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Interações Plantas-Visitantes Florais Em Áreas De Restinga: Estrutura E Redes Ecológicas

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Interações Plantas-Visitantes Florais Em Áreas De Restinga: Estrutura E Redes Ecológicas INTERAÇÕES PLANTAS-VISITANTES FLORAIS EM ÁREAS DE RESTINGA: ESTRUTURA E REDES ECOLÓGICAS MARIANA SCARAMUSSA DEPRÁ UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO NORTE FLUMINENSE DARCY RIBEIRO - UENF CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES - RJ FEVEREIRO/2018 INTERAÇÕES PLANTAS-VISITANTES FLORAIS EM ÁREAS DE RESTINGA: ESTRUTURA E REDES ECOLÓGICAS MARIANA SCARAMUSSA DEPRÁ “Tese apresentada ao Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, como parte das exigências para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais.” Orientadora: Dra. Maria Cristina Gaglianone CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES - RJ FEVEREIRO/2018 ii AGRADECIMENTOS À Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro e ao Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais (LCA) pelo apoio logístico para a realização deste trabalho. À Capes pela concessão da bolsa do Programa Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior (PDSE) realizado na Newcastle University no Reino Unido. À prof.ª Maria Cristina Gaglianone pela confiança e oportunidade de orientação. Ao prof. Darren Evans da Newcatle University no Reino Unido por ter me recebido durante o estágio no exterior pelo PDSE e pelo auxílio nas análises de redes de interações. À Prumo Logística e ao Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA-RJ), pela permissão de trabalho na Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Fazenda Caruara; em particular ao Daniel Ferreira do Nascimento pelo auxílio na escolha das áreas de estudo e disponibilização de informações sobre o projeto de plantio de mudas para a restauração. Ao Alan Mattedi, na época bolsista do projeto “Restinga: Conhecer e Conservar” da Fundação Flora de Apoio à Botânica, pelo auxílio na escolha dos pontos amostrais na RPPN Caruara. Ao André Leal e a Cleide Tavares (Omega Energia) pela autorização de trabalho no Parque Eólico de Gargaú. Aos meus amigos de laboratório, Anna Pazini, Caíque Barcellos, Carolina Rabelo, Cassio Machado, Ellen Pessoa, Fernanda DelPenho, Fernanda Werneck, Maira Coelho, Júlio Marcos Araújo, Marcelita Marques, Otávio Reis, Sônia Guimarães, Ulli Barros e Vivian Manhães, pelo auxílio no campo, na triagem do material e confecção de etiquetas, na organização das planilhas e na identificação dos insetos e plantas. Ao meu namorado Vitor Martins Corrêa pelo ajuda nos campos, na digitação de inúmeras planilhas e companhia nos finais de semana de trabalho no laboratório. Aos técnicos do LCA Helmo Siqueira Carvalho e Gerson Rocha da Purificação pelo auxílio nas coletas de campo. Aos especialistas dos diferentes grupos de insetos pelo auxílio na identificação. Coleoptera: Magali Hoffmann (UENF) e Ayr Bello. Diptera, Syrphidae: Mírian Nunes Morales (UFLA). Diptera, Bombyliidae: Carlos José Einicker Lamas (USP). Hymenoptera: Gabriel Augusto Rodrigues de Melo (UFPR). Lepidoptera: Diego Rodrigo Dolibaina (UFPR). iv A Tatiane Souza da IPF Soluções Florestais pelo auxílio na identificação das espécies de plantas. Aos membros do comitê de acompanhamento (CA), professores Magali Hoffmann e Marcelo Trindade Nascimento, pela orientação no projeto. Aos participantes da banca de defesa, professores Ilana Zalmon, Leandro Freitas e Magali Hoffmann, por terem aceitado o convite. v SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS .......................................................................................................................... viii LISTA DE TABELAS ............................................................................................................................ xi LISTA DE APÊNDICES ...................................................................................................................... xii LISTA DE ANEXOS ........................................................................................................................... xiii RESUMO ............................................................................................................................................. xiv ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... xvi INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ....................................................................................................................... 1 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................................................ 12 CAPÍTULO 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 18 ESTRUTURA DAS COMUNIDADES DE VISITANTES FLORAIS EM ÁREAS DE RESTAURAÇÃO E REMANESCENTE DE RESTINGA NO SUDESTE DO BRASIL ............. 18 RESUMO ......................................................................................................................................... 18 1. INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................... 20 2. OBJETIVO ................................................................................................................................... 21 3. HIPÓTESE .................................................................................................................................. 21 3. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS ........................................................................................................ 21 3.1. Áreas de estudo .................................................................................................................. 21 3.2. Desenho amostral ............................................................................................................... 25 3.3. Amostragem ........................................................................................................................ 28 3.4. Análises de Dados .............................................................................................................. 28 4. RESULTADOS ........................................................................................................................... 29 5. DISCUSSÃO ............................................................................................................................... 45 6. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ........................................................................................ 49 7. APÊNDICES ............................................................................................................................... 55 8. ANEXOS ...................................................................................................................................... 56 CAPÍTULO 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 58 REDES DE INTERAÇÕES PLANTAS-VISITANTES FLORAIS EM ÁREAS DE REMANESCENTE E RESTAURAÇÃO DE RESTINGA NA RPPN FAZENDA CARUARA, RJ ............................................................................................................................................................... 58 RESUMO ......................................................................................................................................... 58 1. INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................... 60 2. OBJETIVO ................................................................................................................................... 61 3. HIPÓTESE .................................................................................................................................. 62 4. MATERIAIS E METODOS ........................................................................................................ 62 4.1. Área de estudo .................................................................................................................... 62 4.2. Desenho amostral ............................................................................................................... 64 4.3. Amostragem ........................................................................................................................ 65 4.4. Análise de dados ................................................................................................................ 67 5. RESULTADOS ........................................................................................................................... 68 6. DISCUSSÃO ............................................................................................................................... 77 7. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ........................................................................................ 81 8. APÊNDICES ................................................................................................................................... 86 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS .............................................................................................................. 96 vii LISTA DE FIGURAS INTRODUÇÂO GERAL Figura 1: Exemplos de matrizes de interações mutualísticas entre plantas e animais retirado de Bascompte et al., 2003. Quadrados preenchidos indicam interação observada entre a planta e o animal, igual a 1........................................................................................ 6 CAPÍTULO 1 Figura 1: Localização das três áreas de estudo: RPPN Caruara e Parque Eólico de Gargaú, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, e Praia das Neves no estado do Espírito Santo........ 22 Figura 2: Acima: Localização dos sítios amostrais nas três áreas de estudo: RPPN Caruara (A2,
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