serves both security and development objectives. D evelopment GENEVA CENTRE FOR THE 978-3-643-80117-3 DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OF ARMED FORCES (DCAF) Lit 9 *ukdzfe#,-yymc* www.lit-verlag.ch Lit Lit Albrecht Schnabel and Vanessa Farr (Eds) Back to the Roots: Security Sector Reform and Development Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) LIT Back to the Roots: Security Sector Reform and Development edited by Albrecht Schnabel and Vanessa Farr LIT (Bibliographic information here) +++ IMPRESSUM 2012+++ Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Part I: Introduction 1 Returning to the Development Roots of Security Sector Reform 3 Albrecht Schnabel and Vanessa Farr 2 The Security-Development Discourse and the Role of SSR as a 29 Development Instrument Albrecht Schnabel Part II: Gender, Security and Development 3 A Bridge Too Far? The Gender Consequences of Linking 77 Security and Development in SSR Discourse and Practice Heidi Hudson 4 Learning from Others’ Mistakes: Towards Participatory, 115 Gender-sensitive SSR Rahel Kunz and Kristin Valasek Part III: SSR and Development – Regional Perspectives 5 Security Sector Reform, Crime and Regional Development in 147 West Africa Tim Goudsmid, Andrea Mancini, Andrés Vanegas Canosa 6 The Failure of Security Sector Reform to Advance Development 171 Objectives in East Timor and the Solomon Islands Derek McDougall Part IV: SSR, DDR and Development 7 Pushing Pieces Around the Chessboard or Changing the Game? 201 DDR, SSR and the Security-Development Nexus Alan Bryden 8 Guerrillas, Gangsters and Contractors: Integrating Former 225 Combatants and Its Impact on SSR and Development in Post-conflict Societies Henri Myrttinen Part V: Towards ‘Developing’ SSR Policy? 9 Security Sector Reform and State-building: Lessons Learned 251 Paul Jackson 10 Opportunities to Support Security and Development: 271 International Organisations’ Evolving SSR Approaches Willem F. van Eekelen 11 Lest We Forget? The Centrality of Development Considerations 293 in Internationally Assisted SSR Processes Ann M. Fitz-Gerald Part VI: Conclusion 12 It Takes Two to Tango: Towards Integrated Development and 321 SSR Assistance Vanessa Farr, Albrecht Schnabel and Marc Krupanski Contributors 343 Selected Bibliography 349 About DCAF 359 Preface The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) is an international foundation whose mission is to assist the international community in promoting good governance and reform of the security sector. Beyond a range of publications linked to specific activities, each year DCAF dedicates one book to a topic that is of particular relevance to its research and operational agenda. The first volume in the Yearly Book series, Challenges of Security Sector Governance, was published in 2003. Subsequent Yearly Books focused on Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector (2004), Security Governance in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding (2005), Private Actors and Security Governance (2006), Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform (2007), Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform (2008), Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments (2009) and, last year, Security Sector Transformation in Africa (2010). Back to the Roots: Security Sector Reform and Development is the title of the 2011 edition, which hopes to provide practitioners and academics within the larger development and security communities with lessons, suggestions and practical advice for approaching SSR as an instrument that serves both security and development objectives. The intention of the ninth volume is to reawaken an important conversation about how SSR can work for the development community and return to its roots as a vehicle to help meet development objectives. In the field of operations, SSR and development communities have strayed from their shared origins and sometimes forget their common goals. These start with a commitment to promoting peace and justice via consultative and bottom-up programme planning. Both development and SSR actors are mandated to include everyone in the communities they serve, especially women and youth. Both need to embrace multi-stakeholder and whole-of- government approaches, honour their ‘do-no-harm’ commitments, focus on structural security and positive peace, and make operational their commitment to long-term processes for sustainable outcomes. Finally, they need to remember the complexity of the individuals and institutions with which they work, and deliver SSR and development programmes that contribute holistically to resolving a wide spectrum of post-conflict problems. viii The debates collected in this book will, I hope, both encourage the development community to revisit some of its concerns about collaborating with the SSR community and remind SSR practitioners that they have much to learn from development insights. This will not happen unless SSR and development practitioners discuss how they can benefit from one another, explore more effective forms of collaboration and think again about how sustained investment in enhancing SSR’s development dividends can be accomplished. The empirical research into development dividends and priorities within SSR programme planning and implementation presented in this volume can, I believe, assist both communities to move beyond simple rhetorical pronouncements and back into these important theoretical and operational discussions. As this volume reminds us, the primary goal of good governance is to provide justice, security and development alike. I would therefore like to thank the editors for having produced a much-needed state-of-the art study that has practical utility; I invite its readers to take this conversation further through their engagement with the arguments it presents. Ambassador Theodor H. Winkler Director, DCAF Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the contributions of a number of individuals without whose cooperation and assistance this volume would not have been completed within the timeline of one year available for the completion of a DCAF Yearly Book. We are grateful to Herbert Wulf, our principal reviewer, whose valuable comments have helped improve individual chapters while ensuring that the entire text, including the opening and concluding chapters, is coherent. A number of colleagues from inside and outside DCAF contributed with their own country expertise to the improvement of a number of chapters, or offered feedback during the development of the thematic focus and scope of this volume. Our thanks go to Alan Bryden, Cornelius Friesendorf, Heiner Hänggi, Markus Heiniger and Armin Rieser for providing valuable inputs and advice at different stages of the book project. We greatly appreciate the excellent contributions made by Cherry Ekins, who has copyedited and proofread the entire manuscript. Thanks to Yvonne Guo and Ulrike Franke for assisting us at various stages of the manuscript preparation. We thank Yury Korobovsky and his colleagues for assisting in meeting the publisher’s formatting requirements and guiding the publication process. Thanks to the publisher, LIT Verlag, for the publication of this newest addition to the DCAF Yearly Book series. Special thanks go to Marc Krupanski, whose crucial role as editorial assistant has significantly shaped the book project from its inception, ranging from selecting chapter contributors to offering an ‘outside’ opinion on proposals and draft chapters, providing valuable and substantive comments and feedback during chapter revisions and copyediting draft chapters. He furthermore joined us in co- authoring the closing chapter of the book. Finally, we thank the contributors for working under considerable time constraints and responding diligently to comments provided on several draft versions of their contributions. Agreement with contributors on the final approach and scope of their chapters included their willingness to address the key questions and puzzles which we wished to cover in the book. The final make-up of the chapters, the main sections and the organisation of the overall volume were the result of a dynamic process in close consultation with the respective authors and author teams. x The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the organisations they are affiliated