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Home , Adam Stegerwald, Gustav Noske, Hans Luther, Otto Gessler, Wilhelm Groener

Chronological Table

1918 28/29 The German High Command advises September the Kaiser to establish a parlia­ mentary cabinet and sue for peace 1 October Prince Max of Baden appointed Chancellor 23 October President Wilson's Third Note imply­ ing that peace could not be negotiated unless the Kaiser abdi­ cates 28 October Naval mutinies begin in 7/8 Bavarian monarchy overthrown and November a Republic declared in 9 November Republic declared in . Ebert heads first Republican government - a coalition of Majority and Independent Social Democrats The Kaiser flees to Holland I I November Erzberger concludes an armistice with Marshal Foch 16-20 Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' December Councils in Berlin. Votes to hold elections for a National Assembly 27 December Independent Social Democrats leave the Government 31 December Foundation of the German Com­ munist Party in Berlin 1919 5-12january SpartakistrisinginBerlin 15january and Karl Lieb­ knecht murdered by government forces Igjanuary Elections for the National Assembly 6 February National Assembly meets at Weimar 174 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

7 April proclaimed in Munich 1May Bavarian Soviet suppressed by Reichs­ wehr and Bavarian 28june signed II August The Constitution of the German Republic formally promulgated 2I August takes the oath as President September Hitler joins the German Workers' Party in Munich 1920 24 February Hitler announces new programme of the National Socialist German Workers Party (formally German Workers' Party) 13 March . Ebert and Ininisters flee to 17March Collapse of Putsch 24March Defence Minister Noske and army chief Reinhardt resign. Gessler and von Seeckt take their places 6June 1st Reichstag election. SPD wins I02 seats; USPD 84; DNVP 71; DVP 65; Centre 64; DDP 39; BVP 21; KPD4 s-r6 July International Conference at Spa 1921 2 I March Plebiscite in Upper Silesia 27April Reparations Cominission sets German debt at 132 thousand Inillion gold marks sMay Allied ultimatum delivered in London requiring German compliance with conditions about disarmament, reparations and war criininals 26--2gjuly Hitler becomes undisputed leader of the Nazis 26August Erzberger assassinated 1922 16 April German-Soviet Agreement signed at Rapallo CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 175

24]une Assassination ofRathenau I8July 'Law to Protect the Republic' passed by the Reichstag 1923 Iojanuary declared in default on reparations payments II/12 Franco-Belgian forces occupy the January Ruhr and the German government declares passive resistance Summer 1923 Inflation of currency completely out of control I 3 August Stresemann becomes Chancellor 26 September Passive resistance ended. Von Kahr declares state of emergency in and establishes himself as State Commissioner 27 September Ebert declares state of emergency throughout Germany. Gessler given full powers under Article 48 of Constitution 1-3 October Buchrucker Putsch suppressed at Kustrin 29 October Socialist/Communist governments suppressed in Saxony and Thuringia 2November SPD ministers in Berlin resign 8/9 November Hitler Putsch in Munich 15 November First Rentenmark notes issued 23November Stresemann resigns as Chancellor but continues to serve as Foreign Minister 1924 13 February President Ebert declares end of state of emergency 1 April Hitler sentenced to five years fortress arrest 4May 2nd Reichstag election. SPD 100; DNVP 95; Centre 65; KPD 62; DVP 45; Racialists 32; DDP 28; BVP 16; Landbund 10; Economics Party 10 176 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

9 August London Conference protocol accept- ing the Dawes Plan for reparations payments 7 December srd Reichstag election. SPD 131; DNVP 103; Centre 6g; DVP 51; KPD 45; DDP 32; BVP 19; Eco­ nomics Party 17; Racialists 14; Landbund8 1925 28 February President Ebert dies 27 April Hindenburg elected President 5 October Locarno Treaty initialled 1926 24 April German-Soviet Non-aggression pact 8 September Germany elected to the 9 October Von Seeckt resigns as head of the . Succeeded by Heye 1927 31january Allied Control Commission with­ drawn from Germany 1928 goJanuary Defence Minister Gessler resigns. Groener becomes Minister of De­ fence !lO May 4th Reichstag election. SPD 153; Centre 62; DNVP 73; KPD 54; DVP 24; DDP 25; Economics Party 23; BVP x6; Nazis 12; Landvolk 10; Farmers' Party 8; Landbundg lg!lg 7 June Young Plan drawn up in Paris 6-31 August First Hague Conference on Young Plan. Agreement on evacuation of Rhineland 3 October Stresemann dies X930 30 March Briining appointed Reich Chancellor 14 September 5th Reichstag Election. SPD 143; Nazis 107; KPD 77; Centre 68; DNVP 41; DVP go; Economics Party 23; DDP 20; BVP 19; Land­ volk 19; German Farmers' Party 6; Landbund 3 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE I77

1931 2ojune President Hoover suggests Moratorium on reparations and War Debts I3-I4July DANAT Bank closes its doors. 'Bank holiday' in Germany 1932 10April Hindenburg re-elected President I3 April SA and other Nazi para-military formations suppressed IgMay Groener resigns post as Defence Minister go May Bruning resigns. Von Papen Chan­ cellor I6June- gJuly Lausanne Conference on reparations I 7 June Ban on SA lifted 2ojuly Von Papen deposes Prussian govern- ment 3I July 6th Reichstag election. Nazis 230; SPD I33; KPD 8g; Centre 75; DNVP 37; BVP 22; DVP 7; DDP 4; Economics Party 2 6 November 7th Reichstag election. Nazis Ig6; SPD I 2 I ; KPD 100; Centre 70; DNVP 52;BVP2o;DVP II I7 November Von Papen resigns 2 December Von Schleicher appointed Chancellor 1933 28january Von Schleicher resigns 30 January Hitler appointed Chancellor 27 February Reichstag fire 28 February Decree to Protect the German People and the State sMarch 8th Reichstag election. Nazis 288; SPD I2o; KPD 8I; Centre 74; DNVP 52;BVP I8;DVP2 23March Enabling Act passed through Reichs­ tag Bibliography

ScHOLARS of German history are fortunate in the availa­ bility of a large variety of sources, and in particular of official documents captured by the Allies at the end of the Second World War. Many of these- including most of the records of the German Foreign Office- are available on microfilm. Publication of the series of German diplomatic documents covering the Weimar period has now begun, although attention naturally centred first on those docu­ ments which dealt with the period leading up to the Second World War. On the collapse of the Empire and the German Revolu­ tion the books by Professor E. Matthias and Professors Matthias and Morsey contain sources of great value for the light they cast on the reform movement in the German Reichstag before November 1918. These are:

E. MATTmAS, Der Interfraktionelle Ausschuss 1917-1918, 2 vols. (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1959). E. MATTmAS and R. MoRSEY, Die Regierung des Prinzen Max von Baden (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1962). The memoirs of Prince Max von Baden should still be con­ sulted, as should Arnold Brecht's fascinating autobiography, which adds to our knowledge of the confused and difficult situation in the Chancellery on the eve of revolution. The most recent account of the German Revolution to appear in English is that by Dr A. J. Ryder. It is a balanced and sensible assessment and deals especially well with the wealth of memoir material - much of it polemical - on the revolu­ tionary side. The flavour of the revolution and the success of Majority Socialist attempts to moderate it comes out well from C. B. Burdick's and R. H. Lutz's The Political Institutions of G I80 BIBLIOGRAPHY the , a book of documents on the revolutionary period which, though very selective, has yet to find a more comprehensive counterpart in German. Probably the most illuminating book to appear on the German Revolution in recent years is Eberhard Kolb's history of the Workers' Councils. On the Foundations of the Republic Professor Bracher's early chapters in Die Aujliisung der Weimarer Republik and his general reflections in Deutschland zwischen Monarchie und Diktatur deal very effectively with the problems presented by the Weimar constitution, and by the nature of Germany's civil service, political parties and officer corps. On the important question of the reform of the bureaucratic system in , Wolfgang Runge's Beamtentum im Parteienstaat gives a good picture of the extent to which the Prussian civil service was Republicanised and the difficulties faced by reforming ministers in achieving this end. On the army there is a very large bibliography, but Professor Carsten's recent history of the Reichswehr is quite outstanding. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett's Nemesis of Power remains a classic indictment of military interference in German politics, and its main conclusions have been reinforced by the documentary evidence which has ap­ peared since it was written. Important information on the organisation of secret reserve formations in Prussia, as well as on the political ideas of General Schleicher, are to be found in Thilo Vogelsang's Reichswehr, Staat und NSDAP. Herr Hans Meier-Welcker's biography of Seeckt contains much interesting detail. So far as political parties are concerned the German Social Democratic Party still lacks a definitive history, as indeed, do most of its rivals. Professor Hunt's German Social De­ mocracy is a useful survey. The most important book to appear on a single party is Professor Morsey's analysis of the Centre, but this only takes the story up to I923. The origins of the German People's Party are described by W. Hartenstein in Die Anfiinge der deutschen Volkspartei, but perhaps the best picture of the Party in action is in Turner's Stresemann and the Politics of the . A good idea BIBLIOGRAPHY I8I of the tensions within the German National People's Party emerges from Hertzmann's DNVP, but much more work needs to be done on this subject. The extreme left has fared badly from the historiographical viewpoint, although a great deal of detailed work is being conducted at the moment. Neither Prager's history of the Independent Social Democrats nor Flechtheim's work on the KPD can be regarded as very much more than political testaments. The early years of the Communist Party have, however, received a detailed and balanced treatment from Werner Angress in his Stillborn Revolution. Two of the para-military formations which played such an important part in Republican political life have received illuminating and scholarly treatment in Karl Robe's Reichs­ banner and Volker Berghann's Stahlhelm. The Nazi Party can best be understood by reading about its real creator in Alan Bullock's Hitler, a Study in Tyranny. Werner Maser's Frilhgeschichte gives an interesting and detailed account of the party's early struggles in Bavaria, but does not alter the main outlines of Bullock's account. The best short descrip­ tion of the nature ofNational Socialism is Martin Broszat's Der Nationalsozialismus. On the making of Peace Igi8-Ig Alma Luckau's The German Delegation at the Peace Conference remains very im­ portant though sadly difficult to obtain. Klaus Epstein's biography of Erzberger is informative on the armistice and the critical negotiations leading up to the German accep­ tance of the Versailles Treaty. German attempts to stress the transformed nature of German politics in order to attract the Entente are illustrated in H. Holborn's article in The Diplomats. The extent of their failure can be read in vol. XII of Foreign Relations of the . The Paris Peace Conference. German-Russian relations are particularly well served for the early part of the Republic's history by G. Freund, Unholy Alliance. The military relationships are set out in Professor Carsten's Reichswehr. The collapse of the Republic is best studied in Professor Bracher's Aujlosung der Weimarer Republik and National­ sozialistische Machtergreifung. The volume on the demise of 182 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Germany's political parties, Das Ende der Parteien by Pro­ fessors Matthias and Morsey, is also essential. Professor Conze has some challenging comments on the Bruning government in his chapter in Die Staats- und Wirtschaftskrise das deutschen Reiches, while E. W. Bennett presents a critical picture of Bruning's foreign policy in Germany and the Diplomacy of the Financial Crisis (Harvard U.P., 1962). On the crisis itself a fascinating picture of German financial prob­ lems and the Government's attempts to deal with them is pro­ vided in Dr Born's book on the weaknessses of the German banking system. R. E. Luke's Von der Stabilisierung zur Krise is important for the relationship between Germany's reparation problem and her economic difficulties in the depression. The victory of National Socialism has attracted many writers, but mention should be made of three local studies which throw light on the nature of the support for Hitler. The most impressive is Heberle's analysis of Nazi growth among the farming communities of Schleswig-Holstein. Roloff's description of the Nazi victory in Brunswick illustrates the stages by which bourgeois parties lost their voters to the Nazis. W. S. Allen stresses the conflict between classes in his study of a small town in the Weser Valley. On the whole question of elections and electoral move­ ments Milatz's study Wahler und Wahlen in der Weimarer Republik is invaluable. Leading figures in the Republic have not been fortunate in their biographers. Kotowski's biography of Ebert stops at the end of the First World War. Rathenau has been sensitively and sympathetically treated by Count Harry Kessler, and Mr Joll. Andreas Dorpalen's political bio­ graphy ofHindenburg is a most useful and thoughtful book. The best treatment of all has been reserved for Hitler: Alan Bullock's picture of him remains unsurpassed. Books mentioned in this brief survey, and others of particular importance, are marked with an asterisk. The place of publication is London unless otherwise stated.

The best general history of the Weimar Republic in English is: BIBLIOGRAPHY I83

ERICH EvcK, A History of the Weimar Republic, 2 vols., tr. H. P. Hanson and R. G. L. Waite (Harvard and Oxford U.P., I962 and I964). This is especially good when dealing with parliamentary politics, foreign policy and constitutional questions. Social and economic questions are given less detailed considera­ tion, although Eyck still has a good many sensible things to say about them. Still required reading are: .ARTHUR RosENBERG, The Birth of the German Republic (0. U.P., I93I). - A History of the German Republic (Methuen, I 936).

The following list of books and articles is selective. For more detailed information the reader is referred to the following:

DAHLMANN-W AITZ, Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte. Bibliographie der Quellen und der Literatur der deutschen Geschichte, IO ed. book 8, section 393-4 (Stuttgart, Anton Hiersemann, 1965). BRUNO GEBHARDT, Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte, 8th ed. vol. 4 (Stuttgart, Union Verlag, I959)· BRANDT-MEYER-jUsT, Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte, vol. IV, section 3, 'Die Weimarer Republik' ( 1958). section 4, 'Die Diktatur Hiders his zum Beginn des zweiten Weltkrieges' (1961). Wiener Library. Catalogue Series No. 2. From Weimar to Hitler, Germany 1918-1933 (Vallentine, Mitchell, 1964). The bibliographical appendices published in the Viertel­ jahrshejtefiir Zeitgeschichte should also be consulted.

I. PUBLICATIONS OF DOCUMENTS AND OTHER SOURCE MATERIALS

C. B. BURDICK and R. H. LUTz, The Political Institutions of the German Revolution (Stanford U .P. and London, I 966). I84 BIBLIOGRAPHY

J. HoHLFELD (ed.), Dokumente der deutschen Politik und Geschichte vom 1948 his zur Gegenwart (Berlin, Dokumentem­ Verlag/Dr Herbert Wendler, I95I-). HoLFRON, Die deutsche Nationalversammlung im Jahre 1919 (Berlin, I9I9)· P. MANToux, Les Deliberations du Conseil des Quatre (Paris, Editions du Centre National de Ia Recherche Scien­ tifique, I955). E. MATTHIAs, Der lnterfraktionelle Ausschuss 1917-1918, 2 vols. (Dusseldorf, Droste, I959). E. MATTHIAS and R. MoRSEY, Die Regierung des Prinzen Max von Baden (Dusseldorf, Droste, I 962). H. MICHAELIS, E. ScHRAEPLER and G. ScHEEL, Ursachen und Folgen. Vom deutschen Zusammenbruch 1918 und 1945 his zur staatlichen Neuordnung Deutschlands in der Gegenwart (Berlin, Dokumenten-Verlag, I958-). H. RoTHFELs, M. BEAUMONT, A. BuLLOCK and H. M. SMYTHE (eds.), Akten zur deutschen auswartigen Politik I9I8-I945, Series B, I925-I945, vol. I, I (Gottingen, Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, I966). LEo STERN, Die Auswirkungen der grossen sozialistischen Oktoberrevolution auf Deutschland, 4 vols. (E. Berlin, Rutten und Loening, I959).

2. BIOGRAPHIES, MEMOIRS, DIARIES AND WORKS CONTAINING SOURCE MATERIALS

*PRINZ MAX voN BADEN, Erinnerungen und Dokumente (Stutt­ gart, DVA, I927). , Aus der Werkstatt der deutschen Revolution (Berlin, Hoffmann, I9I9)· *, Von Weimar zu Hitler (Hamburg, Nord­ deutsche Verlagsanstalt, I949)· *ARNOLD BRECHT, Aus niichster Niihe. Lebenserinnerungen eines beteiligtenBeobachters 1884-1927 (Stuttgart, DVA, I966). U. voN BROCKDORFF-RANTZAu, Dokumente und Gedanken um Versailles (Berlin, Verlag fur Kulturpolitik, I925)· BIBLIOGRAPHY I85

*KLAus EPSTEIN, and the Dilemma of German Democracy (Princeton U.P., 1959). DAVID LLOYD GEORGE, The Truth about Reparations and War Debts (Heinemann, I932). *, Reichswehrpolitik in der Weimarer Zeit (Stutt­ gart, DVA, I958). *, Lebenserinnerungen, Jugend, Generalstab, Weltkrieg (Gottingen, Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, I957). D. GROENER-GEYER, General Groener. Soldat und Staatsmann (-M, Societats-Verlag, I954). AdolfHitler ALAN BuLLOCK, Hitler, a Study in Tyranny (Penguin, I 962). A. HITLER, Mein Kampf (Jubilaumsausgabe, Munich, Zentralverlag der NSDAP, I939). -Hitler's Secret Conversations 1941-44 (New York, Signet, I96I). HERMANN RAusCHNING, Hitler Speaks (Butterworth, I 939). Hindenburg *A. DoRPALEN, Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic (Prince­ ton U.P., I964). W. GaRLITZ, Hindenburg: Ein Lebensbild (Bonn, Athenaum­ Verlag, I953). WILHELM RoEGNER, Der schwierige Aussenseiter. Erinnerungen eines Abgeordneten, Emigranten und Ministerpriisidenten (Munich, Isar, I959). W. HUBATSCH, Hindenburg und der Staat. Aus den Papieren des und Reichspriisidenten von 1878 his 1934 (Gottingen, Berlin, etc., Musterschmidt, I966). JAMEs JoLL, Intellectuals in Politics: Three Biographical Essays (EssayonRathenau) (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, I96o). H. KEssLER, , His Life and Work (Gerald Howe, I929). GEORG KoTOWSKI, Friedrich Ebert. Eine politische Biographie (Wiesbaden, Franz Stein, I963). , Politiker ohne Partei. Erinnerungen (Stuttgart, DVA, I96o). 0. MEISSNER, Staatssekretiir unter Ebert-Hindenburg-Hitler (Hamburg, Hoffmann & Campe, I950). I86 BIBLIOGRAPHY

HANS MEIER-WELCKER, Seeckt (Frankfurt-M., Bernard und Graefe, I 967). R. MuLLER, Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik (Vienna, Malik Verlag, I924). J.P. NETTL, Rosa Luxemburg, 2 vols. (Oxford U.P., I966). , Von Kiel bis Kapp (Berlin, Verlag fur Politik und Wirtschaft, I 920). - Erlebtes aus Aujstieg und Niedergang der deutschen So;;ial­ demokratie (Offenbach, Bollwerk Verlag, I947). , Memoirs, tr. B. Connell (Andre Deutsch, I952). HERMANN PUNnER, Politik in der Reichskanzlei. A!if;;eichnungen (ed. Th. Vogelsang) (Stuttgart, DVA, I96I). F. VON RABENAU, Seeckt. Aus seinemLeben 1918--1936(, Rase & Koehler, I940). WALTHER RATHENAU, Tagebuch 1907-1922 (ed.) H. Pogge­ von-Strandmann (Dusseldorf, Droste, I967). , The Stabilization of the Mark (Allen & Unwin, I927). -My First Seventy-Six rears (Wingate, I965)· PmLIPP ScHEIDEMANN, The Making of the New Germany. The Memoirs of , 2 vols., tr. J. Mitchell (New York, Appleton, I929). - Der Zusammenbruch (Berlin, Verlag fiir Sozialwissenschaft, I92I ). HELMUT J. ScHORR, . Gewerkschqftler und Politiker in der Ersten Deutschen Republik (Recklinghausen, Kommunalverlag, I966). *, Mein Lebensweg, 2 vols. (, Greven, I950). , Vermiichtnis des Nachlasses in drei Biinden, 3 vols. (ed.) H. Bernhard (Berlin, Ullstein Verlag, I932-3)· EARL OF SWINTON, Sixty rears of Power (Hutchinson, I966). ANNELISE THIMME, Gustav Stresemann ( and Frank­ furt-M, Worldeutsche Verlags-Anstalt, I957). J. W. WHEELER-BENNETT, Hindenburg. The Wooden Titan (Macmillan, I936). BIBLIOGRAPHY I87

3· SECONDARY WORKS

*W. S. ALLEN, The Nazi Seizure of Power. The Experience of a Single German Town 193o-1935 (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1966). WILLIBALT APELT, Geschichte der Weimarer Verfassung (Munich, Biederstein, 1946). ALFRED ANDERLE, Die Deutsche Rapallo-Politik (E. Berlin, Rutten & Loening, 1962). J. W. ANGELL, The Recovery of Germany (Yale U.P., 1929). *WERNER T. ANGREss, Stillborn Revolution. The Communist Bid for Power in Germany. 1921-1923 (Princeton U.P., 1963). G. AxHAUSEN, Organisation Escherich. Die Bewegung zur Nationalen Einheit (Berlin, Weicher, 1921). *EDWARD W. BENNETT, Germany and the Diplomacy of the Financial Crisis (Harvard U.P., 1962). *V. R. BERGHAHN, Der Stahlhelm. Bund der Frontsoldaten (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1966). Carl BERGMANN, Der Weg der Reparationen. Von Versailles iiber den Dawesplan zum ~,iel (Frankfurt-M, Frankfurter Societats-Druckerei, 1926). A.J. BERLAU, The German Social Democratic Party 1914-1921 (NewYork, I949)· W. BEssoN, Wiirttemberg und die deutsche Staatskrise 1928-1933 (Stuttgart, DVA, 1959). GEORGES BoNNIN, Le Putsch de Hitler a Munich en 1923 (Paris, Les Sables D'Olonne, 1966). *KARL ERICH BoRN, Die deutsche Bankenkrise 1931 (Munich, Piper, 1967). *K. D. BRACHER, Die Aujliisung der Weimarer Republik. Eine Studie zum Problem des Machtverfalls in der Demokratie (Villingen, Ring Verlag, 4th edn., 1964). - Deutschland zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur (Bern­ Munich-Vienna, Schutz Verlag, 1964). *-W. SAUER and G. ScHULZ, Die Nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung, 2nd ed. (Cologne and Opladen, West­ deutscher Verlag, 1962). I88 BIBLIOGRAPHY

W. L. BRE'ITON, Stresemann and the Revision of Versailles (Stanford U.P., I953). *M. BRoszAT, Der Nationalsozialismus. Weltanschauung, Pro­ gramm und Wirklichkeit (Stuttgart, DVA, 1960). *F. L. CARSTEN, The Reichswehr and Politics r9r8-r933 (Oxford U.P., I966). NoRMAN CoHN, Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of -?,ion (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1967). *W. CoNzE and H. RAuPACH (eds.), Die Staats- und Wirt­ schraftskrise des Deutschen Reichesr 92fr33 (Stuttgart, Klett, I967). GoRDoN A. CRAIG, The Politics of the Prussian Army r64o­ r945 (Oxford U.P., I955). *-and FELIX GILBERT, The Diplomats (Princeton U.P., I953)· WILFRIED DAIM, Der Mann, der Hitler die Ideen gab (Munich, lsar, I958). ERNST DEUERLEIN, Der Hitlerputsch. Bayerische Dokumente zum 9· November r923 (Stuttgart, DVA, I962). Pros DIRR, Bayerische Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch und zum Versailler Schuldspruch (Munich, Muhlthaler, I922). WoLFGANG ELBEN, Das Problem der Kontinuitiit in der deutschen Revolution r9r8-r9r9 (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1965). K. D. ERDMANN, Adenauer in der Rheinlandpolitik (Stuttgart, Klett, I 966). JoHANNES ERGER, Der Kapp-Luttwitz-Putsch (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1967). FRITz ERNsT, The Germans and Their Modem History, tr. C. M. Pruch (New York and London, Columbia U.P., 1966). T. EscHENBURG et al., The Road to Dictatorship: Germany I9I8- I933' tr. L. Wilson (Wolff, 1964). Go'ITFRIED FEDER, Der Deutsche Staat auf Nationaler und Sozialer Grundlage. Neue Wege im Staat, Finanz und Wirt­ schaft (Munich, Deutschvolkische, Verlags-Buchhandlung, I923)· G. D. FELDMAN, Army, Industry and Labor in Germany r9r 4- r9r8 (Princeton U.P., 1966). BIBLIOGRAPHY 189

*OSSIP K. FLECHTHEIM, Die Kommunistische Partei Deutsch­ lantis in der Weimarer Republik (Offenbach, Bollwerk Verlag, I948). GEORG FRANz-WILLING, Die Hitlerbewegung. Der Ursprung I9I!)-I922 (Hamburg and Berlin, Decker, I962). G. FREuND, Unholy Alliance (Chatto & Windus, I957). H. W. GATZKE, Stresemann and the Rearmament of Germany (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, I954). D. J. GooDSPEED, Ludendorff. Soldier: Dictator: Revolutionary (Hart-Davis, I966). HARoLD J. GoRDON, The Reichswehr and the German Republic I9I!)-I926 (Princeton U.P., I957). 0RON J. HALE, The Captive Press in the Third Reich (Princeton U.P., I964). *W. HARTENSTEIN, Die Anfiinge der Deutschen Volkspartei (Dusseldorf, Droste, I963). *R. HEBERLE, Landbevolkerung und Nationalsoz;ialismus. Eine soz;iologische Untersuchung der politischen Willensbildung in Schleswig-Holstein I9I8-I932 (Stuttgart, DVA, I962). HELMUT HErnER, Die Republik von Weimar (Munich, DTV, I966). H. HELBIG, Die Trager der Rapallo-Politik (Gottingen, Wind­ hoeck, I958). A. HERMANS and T. ScHIEDER (eds.), Staat, Wirtschaft und Politik in der Weimarer Republik. Festschrift fur Heinrich Brilning (Berlin, Duncker & Humblot, I967). *LEWIS HERTZMANN, DNVP. Right-wing Opposition in the Weimar Republic (Nebraska U.P., I963). G. HILGER and A. G. MEYER, The Incompatible Allies, German-Soviet Relations, I 9I8- I 94I (New York, Macinillan, I953)· WILHELM RoEGNER, Die verratene Republik, Geschichte der deutschen Gegenrevolution (Munich, Isar, I958). H. H. HoFMANN, Der Hitlerputsch. KrisenJahre deutscher Geschichte (Munich, Nymphenburger Verlag, I 96 I). *RicHARD N. HUNT, German I9I8-I933 (New Haven, Yale U.P., I964). J. M. (LoRD) KEYNES, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (Macinillan, I920). 190 BIBLIOGRAPHY

*EBERHARD KoLB, Die Arbeiterriite in der deutschen Innenpolitik, 1918-1919 (Dusseldorf, Droste, I962). G. KROLL, Von der Weltwirtschaftskrise ;:;ur Staatskonjunktur (Berlin, Duncker und Humblot, 1958). A. KRUCK, Geschichte des Alldeutschen Verbandes 189o-1939 (Wiesbaden, Steiner, I954). W. Z. LAQUEUR, Russia and Germany. A Century of Conflict (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, I965). G. LEWY, The in (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, I964). W. LIEBE, Die Deutschnationale Volkspartei (Dusseldorf, Droste, I956). *A. LucKAu, The German Delegation at the Paris Peace Conference (New York, Columbia U.P., I94I). *RoLF E. LuKE, Von der Stabilisierung ;:;ur Krise (Zurich, Polygraphischer Verlag, I 958). *WERNER MASER, Die Friihgeschichte der NSDAP (Frankfurt­ M, Athenaum, I965). *E. MATTHIAS and R. MoRSEY, Das Ende der Parteien (Dusseldorf, Droste, I 960). *ALFRED MILATZ, Wahler und Wahlen in der Weimarer Republik (Bonn, Bundeszentrale fur politische Bildung: Raiffeisendruckerei, I 965). ALLEN MITCHELL, Revolution in Bavaria, 1918-1919. The Eis­ ner Regime and the Soviet Republic (Princeton U.P., I965). *R. MoRSEY, Die deutsche ,(,entrumspartei 1917-1923 (Dussel­ dorf, Droste, I 966). GEORGE L. MossE, The Crisis of German Ideology. Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, I 966). ERNST NoLTE, Three Faces of Fascism (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, I965). P. voN 0ERTZEN, Die Betriebsriite in der Novemberrevolution (Dusseldorf, Droste, I965). J. PETZOLD, Die Dolchstosslegende. Eine Geschichtsfiilschung im Dienst des deutschen Imperialismus und Militarismus, 3rd ed. (E. Berlin, Akademie Verlag, I963). *EuGEN PRAGER, Geschichte der USPD. Entstehung und Entwicklung der Unabhiingigen So;:;ialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, 2nd ed. (Berlin, Freiheit Verlag, I 92 I). BIBLIOGRAPHY I9I

P. G. J. PuLZER, The Rise cif Political Anti-semitism in Germany and Austria (New York, John Wiley, I 964). E. M. RoBERTSON, Hitler's Pre-war Policy and Military Plans 1933-39 (Longmans, I963). *KARL Rorm, Das Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold (Diisseldorf, Droste, I 966). *E. A. RoLOFF, Burgertum und Nationalsozialismus 193o-1933. Braunschweigs Weg ins Dritte Reich (Hanover, Verlag fiir Literatur und Zeitgeschehen, I 96 I). H. R. RUDIN, Armistice 1918 (New Haven, Yale U.P., I944). *WOLFGANG RuNGE, Politik und Beamtentum im Parteienstaat. Die Demokratisierung der politischen Beamten in Preussen zwischen 1918und 1933 (Stuttgart, Klett, I965). *A. J. RYDER, The German Revolution cif 1918. A Study cif German Socialism in War and Revolt (Cambridge U.P., I967). F. ScHADE, Kurt Eisner und die bayerische Sozialdemokratie (Hanover, Verlag fur Literatur und Zeitgeschehen, I 96 I). 0. E. ScHiiDDEKOPF, Linke Leute von Rechts (Stuttgart, Kohlhammer, I96o). *GERHARD ScHuLz, Zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur (Berlin, Gruyter, I963). KARL ScHWEND, Bayem zwischen Monarchic und Diktatur (Munich, Pflaum, 1954). K. SoNTHEIMER, Anti-demokratisches Denken in der Weimarer Republik, Die politischen Ideen des deutschen Nationalismus (Munich, NymphenburgerVerlag, I962). G. STOLTENBERG, Politische Striimungen im schleswigholstein­ ischen Landvolk 1918-1933 (Dusseldorf, Droste, I933)· R. STUCKEN, Die deutsche Geld- und Kreditpolitik 1914-1963, 3rd edn. (Tubingen,J. C. B. Mohr, I964). A. J. P. TAYLOR, The Origins cif the Second World War (Penguin, 1964). F. ToBIAS, Der Reichstagsbrand. Legende und Wirklichkeit (Rastatt, Grote, I962). W. ToRMIN, Zwischen Riitediktatur und sozialer Demokratie (Dusseldorf, Droste, I954)· *H. A. TURNER, Gustav Stresemann and the Politics cif the Weimar Republic (Princeton U.P., 1963). 192 BIBLIOGRAPHY

J. V ARAIN, Freie Gewerkschaften, So:daldemokratie und Staat. Die Politik der Generalkommission unter der Filhrung von Carl Legien (189o-1920) (Dusseldorf, Droste, I956). *THILO VoGELSANG, Reichswehr, Staat und NSDAP (Stuttgart, DVA, I962). R. G. L. WAITE, Vanguard if . The Free Corps Move­ ment in Postwar Germa11)1 1918-1923 (Harvard U.P., I952). ERIC WALDMAN, The Spartakist Uprising if 1919 (Milwaukee, Marquette U.P., I958). E. WEILL-RAYNAL, Les Reparations Allemandes et la France, 3 vols. (Paris, Nouvelles Editions Latines, I947)· J. W. WHEELER-BENNETT, Brest-Litovsk. The Forgotten Peace March 1918 (Macmillan, I936). -Nemesis if Power. The German Army in Politics 1918-1945, 2nd ed. (Macmillan, I964). - The Wreck ifReparations (Allen & Unwin, I933). Z. A. B. ZEMAN, Nazi Propaganda (O.U.P., I964). LUDWIG ZIMMERMANN, Deutsche Aussenpolitik in der .lfra der Weimarer Republik (Gottingen, Musterschmidt, I958).

4• ARTICLES

(I have confined this list to articles cited in foot­ notes. They are given here in order of appearance in the text.)

WILHELM DEIST, 'Seekriegsleitung und Flottenrebellion I 9 I 8', in Vierteljahrshefte fur <,eitgeschichte, October I 966. LoRD BRAND, 'How a Banker Watched History Happen', in The Observer, 8January I96I. FRITZ DICKMANN, 'Die Kriegschuldfrage auf der Friedens­ konferenz von Paris I9I9', in Historische <,eitschrijt, August I963. IMANUEL GEiss, 'The Outbreak of the First World War and German War Aims', in The Journal if Contemporary History, vol. I, no. 3, I966. K. D. ERDMANN, 'Deutschland, Rapallo und der Westen', in ViertelJahrsheftefilr <,eitgeschichte, April I963. BIBLIOGRAPHY 193

R. C. WILLIAMs, 'Russians in Germany: I90G-I9I4', in The Journal of Contemporary History, vol. I, no. 4, I966. ERNST DEUERLEIN, 'Hiders Eintritt in die Politik und in die Reichswehr', in Vierteljahrsheftefiir Zeitgeschichte, Aprili959· R. H. PHELPS, 'Hitler als Parteiredner im Jahre I92o', in ViertelJahrsheftefiir Zeitgeschichte, I963, pp. 274-330. DIETRICH 0. 0RLOW, 'The Organizational History and Structure of the NSDAP, I9I9-I923', in Journal of ModernHistory,June I965. HANs W. GATZKE, 'The Stresemann Papers', in Journal of Modem History, I954, pp. 49 ff. M. SriiRMER, 'Probleme der parlamentarischen Mehrheits­ bildung in der Stabilisierungsphase der Weimarer Re­ publik', in Politische Vierteljahrsschrijt, Heft I, I 967. ATTILA CHANADY, 'The Disintegration of the German National People's Party, I924-I930', in Journal of Modern History, March I967. H. HAMMER, 'Die deutschen Ausgaben von Hiders "Mein Kampf" ', in Vierteljahreshejte fiir Zeitgeschichte, April I956. H. TREVOR-ROPER, 'Hiders Kriegsziele', in Vierteljahrshejte fiir Zeitgeschichte, April I 960. J. NoAKEs, 'Conflict and Development in the NSDAP I924- 1927', in Journal of Contemporary History, October I966. HEINRICH BRUNING, 'Ein Brief', in Deutsche Rundschau, July I947· K. 0. VON ARETIN, 'Pralat Kaas, Franz von Papen und das Reichskonkordat von I933', in Vierjeljahreshejte fiir Zeitgeschichte,July 1966. Index

Allies, see Western Allies Bell, Dr Hans, Alsace-Lorraine: no voting al­ Minister, at Versailles, 64 lowed in, 36 n.; loss of, 54, Bend, Eduard, at Locarno, I I9 57, I I8 andn. Amann, Max, Hitler's business Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 27, manager, 99 47, 95, I70 Anti-semitism: origins of 89 ff.; Blomberg Werner von, Gen­ in Nazi programme, 94-5; eral, appointed Defence Min­ Hitler and, 97-8 ister, I67 Armistice: November I9I8, 24; Bolsheviks: and world revolu­ decision to seek, 4, I 73; tion, 40; and KPD, 42; re­ negotiations for, I 5, 53; cognition of, by German conditions of, I5, I8 government, 52 Austria: on brink of revolution, Bolshevism, 49 40; aggression of, 53; possible Brandler, Heinrich, KPD lead­ union with Germany, 54, er, ro8 55, I 20; rejected by Allies, Braun, Otto, Prussian Prime 57, 59; racialists in, 94, 99 Minister, I32, I59, I6I Briand, Aristide, French states­ man, I54 Balfour, Lord, British Foreign Britain, 55, 74, 78; and Russian Secretary, 55 relations with, in I922, 79- Barth, Emil, Independent 8I; attitude of, over Ruhr Social Democrat in revolu­ occupation, I07; and Loc­ tionary government, I7 arno, I I 9ff.; and Young Bauer, Gustav (I87o-I944), Plan, I36; and war debts Reich Chancellor, 70, 7I moratorium, I55 Bavaria: revolutions in, I 3, 40, Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count Ul­ 4I; constitutional position of, rich von ( I869-I928), For­ 3I, 87; Coburg joined to, eign Minister I9I8-I9, 53, 34 n.; diplomatic documents 54; refuses to sign Peace published, 53; and Nazi Treaty, 64 Movement, 87 ff. Bruning, Dr Heinrich ( I885- ) : Bavarian People's Party, 87, 88, prominent in Centre Party, I47 I35; becomes Chancellor, Belgium: and Peace settlement, I4I, I76; domestic policies 55, 57, 59; and Ruhr occu­ of, I49, I 50 ff.; foreign policy pation, 85; and Locarno, of, I 55-6; forced out of office, II9 I56--6o, I77 INDEX 195

Buchrucker, Ernst, Major, at­ Czechoslovakia, and Locarno, tempts coup, 108, I 75 119-20 Biirgerbriiukeeler, the, scene of the Munich Putsch, IIG-11

Danzig, 57 Centre Party, I74-7; in Im­ Darn!, Walther, Nazi agrarian perial Reichstag, 2 ; in inter­ expert, I48 party committee, 3n., 4, 6; Dawes, Charles, I I6-I7 and parliamentary reform, Dawes Commission, the I 15- I9I8, 7; and other Weimar I I7 parties, 26, 39, 40, 73, 83-4, Dawes Plan, I I4, 116, 127, I32, I7o; attitude towards I29 ff., I76 Republic, 28, 29, 76; and Democratic Party (DDP), 29, socialism, 30; in Prussia, 33; 39, I32, I74-7; formation of, and Civil Service, 45; and 26, 27; and Progressives, 26; Roman Catholic Church, 49; and DVP, 27; attitudes and and Versailles Treaty, 6I; policies, 28, 30, 83-4; and and Rapallo, 82; and Bava­ Civil Service, 45; and Ver­ ria, 87; and I925 presidential sailles Treaty, 6I; electoral elections, I 24 ff.; leadership losses, 73, I23-4; and I925 of, I35; and I930 Reichstag presidential elections, I24; elections, I48; and I932 pre­ and I932 presidential elec­ sidential elections, I 57; and tions, I57, I77 Papen, I6I; and I932 Reich­ Denmark, 57, 83 stag elections, I 63; and Hit­ Depression, the (I 929- ) , I 38 ff., ler, I67--8 I5I ff. Chamberlain, Austen, British Dittmann, Wilhelm (1874- Foreign Secretary, I23 1954), in revolutionary gov­ Chicherin, G. V., Russian For­ ernment, I7 eign Minister, 8o-I, I I8 DNVP (German Nationalist Civil Service, character and re­ Party), I39, I4I, I47, I7o; cruitment of, 44-6 character of, 29, 37; opposi­ Colonies, German, loss of, 57 tion to the Republic, 6o, Io7, Cornintern, Third (Commun­ I23; and Kapp, 70, 73; ist) International, 40, 42, Ministers in Republican gov­ I08-g, I24 ernments, I I I, I I7, I28; and Communist Party, see KPD Dawes Plan, I I 7; and Lo­ Conservatives (DKP): in Im­ carno, 118 ff.; and I 928 perial Reichstag, 2; electoral Reichstag elections, I34; di­ strength in East Gern~any, visions in, I 35 ff., and Young 29,50 Plan, I 36; I 930 electoral Cuno, Wilhelm (I876-I933), defeat, I48; and Briining, Chancellor, 84, 100, I02, I49 ff.; and Hindenburg, 104, I06 I57; and Papen, I63; and Curtius, Julius (I877-I948), Hitler, I68 German Foreign Minister, Drexler, Anton, 93, 99 I 54 Duesterberg, Theodor, I57 196 INDEX

DVP (German People's Party), Fehrenbach, Konstantin (I852- I07, ISO; foundation of, 27; Ig26), Centre Party politi­ attitude towards Republic, cian and Chancellor, 73, 74, 27,28,76,82,83-4, I3g;and 7s,88 Kapp, 7I, 73; not in Wirth's First World War, see World cabinet, 75; in Stresemann's War! cabinet, w6;and I924Reich­ Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 5, stag elections, I24; and un­ 56, 66, I73 employment relief policy, France, 54-5, 59, 74, 78, 121; I38 ff. fears for future security of, ss-6; and Rhineland, 56; and Ruhr occupation, 8s; Ebert, Friedrich (I87I-I925), and Locarno, II9 ff; and end 33. 47. 70, 7I, 88, I73-6; ofreparations, ISS-6 patriotic attitude, October Freikorps: foundation of, 23; Igi8, 7; appointed Chancel­ suppression of Spartakist ris­ lor, I4, IS; fears of disorder, ing, 23-4; atrocities com­ IS, I7; heads USPD/SPD mitted by, 24, 4I, 47; in coalition, I6; personality, Bavaria, 4I, 88; and Reich­ I6; and socialisation, I8; swehr, 42, 108; and Kapp, and civil servants, I8; and 70 Army, Ig, 20, 2I; breaks with USPD, 2I; and Sparta­ kist rising, 23, 26; and elec­ Genoa Conference, 1922, 8o--2 tions to National Assembly, German Empire, the, 32, go, 26; becomes President, 35n., 171; political structure before 68; and foreign policy, 52, 1914, x, 2; fall of, 10, II, 13, 53, 54, 8o; and Peace Treaty, 14; legacy of, 38--g, 47, 52, 64, 65, 66; dies, I24 132, 170; and war guilt, 54, Eichhorn, Emil, Police Presi­ 62,92 dent in Berlin, 22 German Farmers' Association, Eisner, Kurt (I867-I9I9): anti-semitic trends in, go seizes power in Munich, I3; German Social Democrats, see and foreign policy, 52-3; SPD murdered, 40 Germany, see German Empire; Emergency powers, use of, Weimar Republic 107ff.; by Bruning, I4I, ISO Gessler, Otto Karl (x87s- Entente, see Western Allies 1955), member of Demo­ Erzberger, Matthias (I87s­ cratic Party: Defence Mini­ I92I): and armistice, IS, ster, 71, 107, 132, 174, 176 I73; Finance Minister, 34, Goebbels, PaulJosef, 146, 158 68, 87; retires from politics, Goring, Hermann, Prussian 6g;murdered,77, I74 Minister of the Interior in Esser, Hermann, I46 Hider's regime, 167 Groener, Lieut.-General Wil­ helm (1867-1939): advises Feder, Gottfried, Nazi econo­ Wilhelm II to leave Ger­ mist (I883-I94I), 95 many, 14, 20; relations with INDEX 197

Ebert, 20; and signature of Putsch, I44 ff.; trial in Mun­ Peace Treaty, 64; as Defence ich, I44-5; and Schleicher, Minister, I3I, I39, I59, I77 I57; and I932 presidential elections, I 58 ff.; Chancellor' I66 ff. Haase, Hugo (I863-I9I9): Hoffmann, Adolf, Education USPD leader, I I; in revolu­ Minister in Prussia after tionary government, I7, 52 November Revolution, 28 Habsburg Empire, the, 54-5 de Hondte's electoral system, 36 Haussmann, Conrad (I857- Hoover, Herbert, President of I922), Progressive Party the U.S.A., I52n., I53, I77 member: supports Prince Hugenberg, Alfred (I865- Max, 6; asked by Ebert to I95I), Nationalist leader and stay in government, 26 newspaper proprietor, I35• Helfferich, Dr Karl (I872- I37. I40, I47--B, I50, I67, I924), attacks Erzberger, 69 I68 Herriot, Edouard, I I 5 Heye, Wilhelm, General, I go, I76 Imperial Army: attitude of Hindenbiirg, Field-Marshal public towards, 3; increase in Paul von Beneckendorff und power of, I9I7, s; morale (I847-I934): has to admit lowered in I9I8, 4; and re­ Germany's defeat, I, 4; and volution, I4, I9, 20; relations revolution, 20; President with Ebert, 20; repatriation (I925-34), 35· I25ff., I29, of, 20; in ruins, 20; and vic­ I40, I76; and 'stab-in-the­ tor powers, 53; reduced by back', 63 n.; and Peace Peace Treaty, 58 Treaty, 64; elected Presi­ Inflation, 78, 102-4 dent, I24; and Bruning's 'Iron Front' in defence of Re­ Ministry, I5o, I5I, I56ff.; public, I58, I62 and I932 presidential elec­ Italy, 55; and Locarno, I2o-I tion, I57--B; and Hitler, I64--6 Judiciary, character of, 46--B Hirsing, Otto, Reichsbanner founder, I26 Hitler, Adolf (IBBg-I945), 35, Kaas, Ludwig, Centre Party 46, 82, 87, I03, I I2, I I4, I23, Leader, I35, I68 I4o-I, I42, I63, I74-7; and Kahr, Gustav Ritter von (I862- Versailles, 6o, 63; early car­ I934), heads Bavarian gov­ eer, 89ff.; joins DAP, 93ff.; ernment, 87 ff.; State Com­ Mein Kampf, 95, I45ff.; aims missioner in Bavaria, I07, and character of, 97--B; be­ 109; and Hitler, 110, II I, comes undisputed Party lead­ I44 er, 99; his methods, 100; and Kaiser, see Wilhelm II Ruhroccupation, I04-5; and Kampfbund, and Munich Munich Putsch, I IQ-I2; and Putsch, IIO Young Plan, I37 ff., I47; Kapp, Dr Wolfgang (I858- rebuilds Party after Munich I922), 69-72 198 INDEX

Kapp Putsch, March I920, so, Liebknecht, Karl (187I-I919): 69-73,87, I44. I74 in prison, 3; and proclama­ Kautsky, Karl (I854-I938), tion of Republic, 14; co­ and revolution, I I founder of German Com­ Keynes, J. M., British econo­ munist Party, 22; and Spar­ mist, 6o, 66n., I 53 takist rising, January I919, Kolbis, and Naval Mutiny 22-3; murdered, 23, 173; I9I7,25 revolutionary martyr, 42 KPD (German Communist Lithuania, 57 Party), I47, I7o; founded Lloyd George, David, British December I918, 22; involved Prime Minister, 57, 7g- in Berlin rising , 8I 22-4; and Bavarian Soviet, Lobe, Paul, 132 40, 92 ; and fighting in I 9 I 9, Locarno, Treaty of, II4, n8, 4I; long-term advantages of, II9ff., I28, I75; conference in I9I9, 42; opposition to at, n9; spirit of, I22 Republic, 6o; and Kapp Lossow, General Otto von Putsch, 72; and Ruhr oc­ (1868-1938): insubordina­ cupation, 104-5; planned tion of, 109; and von Kahr, rising in 1923, 108ff.; elec­ 109ff.; and Hitler, IIo-II, toral success I924, I23; and 144 Hindenburg I925 election, Ludendorff, General Erich 124, I25; and Reichstag (I865-1937): has to admit elections throughout Repub­ defeat, I, 4, 5; and 'stab-in­ lican period, I 73-7 the-back', s.63n.; and par­ Kreuz:.z:.eitung, Conservative liamentary government, 6; newspaper, 125 and Kapp Putsch, 69; and Kun, Bela, heads Soviet Re­ Munich Putsch, no-II public in Budapest, 4-0 Ludwig III, King of Bavaria ( 1845-I92 I), I3, 91 Luther, Dr Hans, 84, 114, 118, Il9 Landsberg, Otto, in revolu­ Liitwitz, General Walther Frei­ tionary government, I6 herr von (1859-I942), 69, 70 Lausanne Conference, I 56 Luxemburg, Rosa (x87I-1919): League of Nations: enthusiasm in prison, 3; founds German for, 53, 55; and Danzig, 57; Communist Party, 22; at­ and German colonies, 57; titude towards Revolution, German exclusion from, 58; 22 ; and Spartakist rising, German membership of, January I9I9, 22-3; mur­ u8ff., 175 dered, 23; revolutionary mar­ Lenin, Vladimir Ilyitch Ul­ tyr, 42 yanov, 78; and foundation of KPD, 22; and Bavarian Soviet, 40 MacDonald, J. Ramsay, Brit­ Levine, Eigen, Communist ish Prime Minister, 152 n. leader in Munich Soviet, 40, Malcolm, Major-General Neill, 4I; revolutionary martyr, 42 and 'stab-in-the-back', 63 n. INDEX 199

Maltzan, Freiherr Ago von, 79, Noske, Gustav (I868-Ig46): 8I Defence Minister, 23, 24, 43, Mark, stabilisation of, I I4 44, 73, I74; sends troops to Marx, Dr Wilhelm (I86g­ Bavaria, 40, 92; and Kapp I946): Chancellor, I I I; pres­ Putsch, 6g; resigns, 7I idential candidate, I24; re­ NSDAP (Nazis), g8, 44, 62, signs leadership of Centre I25, I40, I7o-I; as DAP, 93; Party, I35 origins, 93 ff.; programme, Maurice, Lieut.-General, 63 n. 94 ff.; nature of its appeal, Max of Baden, Prince {I867- g6-7, I 46-7; and Young I929): as Chancellor, 6, 7, Plan, I37 ff., I47, I49; Iggo 28; fear of precipitate peace election victory, I 42, I 48 ff. ; talks, 6; starts to negotiate recovery after Munich for armistice, 7, 53; hands Putsch, I 46 ff.; struggles over to Ebert, I4; authority within, I46 ff.; and Bruning's handed on to Ebert from, Ministry, ISI; and Army, 47 15 7 ff.; and I 932 elections, Mayr, Captain, Hitler's com- Is8, I6g, I64 mander, 93 Mein Kampf, 95, I45 ff. Memel,57 Ottoman Empire, the, 55 Muller, Hermann: SPD For­ eign Minister, 64; Chancel­ lor, 7I, 72, I2g, I34• Igg; Pan-German League, the, go, resigns, I 40 I2I, I37 Munich, Soviet republic in, 40, Papen, Franz von (I879- ): 4I,87,9I-3, I45> I74 Chancellor, I56, I6off.; re­ Munich, Igg8 agreement at, signs, I6s; and Hitler, I66-7, II9 I77 Munich Putsch, November Patriotic Leagues, see Vater­ I923, I Io-I2 liindische Verbiinde Peace Treaty, see Versailles Treaty Napoleon III, 35 Pohner, Ernst (I87o-I925), National Assembly, 39, 55; 88-g and SPD, I6, I7; and Poincare, Raymond, 85, Io2, USPD, I7; elections for, 24, us 26, 29, go, 3I, g6, I73; Poland: loss of territory to, 54, meets at Weimar, 3I, 40; 57, 59, 8g, I Ig-2o; and and Versailles, 54, 64; does , 57, 59; Ger­ not dissolve itself, 68; flees man pressure on, 82, I 22 Kapp Putsch, 70 Preuss, Hugo, 32, 33 National Liberals: in Imperial Progressives: pre-war views, I ; Reichstag, 2, ss; and inter­ in inter-party committee, g, party committee, 3, 4; and 4, 5, 6; and reform, 7; and DDP,27 other Weimar parties, 26, Naval Mutiny, October Igi8, 28; and Democratic Party, 8, g, IO 26,27 200 INDEX

Protocols of the Elders of Zion, character and formation of, the, go 42, 43; and Freikorps, 42, Prussia: desire to reform elec­ 88; and Kapp Putsch, 69- toral system, I ; Govern­ 72; and disarmament, 74, ment suppressed, 20; con­ I2I, I56; and Russia, 78- stitutional position of, 32, 8o, 82, n8; in Bavaria, 88, 33, 34 n.; Civil Service in, 46; 109 ff.; Black Reichswehr, Social Democrats in power 105 ff.; in Republican poli­ in, I57--8;july I932, I62 tics, 130 ff., 139, I4I; and Prussian War Ministry, 20; and Bruning, 150, 151, 16o; and Freikorps, 23; as Head­ Hitler, 157; and Hinden­ quarters ofReichswehr, 42 berg, 159 Reinhardt, Walther, Colonel (later General) : appointed Radek, Karl, at foundation of Prussian War Minister, 2I; KPD,22 opposes Peace Treaty, 64; Rapallo Treaty, I922, the, 8I, and Kapp Putsch, 69; resigns, 82, I74 71, 174 Rathenau, Walther (I867- Rentenmark, I 14-15, I75 I922): Foreign Minister Reparations, 55, 58-6o, 74, 8I, I922, 8o, 8I; murdered, 83, 85; and Dawes Plan, n6ff.; I75 and Young Plan, 136, I54; Reichpeitsch, and Naval Mut­ end of, 155-6 iny I9I7, 25 Reparations Commission, 74; , I I4-I5, 130 fixes German debt, 75, 85 Reichsbanner, Republican or­ Rhineland: occupation of, s8, ganisation, I26, I49-50, I58; 122, 128; promise to evacu­ and suppression of Prussian ate, 186 government, I62, 168 Rote Fahne, Die (Communist Reichsrat, the, 35 newspaper), 22, IOS Reichstag, 14, 29, 44, 83, 84, Ruhr occupation: threat of, 75; II~ 128, Ig6, 139, I4I, I56; carried out, I 02 ff.; passive in I914, I, 2, 55; inter­ resistance to, I 02 ff.; aband­ party committee of I9I7, 3, onment of, I 07--8, I 75 4, 5, 6; in Weimar Constitu­ Russia: relations with, 52, 78, tion, 35--8; proportional re­ 85, n8; civil war in, 55; presentation, 37--8; 1920 el­ pogroiUS in, 9 I ections for, 72, 73, 174; I924 elections for, I23-4, I75-6; and Reichswehr, I3o-1; in­ adequate support given to SA, the, Ioo, I 10, I48, ISO, ministry, I33; Ig28 elections I58, I59· I6o-2, I64 for, I42, I48, I76; I932 Saar Basin, 57 elections for, I63-4, I77; Saxony, 3I, 34n., 109, I75 I 933 elections for, I 67--8; fire Schacht, Hjalmar (I877- ), in, 167, I77 banker: and Democratic Reichswehr: suppresses left­ Party, go n.; and currency wing revolts, 4I, 43, 44; stabilisation, 1 I 5 INDEX 201

Scheidemann, Philipp (I86s­ November Revolution, 10, I939): and Kaiser's abdica­ 13, 14; and Workers' Coun­ tion, 8; proclaims Republic, cils, I 2, 19; coalition with 14; in Republican govern­ USPD, I4, I6, I7, !8, 2I; ment, 16; resigns as Premier, attitude to other Weimar 64 parties, 26, 73, 75, 83, 132, Schiffer, Eugen, Vice-Chancel­ 139, 140; and socialisation, lor, 70, 71 so; and constitution, 32, 33; Schleicher, Kurt von (1882- attitude towards Reichswehr, 1934), General: political 43, I 3 I ; and Civil Service, views, 139, 141, 159-60; 45-6; and trade unions, 49- Chancellor, 156, 165-6, 177; so; and Versailles Treaty, and Hitler, 157, 16o, 165-6; 61; and Kapp Putsch, 72; Defence Minister, 16o-1 reunion with USPD, 84; Second World War, see World and Stresemann, 106; and Warii 1924 elections, 123; and 1925 Seeckt, Hans von (!866-1936), presidential elections, I 24; General: and Kapp Putsch, and Reichsbanner, 126; and 69, 70; appointed head of I 928 elections, I 28; and un­ Reichswehr, 71-2, 174; poli­ employment, 138ff.; and cies, 73; and evasion of arms Bruning, 141, 149; and 1930 restrictions, 74; and Russia, elections, 148; and Iron 78--81; and Ruhr crisis, Front, 158 105 ff.; and Bavarian in­ 'Stab-in-the-back', the, 63 subordination, uoff.; op­ Stahlhelm (ex-servicemen's as­ poses Stresemann, I 10; re­ sociation), 167; hostile at­ signs, I 30, I 76 titude towards Republic, 39; Seisser, Hans von, 144 and Hugenberg, 137; and Seldte, Franz, 167 Bruning, 150; and Hinden­ Serbia, attack on, 53 burg, 157 Skrzynski, Alexander, at Lo­ Strasser, Gregor, Nazi leader, carno, I 19 and n. 146 Soviets, see Workers' and Sol­ Streicher,Julius, 146 diers' Councils Stresemann, Gustav (1878- Spartakists, during war, 3; and 1929), 73, 75, 125, 154, I68; November Revolution, 10; founds DVP, 27; attitude attack Ebert's government, towards Republic, 55, 76-7, 2 I ; Congress to found KPD, 82, 83-4; and Austria, 55, 22; 'Spartakist Rising',Janu­ and Kapp, 70; Chancellor, ary 1919, 22-4; Press attacks 106, 175; ends passive resis­ on, 30; and foreign policy, 52 tance, I 07; conflict with Bav­ SPD, 29, 31, 39, 41, 42, 73, aria, I I o; resigns as Chancel­ 141, 147, 151, 161, 168, 170, lor, I I I; appointed Foreign 174-7; pre-war views of, I, Minister, I I I; and Locarno, 2; attitude towards war, 3; u8 ff.; foreign policy, 12o-2; in inter-party committee, 3, refuses liberal union, I 24; 4, 5, 6; attitude towards and Young Plan, I 36 ff.; Max's government, 7; and and DVP, 139; death of, 139 202 INDEX

Tat, right-wing journal, I32 War Guilt Question, the, 6I- Thalmann, Ernst, KPD leader, 2 I 58 Weimar Coalition, I32, I57; Third Reich, the, I 72 formed, 39, 40, 87; fears Thuringia, 34n., 109, I75 elections I9I9-20, 68 Trade unions, and Workers' Weimar Republic, 50, 62, 66, Councils, I8; and Civil Ser­ 76; more liberal than pre­ vice, 45-6; development in decessor, 25; foundation of, Republic, 49-50; and Kapp 26 ff. ; makes peace, 52 ff.; Putsch, 7o-2; and Rath­ constitution of, 3I--9, 48, 95, enau's death, 83; and De­ I 74; position of president in, pression, I 53 35, I25, I33-4, I4o; position Trimborn, Carl, Centre Party of parties in, 39, I 33; civil politician, 28 service in, 44-6, I3I; judi­ ciary in, 46-8, I 3 I ; univer­ Unemployment (I923), I04, sities in, 48, I 32; Churches 113; (I929-33), I38-g, I5I ff. in, 49; possible union with United States of America, the, Austria, 54-5; rejected by 55, 62; and war debts, 74 Allies, 57--9; economy of, 6o, Upper Silesia, 57 I28-3o, I38, I5I ff.; Wirth USPD, 73, I74; formation, 3; tries to rally support for, 76; attacks SPD participation in Law to Defend, 83; improv­ Max's government, 7; agita­ ed situation of, in I924, I I4, tion against war, II ; and I26, I27; Reichsbanner sup­ revolution, II, I 2; and Work­ ports, I 26; importance of ers' Councils, I2, I3, I8; Muller's fall for, I40; reasons in coalition with SPD, I4, I5, for collapse of, I68-7I I6, I7; and Army, 2I, 4I; Westarp, Count von, DNVP radical tendencies in, 2I, 22; leader, I35 and socialisation, 30; con­ Western Allies, and armistice, fused ahns, 4I-2; and Com­ 8, I5; peace terms presented, intern, 42 ; moves for re­ 40; and German Army, 43, union with SPD, 42, 83, 84; 74, 88; and Peace Treaty, 54, and foreign policy, 52; and 55-62; relations with Ger­ Kapp, 72 many, 52; and Reparations, s6, s8, 74. I I7; and London Vaterliindische Verbiinde, 88, ultimatum, 75-7 105 ff.; in Bavaria, 109 ff. Wilhelm, Crown Prince (I882- Versailles Treaty, 48, 49, 68, I95I), I4 69, 78, I23, I69, I74; Ger­ Wilhelm II (I859-I94I), Ger­ man public unprepared for, man Emperor, 45, 52, 54, 54; terms of, s6-8; resent­ I 70; advised to sue for peace, ment over, 57; criticism of, I; attitude to Roman Catho­ s6-6o; impact of, 59-63; lics, 2 ; possible victory in 'War Guilt Clause', 6I; sig­ war, 3; attitude to reforms, nature of, 64; evasion of, 74, 6; obstacle to peace, 8; 108, I3I ;Article 116 of, 79, 8I abdication, 8, I4; and Hin­ Viilkischer Beobachter, I05 denburg, I 24-5 INDEX !203

Wilhelmine Empire, .re~ Ger­ 18; and USPD, r8; attempts manEmpire to set up Red Guard, 18; Wilson, Woodrow (1856-1924), tradeunionsand, r8;Nation­ President, U.S.A., 8, 173; al Congress convened, I g; his Fourteen Points, 53, 55, and Army, 20, 43, 44; failure 56,59,65 to assert their authority, Wirth, Dr Josef ( 1879-1956): 24, 44; Press attacks on, 30; Chancellor, 75-7; and Rus­ and judiciary, 4 7; emascula­ sia, 78-82; and Law to tion of, 50 Defend the Republic, 83; Wiirttemberg, 31 resignation, 84 Workers' and Soldiers' Coun­ cils: established in revolution, Young, Owen D., u6, 136, 12, 13, 15, gr, 173; and Re­ 154, 176 publican government, 16, Young Plan, 136, 147