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Systematics and Taxonomy: Follow-Up HOUSE OF LORDS Science and Technology Committee 5th Report of Session 2007–08 Systematics and Taxonomy: Follow-up Report with Evidence Ordered to be printed 21 July 2008 and published 13 August 2008 Published by the Authority of the House of Lords London : The Stationery Office Limited £price HL Paper 162 Science and Technology Committee The Science and Technology Committee is appointed by the House of Lords in each session “to consider science and technology”. Current Membership The Members of the Science and Technology Committee are: Lord Colwyn Lord Crickhowell Lord Haskel Lord Howie of Troon Lord Krebs Lord May of Oxford Lord Methuen Earl of Northesk Lord O’Neill of Clackmannan Lord Patel Earl of Selborne Lord Sutherland of Houndwood (Chairman) Lord Taverne Lord Warner Information about the Committee and Publications Information about the Science and Technology Committee, including details of current inquiries, can be found on the internet at http://www.parliament.uk/hlscience/. Committee publications, including reports, press notices, transcripts of evidence and government responses to reports, can be found at the same address. Committee reports are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. General Information General information about the House of Lords and its Committees, including guidance to witnesses, details of current inquiries and forthcoming meetings is on the internet at: http://www.parliament.uk/about_lords/about_lords.cfm. Contacts for the Science and Technology Committee All correspondence should be addressed to: The Clerk of the Science and Technology Committee Committee Office House of Lords London SW1A 0PW The telephone number for general enquiries is 020 7219 6075. The Committee’s email address is [email protected]. CONTENTS Paragraph Page Abstract 7 Chapter 1: Introduction 9 Importance of systematic biology 1.1 9 Previous reports 1.3 9 Our current inquiry 1.8 10 Acknowledgements 1.11 12 Chapter 2: The Role of Systematic Biology in the Delivery of Policies 13 Range of policy areas involving systematic biology 2.1 13 Conservation of biodiversity in a global context 2.2 13 Conservation of UK biodiversity 2.4 14 Protection against invasive alien species 2.5 14 Responding to climate change 2.6 14 Capacity building 2.7 14 Adapting to ecosystem services analysis 2.8 15 Policing global trade in endangered species 2.9 15 Promoting public engagement in environmental issues 2.10 15 Identification of emerging diseases and disease surveillance 2.11 15 Taxonomic skills in the private sector 2.12 16 Conclusion 2.13 16 Chapter 3: Health of the Discipline in the UK: Professional Taxonomists, Volunteers and Recruitment 17 Taxonomists in the UK: general picture 3.1 17 UK university sector 3.3 17 Wider science community 3.4 17 Taxonomists in the UK: age profile 3.6 18 Sectors in crisis 3.8 19 Classification of taxonomic activity 3.10 19 Descriptive taxonomy 3.12 20 Identification 3.16 21 Phylogenetic systematics 3.19 22 Supply and demand 3.20 22 Importance of the voluntary sector 3.22 23 Recruitment 3.26 23 Inspiring a new generation 3.26 23 Taxonomy in schools and the importance of field studies 3.28 24 Regional museums and reference collections 3.29 24 Training 3.30 25 Mentoring for volunteers 3.32 25 Chapter 4: Tools and Technology for the Twenty-First Century 27 Opportunities 4.1 27 Digitisation of collections and the Internet 4.3 27 Barcoding 4.10 29 DNA-based taxonomy and the morphological approach 4.13 30 Keys and handbooks 4.15 30 Research collections 4.17 31 National Biodiversity Network 4.20 31 Chapter 5: Funding 33 Diversity of funding sources 5.1 33 Funding by NERC 5.4 33 Production of identification keys and field guides 5.7 34 CABI fungi collection 5.9 34 Chapter 6: Government Awareness 36 Overview 6.1 36 Defra 6.2 36 DIUS: Research Councils 6.6 37 DIUS: HEFCE and the RAE 6.10 38 Environment Research Funders’ Forum 6.15 39 DCMS 6.17 39 Awareness in Government 6.18 39 Chapter 7: Conclusions and Recommendations 40 Appendix 1: Science and Technology Committee 44 Appendix 2: List of Witnesses 46 Appendix 3: Call for Evidence 49 Appendix 4: Seminar at the Natural History Museum 51 Appendix 5: List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 56 Oral Evidence Professor Stephen Hopper and Dr Eimear Nic Lughadha (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew); Professor Mary Gibby, Director of Science (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh); Dr Michael Dixon and Professor Richard Lane (The Natural History Museum) Written Evidence from The Natural History Museum, RBG Edinburgh, and RBG Kew 1 Oral Evidence (19 February 2008) 22 Dr Pamela Kempton (NERC); Professor Georgina Mace (NERC Collaborative Centre); Dr Colin Miles and Dr Alf Game (BBSRC); Professor Philip Esler (AHRC); Professor Brian Cathcart (Kingston University); Dr Ben Cowell (DCMS); Dr Miles Parker and Professor Nicola Spence (Defra); and Dr Liam Kelly (The Scottish Government) Written Evidence from the Research Councils UK, Defra, DCMS 36 Oral Evidence (11 March 2008) 58 Supplementary Evidence from Defra, DCMS and the Research Councils UK 76 Professor David Cutler and Dr Sandra Knapp (Linnean Society); Professor Richard Bateman (Systematics Association); Professor Rick Battarbee (University College London); Professor Richard Gornall (Botanical Society of the British Isles); Dr Alastair Culham (University of Reading) Written Evidence from the BSBI, the Systematics Association, the Linnean Society, University of Reading and UCL 85 Oral Evidence (25 March 2008) 122 Supplementary Evidence from the Systematics Association 141 Sir Neil Chalmers and Dr Jim Munford (National Biodiversity Network Trust); Dr Mark Hill (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology); Dr Ian McLean (Joint Nature Conservation Committee); Dr Richard Fortey (Geological Society) Written Evidence from the JNCC and the National Biodiversity Network Trust 143 Oral Evidence (29 April 2008) 149 Dr Alf Game and Mr Steven Visscher (BBSRC); Professor Alan Thorpe (NERC); Ian Pearson MP, Minister of State for Science and Innovation (DIUS) Written Evidence 162 Oral Evidence (6 May 2008) 162 Rt Hon Lord Rooker (Defra); Rt Hon Margaret Hodge MP (DCMS) Oral Evidence (21 May 2008) 177 Written Evidence Mr Henry Barlow 187 Biological Recording in Scotland 188 BioNET-INTERNATIONAL 190 Biosciences Federation 193 Booth Museum of Natural History 203 Dr Janet Bradford-Grieve 205 The British Embassy (Rome) 206 The British Lichen Society 208 The British Mycological Society 214 The British Phycological Society 217 Buglife 221 CAB International 224 Centre for Plant Diversity & Systematics, University of Reading 226 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford 231 Dr Henry Disney 232 EMLRC (Leicestershire County Council) 233 EDIT Consortium 235 Mr Bill Ely 239 Dr Genoveva Esteban 241 European Mycological Association 243 Global Biodiversity Information Facility 250 E F Greenwood 252 Hertfordshire Natural History Society 254 International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 257 Professor Marcel Jaspars 264 Mrs Patricia Lorber 265 Professor Amyan Macfadyen 266 Mycology sub-committee UK BRAG 267 National Federation for Biological Recording 272 National Museum Liverpool 274 National Museum Wales 278 National Science Collections Association 283 Mr Adrian Norris 284 Plant Diversity Challenge Steering Group 285 Plantlife International 289 The Royal Entomological Society 294 The Royal Horticultural Society 296 School of Computer Science, Cardiff University 300 The Scottish Environment Protection Agency 302 Society for General Microbiology 303 UK Biodiversity Research Advisory Group & the Global Biodiversity Sub-Committee of the UK 309 Dr John Waland Ismay 317 Professor Roy Watling 320 Wellcome Trust 321 The Wildlife Trust for Lancashire, Manchester & North Merseyside 322 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union 324 NOTE: References in the text of the report are as follows: (Q) refers to a question in oral evidence (p) refers to a page of written evidence ABSTRACT ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Systematic biology is at the heart of our understanding of the natural world. In this time of climate change, understanding the connection between the natural world and human well-being—understanding the value and dynamic of “ecosystem services”—has a vital importance more widely recognised than ever before. “Ecosystem services” is a concept which has developed an importance in recent years to the point where it now sets the context of the current debate on environment sustainability. Simply defined, ecosystem services are “the benefits we derive from natural ecosystems”. This is our third inquiry into systematics and taxonomy. We reported in 1992, under the chairmanship of Lord Dainton, with a follow-up inquiry in 2001–02 under the chairmanship of Baroness Walmsley. We chose to embark on this inquiry now because of the environmental imperatives increasingly manifest in our daily lives. We have asked two questions in particular: whether systematic biology in the UK is in a fit state to generate the essential taxonomic information required to understand ecosystem services and whether the UK has the skills available to understand and predict the impact of climate change on biodiversity. We have concluded that the state of systematics and taxonomy in the UK, both in terms of the professional taxonomic community and volunteers, is unsatisfactory— in some areas, such as mycology, to the point
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