Sementes Inesperadas De Um Jardim (Des)Encantado

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Sementes Inesperadas De Um Jardim (Des)Encantado PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP ANTONIO GENIVALDO CORDEIRO DE OLIVEIRA Sementes inesperadas de um jardim (des)encantado A construção político-eclesial da identidade de Igreja local no Japão: Um estudo a partir do conflito com o Caminho Neocatecumenal Doutorado em Ciência da Religião São Paulo 2016 ANTONIO GENIVALDO CORDEIRO DE OLIVEIRA Sementes inesperadas de um jardim (des)encantado A construção político-eclesial da identidade de Igreja local no Japão: Um estudo a partir do conflito com o Caminho Neocatecumenal Doutorado em Ciência da Religião Tese apresentada à Banca examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciência da Religião sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. João Décio Passos. São Paulo 2016 Banca Examinadora ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ À Edward Williams, OMI e Konishi Yumiko A realização desta pesquisa foi possível graças ao apoio institucional da Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP e da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES por meio do desconto parcial e das taxas que cobriram parte das mensalidades do curso. A CAPES através do Programa de Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior - PDSE 99999.002393/2015-08, possibilitou a realização do período de pesquisas em Paris e Roma. Através do Santander International Summer Schools for Doctoral Students em convênio com as Universidades de Heidelberg e de Kyōto, foi possível viver a experiência de inserção no intercâmbio de pesquisa internacional em março de 2015. Agradecimentos Aos Missionários Oblatos de Maria Imaculada da Delegação Japão-Coréia, da Província do Brasil e da Comunidade de Fontenay-sous-Bois na França. Que o carisma que nos une seja fortalecido e continue sempre aberto às diversas realidades nas quais nos encontramos. À Diocese de Takamatsu através de Dom João Evangelista Eijiro Suwa e de seu Chanceler Diác. Nishikawa Yasuhiro pela atenção nas visitas ali realizadas e por nos confiar cópias da documentação disponível para consulta. Que esta pequena porção do Povo de Deus continue seu corajoso testemunho da mensagem cristã. Ao Jornal Católico (カトリック新聞) e aos que ali nos atenderam e possibilitaram a consulta em seus arquivos. Ao Sr. Koichi Arimura, responsável de comunicação Social da Conferência Episcopal do Japão. Ao Professor Alain Rocher da École Pratique des Hautes Études por aceitar a orientação da pesquisa durante a realização do estágio doutoral sanduíche – PDSE e o valioso seminário sobre o “xintoísmo medieval”. A ele e ao Sr. Christophe Valia-Kollery que se encarregou das questões burocráticas necessárias para o registro na Universidade de Paris IV - Sorbonne, minha sincera gratidão. Às pessoas que em Paris colaboraram para as pesquisas: Sra. Annie Salavert e Sra. Brigitte Appavou da biblioteca e arquivos MEP. Ao Sr. Serge Sollogoub do Institut Catholique por permitir a consulta na documentação do Concílio Vaticano II ali arquivada. A Sra. Michèle Jarton pelos contatos que possibilitaram a consulta da Documentation Catholique na redação do Jornal La Croix. Ao Prof. José Oscar Beozzo pelas informações e contatos oferecidos que facilitaram o trabalho no Arquivo Secreto do Vaticano. Também à Piero Gheddo e seus colaboradores por digilitalizar as cópias de seus artigos e enviá-los por email. A Patrick O. Urias, Gilson A. dos Reis, Rubens P. Cabral e Alice Hatanaka pelas sucessivas leituras, correções gramaticais e sugestões no texto final. A disponibilidade e atenção de vocês ajudaram a aclarar vários pontos que o cansaço muitas vezes deixava a redação confusa. A Beto Mayer pelo apoio que me ajudou a seguir adiante em muitos momentos dificuldade pessoal. Aos amigos e colegas que permanecem anônimos nos tantos verbos em terceira pessoa do plural ao longo do texto, mas que viveram comigo esta etapa de formação. Meu reconhecimento a todos os que compõem o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião da PUC – SP, pela excelência e dedicação na árdua tarefa da pesquisa acadêmica das religiões. Em especial, ao Prof. Dr. João Décio pela orientação desta pesquisa e pelo convite a fazer parte da redação do Dicionário do Concílio Vaticano II. A todos vocês minha sincera gratidão. Fundatio ecclesiarum non confundenda est cum quadam imitatione superficiali structurae et apparentiae Ecclesiarum alibi per saecula existentium. Laurentius Satoshi Nagae (AS III/6, p. 826) Resumo A pesquisa mostra a construção de uma identidade particular no catolicismo contemporâneo Japonês. A partir de fontes primárias, o autor apresenta a mudança de paradigma no entendimento da missão católica com uma reconstrução histórico-sociológica da transplantação da Igreja Católica a partir do século XIX e as acomodações necessárias durante o expansionismo do Império do Grande Japão. Posteriormente, situa a participação do episcopado japonês no Concílio Vaticano II e destaca o compromisso deste com a inculturação e com a construção da identidade de igreja local. Finalmente, descreve o emblemático conflito entre o Caminho Neocatecumenal e a Conferência Episcopal local nas últimas décadas. O estudo situa-se teoricamente no tema das transplantações religiosas e dos processos de transferências culturais e suas transformações até alcançar uma identidade autóctone. Ao demonstrar a formação de uma identidade católica japonesa, por um lado o estudo desafia o entendimento geral de que o cristianismo continue a ser considerado como religião estrangeira no Japão; por outro lado, confirma a tendência dos japoneses em apropriarem-se de uma tradição religiosa e inová-la. Palavras chave: Catolicismo japonês; Vaticano II; Caminho Neocatecumenal; transplantação religiosa; transferências culturais; sincretismo; inculturação. Abstract The research shows the construction of a unique identity in contemporary Japanese Catholicism. Utilizing primary sources, the author demonstrates a change in the paradigm of understanding of Catholic mission, with a historic-sociological reconstruction of the Catholic Church transplantation from the XIX century and the necessary accommodations during the expansionism of the Greater Japanese Empire. He then points out the Japanese episcopacy's participation in the Vatican II Council and highlights their commitment to inculturation issues and the construction of a local Church identity. Finally, he describes the emblematic conflict between the Newcatechumenal Way and the local Episcopal Conference in the past decades. The locus of this study is theoretically in regards to the religious transplantations and cultural transference process and its efforts to achieve an autochthonous identity. On the one hand, by demonstrating the formation of a Japanese identity within Catholicism, the study challenges the general understanding that Christianity continues to be considered as a foreign religion in Japan; on the other hand, it confirms the tendency of the Japanese people in appropriating a religious tradition and innovating it. Key-words: Japanese Catholicism; Vatican II; Newcathecumenal Way; religious transplantation; cultural transfer; syncretism; inculturation. 竹 Bambu1 光る地面に竹が生え、 Na terra luminosa bambu brotando 青竹が生え、 Verde bambu brotando 地下には竹の根が生え、 Subterrânea a raiz de bambu brotando 根がしだいにほそらみ、 Raiz afilando terra adentro 根の先より繊毛が生え、 Da ponta da raiz cílios brotando かすかにけぶる繊毛が生え、 Leves cílios brotando かすかにふるえ。 Leves estremecem. かたき地面に竹が生え、 Na dura terra bambu brotando 地上にするどく竹が生え、 Da terra pontudo bambu brotando まつしぐらに竹が生え、 Reto-cego bambu brotando 凍れる節節りんりんと、 Firme em cada nó congelado 青空のもとに竹が生え、 Abaixo do azul celeste bambu brotando 竹、竹、竹が生え。 Bambu, bambu, bambu brotando 萩原 朔太郎 Hagiwara Sakutarō (1886-1942) 1 Esta versão tem algumas modificações pessoais da tradução apresentada por Hirofumi Nogami e Márcio André André na Revista Confraria do Vento. Arte e Literatura: Disponível em: <http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:FcMjMiFt4RcJ:www.confrariadovento.com/revista/numero 12/phantascopia.htm+&cd=8&hl=pt-BR&ct=clnk&gl=br> (ùltimo acesso: 25/08/2016). Para tanto, comparamos com a versão em inglês apresentada em Introductory Notes to Howling at the Moon: An Essay for the Study of Hagiwara Sakutaro de Nagano Takashi ( 弘前大学近代文学研究誌 . 3, 1989, p. 29-46), disponível em: <http://hdl.handle.net/10129/4243>, (ùltimo acesso: 25/08/2016). Índice Introdução 17 I Parte - As implantações católicas segundo o paradigma iluminista e os choques com as culturas locais 27 Capítulo I - Shinkoku: Terra dos kamis Dos tempos míticos a justificação ideológica do Grande Japão 31 Introdução 1. Da proteção dos kamis a uma alegada superioridade étnica 34 1.1 Instrumento de afirmação da identidade nacional e da defesa territorial 36 1.2 Instrumento de legitimação do poder imperial 37 1.2.1 A narrativa mitológica 38 1.2.2 Uma proposta de análise para o resgate da mitologia 41 2. Das crenças locais à formação de diferentes doutrinas 45 2.1 A emergência de um xintoísmo não-budista 49 2.2 A apropriação pelo Regime Tokugawa: dos ritos de pacificação às apoteoses 51 3. A separação burocrática do xintoísmo 56 3.1 O xintoísmo arreligioso 59 4. Xintoísmo de estado 64 4.1 Reconsiderando a divindade do imperador 73 4.2 O “povo escolhido” e a “Esfera de Co-prosperidade da Grande Ásia Oriental” 75 5. A racionalização ética e a preservação do “encantado” jardim
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