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Social Fascism Revisited
Stefan Vogt. Nationaler Sozialismus und Soziale Demokratie: Die sozialdemokratische Junge Rechte 1918-1945. Bonn: Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachf., 2006. 502 S. gebunden, ISBN 978-3-8012-4161-2. Reviewed by Eric Kurlander Published on H-German (May, 2007) During the tumultuous fourteen years of the ed the chief bulwark against both communism Weimar Republic, members of the Communist and fascism. Indeed, leading socialist moderates, Party (KPD) regularly assailed their moderate So‐ sometimes referred to as the Junge Rechte, en‐ cial Democratic Party (SPD) colleagues with accu‐ dorsed "social market" capitalism, peaceful revi‐ sations of "social fascism." By allying with bour‐ sion of the Versailles Treaty, and a bourgeois al‐ geois parties in defense of a liberal democratic liance in defense of liberal democracy. Though state, the Communists argued, the SPD fomented they failed in staving off fascism, these historians nationalist revisionism, monopoly capitalism, argue," the "young Right" succeeded in paving the and--inevitably--fascism. Few western scholars way for the social liberalism of postwar ("Bad have accepted this critique in its entirety, but Godesberg") Social Democracy.[2] many have blamed the Majority Socialists' initial Stefan Vogt's new intellectual history rejects vacillation between Left and Right for the weak‐ this bourgeois revisionism out of hand, adding a ness and ultimate collapse of the Weimar Repub‐ new wrinkle to the "social fascist" paradigm of the lic. Rather than nationalizing heavy industry, 1930s. In Vogt's provocative reading of events, purging the monarchist bureaucracy, or breaking Weimar social democracy enabled fascism not up Junker estates, the SPD colluded with right- only in its hostility to the communist Left but in wing paramilitary groups in 1919 to suppress its ideological commitment to the radical Right. -
Schmitt's Justification of Hitler's Blood Purge
Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 33, Number 5, February 3, 2006 and that Adolf Hitler had assumed his new responsibilities as head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The title of President was abolished, and Hitler was to be referred to thereafter as “Fu¨hrer and Reich Chancellor.” Also, all members of the Armed Forces were required to swear a new oath which stated: “I swear by God this sacred oath, that I will render unconditional obedience to Adolf Hit- ler, the Fu¨hrer of the German Reich and people, Supreme Enactment of the April 1, 1933 Commander of the Armed Forces, and will be ready as a brave anti-Jewish laws: soldier to risk my life at any time for this oath.” As they said The sign reads, later, some of the military command hated it—but they “Germans, signed! defend So it was, that on Aug. 19, 1934, the German people went yourselves. Do not buy from to the polls in a plebiscite to “vote” on Hitler’s new leadership Jews.”“This was the beginning of the process that led, inexorably, to the Final Solution.” USIA Schmitt’s Justification people, and thereby I became the supreme judge of the Ger- Of Hitler’s Blood Purge man people.” Von Schleicher was killed in this slaughter, his alleged On the night of June 30, 1934–the “Night of the Long crime that he had conspired with a foreign diplomat against Knives”—Chancellor Adolf Hitler ordered the murders of Germany, Hitler said. Hitler’s obedient Cabinet had already many tens (perhaps hundreds) of his political opponents. -
(Mis)Understanding Berlin a Dictionary for Our City
A global local newspaper in cooperation with October 2016 (Mis)Understanding Berlin A dictionary for our city All Berliners know the most so that he actually said he was a memorable four words spoken by pastry. This is, however, a two-fold John F. Kennedy during his 1963 misunderstanding. While in some visit: *Ich bin ein Berliner. He aimed German-speaking regions Berliner is to express that all free citizens of the indeed the term for a certain sweet world, no matter where they live, are cake, Kennedy’s correct use of ein citizens of Berlin, and that as a free only strengthened his much-needed man he is proud to consider himself words of solidarity. Those keen to one of them. Some sneered, and understand Berlin must speak Berlin. still do, that the president’s chosen The Berlin Times alphabet explains the phrase was grammatically incorrect city from A to Z, helping readers learn for including ein before Berliner, what it means today to be ein Berliner. © CHALABALA / FOTOLIA 2 2016 BERLIN IS A ... City of jobs Wundertüte [ˈvʊndɐtyːtə] Berlin is on a roll Bag of marvels By Michael Müller, Mayor of Berlin Wundertüte is a wonderful German word. It is wonderful to be given a Wundertüte as a child, as on your erlin has become a strong lure for people from all over the Berlin is a center of science and learning that is unique in Europe. very first day of school. It customar- world. In recent years, Berlin’s population has grown by more This environment gives rise to new businesses with sustainable jobs ily contains all sorts of sweets and than 40,000 people annually. -
Capitulation to Fascists Can Be Deadly: Take Germany, Spring 1933-August 1934
Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 33, Number 5, February 3, 2006 Capitulation to Fascists Can Be Deadly: Take Germany, Spring 1933-August 1934 by Steve Douglas Editor’s Note: Over recent weeks, leading opponents of the brown-shirted SA thugs. The Catholic Center Party was also fascist jurist Samuel Alito have been temporizing on the fight targetted for SA disruption. Fifty-one anti-Nazi activists were to stop his accession to the Supreme Court, with excuses of reported as murdered during the 34-day campaign, while the varying sorts. The following article, adapted from a lengthier Nazis claimed that 18 of their members were killed. piece first published in The New Federalist on July 8, 2002, Events took a dramatic turn for the worse on Feb. 27, is dedicated to destroying the illusions of those who are either 1933. That night, the Reichstag—the equivalent of the U.S. deluding themselves, or acting as cowards, in the face of Capitol building—was burned down. While a mentally un- the threat of Hitlerism in the United States, which the Alito stable Dutch Communist by the name of Marinus van der nomination represents. If Alito is confirmed, the United States Lubbe was ultimately convicted and executed for the crime, itself is facing a process similar to that of Germany, between it is clear that he was no more physically or mentally capable the Spring of 1933 and August 1934. of having been the mastermind/perpetrator of the crime, than Lee Harvey Oswald was with respect to President Kennedy, Adolf Hitler was installed as Chancellor of Germany on Jan. -
The Political Thought of General Hans Von Seeckt
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1964 The Political Thought of General Hans Von Seeckt Henry William Herx Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Herx, Henry William, "The Political Thought of General Hans Von Seeckt" (1964). Master's Theses. 1877. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/1877 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright © 1964 Henry William Herx THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF GENERAL HANS VON SEECKT by Henry William Herx A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty or the Graduate School or Loyola University in Partial hlrillment or the Requirements tor the Degree or Master ot Arta February 1964 Henry William Herx was born in Chicago, Illinois, June 29, 1933. He was graduated tram Quigley Preparatory Seminary, June, 1952, attended St. Mary at the Lake Seminary, Mundelein, Illinois 1952-1953, and was graduated tram Loyola University, February 1955 with a degree at Bachelor at Arts. Since 1958 the author has taught MOdern Wbrld History at Tuley Higb School. He began his graduate stUdies at Loyola University, February 1955. The writer has published an article, on the lack at critical content tound in the Chicago newspapers, in!!!! City magazine (April 1, 1962) and is presently working on a Film Education Handbook in connection with the Catholic Film Center. -
Göring. a Biography
A BIOGRAPHY DAVID IRVING F FOCAL POINT Copyright © by David Irving Electronic version copyright © by Parforce UK Ltd. All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. Copies may be downloaded from our website for research purposes only. No part of this publication may be commercially reproduced, copied, or transmitted save with written permission in accordance with the provisions of the Co pyright Act (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publi- cation may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. To Thomas B. Congdon, who has helped me so much is the son of a Royal Navy commander. Imperfectly educated at Lon- don’s Imperial College of Science & Technol- ogy and at University College, he subsequently spent a year in Germany working in a steel mill and perfecting his fluency in the lan- guage. In he published The Destruction of Dresden. This became a best-seller in many countries. Among his thirty books (including several in German), the best-known include Hitler’s War; The Trail of the Fox: The Life of Field Marshal Rommel; Accident, the Death of General Sikorski; The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe; and Nuremberg, the Last Battle. The second volume of his Churchill's War appeared in and he is now completing the third vol- ume. Many of his works are available as free downloads at www.fpp.co.uk/books. Contents Prologue: Arrest The Reichsmarschall! Part : The Outsider A Triangular Affair Storm Troop -
Die SA – Bürgerkriegsarmee Und Massenorganisation
Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung –Gesellschaftsanalyse und Politische Bildung - Seminarmaterialien Die SA – Bürgerkriegsarmee und Massenorganisation des deutschen Faschismus Dr. Reiner Zilkenat, November 2004 1 Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung –Gesellschaftsanalyse und Politische Bildung - Seminarmaterialien Die Geschichte des deutschen Faschismus ist aufs engste mit den 1920 gegründeten „Sturmabteilungen“ (SA) verknüpft. Sie waren es, die vor allem in der Zeit der Weimarer Republik, nicht zuletzt auch bei ausländischen Beobachtern, das Bild vom deutschen Faschismus prägten. Ein Bild, das gekennzeichnet war von hemmungsloser Gewaltanwendung gegenüber politischen Gegnern, einer Gewaltanwendung, die selbstverständlich auch den Mord ins Kalkül zog. Von Beginn an befanden sich Juden im Visier der SA. Vor allem der zum 1. November 1926 von Adolf Hitler eingesetzte Berliner Gauleiter, der damals neunundzwanzigjährige Germanist Dr. Joseph Goebbels, organisierte mit seinen SA – Führern Wolf Heinrich Graf von Helldorf, Kurt Daluege und Karl Ernst regelrechte Jagden auf Juden in der Berliner Innenstadt, insbesondere auf dem Kurfürstendamm.1 Seit dem großen Wahlerfolg der NSDAP am 14. September 1930, als die Nazis nach der SPD zur zweitstärksten Partei in Deutschland avanciert war, strömten immer mehr Männer, darunter nicht zuletzt junge Leute und Erwerbslose, in die Sturmabteilungen. Hier fanden sie auch die Möglichkeit, kostenlos oder gegen ein geringes Entgelt, eine warme Mahlzeit einzunehmen; in der sich seit 1929 ausbreitenden Weltwirtschaftskrise war dies für breite Schichten der Bevölkerung beinahe ein Luxus. Auch bestanden in manchen SA – Heimen Schlaf- und Unterkunftsmöglichkeiten. Kurzum: Neben der Bereitschaft, sich im politischen Kampf als gewaltbereiter Saal- und Straßenkämpfer zu betätigen, existierten durchaus auch handfeste materielle Interessen, die es für manchen in einer Zeit voller Not und Elend durchaus attraktiv erscheinen ließ, Mitglied der SA zu werden. -
Volume 6. Weimar Germany, 1918/19–1933 Arnold Brecht on the November Revolution (Retrospective Account, 1966)
Volume 6. Weimar Germany, 1918/19–1933 Arnold Brecht on the November Revolution (Retrospective Account, 1966) On October 22, 1918, the Naval Command began gathering the German battle fleet in the harbor of Wilhelmshaven. Without having secured government authorization, the command decided to dispatch the ships for a final, strategically senseless battle in the North Sea. The first sailors disobeyed orders on October 28. Their numbers grew rapidly after crews were ordered to leave the port on October 29. Approximately 1,000 mutineers were arrested in Wilhelmshaven, and five ships were transferred to Kiel, where additional arrests were made. Soldiers and sailors showed solidarity with the imprisoned crews, forming Soldiers’ Councils and demanding their release at mass gatherings. The sailors’ mutiny sparked a mass revolutionary movement that was fueled by pervasive war-weariness. The German Revolution of November 1918 did not start in Berlin or on the Ruhr, not among industrial or rural workers, not among the leaders of the two Socialist parties, but in Wilhelmshaven and Kiel among the sailors. It began with the sailors’ resistance against a revolt of the leading naval officers who were about to thwart the policy of the constitutionally legitimate, responsible government in Berlin by having the fleet put to sea secretly, in the middle of the peace negotiations, for a last great sea battle with the British fleet. The sailors’ rebellion in Wilhelmshaven was suppressed. In Kiel it was victorious. When the Kiel sailors thus suddenly held in their hands the power over the warships in the harbor and over the town, they did not know what to do next. -
Chronological Table
Chronological Table 1918 28/29 The German High Command advises September the Kaiser to establish a parlia mentary cabinet and sue for peace 1 October Prince Max of Baden appointed Chancellor 23 October President Wilson's Third Note imply ing that peace could not be negotiated unless the Kaiser abdi cates 28 October Naval mutinies begin in Kiel 7/8 Bavarian monarchy overthrown and November a Republic declared in Munich 9 November Republic declared in Berlin. Ebert heads first Republican government - a coalition of Majority and Independent Social Democrats The Kaiser flees to Holland I I November Erzberger concludes an armistice with Marshal Foch 16-20 Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' December Councils in Berlin. Votes to hold elections for a National Assembly 27 December Independent Social Democrats leave the Government 31 December Foundation of the German Com munist Party in Berlin 1919 5-12january SpartakistrisinginBerlin 15january Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Lieb knecht murdered by government forces Igjanuary Elections for the National Assembly 6 February National Assembly meets at Weimar 174 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 7 April Bavarian Soviet Republic proclaimed in Munich 1May Bavarian Soviet suppressed by Reichs wehr and Bavarian Freikorps 28june Treaty of Versailles signed II August The Constitution of the German Republic formally promulgated 2I August Friedrich Ebert takes the oath as President September Hitler joins the German Workers' Party in Munich 1920 24 February Hitler announces new programme of the National Socialist German Workers Party (formally German Workers' Party) 13 March Kapp Putsch. Ebert and Ininisters flee to Stuttgart 17March Collapse of Putsch 24March Defence Minister Noske and army chief Reinhardt resign. -
The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2015-09-11 Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 Bucholtz, Matthew N Bucholtz, M. N. (2015). Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27638 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/2451 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 By Matthew N. Bucholtz A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2015 © Matthew Bucholtz 2015 Abstract November 1918 did not bring peace to Germany. Although the First World War was over, Germany began a new and violent chapter as an outbreak of civil war threatened to tear the country apart. The birth of the Weimar Republic, Germany’s first democratic government, did not begin smoothly as republican institutions failed to re-establish centralized political and military authority in the wake of the collapse of the imperial regime. Coupled with painful aftershocks from defeat in the Great War, the immediate postwar era had only one consistent force shaping and guiding political and cultural life: violence. -
The German Revolution of 1918-19 War and Breaking Point
The German Revolution of 1918-19 war and breaking point Simon Constantine examines the clashes n the Summer of 1917, not long after the United States between the Left and Right of Germany’s entered the war, the former American ambassador to Germany, James Gerard, would write the following words: new Republic that helped to create the I environment for future extremism and hatred. The German nation is not one which makes revolutions. There will be scattered riots in Germany, but no simultaneous rising of the whole people. The officers of the army are all of one class, and of a class devoted to the ideals of autocracy. A revolution of the army is impossible; and at home there are only the boys and old men easily kept in subjection by the police. There is a far greater danger of the starvation of our allies than of the starvation of the Germans. Every available inch of ground in Germany is cultivated, and cultivated by the aid of the old men, the boys and the women, and of the two million prisoners of war.1 Gerard turned out to be wrong. A revolution occurred a little over a year later, and both the USA’s decision to fight and widespread hunger in Germany would play important causal Heinrich Ehmsen, ‘Kindertod’ (Infant Death), 1917-18. Artexplorer / Alamy Stock Photo Food ration card for bread, Hamburg, 1918. INTERFOTO / Alamy Stock Photo 6 The Historian – Autumn 2017 Sailors’ council on board the battleship Prince Regent Luitpold, November 1918. © Bundesarchiv roles. His assessment of military loyalty also proved incorrect; writer and revolutionary Ernst Toller would later draw attention the rebellion was to begin among the mariners of the German to this widening credibility gap. -
Print Version
Volume 7. Nazi Germany, 1933-1945 Adolf Hitler’s (1889-1945) appointment as Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933, was neither accidental nor inevitable; rather, it was a testimony to the ability of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party [Nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP] to successfully exploit basic weaknesses in the Weimar Republic to gain significant popular support. Without unexpected help from his political rivals, however, Hitler could have never become chancellor legally – or perhaps even at all. Back in September 1930, the Nazi Party had captured 18.3 percent of the vote in a national election, gaining the second largest number of seats in the Reichstag, the lower house of the German parliament. Up to that point, political opponents and observers had mostly viewed National Socialism as a movement of roughnecks and alienated elements who sought to overthrow the republic by force – something that Hitler, in fact, had tried and failed to do in his putsch attempt in November 1923. By the late 1920s, however, Nazi officials and local activists working within the system had built up an increasingly effective organizational base throughout much of Germany and had discovered new – and legal – ways to appeal to different social strata. During the Great Depression, the Nazis parlayed Hitler’s charisma, massive unemployment, and middle- and upper-class fears of Communism and Socialism into a considerable increase in popular support. These years saw the Nazis and the Communists embroiled in a bitter struggle in the Reichstag, where both tried to prevent the passage of government measures at every turn. At the same time, their respective paramilitary forces, the Sturmabteilung [Storm Detachment, also known as the SA or the Brownshirts] and the Rotfrontkämpferbund [Red Front Fighters’ League] battled each other (and the Social Democratic-oriented Reichsbanner organization) in the streets and beer halls of towns and cities throughout the country.