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Routledge Handbook of Sport, Gender and Sexuality Greater Houston Track Club Vol Edu Greater Houston Track Club Vol Edu ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF SPORT, GENDER AND SEXUALITY The Routledge Handbook of Sport, Gender and Sexuality brings together important new work from 68 leading international scholars that, collectively, demonstrates the intrinsic interconnectedness of sport, gender and sexuality. It introduces what is, in essence, a sophisticated sub-area of sport sociology, covering the field comprehensively, as well as signalling ideas for future research and analysis. Wide-ranging across different historical periods, different sports, and different local and global contexts, the book incorporates personal, ideological and political narratives; varied con- ceptual, methodological and theoretical approaches; and examples of complexities and nuanced ways of understanding the gendered and sexualized dynamics of sport. It examines structural and cultural forms of gender segregation, homophobia, heteronormativity and transphobia, as well as the ideological struggles and changes that have led to nuanced ways of thinking about the sport, gender and sexuality nexus. This is a landmark work of reference that will be a key resource for students and researchers working in sport studies, gender studies, sexuality studies or sociology. Jennifer Hargreaves is retired as a full-time university professor. She is now a freelance writer/ consultant/guest speaker. An early pioneer of sport sociology specializing in gender issues and the politics of the body, she has published prolifically with translations into different languages; given addresses all over the world; and worked as a guest professor in Germany, Hong Kong and Japan. Professor Hargreaves was awarded the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport (NASSS) best book of the year award for Sporting Females: Critical Issues in the History and Sociology of Sport (1994), the NASSS Distinguished Service Award (2008), and the North American Society for Sports History (NASSH) Max and Reet Howell Award (2006), following the publication of Heroines of Sport: the Politics of Difference and Identity. In 2011 Jennifer delivered The Sir Derek Birley Memorial Lecture for the British Society for Sport History (BSSH). Eric Anderson is a sociologist and a professor of sport, masculinities and sexualities at the Uni- versity of Winchester, UK. His research shows an increasingly positive relationship between gay athletes and sport, as well as a growing movement of heterosexual masculinities becoming softer and more inclusive. Professor Anderson has published twelve books, including Sport, Theory and Social Problems; Inclusive Masculinity and Sport; Masculinities and Sexualities; and 21st Century Jocks: Teamsport Athletes and Modern Heterosexuality. This page intentionally left blank ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF SPORT, GENDER AND SEXUALITY Edited by Jennifer Hargreaves and Eric Anderson Greater Houston Track Club Vol Edu First published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Jennifer Hargreaves and Eric Anderson The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Routledge handbook of sport, gender and sexuality / edited by Jennifer Hargreaves, Eric Anderson. pages cm.—(Routledge international handbooks) ISBN 978–0–415–52253–3 (hardback)—ISBN 978–0–203–12137–5 (ebk) 1. Sports—Sociological aspects. 2. Sports—Psychological aspects. 3. Athletes—Sexual behavior. 4. Sports for women. 5. Sex role. 6. Gay athletes. 7. Lesbian athletes. I. Hargreaves, Jennifer, 1937– II. Anderson, Eric. GV706.5.R88 2014 306.4'83—dc23 2013029100 ISBN: 978–0–415–52253–3 (hbk) ISBN: 978–0–203–12137–5 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon CONTENTS List of contributors x Acknowledgements xx Introduction 1 1 Sport, gender and sexuality: surveying the field 3 Jennifer Hargreaves and Eric Anderson PART I Historical perspectives: links between past and present 19 2 ‘Games for the boys’: sport, empire and the creation of the masculine ideal 21 Dean Allen 3 Sport, gender and sexuality at the 1908 London Olympic Games 30 Martin Polley 4 The dancing body, sexuality, and the emergence of the ‘New Woman’ 39 Patricia Vertinsky 5 Women and sport in interwar Britain 48 Carol Osborne and Fiona Skillen 6 History of gender and gender equality in the Olympics and Paralympics 57 Maureen M. Smith and Alison M. Wrynn 7 The gendered governance of Association Football 66 Jean Williams v Contents 8 A post-colonial critique of the international ‘movements’ for women and sexuality in sport 75 Elizabeth C.J. Pike and Jordan J.K. Matthews PART II Views from countries across the world 85 9 The ‘long march’ of women and sport in mainland china: revolution, resistance and resilience 87 Jinxia Dong 10 From Ryo¯sai-kenbo to Nadeshiko: women and sports in Japan 97 Keiko Ikeda 11 Sumo and masculine gigantism 106 Hans Bonde 12 Rituals of the masculine state: sports festivals, gender and power in Laos and Southeast Asia 112 Simon Creak 13 Gendered barriers to Brazilian female football: twentieth century legacies 121 Jorge Knijnik 14 The participation of women in Brazilian Olympic sport 129 Katia Rubio 15 Perpetual outsiders: women in athletics and road running in South Africa 139 Christopher Merrett PART III Diversity and division 149 16 Mapping intersectionality and whiteness: troubling gender and sexuality in sport studies 151 Mary G. McDonald 17 British Asian female footballers: intersections of identity 160 Aarti Ratna 18 Black female athletes as space invaders 169 L. Anima Adjepong and Ben Carrington vi Contents 19 Disabled sporting bodies as sexual beings: reflections and challenges 179 Andrew C. Sparkes, James Brighton and Kay Inckle 20 ‘My biggest disability is I’m a male!’ The role of sport in negotiating the dilemma of disabled masculinity 189 Nikki Wedgwood 21 Religion, culture and sport in the lives of young Muslim women: international perspectives 198 Symeon Dagkas, Tansin Benn and Kelly Knez PART IV Gender conformity and its challenges 207 22 Interrogating the body in contemporary cheerleading 209 Pamela Bettis and Natalie G. Adams 23 Sexuality and the muscular male body 218 Kenneth R. Dutton 24 Can gender equality become an encumbrance? The case of sport in the Nordic countries 226 Håkan Larsson 25 Women and surfing spaces in Newquay, UK 235 Georgina Roy and Jayne Caudwell 26 Female football fans and gender performance 245 Stacey Pope 27 Watching women box 254 Kasia Boddy PART V Homosexuality: issues and challenges 263 28 Overcoming sexism and homophobia in women’s sports: two steps forward and one step back 265 Pat Griffin 29 Changing the game: sport and a cultural shift away from homohysteria 275 Rachael Bullingham, Rory Magrath and Eric Anderson vii Contents 30 Contextualizing homophobic language in sport 283 Mark McCormack 31 100 missing men: participation, selection, and silence of gay athletes 291 Scott Ogawa 32 I don’t ‘look gay’: different disclosures of sexual identity in men’s, women’s, and co-ed sport 300 Elizabeth Cavalier 33 Gay sports spaces: transgressing hetero(/homo)normativity and transforming sport? 309 Scarlett Drury 34 The Gay Games: a beacon of inclusion in sport? 318 Caroline Symons 35 The Pink Flamingo: a gay aquatic spectacle 328 Terry L. Allison PART VI Questioning and transgressing sex 337 36 Subjective sex: science, medicine and sex tests in sports 339 Vanessa Heggie 37 Affective forms: neuroscience, gender and sport 348 Leslie Heywood 38 Queer genes? The Bio-amazons project: a response to critics 358 Claudio Tamburrini 39 Joining the team: the inclusion of transgender students in United States school-based athletics 367 Helen J. Carroll 40 Transgender exclusion and inclusion in sport 376 Adam Love 41 Male/female or other: the untold stories of female athletes with intersex variations in India 384 Payoshni Mitra viii Greater Houston Track Club Vol Edu Contents PART VII Power, control and abuse 395 42 Foucauldian examinations of sport, gender and sexuality 397 Richard Pringle 43 Psychological safety and the expression of sexual orientation and personal identity 406 George B. Cunningham, Andrew C. Pickett, E. Nicole Melton, Woojun Lee and Kathi Miner 44 Sportswork: the role of sports in the work place 416 Michele R. Gregory 45 Suffering in gratitude: sport and the sexually abused male child 426 Mike Hartill 46 Transcending the (white) straight mind in sport 435 Caroline Fusco PART VIII Gender and sexuality in the mediation of sport 443 47 Sporting fictions: in praise of masculinity? 445 Jeffrey Hill 48 Transmitting softer masculinity: sports talk radio and masculinity 453 David Nylund 49 Sexuality in the mediation of sport 461 Edward M. Kian 50 Gender, media and the sport scandal 470 David Rowe 51 Portraying sporting masculinity through film: reflections on Jorgen Leth’s A Sunday in Hell 480 Ian McDonald 52 Gender trouble in female sports films 488 Katharina Lindner Index 497 ix CONTRIBUTORS Natalie G. Adams is Director, New College, and Professor, Social and Cultural Studies in Education, at the University of Alabama (USA). She is co-author of Cheerleader! An American Icon (Palgrave Press 2003) and co-editor of Geographies of Girlhood: Identities In Between (Law- rence Erlbaum and Associates 2005), both with Pam Bettis.
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