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LAND SUBSIDENCE AS a SLEEPING DISASTER Case Studies from Indonesia

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LAND SUBSIDENCE AS a SLEEPING DISASTER Case Studies from Indonesia LAND SUBSIDENCE AS A SLEEPING DISASTER Case studies from Indonesia Erlis Saputra Lay-out: Ridderprint | www.ridderprint.nl Printed by: Ridderprint | www.ridderprint.nl ISBN: ISBN 978-94-6375-737-95 Copyright © 2019. Erlis Saputra. Land subsidence as a sleeping disaster Case studies from Indonesia Bodemdaling als een verborgen ramp Case studies uit Indonesië (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Penurunan tanah sebagai sebuah bencana terselubung Studi kasus dari Indonesia (dengan ringkasan dalam Bahasa Indonesia) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. H.R.B.M. Kummeling, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 15 januari 2020 des middags te 12.45 uur door Erlis Saputra geboren op 1 oktober 1980 te Pekanbaru, Indonesië Promotoren: Prof. dr. E.B. Zoomers Prof. dr. T.J.M. Spit Dit proefschrift werd mogelijk gemaakt met financiële steun van Ministry of Research Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia. ACKNOWledgeMents When I heard people say that the PhD journey is hard one, full of tears and emotional ups and downs, and that sometimes you feel empty, all I could do was listen and try to understand what they meant. Now, though, having spent the last couple of years as a PhD candidate, I do understand. But I must add that this journey is also full of joyful, priceless experiences and gives one a glad feeling. And I have acquired much knowledge and experience during this journey. As I finish this dissertation, I would like to thank the many people who played very substantial roles in my study. Without them, I would never have completed it. First of all, I thank the Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia (DIKTI) for providing financial support for my study at Utrecht University. Terima kasih yang tak terhingga atas kesempatan yang diberikan. My sincere thanks also go to Professor Annelies Zoomers and Professor Tejo Spit, my supervisors. Annelies, thank you for giving me the opportunity to join the IDS group. Since the very first time we discussed my research and study plan, you encouraged me to keep fighting to highlight my research issue in the wider academic debate. And, indeed, your consistency in maintaining my enthusiasm about the research was really valuable to enhance my critical thinking about problems I came across in the field and literature. You have shown me how to be a professional researcher and academic. Tejo, I am really glad that you agreed to be my supervisor in the second year of my study. You used your extensive knowledge and wide perspectives to teach me how to approach issues from a planning approach. Your comments on my work really improved my knowledge and thinking skills. Annelies and Tejo, I really appreciate and admire your enthusiasm, patience, and inspired comments on my research. I was really fortunate to work with both of you. My research also greatly benefitted from the many insightful comments from my former supervisors, Doctor Robert Fletcher and Doctor Thomas Hartmann. I really appreciate your contribution to my journey. Both of you taught me how to think critically and to express myself simply and to the point, and at the same time to position my research within the wider academic debate. I learnt a lot from you both. I would like to thank the dissertation assessment committee—Professor Maarten Bavinck, Professor Erwin van der Krabben, Professor Hans Middelkoop, Professor Veena Srinivasan, and Professor R. Rijanta—for your interest in reading my dissertation and for your valuable feedback. I also express my appreciation to several people who shared with me their perspectives and knowledge, particularly with regard to peatland: Pak Oka Karyanto, Doctor Paul Burgers, Pak Haris Gunawan, Arifuddin, Ari Susanti, and Zainuri. Pak Oka, thank you for the time and ideas you devoted to discussing with me the first draft of my research proposal. Your ideas were always fresh and yet challenging—and they enhanced some of my research thinking. Paul, Pak Haris, Arif, and Ari, thank you for sharing your knowledge about peatland, showing me various peatland issues in different areas in Riau, and introducing me to local informants. This information helped me to sharpen my research and made my fieldwork more fruitful. v And I am, of course, grateful to my colleagues in the International Development Studies (IDS) research group at the Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University. Paul, Gery, Guus, Maggi, Femke, Griet, Bram, Sebastiaan, Gemma, Kei, Ajay, Jill, and Crelis, thank you for our good interaction and the help you gave me during my PhD program. I also thank my Indonesian colleagues at the Faculty of Geosciences for the discussions, support, and talks: Iwan, Edwin, Pak Suseno, Aris, Rika, Arya, Lukman, Fauzi, Famel, Nana, Yanuardi, Gede, and Delphine. And another thank you goes to all former and current PhD students of IDS and SGPL: Filipe, Ine, Weifang, Antony, Liem, Man, Michelle, Phuc, Murtah, Kebede, Richmond, Alda, Tom, Peter, Ruud, James, Xiaolin, Sara, Karin, Summer, Jie, Lin, Zidan, Xin, Rong, Huaxiong, Hongbo, Nynke, and others. My gratitude also goes to my colleagues at LANDac and Shared Value Foundation: Gemma, Marthe, Lucy, and Romy. To all of you, thanks for supporting my study and project. Our interaction expanded my knowledge of numerous issues in geography, development, and planning from various perspectives, and inspired me to be a critical researcher. I wish you all success wherever you go, and that we can continue our discussions and collaboration. I also thank the faculty and SGPL secretaries and officers—Geertje, Lotte, Marleen, Karlijne, Bu Linda, Wendy, Anita, Ron, Desiree, and Chris—who supported my study by dealing efficiently with many practical matters. I thank the Department of Development Geography and the Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada for giving me the opportunity to study in the Netherlands. To all my colleagues there, thank you for always supporting my study and research. I hope this research can enlarge our academic and practical contribution to humankind and the environment. I extend a big gratitude to my friends in Indonesian communities in the Netherlands, Stichting Generasi Baru (SGB) Utrecht, the Alumni Association of Universitas Gadjah Mada, Netherlands Chapter (Kagama Belanda), Euromoslim, and the Indonesian Student Association of Utrecht (PPI Utrecht). A special thanks also goes to the Indonesian families in the Netherlands, and especially in Utrecht, who helped me to understand this beautiful country and its people. Thank you for welcoming me and my family even before we arrived in the Netherlands. So many people played a substantial role in our lives. Your support and help made us feel that you are our family and that this country is home. I would also like to thank the people in Riau, Jakarta, Semarang, and Bandung who helped me not only as the key persons for this research, but also as discussion partners: Pak Sunaryo (DKP Kota Semarang), Raflis, Made Ali, Agung Pujo Winarko, Jayadi, Wahyu, Derta, Zainuri, Bang Dodi YMI, and Doctor Heri Andreas. And I extend my appreciation to my field research assistants and partners who provided me with much valuable assistance to complete the field data: Adevia, Winda, Hillary, Fiki, Adi, Ari Nova, Chiel Kalter, and Agung Satrio. I also extend my gratitude to Mucahid Bayrak and Lisanne Zoet for the samenvatting. And Margot Stoete and Ton Markus: thank you very much for helping me with some technical support for this book. This research could not have been completed without the data and information I gathered from key informants and respondents. I therefore thank all informants from the central and local governments, NGOs, and local communities, as well as respondents, in Jakarta, Semarang vi City, and Riau. This research would not have been the same without you being kind enough to share your valuable personal data and information. And I sincerely thank my parents, Abah Mohd. Nazir and Ibu Nuraini, and my parents-in-law, Bapak Sutjipto and Ibu Siti Mularsih, for their endless love, support, and prayers for me and my family. Abah, Ibu, thank you for teaching me about life and for your unconditional prayers and love. Bapak, Ibuk, thank you for always supporting me on this journey and in my personal life. Without you, I could not have completed my PhD journey. I also extend my gratitude to my other family members, Uni Henny Herliyanti, Andy Kurniawan, Mas Rudy, Azmi, Mbak Kenty, Nunuk, Mas Dwi, Taufan, and all my lovely nephews and nieces who always show me so much love. Finally, I express my very special gratitude to my family—my wife Erda Rindrasih and my lovely son, Muhammad Abidzar Saputra. Thank you for providing me with moral and emotional support. We started this journey together with prayers, open hearts and warm love, and we end it with thankfulness. Alhamdulillah. May Allah always bless our family. If I have unintentionally overlooked anyone, I thank them for the contributions they made to my journey and this book. Erlis Saputra Utrecht, 30 November 2019 vii Table OF COntents Acknowledgements v List of Figures xi List of Tables xi Abbreviations xii Chapter 1: Introduction 15 1.1. Theoretical perspectives 18 1.1.1. Disaster awareness and preparedness 18 1.1.2. Disaster response and adaptive capacity 19 1.1.3. Disaster governance 20 1.2. Research objectives and questions 20 1.3. Research design 23 1.3.1. Geographical context and research areas 23 1.3.2. Research methods and data collection 24 1.4. Outline of the dissertation 27 Chapter 2: Fighting the ignorance: Public authorities’ and land users’ responses to land subsidence in Indonesia 31 Abstract 32 2.1.
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