DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparative Ecology and Mimetic Relationships of Ithomiine Butterflies in Eastern Ecuador

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparative Ecology and Mimetic Relationships of Ithomiine Butterflies in Eastern Ecuador COMPARATIVE ECOLOGY AND MIMETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF ITHOMIINE BUTTERFLIES IN EASTERN ECUADOR By BOYCE ALEXANDER DRUMMOND III A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1976 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 3 1262 08666 406 6 For Nancy, as she lays aside her net awhile to take up the caduceus ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is my pleasure to thank the members of my committee, Drs. Thomas C. Emmel, Archie Carr, Clifford Johnson, and Thomas Walker, for the guidance and encouragement they have provided throughout my graduate career. I have profited greatly from their respective graduate courses and from the exposure to their divergent, but complementary, approaches to biology. I also thank Drs. John Ewel, Dana Griffin, and Jon Reiskind for helpful discussions and much useful information during the writing of this dissertation. For the countless ways in which they have assisted in all phases of the research reported here, I profess my deepest appreciation to Dr. Thomas Emmel, chairman of my committee, and Nancy Drummond, my wife and field assistant. Without the benefit of their help, many of the goals of this project could not have been accomplished. To Dr. Emmel, who first introduced me to tropical ecology and kindled my interest in the biology of the Lepidoptera, I am indebted for the constant personal, academic, and financial support he so graciously proffered. My wife, Nancy, whose great enthusiasm for our year of field work in Ecuador was matched only by her unflagging patience during the tedious year and a half that followed in Gainesville, assisted in the collection of specimens and population samples, handled most of the life-history rearings, and aided in the preparation and analysis of the data. For all this and much more I am thankfully beholden. 111 I am grateful to Dr. William G. D'Arcy, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, for identifying the solanaceous plants. At the Allyn Museum of Entomology, Sarasota, Florida, Dr. Lee Miller aided in the identification of several butterfly species and Jacqueline Miller kindly identified the Castniidae. I am indebted to Dr. Lincoln Brower, Amherst College, for loaning me a copy of Christine Papageorgis' dissertation, and to F. Martin Brown, Colorado Springs, Colorado, for loaning me one of the few extant copies of d' Almeida's "Melanges Lepidopteriques." I thank my wife, Nancy,' fbr translating the latter work and other papers from the French. Nancy Drummond also patiently typed and edited early drafts of the manuscript as well as most of the final copy, for which I am extremely grateful. Donna Gillis typed Tables 4 and 5 and the bibliography. The photography staff of the Office of Instructional Resources, University of Florida, prepared Figures 10 through 15. Nancy Drummond kindly drew Figures 33-35 and 46-47 and aided in the preparation of several others. The year of Ecuadorian field work was made possible only by the aid of a number of helpful persons and organizations in the United States and Ecuador. Dan Doyle of the Miami office of the Summer Institute of Linguistics severed yards of red tape at the Ecuadorian embassy to expedite the issuance of the required visas. Giovanna Holbrook of Holbrook Travel and the staff of JAARS (Jungle Aviation and Radio Service of SIL) kindly arranged the various transfers of our over- weight equipment and baggage to, from, and within Ecuador against improbable odds. Ruth and Steve Smith kindly stored our worldly possessions during our fourteen months in Ecuador. The personnel of IV the Ecuadorian Branch of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, especially John Lindskoog, Jonathon Johnson, and Don and Helen Johnson, facilitated our transportation in Ecuador and made available housing and supplies at Limoncocha. I am particularly grateful to Wayne and JoAnne Fitch, Jim and Kathie Yost, and Pat Kelley for many personal favors during the course of this research. Special thanks are due Mark and Phyllis Newell for allowing us to live in their spacious house at Limoncocha during the final three months of our stay. I thank Drs. Howard Weems and Robert Woodruff, Department of Entomology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture, for providing equipment and supplies. This research was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid from Sigma Xi. TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES . ix LIST OF FIGURES xi ABSTRACT xv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 Study Area 3 Historical Background 4 Climatic Description 8 Physical Description 20 The Butterfly Community at Limoncocha, Ecuador .... 30 Composition 30 Microhabitat Distribution 42 The Butterfly Subfamily Ithomiinae 45 The Plant Family Solanaceae 59 II METHODS 71 4. Ill ADULT ECOLOGY OF THE ITHOMIINAE 77 Microhabitat Requirements 77 Activity Patterns 81 Perching Behavior 82 Predation and Parasitism 84 Food Resources and Feeding Behavior 87 Locating Food Sources 89 Flower Feeding 90 Coevolution of Ithomiines and White-flowered Plants 110 Ithomiine Attractants "•* vi CHAPTER Page Population Ecology 117 Spatial Heterogeneity 117 The Capture-Mark-Recapture Program at Site 4 121 * IV REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE ITHOMIINAE 148 Courtship 148 Function of Hairpencils in Male Ithomiines .... 150 Mate-locating Behavior of Male Butterflies .... 154 Mate- locating Behavior of Ithomiine Males .... 1*55 Species-specific Male Courtship Behaviors .... 164 Pursuit Behavior of Courting Males 181 Function of the Display Perch 185 Mating 186 Sperm Precedence 189 Multiple Matings 191 Carrying Pair Behavior 193 Oviposit ion 195 Oviposition Strategies 200 Modes of Oviposition Behavior 215 Foodplant Specificity 223 V COMPARATIVE LIFE HISTORIES OF THE ITHOMIINAE 225 Immature Stages 226 Eggs 230 Larvae 231 Pupae 235 Generation Time £ 237 Parasitism and Predation 256 Parasitism 258 Predation 262 VI THE ITHOMIINAE-SOLANACEAE INTERFACE 267 Plant Defenses and Larval Adaptations 268 Larval Foodplant Relationships of the Ithomiinae ... 270 Patterns of Foodplant Utilization 281 Foodplant Specificity of Limoncocha Ithomiines . 286 Utilization of Larval Foodplants at Limoncocha .... 292 VII THE MIMETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ITHOMIINAE 301 The Mimetic Subcomplexes at Limoncocha 302 Transparent Mimetic Complex 303 Tiger Mimetic Complex 315 vii Page CHAPTER ... 326 Polymorphic Mimetic Species ...••• Limoncocha Ithomiine Participation in ^ ^ Mimicry Complexes the Ithomiinae . • • 331 Evidence for Unpalatability in . 331 Circumstantial Evidence ^ Direct Evidence of Ithomiine Ecology .... 335 Some Mimetic Consequences 344 * ... VIII CONCLUSIONS ' ' 349 REFERENCES ... 361 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH vm LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 1. Water Balance Calculation for Llmoncocha, Ecuador . 19 2. Comparison of the Butterfly Faunas of a Variety of Neotropical Locations 40 3. The Number of Genera and Species in the Eight Tribes of Ithomiinae 49 4. Species of Ithomiinae Collected at 'Llmoncocha, Ecuador ... 53 5. Species of Solanaceae Collected at Limoncocha, Ecuador ... 67 6. Nectar Sources of Ithomiine Butterflies 92 7. Summary of Collections of Ithomiine Butterflies Visiting Eupatorium I Flowers at Study Sites 1 and 3 in January 1974 108 8. Species Diversity of the Ithomiine Community at Study Site 4 132 9. Similarity of Species Composition Between Consecutive Samples of the Ithomiine Community at Study Site 4 (SjEfrenson's Quotient of Similarity) 136 10. Estimates of Longevity of Ithomiine Butterflies Based on Recapture Data at Study Site 4 144 11. Sex Ratio, Probability of Interspecific Encounter (PIE), and Probability of Intraspecif ic-heterosexual Encounter in the Ithomiine Community at Study Site 4 157 12. Postures of Male Ithomiines During Display Perch Courtship 172 13. Postures of Male Ithomiines During Patrol Perch Courtship 178 14. Mating Pairs of Ithomiines Observed at Limoncocha 188 15. Summary of Oviposition Parameters for Ithomiine Butterflies 202 16. Summary of Developmental Times of Ithomiine Butterflies 238 ix TABLE 17. Parasitism of Field-collected Ithomiine Eggs and Larvae 18. Larval Foodplant Records for the Ithomiidae 19. Numbers of Solanaceous Plants and Ithomiine Immatures at Site 4 20. Numbers of Solanaceous Plants and Ithomiine Immatures at Site 5 21. Numbers of Solanaceous Plants and Ithomiine Immatures at Site 1 22. Numbers of Solanaceous Plants and Ithomiine Immatures at Site 6 23. Summary of Foodplant and Juvenile Ithomiine Densities 24. Ithomiine Participation in Limoncocha Mimicry Complexes LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1. Map of East Ecuador (the Oriente) c 2. Map of Limoncocha, Ecuador .-. -, 3. Mean Monthly Temperatures, Mean Monthly Maximum Temperatures, and Mean Monthly Minimum Temperatures at Limoncocha, Ecuador 10 4. Annual Rainfall at Limoncocha, Ecuador: 1961-1974 11 5. Mean Monthly Rainfall at Limoncocha, Ecuador 13 6. Rainfall at Limoncocha, Ecuador: January 1974 to December 1974 13 7. Percent Rainy Days per Month and Mean Maximum Consecutive Rainless Days per Month at Limoncocha, Ecuador 14 8. Percent Days per Month with Greater Than 50% Cloud Cover at 1300 hours at Limoncocha, Ecuador 15 9. Mean Monthly Percent Relative Humidity at 1300 hours at Limoncocha, Ecuador 16 10. Near Beginning of Nature Trail (stem portion) in Secondary Forest 25 11. Nature Trail (loop portion) in Primary Forest, near Study Site 4 (100 m by 2 m transect) 25 12. Logging Trail, Study Site 3 27 13. Males of Scada batesi Haensch Feeding at Eupatorium I Flowers at Study Site 3 27 14. Logging Trail, Study Site 4 29 15. Forest Interior at Study Site 4 29 16. Number of Species in each Butterfly Family at Limoncocha, Ecuador 36 xi FIGURE 17. Number of Species in each Butterfly Family in Eastern Pernambuco, Brazil 18. Number of Species in each Butterfly Family in Eastern Espirito Santo and Southern Bahia, Brazil 19. Number of Species in each Butterfly Family at Jaru, Rondonia, Brazil 20. Relative Abundances of Species of Ithomiinae at Limoncocha, Ecuador 21. Ithomiine Feeding Activity at Heliotropium I Blossoms: June 26, 1974 22. Ithomiine Feeding Activity at Heiiotropium I Blossoms: June 29, 1974 23. Ithomiine Feeding Activity at Maranta I Blossoms: July 12, 1974 24.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Final Report for the University of Nottingham / Operation Wallacea Forest Projects, Honduras 2004
    FINAL REPORT for the University of Nottingham / Operation Wallacea forest projects, Honduras 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS FINAL REPORT FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM / OPERATION WALLACEA FOREST PROJECTS, HONDURAS 2004 .....................................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW ..............................................................................................................................3 List of the projects undertaken in 2004, with scientists’ names .........................................................................4 Forest structure and composition ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Bat diversity and abundance ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Bird diversity, abundance and ecology ............................................................................................................................ 4 Herpetofaunal diversity, abundance and ecology............................................................................................................. 4 Invertebrate diversity, abundance and ecology ................................................................................................................ 4 Primate behaviour...........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Distributional Study of the Butterflies of the Sierra De Tuxtla in Veracruz, Mexico. Gary Noel Ross Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1967 A Distributional Study of the Butterflies of the Sierra De Tuxtla in Veracruz, Mexico. Gary Noel Ross Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Ross, Gary Noel, "A Distributional Study of the Butterflies of the Sierra De Tuxtla in Veracruz, Mexico." (1967). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1315. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1315 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 67-14,010 ROSS, Gary Noel, 1940- A DISTRIBUTIONAL STUDY OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SIERRA DE TUXTLA IN VERACRUZ, MEXICO. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical CoUege, Ph.D., 1967 Entomology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan A DISTRIBUTIONAL STUDY OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SIERRA DE TUXTLA IN VERACRUZ, MEXICO A D issertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and A gricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Entomology by Gary Noel Ross M.S., Louisiana State University, 196*+ May, 1967 FRONTISPIECE Section of the south wall of the crater of Volcan Santa Marta. May 1965, 5,100 feet. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many persons have contributed to and assisted me in the prep­ aration of this dissertation and I wish to express my sincerest ap­ preciation to them all.
    [Show full text]
  • The Endangered Butterfly Charonias Theano (Boisduval)(Lepidoptera
    Neotropical Entomology ISSN: 1519-566X journal homepage: www.scielo.br/ne ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS The Endangered Butterfly Charonias theano (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): Current Status, Threats and its Rediscovery in the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil AVL Freitas1, LA Kaminski1, CA Iserhard1, EP Barbosa1, OJ Marini Filho2 1 Depto de Biologia Animal & Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Univ Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil 2Centro de Pesquisa e Conservação do Cerrado e Caatinga – CECAT, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Brasília, DF, Brasil Keywords Abstract Aporiina, Atlantic Forest, endangered species, Pierini, Serra do Japi The pierid Charonias theano Correspondence (Boisduval), an endangered butterfly André V L Freitas, Depto de Biologia Animal & species, has been rarely observed in nature, and has not been recorded Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Univ in the state of CSão. theano Paulo in the last 50 years despite numerous efforts Estadual de Campinas, CP6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brasil; [email protected] to locate extant colonies. Based on museum specimens and personal information, was known from 26 sites in southeastern Edited by Kleber Del Claro – UFU and southern Brazil. Recently, an apparently viable population was recorded in a new locality, at Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, with Received 26 May 2011 and accepted 03 severalsince this individuals site represents observed one of during the few two large weeks forested in April, protected 2011. areas The August 2011 existence of this population at Serra do Japi is an important finding, São Paulo, but within its entire historical distribution. where the species could potentially persist not only in the state of Introduction In the last Brazilian red list of endangered fauna (Machado intensively sampled from 1987 to 1991, resulting in a list et al of 652 species (Brown 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a Synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a Historical Sketch
    ZOOLOGÍA-TAXONOMÍA www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia.htm Caldasia 31(2):407-440. 2009 HACIA UNA SÍNTESIS DE LOS PAPILIONOIDEA (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a historical sketch JOSÉ LUIS SALINAS-GUTIÉRREZ El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Chetumal. Av. Centenario km. 5.5, A. P. 424, C. P. 77900. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, México. [email protected] CLAUDIO MÉNDEZ Escuela de Biología, Universidad de San Carlos, Ciudad Universitaria, Campus Central USAC, Zona 12. Guatemala, Guatemala. [email protected] MERCEDES BARRIOS Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas (CECON), Universidad de San Carlos, Avenida La Reforma 0-53, Zona 10, Guatemala, Guatemala. [email protected] CARMEN POZO El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Chetumal. Av. Centenario km. 5.5, A. P. 424, C. P. 77900. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, México. [email protected] JORGE LLORENTE-BOUSQUETS Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Apartado Postal 70-399, México D.F. 04510; México. [email protected]. Autor responsable. RESUMEN La riqueza biológica de Mesoamérica es enorme. Dentro de esta gran área geográfi ca se encuentran algunos de los ecosistemas más diversos del planeta (selvas tropicales), así como varios de los principales centros de endemismo en el mundo (bosques nublados). Países como Guatemala, en esta gran área biogeográfi ca, tiene grandes zonas de bosque húmedo tropical y bosque mesófi lo, por esta razón es muy importante para analizar la diversidad en la región. Lamentablemente, la fauna de mariposas de Guatemala es poco conocida y por lo tanto, es necesario llevar a cabo un estudio y análisis de la composición y la diversidad de las mariposas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) en Guatemala.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in a Coastal Plain Area in the State of Paraná, Brazil
    62 TROP. LEPID. RES., 26(2): 62-67, 2016 LEVISKI ET AL.: Butterflies in Paraná Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in a coastal plain area in the state of Paraná, Brazil Gabriela Lourenço Leviski¹*, Luziany Queiroz-Santos¹, Ricardo Russo Siewert¹, Lucy Mila Garcia Salik¹, Mirna Martins Casagrande¹ and Olaf Hermann Hendrik Mielke¹ ¹ Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19.020, 81.531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]٭ Abstract: The coastal plain environments of southern Brazil are neglected and poorly represented in Conservation Units. In view of the importance of sampling these areas, the present study conducted the first butterfly inventory of a coastal area in the state of Paraná. Samples were taken in the Floresta Estadual do Palmito, from February 2014 through January 2015, using insect nets and traps for fruit-feeding butterfly species. A total of 200 species were recorded, in the families Hesperiidae (77), Nymphalidae (73), Riodinidae (20), Lycaenidae (19), Pieridae (7) and Papilionidae (4). Particularly notable records included the rare and vulnerable Pseudotinea hemis (Schaus, 1927), representing the lowest elevation record for this species, and Temenis huebneri korallion Fruhstorfer, 1912, a new record for Paraná. These results reinforce the need to direct sampling efforts to poorly inventoried areas, to increase knowledge of the distribution and occurrence patterns of butterflies in Brazil. Key words: Atlantic Forest, Biodiversity, conservation, inventory, species richness. INTRODUCTION the importance of inventories to knowledge of the fauna and its conservation, the present study inventoried the species of Faunal inventories are important for providing knowledge butterflies of the Floresta Estadual do Palmito.
    [Show full text]
  • The Brain of a Nocturnal Migratory Insect, the Australian Bogong Moth
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/810895; this version posted January 21, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. The brain of a nocturnal migratory insect, the Australian Bogong moth Authors: Andrea Adden1, Sara Wibrand1, Keram Pfeiffer2, Eric Warrant1, Stanley Heinze1,3 1 Lund Vision Group, Lund University, Sweden 2 University of Würzburg, Germany 3 NanoLund, Lund University, Sweden Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Every year, millions of Australian Bogong moths (Agrotis infusa) complete an astonishing journey: in spring, they migrate over 1000 km from their breeding grounds to the alpine regions of the Snowy Mountains, where they endure the hot summer in the cool climate of alpine caves. In autumn, the moths return to their breeding grounds, where they mate, lay eggs and die. These moths can use visual cues in combination with the geomagnetic field to guide their flight, but how these cues are processed and integrated in the brain to drive migratory behavior is unknown. To generate an access point for functional studies, we provide a detailed description of the Bogong moth’s brain. Based on immunohistochemical stainings against synapsin and serotonin (5HT), we describe the overall layout as well as the fine structure of all major neuropils, including the regions that have previously been implicated in compass-based navigation. The resulting average brain atlas consists of 3D reconstructions of 25 separate neuropils, comprising the most detailed account of a moth brain to date.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Emergence and Diversification of a Specialised Antennal Lobe Morphology in Ithomiine Butterflies
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.13.336206; this version posted October 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Re-emergence and diversification of a specialised antennal lobe morphology 2 in ithomiine butterflies 3 4 Authors: 5 Billy J Morris1*, Antoine Couto1,2, Asli Aydin3, Stephen H Montgomery2*. 6 7 Affiliations: 1 8 Dept. of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ 9 2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ 10 3 School of Medicine, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu 34450 Sarıyer / Istanbul, Turkey 11 12 * corresponding authors: 13 BJM: [email protected] 14 SHM: [email protected] 15 16 Abstract 17 How an organism’s sensory system functions is central to how it navigates its environment and 18 meets the behavioural challenges associated with survival and reproduction. Comparing sensory 19 systems across species can reveal how facets of behaviour and ecology promote adaptive shifts 20 in the relative importance of certain environmental cues. The insect olfactory system is prominent 21 model for investigating how ecological factors impact sensory reception and processing. Notably 22 work in Lepidoptera led to the discovery of vastly expanded structures, termed a macroglomerular 23 complex (MGC), within the primary olfactory processing centre. These structures typically process 24 pheromonal cues and provide a classic example of how variation in size can influence the 25 functional processing of sensory cues.
    [Show full text]
  • Panama's Brilliant Butterflies December 3-15, 2017
    Panama's Brilliant Butterflies December 3-15, 2017 Guides: Faustino "Tino" Sanchez Daily Itinerary : Linda Harrison Day 1 - December 3rd; Arrival, Canopy Lodge gardens Day 2 - December 4th; Cara Iguana am & Las Mozas pm Day 3 - December 5th; Las Minas/Cara Iguana am & Finca Macarena/Las Minas pm TOTAL SPECIES: 301 (including 5?) Day 4 - December 6th; Altos del Maria & Canopy Lodge gardens Day 5 - December 7th; Canopy Lodge am & Canopy Tower/Semaphore Hill pm Main Tour: 235 Day 6 - December 8th; Ammo Ponds & Pipeline Road Day 7 - December 9th; Metropolitan Park, Canopy Tower & Summit Ponds Camp: 144 Day 8 - December 10th; Canopy Tower Canopy Camp Extension : Blue=species added Main Tour: 6 Day 8 - December 10th; Bayano Lake, Torti & Canopy Camp grounds Orange=species added Camp Tour: 4 Day 9 - December 11th; Canopy Camp am & Pan American Hwy. pm Day 10 - December 12th; El Salto Road am & Pan American Hwy. pm Day 11 - December 13th; El Salto Road am & Lagos Blancas pm There are a few trip photos at end! Day 12 - December 14th; Aligondi am & Sansom pm Day 13 - December 15th; San Francisco Reserve am 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th PAPILIONIDAE SWALLOWTAILS Papilioninae Swallowtails & Cattlehearts Neographium agesilaus Short-lined Kite-Swallowtail X Battus polydamas Polydamas Swallowtail X Battus ingenuus Dyar's Swallowtail X Parides childrenae childrenae Green-celled Cattleheart X X X X X X Parides sesostris tarquinius Emerald-patched Cattleheart X X X XCC X X Heraclides anchisiades Ruby-spotted Swallowtail X Heraclides
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Land Use on Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Abundance and Diversity in the Tropical Coastal Regions of Guyana and Australia
    ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following work: Sambhu, Hemchandranauth (2018) Effects of land use on butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) abundance and diversity in the tropical coastal regions of Guyana and Australia. PhD Thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: https://doi.org/10.25903/5bd8e93df512e Copyright © 2018 Hemchandranauth Sambhu The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owners of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please email [email protected] EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON BUTTERFLY (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY IN THE TROPICAL COASTAL REGIONS OF GUYANA AND AUSTRALIA _____________________________________________ By: Hemchandranauth Sambhu B.Sc. (Biology), University of Guyana, Guyana M.Sc. (Res: Plant and Environmental Sciences), University of Warwick, United Kingdom A thesis Prepared for the College of Science and Engineering, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy James Cook University February, 2018 DEDICATION ________________________________________________________ I dedicate this thesis to my wife, Alliea, and to our little girl who is yet to make her first appearance in this world. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ________________________________________________________ I would like to thank the Australian Government through their Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade for graciously offering me a scholarship (Australia Aid Award – AusAid) to study in Australia. From the time of my departure from my home country in 2014, Alex Salvador, Katherine Elliott and other members of the AusAid team have always ensured that the highest quality of care was extended to me as a foreign student in a distant land.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny and Systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea): Higher Classification and Biogeography
    Blackwell Publishing LtdOxford, UKZOJZoological Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4082The Lin- nean Society of London, 2006? 2006 147? 239275 Original Article PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE PIERIDAEM. F. BRABY ET AL. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 147, 239–275. With 8 figures Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea): higher classification and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/147/2/239/2631026 by Harvard Library user on 21 November 2018 biogeography MICHAEL F. BRABY1,2*, ROGER VILA1 and NAOMI E. PIERCE1 1Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 2School of Botany and Zoology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Received May 2004; accepted for publication October 2005 The systematic relationships of the butterfly family Pieridae are poorly understood. Much of our current under- standing is based primarily on detailed morphological observations made 50–70 years ago. However, the family and its putative four subfamilies and two tribes, have rarely been subjected to rigorous phylogenetic analysis. Here we present results based on an analysis of molecular characters used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Pieridae in order to infer higher-level classification above the generic level and patterns of historical biogeography. Our sample contained 90 taxa representing 74 genera and six subgenera, or 89% of all genera recognized in the family. Three complementary approaches were
    [Show full text]
  • Butterflies and Moths of Honduras
    Heliothis ononis Flax Bollworm Moth Coptotriche aenea Blackberry Leafminer Argyresthia canadensis Apyrrothrix araxes Dull Firetip Phocides pigmalion Mangrove Skipper Phocides belus Belus Skipper Phocides palemon Guava Skipper Phocides urania Urania skipper Proteides mercurius Mercurial Skipper Epargyreus zestos Zestos Skipper Epargyreus clarus Silver-spotted Skipper Epargyreus spanna Hispaniolan Silverdrop Epargyreus exadeus Broken Silverdrop Polygonus leo Hammock Skipper Polygonus savigny Manuel's Skipper Chioides albofasciatus White-striped Longtail Chioides zilpa Zilpa Longtail Chioides ixion Hispaniolan Longtail Aguna asander Gold-spotted Aguna Aguna claxon Emerald Aguna Aguna metophis Tailed Aguna Typhedanus undulatus Mottled Longtail Typhedanus ampyx Gold-tufted Skipper Polythrix octomaculata Eight-spotted Longtail Polythrix mexicanus Mexican Longtail Polythrix asine Asine Longtail Polythrix caunus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) Zestusa dorus Short-tailed Skipper Codatractus carlos Carlos' Mottled-Skipper Codatractus alcaeus White-crescent Longtail Codatractus yucatanus Yucatan Mottled-Skipper Codatractus arizonensis Arizona Skipper Codatractus valeriana Valeriana Skipper Urbanus proteus Long-tailed Skipper Urbanus viterboana Bluish Longtail Urbanus belli Double-striped Longtail Urbanus pronus Pronus Longtail Urbanus esmeraldus Esmeralda Longtail Urbanus evona Turquoise Longtail Urbanus dorantes Dorantes Longtail Urbanus teleus Teleus Longtail Urbanus tanna Tanna Longtail Urbanus simplicius Plain Longtail Urbanus procne Brown Longtail
    [Show full text]
  • Variable Selection and the Coexistence of Multiple Mimetic Forms of the Butterfly Heliconius Numata
    Evolutionary Ecology 13: 721±754, 1999. Ó 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Research paper Variable selection and the coexistence of multiple mimetic forms of the butter¯y Heliconius numata MATHIEU JORON1*, IAN R. WYNNE2, GERARDO LAMAS3 and JAMES MALLET2 1Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Universite de MontpellierII, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France; 2Department of Biology, University College London, 4, Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK; 3Departamento de EntomologõÂa, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 14-0434, Lima-14, Peru (*author for correspondence, fax: +31 (0) 71-527-4900; email: [email protected] Inst. Evol. Ecol. Sciences, Univ. Leiden, PO BOX 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands) Received 20 June 2000; accepted 11 December 2000 Co-ordinating editor: C. Rowe Abstract. Polymorphism in aposematic animals and coexistence of multiple mimicry rings within a habitat are not predicted by classical MuÈ llerian mimicry. The butter¯y Heliconius numata Cramer (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae; Heliconiinae) is both polymorphic and aposematic. The polymor- phism is due to variation at a single locus (or `supergene') which determines colour patterns involved in MuÈ llerian mimicry. We sampled 11 sites in a small area (approx. 60 ´ 30 km) of North- eastern Peru for H. numata and its co-mimics in the genus Melinaea and Athyrtis (Ithomiinae), and examined the role of temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the maintenance of polymorphism. Colour-patterns of Melinaea communities, which constitute the likely `mimetic environment' for H. numata, are dierentiated on a more local scale than morphs of H. numata, but the latter do show a strong and signi®cant response to local selection for colour-pattern.
    [Show full text]