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Analisis Status Mutu Air Sungai Berdasarkan Metode STORET

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Analisis Status Mutu Air Sungai Berdasarkan Metode STORET Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia, Juli 2018, p 84-96 Dinamika LingkunganVolume Indonesia5, Nomor84 2 ISSN 2356-2226 Analisis Status Mutu Air Sungai Berdasarkan Metode STORET Sebagai Pengendalian Kualitas Lingkungan (Studi Kasus: Dua Aliran Sungai di Kecamatan Tembilahan Hulu, Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir, Riau) Masykur HZ1*, Bintal Amin2, Jasril3, Sofyan Husein Siregar2 1Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir Jl Akasia No.02 Tembilahan Riau 2Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan Universitas Riau Jalan Binawidya KM 12,5 Simpang Panam 3Fakultas FMIPA Universitas Riau Kampus Bina widya Panam KM 12.5 Pekanbaru. Abstract: District of Tembilahan Hulu is the capital of Indragiri Hilir Regency which has two rivers, namely the Sungai Parit 11 and Sungai Parit 13. These rivers has a tidal type with the estuary on the Indragiri River. The function of these rivers is used as a rain water drainage that existence is not be separated from human activities around the watershed. Characteristics of rivers that cross urban areas are susceptible to decreasing water quality and environmental pollution from the effects of high anthropogenic activities. This study aims to analyze the status of water quality in two rivers that cross district of Tembilahan Hulu, Indragiri Regency. Sungai Parit 11 as the research area has a length of ±5 km and Sungai Parit 13 has a length of ±6 km, each of which is divided into 3 locations of sampling points representing the condition of tides and low tides. The placement of each sampling point is determined based on the representation of the upstream, middle and downstream of the river. Analysis of water quality status of the rivers is made using STORET method which comprehensive by Decree of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Indonesia Number 115 Year 2003. The results showed the status of water quality of Sungai Parit 11 and Sungai Parit 13 in District of Tembilahan Hulu, Indragiri Hilir regency in heavily polluted conditions. Key words: Anthropogenic activities, river quality status, STORET Index. Kerusakan sumber daya perairan yang terjadi jika terjadi perubahan pada salah satu komponen pada saat ini adalah terjadinya pencemaran maka akan berpengaruh terhadap komponen sungai. Sungai merupakan badan air yang yang lainnya (Rudiyanti, 2011). bersifat terbuka dan mudah menerima limbah Sungai yang mengalir di Kecamatan berbagai aktivitas manusia dari daerah Tembilahan Hulu terdiri dari Sungai Parit 11 permukiman, pertanian dan industri di sekitar dan Sungai Parit 13 dengan bermacam aktifitas daerah aliran sungai (DAS). Masukan pencemar antropogenik di sepanjang bantaran sungai dari secara langsung ke sungai akan menimbulkan hulu hingga ke hilirnya. Sebagaimana sungai- penurunan kualitas air berupa terjadinya sungai yang mengaliri kawasan perkotaan, perubahan parameter fisika, kimia dan biologi kedua sungai ini juga mengalami tekanan dari perairan sungai. bermacam aktivitas antropogenik perkotaan. Salah satu indikator terjadinya degradasi Secara geografis, kedua sungai ini terletak pada terhadap air sungai dapat dilihat dari adanya koordinat 0°19'4.20" LS - 0°19'33.55" LS dan perubahan parameter kualitas air. Perubahan 103°8'15.18" BT - 103°9'44.67" BT dengan arah tersebut dapat disebabkan oleh adanya aktivitas aliran bermuara ke Sungai Indragiri. Sungai- pembuangan limbah, baik limbah sungai ini bertipe pasang surut, kondisi pabrik/industri, pertanian, maupun limbah lingkungan sangat fluktuatif karena dipengaruhi dosmetik dari suatu pemukiman penduduk ke oleh kondisi pasang dan surut yang terjadi di dalam badan air suatu perairan. Perairan Sungai Indragiri. merupakan satu kesatuan (perpaduan) antara Pertumbuhan penduduk dan komponen-komponen fisika, kimia, dan biologi perkembangan Kota Tembilahan yang demikian dalam suatu media air pada wilayah tertentu. pesat telah memicu terjadinya alih fungsi Ketiga komponen tersebut saling berinteraksi, bantaran sungai menjadi areal permukiman, Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 85 pasar, perbengkelan, perhotelan dan rumah Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas, maka sakit. Dampak dari bermacam-macam aktivitas tujuan penelitian dalam penelitian ini mengkaji tersebut adalah terjadinya pencemaran sungai kondisi kualitas air dan status mutu air di kedua akibat limbah yang dibuang secara langsung ke Sungai yang mengaliri Kecamatan Tembilahan sungai sehingga menyebabkan menurunnya Hulu Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir serta kualitas air sungai baik secara fisika, kimia kesesuaiannya terhadap baku mutu air sesuai maupun biologi. Kasry (2005) menyatakan peruntukannya bahwa limbah yang dibuang langsung ke sungai cepat atau lambat akan menyebabkan BAHAN DAN METODE terlampauinya kemampuan sungai untuk membersihkan diri sendiri (self purification), Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif sehingga akan menimbulkan permasalahan kuantitatif. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan yang serius yaitu pencemaran perairan. Perairan Mei hingga Juni 2017, bertempat di Kabupaten yang tercemar akan berpengaruh negatif Indragiri Hilir tepatnya di Sungai Parit 11 dan terhadap kehidupan biota perairan dan kesehatan Sungai Parit 13 yang berada di Kecamatan masyarakat yang memanfaatkan air sungai Tembilahan Hulu. Alat-alat yang digunakan tersebut. dalam penelitian ini yaitu: 1) GPS Garmin CSx, Badan Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi tahun untuk menentukan titik koordinat lokasi 2015 merilis beberapa data parameter kualitas pengambilan sampel (lintang, bujur dan elevasi) fisika dan kimia air Sungai Indragiri yang pada peta; 2) thermometer sebagai alat untuk diketahui telah melampaui baku mutu air kelas mengukur suhu perairan; 3) horiba water IV berdasarkan PP No. 82 Tahun 2001. quality sebagai alat untuk mengukur pH dan Parameter-parameter tersebut antara lain TDS, oksigen terlarut; 4) secchi disk sebagai alat TSS, BOD, NO3, NH3, Fecal dan total Coliform untuk mengukur kecerahan perairan; 5) current (BLH Provinsi Riau, 2015). Kondisi ini drogue sebagai alat untuk mengukur kecepatan mengindikasikan bahwa telah terjadi penurunan arus; 6) hand Refaktometer Atago sebagai alat kualitas air yang ditandai dengan terjadinya untuk mengukur salinitas; 7) botol sampel 500 penurunan status mutu air dari kondisi normal. dan 1000 ml sebagai tempat sampel air; 8) Ice Aktivitas industri, limbah perkotaan di box sebagai tempat pengawetan sampel air; dan sepanjang perairan sungai akan memberikan 9) kertas label dan alat tulis yang digunakan dampak buruk terhadap perairan tersebut yang untuk mencatat hasil pengamatan. ditandai dengan masuknya sejumlah beban Penentuan titik pengambilan sampel air pencemar ke dalam lingkungan perairan yang menggunakan metode purposif sampling, yaitu menyebabkan terganggunya ekosistem dan cara penentuan titik pengambilan sampel air degradasi lingkungan (Delgado dalam Agustina, dengan melihat pertimbangan-pertimbangan et al., 2012). yang dilakukan oleh peneliti antara lain didasari Status mutu air adalah tingkat kondisi atas kemudahan askes, biaya maupun waktu mutu air yang menunjukan kondisi cemar atau dalam penelitian. Berikut ini merupakan 6 kondisi baik pada suatu sumber air dalam waktu (enam) titik lokasi pengambilan sampel air tertentu dengan membandingkan dengan baku sungai di Sungai Parit 11 dan Sungai Parit 13 mutu air yang ditetapkan. Penentuan status mutu yang dibagi menjadi stasiun-stasiun dalam air dapat dilakukan salah satunya dengan penelitian ini sebagaimana yang disajikan pada menggunakan Metode STORET. Metode Tabel 1. STORET merupakan metode yang digunakan untuk mengetahui parameter yang memenuhi atau melampaui Baku Mutu Air dengan cara membandingkan antara data kualitas air dengan baku mutu air yang disesuaikan dengan kelas dan peruntukannya merujuk pada Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 82 Tahun 2001 tentang pengelolaan kualitas air dan pengendalian pencemaran air (KLH, 2003). Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 86 Tabel 1. Koordinat Stasiun Pengamatan Penelitian Koordinat Stasiun Keterangan BT LS 1 103009’11.6” 00019’05.3” Mewakili daerah bagian hulu Sungai Parit 11 Kecamatan Tembilahan Hulu 2 103009’05.3” 00019’39.9” Mewakili daerah bagian tengah Sungai Parit 11 Kecamatan Tembilahan Hulu 3 103009’08.7” 00019’44.9” Mewakili daerah bagian hilir Sungai Parit 11 Kecamatan Tembilahan Hulu 4 103009’43.0” 00019’31.3” Mewakili daerah bagian hulu Sungai Parit 13 Kecamatan Tembilahan Hulu. 5 103009’00.0” 00019’32.4” Mewakili daerah bagian tengah Sungai Parit 13 Kecamatan Tembilahan Hulu. 6 103009’36.0” 00019’21.5” Mewakili daerah bagian hilir Sungai Parit 13 Kecamatan Tembilahan Hulu. Pengambilan sampel pada air sungai Penanganan sampel air berupa pengamanan diambil dengan cara pengambilan sampel sesaat sampel dilapangan (pemberian label pada setiap (grab sample) yang mewakili kondisi pasang wadah sampel), pengawetan sampel dan surut. Sampel sesaat atau grab sample yaitu (pendinginan dan penambahan bahan kimia) dan sampel yang diambil secara langsung dari badan transportasi sampel (dari lokasi pengambilan air yang sedang dipantau, sampel ini hanya sampel ke laboratorium). Pengawetan sampel menggambarkan karakteristik air pada saat dimaksudkan agar tidak terjadi perubahan pengambilan sampel (Effendi, 2003). Setelah secara fisika dan kimia. Sebaran stasiun proses pengambilan sampel air pada setiap pengambilan sampel air dapat dilihat pada stasiun pengambilan yang telah ditentukan, Gambar 1. untuk sampel yang dilakukan pengujian di laboratorium, maka perlu adanya penanganan sampel sesuai standar yang ditetapkan. Gambar 1. Lokasi Stasiun Pengamatan Penelitian dan Pengambilan Sampel Air Sungai
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