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Religiosité Moderne Et Transformation Personnelle : Le Cas Des Pratiquants De L’Ashtanga Yoga À Montréal

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Religiosité Moderne Et Transformation Personnelle : Le Cas Des Pratiquants De L’Ashtanga Yoga À Montréal Université de Montréal Religiosité moderne et transformation personnelle : Le cas des pratiquants de l’Ashtanga yoga à Montréal Par Marlène Bouchard Département d’anthropologie Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des Arts et des Sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de maîtrise Maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) en anthropologie avril, 2013 ©Marlène Bouchard 2013 i Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Ce mémoire intitulé : Religiosité moderne et transformation personnelle : Le cas des pratiquants de l’Ashtanga yoga à Montréal Présenté par : Marlène Bouchard A été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Robert Crépeau, Président-rapporteur Deirdre Meintel, Directrice Karine Bates, Codirectrice Géraldine Mossière, Membre du jury ii RÉSUMÉ Dans le contexte de l’expression moderne de la religiosité, l’étude explore comment les méthodes de l’Ashtanga yoga produisent l’expérience de la transformation chez les individus qui les pratiquent et qui atteint, dans une certaine mesure, leur entourage. Ethnographiquement, le mémoire se concentre sur le rituel principal de l’Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga (AVY), les séances de style Mysore, telle qu’exercé par la communauté de pratiquants de la Sattva Yoga Shala à Montréal. En tant que performance, le rituel met en branle le potentiel de transformation. La pratique de ce yoga implique une discipline et un apprentissage draconien sur une longue échelle temporelle qui amènent, au fur et à mesure, des changements se répercutant dans/et influençant le vécu quotidien des adeptes. Le mémoire résume d’abord les bases littéraires du yoga, et le contexte historique de l’avènement de l’AVY ainsi que celui de sa venue à Montréal. Pour solidifier l’analyse, le travail poursuit par l’idéologie et la praxis du groupe d’étude. Le cœur de l’analyse suit. Nous examinons premièrement les modalités potentielles à la transformation du soi, c’est-à-dire les éléments rituels généraux et ceux spécifiques à l’AVY; puis, nous nous penchons sur ce que ces modalités développent, permettent, et changent chez les répondants, donc leurs impacts. Dans cette recherche, l’Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga est à la fois une réalité empirique et une catégorie analytique servant à approfondir les connaissances anthropologiques sur le phénomène de la transformation personnelle selon le cadre expérientiel de la religiosité moderne. Mots clés : Ashtanga yoga/ transformation/ religiosité moderne/ rituel/ incorporation/ apprenticeship, affect/ guérison/ agentivité. iii ABSTRACT Within the context of the modern expression of religiosity, this study explores how the methods of Ashtanga yoga is produce the experience of transformation for the individual who practices them, and to a certain extent, his or her surroundings. Ethnographically, the thesis concentrates on the main ritual of Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga (AVY), Mysore style sessions, as practiced by the community of practitioners at Sattva Yoga Shala in Montreal. Through its execution, the ritual sets into motion the potential for transformation. The practice of this yoga involves long-term discipline and a draconian learning process whose gradual changes influence and/or carry over into the daily experience of devotees. The thesis first summarizes the textual foundations of yoga, and the historical context of both the rise of AVY, as well as its arrival in Montreal. To solidify the analysis, the work continues with the ideology and praxis of the study group. The heart of the analysis follows. In the analysis, I first examine potential modalities of self-transformation; that is to say, general elements of ritual and those specific to AVY. I go on to examine their impact, that is, what these modalities develop, allow and change for practitioners. In this research, Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga is simultaneously an empirical reality and an analytical category serving to deepen the anthropological knowledge of the phenomenon of personal transformation according to the experiential framework of modern religiosity. Key words: Ashtanga yoga/ transformation/ modern religiosity/ ritual/ embodiment/ apprenticeship/ affect/ healing/ agency. iv Table des matières RÉSUMÉ........................................................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................... iv Table des matières.......................................................................................................................... v Liste des sigles ........................................................................................................................... ix Remerciements........................................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 11 Problématique........................................................................................................................ 12 Objectifs de la recherche ....................................................................................................... 13 Structure du mémoire ............................................................................................................ 15 Chapitre 1 - Cadre conceptuel .................................................................................................... 19 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 19 1.1. Le rituel.............................................................................................................................. 20 1.1.1. Les caractéristiques d’un rituel.................................................................................... 20 1.2. Le corps et l’incorporation (embodiment)....................................................................... 24 1.2.1. Une réaction au dualisme corps/esprit......................................................................... 24 1.2.2. L’approche phénoménologique et l’incorporation ...................................................... 25 1.2.3. Le corps vécu............................................................................................................... 26 1.2.4. Le corps pensant.......................................................................................................... 27 1.2.5. Le corps, l’action et le contexte................................................................................... 28 1.3. L’habitus............................................................................................................................ 29 1.4. L’apprenticeship ................................................................................................................ 30 1.4.1. Confrontation à l’habitus............................................................................................. 31 1.4.2. Multiples types de connaissances................................................................................ 33 1.4.3. « Somatic conundrums » et les modes somatiques d’attention ................................... 34 1.4.4. La communitas dans l’apprenticeship......................................................................... 35 1.5. La notion d’affect.............................................................................................................. 36 1.5.1. Relationality entre les composantes d’un milieu......................................................... 37 1.5.2. Actuation et mouvement des affects............................................................................ 38 1.5.3. Transmission des affects.............................................................................................. 39 1.5.4. Perméabilité entre les composantes d’un milieu ......................................................... 42 1.5.5. Distinction entre les affects, les sentiments et émotions ............................................ 42 1.6. Les notions de self-presencing, self-reflexivity et d’embodied self-reflexivity ............... 43 1.7. Agentivité, autonomisation et transformation ............................................................... 44 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 46 Chapitre 2 - Méthodologie, expérience de terrain et présentation de la Sattva Yoga Shala.. 48 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 48 2.1. Méthodologie de la recherche de terrain ........................................................................ 49 2.1.1. Positionnement du chercheur, choix du terrain et pertinence de la méthodologie...... 49 2.1.2. Les approches de terrain choisies et de leur pertinence .............................................. 51 2.1.3. Approche ethnographique sensorielle ......................................................................... 52 2.1.4. Approche expérientielle............................................................................................... 53 2.1.5. Approche phénoménologique...................................................................................... 54 2.1.6. Autoethnographie .......................................................................................................
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