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INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a Synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a Historical Sketch

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INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a Synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a Historical Sketch ZOOLOGÍA-TAXONOMÍA www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia.htm Caldasia 31(2):407-440. 2009 HACIA UNA SÍNTESIS DE LOS PAPILIONOIDEA (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a historical sketch JOSÉ LUIS SALINAS-GUTIÉRREZ El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Chetumal. Av. Centenario km. 5.5, A. P. 424, C. P. 77900. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, México. [email protected] CLAUDIO MÉNDEZ Escuela de Biología, Universidad de San Carlos, Ciudad Universitaria, Campus Central USAC, Zona 12. Guatemala, Guatemala. [email protected] MERCEDES BARRIOS Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas (CECON), Universidad de San Carlos, Avenida La Reforma 0-53, Zona 10, Guatemala, Guatemala. [email protected] CARMEN POZO El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Chetumal. Av. Centenario km. 5.5, A. P. 424, C. P. 77900. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, México. [email protected] JORGE LLORENTE-BOUSQUETS Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Apartado Postal 70-399, México D.F. 04510; México. [email protected]. Autor responsable. RESUMEN La riqueza biológica de Mesoamérica es enorme. Dentro de esta gran área geográfi ca se encuentran algunos de los ecosistemas más diversos del planeta (selvas tropicales), así como varios de los principales centros de endemismo en el mundo (bosques nublados). Países como Guatemala, en esta gran área biogeográfi ca, tiene grandes zonas de bosque húmedo tropical y bosque mesófi lo, por esta razón es muy importante para analizar la diversidad en la región. Lamentablemente, la fauna de mariposas de Guatemala es poco conocida y por lo tanto, es necesario llevar a cabo un estudio y análisis de la composición y la diversidad de las mariposas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) en Guatemala. Este es el primer esfuerzo en reunir diferentes tipos de información y aumentar el conocimiento de las mariposas en Guatemala y el Neotrópico. La lista está integrada por 761 taxones del nivel especie, con registros de colecciones biológicas, literatura, recolectas de campo, datos inéditos y bases de datos. Se comentan algunos aspectos de la diversidad, la composición de especies y la distribución geográfi ca de las mariposas en Guatemala y con respecto a otras unidades geográfi cas. Otra parte presenta un bosquejo histórico. Hoy en día el conocimiento de las mariposas de este país está aumentando y éste es uno de los muchos estudios en marcha. Palabras clave. América Central, riqueza, diversidad, historia, lista de especies, mariposas, historia de la entomología, Guatemala. 407 Papilionoidea de Guatemala ABSTRACT The Mesoamerican biological richness is enormous. Within this large geographic area are located some of the most diverse ecosystems on earth (rain forests), as well as major centers of endemism in the world (cloud forests). Countries, such as Guatemala, have large areas of tropical rain forest and cloud forest and for this reason it is very important to analyze the diversity in this region. Unfortunately, the butterfl y fauna of Guatemala is poorly known and therefore it is necessary to conduct a study and analysis of its composition and diversity. This is the fi rst effort in compiling different kinds of information to increase our knowledge of the butterfl ies in Guatemala and the Neotropics. The list includes 761 species with records of biological collections, literature, fi eld collections, unpublished data, and data bases. Some aspects of the diversity, species composition and geographical distribution of the butterfl ies in Guatemala with respect to other geographic units, are commented. A historical sketch is also presented. Today, the knowledge of the butterfl ies of this country is rapidly increasing and this is one of many on-going studies. Key words. Central America, richness, diversity, history, species list, butterfl ies, history of entomology, Guatemala. INTRODUCCIÓN hay azules y coloradas,…” (Ximenez 1722: 228-229). Antecedentes históricos: un ensayo En relación con el tema de los lepidópteros, La información más antigua sobre mariposas posterior al libro de Ximenez, en América, de Guatemala, durante el periodo colonial, data son célebres las Reales Expediciones a los de principios del siglo XVIII y se encuentra virreinatos españoles; en especial las que incluida en el libro de Fray Francisco ocurrieron en el Perú, la Nueva Granada y Ximenez [1722] intitulado Historia Natural la Nueva España, además de la expedición del Reino de Guatemala. El padre predicador científica de Malaspina. Existe toda una general Ximenez lo escribió en el pueblo de biblioteca dedicada a estos temas, producto Sacapulas. Sobre las mariposas indica: “Hay de varios proyectos nacionales en España, tantas y tan diversas, y de diversos colores, Colombia y México. Aún está por efectuarse que es una maravilla, y las hay tan grandes una compilación completa y detallada de ellas que suelen parecer paxaros. Y el modo que para los artrópodos, y en particular para las tienen de procriarse he observado, que es mariposas, como recién lo efectuaron para que la hembra fecundada del macho pone sus buena parte de las aves Navarro-Sigüenza et huevecitos, al modo del gusano de la seda, al. (2007). En particular es necesario hacerlo y estos los pone pegados a las hojas de los para la Real Expedición a la Nueva España, árboles,… De allí salen gusanos y se crían de la cual partieron, por varios años, a explorar en la hoja que han nacido, y en siendo ya de e inspeccionar Guatemala en aspectos de tiempo hace una telilla, y se queda dentro…, historia natural (Maldonado 2001). y a su tiempo de allí sale el papalote. Y así parece que todas aquestas criaturas que son De la expedición botánica a la Nueva palomitas y papalotes todas tienen un mesmo España, José Longinos Martínez Garrido, modo de multiplicarse como los gusanos de naturalista, minerólogo y el único zoólogo la seda,…, de quarto alas que regularmente de la exploración, es a quién se deben andan sobre el lodo, y en el agua que las las primeras investigaciones zoológicas 408 Salinas-Gutiérrez et al. en Guatemala, además de ser creador Hasta donde se sabe, Longinos Martínez, del primer Gabinete de Historia Natural. no dejó ilustraciones o descripciones. Sin Longinos, originario de Calahorra, embargo, sus materiales quedaron dispersos Logroño, España, nació el 15 de marzo y muchos se perdieron (Bernabéu 1994, de 1756; fue admitido oficialmente en el Maldonado 2001). No obstante, el libro de grupo expedicionario en 1787 y comenzó Maldonado “La expedición científica de el viaje a la Nueva España desde Cádiz Centroamérica (1795-1803)” da numerosas un 28 de noviembre del mismo año. Ya indicaciones de haber trabajado con mariposas establecida la Expedición en México, ésta en Guatemala, destacando los itinerarios inicia su viaje hacia Centroamérica en seguidos, las áreas que visitó Longinos, y la primavera de 1794, antes de terminar datos sobre el Gabinete de Historia Natural ésta sufre modificaciones para llegar a su donde se incluyeron mariposas (Maldonado término como estaba planeado. Ya en junio 1997, 2001: 295-297). Al parecer las únicas de 1796 Longinos se encontraba en el Reino ilustraciones que quedan de la Real Expedición de Guatemala trabajando en su Gabinete Novohispana son las que posiblemente efectuó de Historia Natural, que con ayuda de la Atanasio Echeverría, bajo indicaciones de Sociedad Económica de Amantes del País Mociño (Lamas 1986). Estas láminas son y del Presidente del Reino de Guatemala se anteriores a 1797 y, por lo tanto, seguramente vio cristalizado tal esfuerzo, dicho gabinete provienen de México; algunas posiblemente se encontraba dividido en tres secciones, del estado de Guerrero, en el camino de la primera de ellas estaba constituida por Acapulco a la Cd. de México. Vicente de la especímenes del reino animal y entre esos Cerda viajó por Centroamérica con Mociño, ejemplares se encontraban lepidópteros pero desconocemos de él ilustraciones de (Maldonado 1997). mariposas de esta región. El 9 de diciembre de 1796 se inaugur ó el Según Maldonado (2001), la pérdida de los gabinete con los ejercicios de historia natural materiales de Longinos pudo ocurrir en varias con dos de los discípulos más destacados, ciudades de la Nueva España o en Guatemala, uno de ellos, Pascasio Ortiz de Letona, a aunque también durante la invasión francesa quien como anécdota le preguntaron sobre que llegó hasta Madrid, en 1808, y saqueó la utilidad de la historia natural para su uso parte de los bienes de la expedición, a través en la moda, a lo cual él respondió “todas de algunos ofi ciales que abrieron los cajones las innovaciones del luxo para seguir el donde estaban los animales y los sustrajeron. entusiasmo de la variedad, y del gusto, Lo poco que se salvó fueron unas cuantas tomaban ideas de los hermosos colores, láminas a las que ya aludimos, y no se sabe y matices de las mariposas y fl ores”. El de ejemplares de mariposas de México en gabinete tuvo una longevidad de cinco años Madrid, pues se ignora el detalle de los y fue el primer museo de historia natural de especímenes remitidos, en 1808, al virrey de América Central, éste que posteriormente México (Archivo General de Centroamérica, dio lugar al Museo Nacional de Historia A1.43, Exp. 743, Leg. 26). Natural. Después de todas sus actividades científi cas y contratiempos con sus colegas Respecto a la expedición científica de de expedición, Longinos fi nalmente regresó Malaspina a la Nueva España (1789-1794) a México el 28 de abril de 1801, vía El (González 1988), no es claro si visitó áreas Petén y Campeche; fi nalmente muere en guatemaltecas; aunque bien se sabe que el noviembre de 1802 enfermo de tuberculosis naturalista-zoólogo que acompañaba a la pulmonar (Maldonado 1997). expedición, Antonio Pineda y Ramírez, era 409 Papilionoidea de Guatemala originario de Guatemala y se había formado La expedición de Morelet fue de noviembre en Madrid.
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