I EARLY MEDIEVAL WARFARE OBJECTS from the CENTRAL

CEU eTD Collection EARLY MEDIEVAL WARFARE OBJECTS FROM THE CENTRALBALKANS FROM OBJECTS WARFARE EARLY MEDIEVAL Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe Thesis totheDepartment submitted of MedievalStudies, Accepted in conformance with the standards of CEU of the Masters of Arts degree in Medieval Studies External Examiner (Macedonia) Jelena Jaric Jelena Budapest by i CEU eTD Collection Signature 25 May Budapest, 2009 this form any to institution other of higherfor education an academic degree. person’s or institution’s copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in usewasmadeandillegitimate of of andno work part of others, the infringes thesis on the any nounidentified notes and that bibliography. properly in Ideclare information credited external as such only and reseach my on based work, own my exclusively is thesis present the that herewith undersigned, I, the Jelena Jaric , candidate for the MA degree in MA for the Medieval , candidate declare Studies degree May 2009 ii CEU eTD Collection May 2009 Budapest Examiner Thesis Supervisor Chair, Examination Committee EARLY MEDIEVAL WARFARE OBJECTS FROM CENTRAL BALKANS FROM EARLY MEDIEVALWARFAREOBJECTS Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe Thesis totheDepartment submitted of MedievalStudies, Accepted in conformance with the standards of CEU of the Masters of Arts degree in Medieval Studies (Macedonia) Jelena Jaric Jelena by iii CEU eTD Collection EARLY MEDIEVAL WARFARE OBJECTS FROM CENTRAL BALKANS FROM EARLY MEDIEVALWARFAREOBJECTS MA Thesis in Medieval Studies in Medieval Thesis MA Central European University Central European Jelena Jaric Jelena May 2009 Budapest iv CEU eTD Collection me during my instudy Budapest. thankJudith to for the Rasson, inspiring advices. and AliceChoyke,helping for me, me guiding and believinginmy Iwouldwork. like also to Hristovska, to whom I owe my love for archaeology and my love for the Middle Ages. Katerina and Maneva Elica college, my old from supervisors and myprofessors with start to At least, I would like to thank to my family and my friends, for their support and faith in faith and support their for friends, my and my family to thank to like would I least, At I wouldexpresses like my to tomy gratitude in supervisors Budapest, Jozsef Laszlovszky like would I written. been have not would thesis this who without people many are There ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v CEU eTD Collection II. MILITARY INSIGNIA: THE BARBARIANS AND THE I. THE CHRONOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL 5 FRAMEWORK...... 1 ...... INTRODUCTION PEDX...... APPENDIX 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 55 CONCLUSION...... 40 III. THE BARBARIANS AND...... THE BIG CITIES .. HPE OCUIN...... 21 I.3. CHAPTER ...... CONCLUSION 17 I.2. THE GEOGRAPHICAL ...... FRAMEWORK I.1. THE 6 CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK...... III.7. 54 CHAPTER CONCLUSION...... III.6. SKUPI AND 51 THE FORTIFIED CITY OF ...... MARKOVI KULI 50 ...... III.5 BARGALA 45 III.4 HERAKLEA ...... LYNKESTIS 42 III.3 STOBI...... III.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL 42 FINDS AND MILITARY RAIDS...... III.1. 40 REFLEX BOWS AND ARROW HEADS...... 37 II.3. CHAPTER CONCLUSION...... FIBULAE II.2. MILITARY 400 20 in the Central Balkans...... I.2.2 The provincial borders and the administrative system of the Central Balkan region c. I.2.1. The geographical features of the Central Balkans 17 and main communications...... I.1.2 Military actions in the Central Balkans 7 during the Early ...... Middle Ages I.1.1. The problem of the Early Middle Ages in 6 the Central Balkan...... area III.6.2. The fortified 52 city of Markovi Kuli...... 51 ...... III.6.1. Skupi III.4.3 Cloth fittings: The Barbarians and the III.4.2. Stiffening plaques from reflex bows and 49 three-ribbed arrowheads...... III.4.1. 46 A helmet with rivets...... III.3.3. The presence of the Byzantine army and the 45 Avaro-Slavic raids...... 44 III.3.2 The Huns in Stobi...... 43 III.3.1 The Goths in Stobi...... II.2.1 Finds of military 29 fibulae from the ...... Central Balkans II.1.3 28 Metal fittings ...... of the belt iua ihahne...... 35 ...... Fibulae with a hinge Fibulae 32 with a bent leg...... 29 ...... i Romaioi ...... 49 ...... ROMAIOI Error! Bookmark not defined...... 22 ...... CEU eTD Collection research on the impact of military activities in this period and on the material culture of and period related inthis military material of on of impactthe culture activities on the research for the material interesting areaoffers this an area. Therefore, important and strategically rich this lose to not means any by fighting was Empire The people. barbarian various by century geographical region.. for different military types of activities andtheir devastatingin affects thehistory a of asindirect in beevidence theycan incoming thus as deposited ground interpreted resultof raids, wereoften hoards coin the Furthermore, if found together. insignia, military the and weapons the more numismatic datingmore of useful. the is precise material than this provide Coins context, In area. inacertain military activities reconstruct to evidence amaterial by themselves represent However, military objectsthe same time; they marked a soldier’s profession and perhaps, his rank in the military hierarchy. and insigniaitbut function, hadautilitarian of soldiers the equipment personal The of warfare. an analysis can be used for equaled army the with presence. longer time,in areacanbe a given their presence for amilitary activity; indicators arethebest weapons thereforeThe achievements. technological as well as group, a certain to belonging and origin sometimes they do notdarkest side of the human kind. Yet, they surviving.inevitable The wayof weapons, astools of violence, representthedestruction and are also media for showing social and military status, The Central Balkan provinces were raided continuously from the fourth fourth The till wereraidedfrom continuously Balkan provinces seventh the Central the weapons. asthe presence army an of indicative as insigniacan military Hence, the in canbeconsidered material of archaeological groups other themselves, Beside weapons Belligerency was always part of history. Every society has its own militant side, as INTRODUCTION 1 CEU eTD Collection noticeable, that these events fit in a broader chronological pattern of barbarian raids and the and raids barbarian of pattern chronological broader a in fit events these that noticeable, itis Yet, area. Balkan Central the for importance ofgreat are that events military on is based via barbarians. Thisquestion was approached several points. Central Balkans influenced and altered by the military collision of the of collision military the by altered and influenced Balkans Central Byzantine army had tobe re-shaped,cope as withto newthis dangermore effectively. The seen before. not war was waging way of becausetheir threat, great werea horsemen different tribes and tribal federations of Asian origin. These Germanic groups or nomadic beginning of the Middle Ages. The newcomers among peopleof the beginning Ages.Thenewcomers of the Middle the the before time long Empire Roman the of vicinity in the lived who origin, Indo-European barbarians Empire. From its very beginnings, this empire was collections. put into a great test – theshould alsoincursions be taken into consideration for the evaluation of the objects of modernof museum the areas) -military-administrative provinces, regions, military(geographical foractivities important units territorial contemporary Furthermore, of Balkans. the rest from material the contemporary its true material material.be putto source can be selected randomly This observed isolated.or cannot as historical it Yet, research. my for academic available was material reasons,asthis on based practical context was selection objects of This of Macedonia. Republic from of territory thisthe comes material only if parallels and comparisons are made with the similar, the military actions of the of actions military the for witnesses that finds archaeological the beupon will research of this The scope groups. social The first chapter deals with chronological and geographical framework. The chronology The framework. geographical and chronological with deals chapter first The The main goal of this research is to answer how and how much was the territory of the of territory the was much how and how answer is to research this of goal main The The Early Middle Ages on the Balkans were denoted with the rise of Byzantine the of rise with the denoted were Balkans the Ageson Middle The Early – the autochthonic ones and the newcomers. The autochthonic ones were tribes of tribes were ones autochthonic The newcomers. the and ones autochthonic the Romaioi and the barbarians. In the terms of modern-day geography, modern-day of terms the In barbarians. the and 2 Barbaricum Romaioi and the and were CEU eTD Collection possibility survive found bigcities that the way to incursions.barbarian thegreat Thus, the the introduce destruction of layers the follow that renewal of layers the but Balkans, Central in the life urban the on impact deep had raids barbarian the Although a city. of life urban the followed after Thebarbarian usuallyconsidered are suchraids. asmain for endingraids reason evidence, here I will Basedon layersthis of bigcities. foundthese in andcoins were all objects destruction these try to identify who finds: of these interpretation werefor the aspect is a very significant there coins.However, Byzantine the people who raidedanalyzed in is chapter this it quite miscellaneous- ranges from hoards weaponsthe to of the big cities and four Skupi Lynkestis, Thecase and Bargala. material big Stobi, Heraklea study of centres: urban what typology. and analysis stylistic mostly by material Since this isstray finds, sothedating doneonthebasis represented was of factors contributed transformation effected tothe barbarian by what system and this raids of the . mainly was line border provincial which out find to try will I finds, these of patterns distribution borderMost of linefortifications. findscome studying from these By concentrationand the seen through military the insignia of the Byzantine army buckles– belt andmassive fibulae. region. areasof the administrative provinces inroutes. Also, this chapter givesthe basic backgroundinformation of the Centraladministrative division of valleys as natural communication river the aspossible and defense features; mountains the Balkans,activities in will given area. I the themountainsvalleys andrivertake as twomain geographical also an importantthe Central issueBalkans of them. geographicalthe military The survey features ByzantineEmpireof of to the response forwas donethe asorganization to see if they can beof a military-factor for offensive and defensive The dealsthird chapter with urbanthe life in Central the Balkans, represented through introduces The questionthe line chapter second of provincial border andtheir defense, 3 CEU eTD Collection Hadži-Maneva. Maja and Kondijanov Jovan of work the mention must I Ages, Middle Early the from material Lil Viktor Professor of and his of work joint a is also insignia military Ivan research of Mikul Professor long-term excavations of Bargala leadbyProfessor Blaga Aleksova and – the wide range ö Anica archeologists: Macedonian of several work the not therewas existence if haveto not come of in Ages. Early Middle period urban centres the revival can these decline or the of anewimage on offer findsandfeatures these of interpretation or ÷ ievska Elica and Professor Maneva’ on materialthe work from Heraklea Lynkestis; the At the very end of this introduction to this research, I must mention must this introduction would the thisthesis At very the to research,end I of this þLü – the excavations in Skupi in –theexcavationsSkupi and Stobi. survey The the of 4 þLü . As for the numismatic the for As . CEU eTD Collection Middle Ages Middle Ages see Ages, Middle ofthe chronology the of overview general For a scholarship. current with to date up more The Early Mediaval Balkans. TwelthSurvey Sixth tothe Late from the Century (New Brunswick: Rutgers University JohnPress,V. A.Fine, 1969)and general history of Balkans duringthe the Middle Ages, see George Ostrogorsky, Yugoslavaia Ɍɨɦɢʄ Mila Rajkovi Mila knowledge of Greek is not yet profound enough to use these sources in the original language. See [Franjo Bariši See [Franjo language. original the in sources these use to enough profound yet not is Greek of knowledge is anexcellent compilationof critically approached primary sources concerning the history of Central Balkans; my chronological framework is built on written sources influencedthat thehistory Balkans,the of although in indirectmanner,an arealso discussed. The limited as much as possible tomilitary events that are crucial for the Balkans only. Other events befurtherin elaborated this Maps chapter(see 1 and2). will provinces of the division administrative The Empire. Byzantine of the units administrative Empire andthe barbarians. During the Early Middleit Ages, was divided among several levels. many on barbarians the and Romaioi the between influence mutual the of also and actions[history?], military understanding leadtoabetter of will geography understandingthe this region of of Better a great field. battle not, more than often and Empire Byzantine andthe Barbaricum worlds –the different link between a two West, and the connecting East the of routes cross-road Ages. in the Early areawas the Balkansthe This during the of Byzantineprovinces Middle 1 Forbuilding part of the chronology of this research, I have used the translation of Franjo Bariši I. THE CHRONOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORK ANDGEOGRAPHICAL THE CHRONOLOGICAL I. , ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɫɤɢɢɡɜɨɪɢɡɚɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭɧɚɪɨɞɚȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ In a chronological and geographical sense, this research is focused on the military actions The chronology of this research follows the general chronology of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine the of wars the in included inevitably was Balkans Central the of territory The ].(Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences, 1995.) (Hereafter: Bariši (Hereafter: 1995.) Sciences, of Academy Serbian ].(Belgrade: (London: Darton, Longman &Todd,1968). , ed. Brian Tierney (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999) and David Knowles withDimitri Obolensky, ü , Bariša Kreki Bariša , ) Of the works of these two authors, I would recommend the latter as being newer and ü , Lidija Tomi , Lidija ü , ed.] (AnnArbor: University of MichiganPress, 1991.) (Hereafter: Fine, ɪʃȻɚɪɢɲɢʄ Ɏɪɚʃɨ 5 1 and archaeological material. and archaeological [Byzantine sources forthe history of the nationsof , ɢɚ Ɋɚʁɤɨɜɢʄ Ɇɢɥɚ The Early MediavalThe EarlyCritical Balkans,A The History of the Byzantine State ü , Byzantine sources. , ɚɢɚ Ʉɪɟɤɢʄ Ȼɚɪɢɲɚ ü or two reasons: it ) For the ) For , Ʌɢɞɢʁɚ The The ü , CEU eTD Collection of Pennsylvania Press, 1984),vii. 2 documented on the best centuries territory of the two are archaeologically these during happened third middleand the century sevenththe of century. the period when they were more or less neutralized. That is the period between the middle of the Strategikon laterperiod, asGeorge T.Dennisthe his inthe introduction to describes of translation Maurice’s foundations on which the Late Antique world was laid were completely different than the ones of Antiquity transformed Early intoyet the Middle Ages gradually,but irreversibly. The Late dates. set as than transformation of processes more as beseen will research of this borders the construction of influence that factors of the aresome the of research andtopic the The region modern scholarship. chronological framework and the timeline ofthe I.1.1. The MiddleAgesinthe problem Early Central Balkanarea within FRAMEWORK CHRONOLOGICAL THE it.I.1. The chronological foederati need of hadaconstant risingthe Byzantium Western it. and Empire The falling adopted that tribes barbarian those least at equal, them made Christianity world. civilized the and Barbaricum the between line dividing strict the of away fading the brought Ages Middle Early The George T. Dennis, Tr. Dennis, T. George the Roman legion…” and enemies had in by check one of efficientmilitary most the machines in history, sway…Thereheld had was simply empire one Rome Africa, and non-Rome…Lawinto and Europe and orderinto were maintained Mediterranean, the …around The emphasis here will be put on the fifth and the sixth centuries, because the events that events the because centuries, sixth the and fifth the on beput will here emphasis The The chronology of this research will begin with the first serious threats to the empire to in tasks challenging most the of one is still Ages Middle the of borders the Defining , so the yesterday’s enemies became the today’s allies. today’s the became enemies yesterday’s , so the : Maurice’s Strategikon –Handbook ofByzantine Military Strategy 2 6 .(Philadelphia: University .(Philadelphia: CEU eTD Collection Stanford University Press,1996), 8-43.(Hereafter: Treadgold, 5 (Hereafter: Aleksova, (Hereafter: Ecclessiasticaland Cultural Centre Macedonia in 4 ɰɪɤɨɜɟɧɢɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ endangered border to another. to border endangered reported directly to the emperor itself. The task of the mobile units was moveto swiftly from one limitanei so-called (the frontiers the of guardians the major groups: in Thearmy two divided was threats. current the with effectively more deal to as so army imperial the shaped Constantine, of those with military combined tetrachy. reforms, introduced His sohe defended manalone, by one Macedonian archaeological discourse, although in older literature some archaeological finds are treated as evidence foras Slavic treated settlements. are finds See [Blaga Aleksova] archaeological some literature older in although discourse, archaeological Macedonian settlements of Slavs in this period on the territory of today’s Republic Macedonia are still an open question in 3 the Danube. from across territory invadingRoman were Goths In the thirdthe century, (248-305). Central Balkan region Ages Middle duringtheEarly intheCentralBalkans I.1.2 Military actions Romaioi. the by it measures takenagainst andand response the andattacks invasions barbarian suchas actions, and Avaro-slavic Avar severe the when period the Khaganate, Avar Second the of beginning the and First the of end the with coincides border chronological upper The ones. following the on repercussions deep have onwards point from that happened that events the that becauseIconsider for research this border chronological lower the as istaken century third the of middle The Balkans. Central the Fine, Fine, In this research, the Slavs will be seen only through the scope of their raiding activity with the Avars. The The Early Mediaval Balkan The Early Mediaval Balkans During the rule of Diocletian great changes took place which seriously affected the ) andmobile troops organized infive units, each of them under acommander who 3 raids on territory this Thestopped. timeline within bewill focused military on Bishopricof Bregalnica. - ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɰɟɧɬɚɪɜɨɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ 4 Diocletian realized that the empire is too large to be ruled and s, 13. s, 5 , 19., See also Warren Treadgold, ) ɥɝȺɥɟɤɫɨɜɚ Ȼɥɚɝɚ ].(Prilep: InstituteThe of Old Slavic of Culture 1989),14.Prilep, 7 Byzantiun and Its Army. Its and Byzantiun [ Ɍ , he Bishopricof Bregalnica -- thefirst Slavic ɩɫɨɢɚɚ ɚ Ȼɪɟɝɚɥɧɢɰɚ ɧɚ ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɚɬɚ Byzantiun and 284-1081Its Army ) - ɪɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɜ (Stanford: CEU eTD Collection 8 Institute forByzantine Studies, 2002), 205-207. ɭ Balkans and their relationship with Byzantium, see [Nada Ze see [Nada Byzantium, with relationship their and Balkans Thompson, Goths,” of the King “Theodoric, Heather, Peter 2007); Boydell, to theSixthCentury:Period AnEthnographicPerspective History ofOstrogoths the Herwig Wolfram, Vasilev, Alexandrovich Alexander Heather and John Matthews, John and Heather 7 Khaganate] Huns in the the HunsBalkans, in see [JovanKova ed. Falko Daim et al. (Eisenstadt:Amt Der Burgenländischen Landesregierung, 1996):67-165, 465-484. Forthe ed. Éva Garam and Attila Kiss, (Budapest:Helikon Kiadó, 2002); Ve siècles) HistorischenMuseum Pfalz der Speyer, 2007),378-388; IstvánBóna University of Press,Michigan 1966): 211-214; Blackwell, 1996);Colin D. Gordon, and Culture others would not attack. In the period between 383 and 392, Pannonia was the target of intensive of target attack. In wasthe between 383and392,Pannonia periodnotthe wouldothers Balkans in general and in the territory of the Central Balkans. Thrace. 6 of Constantinople, the Huns crossed the river known today as the Volga. horseman-based stopit army, not did barbarianthe invasions. In 375, shortly the foundationafter made Valens, who diedin many with together battle the of his men, by wassucceeded He Theodosius. territory. They did notbecome a serious threat to the empire until the fifth century. this period, thecrossing of Volga by Hunsthe triggered movement the of Gothsthe toimperial Balkans. The Goths stayed about a century, first as enemies, then as allies of the empire. inthe cross theDanube seek andrefuge to andforced intothem Gothic territory penetrated Treadgold, Fora general history of Goths,the see Rolf Hochmann, For ageneral history of the Huns, see: Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen, IV ɢ V foederati Still, making n alliance with one of the barbarian tribes does not necessary mean that the that mean necessary not does tribes barbarian the of one with n alliance making Still, Although the rigid, legion-based army was transformed with these reforms into a mobile, into reforms these with legion-basedwas transformed army Although rigid,the In 378, the Gothic and the Roman armies clashed at Adrianople in Thrace. Emperor inAdrianople Thrace. at clashed armies Roman the and Gothic the In 378, 8 ɜɟɤɭ From this moment onwards, the Ostrogoths played major roles in the history of the (Paris: Errance, 2002), 223-238; .(Belgarde: 1977), 31. (Hereafter: Kova 31. (Hereafter: 1977), .(Belgarde: The Visigoths in the time of Ulfila Byzantium and Its Army (Berkeley:University of Press,California 1973): 486-597; E.A.Thompson, [ The Byzantine Empire andthe Gothsinthe Balkans in the Fourthand Fifth century out of the Goths, settling the Ostrogoths in Illyricum and the Visigoths in History ofthe Goths (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,1984); The Goths in the FourthThe Gothsinthe Century The Gothsinthe Crimea , 11. The Age of Attila:Ffifth-CenturyThe Age andtheBarbarians Byzantium (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1987); Thomas S. Burns, Gold finds of theMigration period in the Hungarian National Museum . (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966). For more about the Goths in the þ evi þ Attila undHunnen die evi ü ] ü , Avar Khaganate 8 ɨɚɄɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ ȳɨɜɚɧ , ed. Sam J. Barnish and Federico Marazzi (Woolbridge: Marazzi Federico and Barnish J. Sam , ed. þ Die Germanen evi] (Cambridge, Medieval Academy of America, 1936); üɇɚɞɚɁɟɱɟɜɢʄ Early Medieval Europe Hunnen und Awaren, Reitervölker aus dem Osten, (Liverpool:University Liverpool Press, 1991); The World Huns--Studies History ofthe intheir , Les Huns: Legrand barbare d’ Europe (IVe- .) , ed. Alexander Koch et al. (Speyer: al. et Koch Alexander ed. , (Munich: Nagel Verlag, 1971); Peter , The Ostrogoths fromthe Migration ɜɪɤɄɚɝɚɧɚɬ Ⱥɜɚɪɫɤɢ ], ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɚɢȽɨɬɢɧɚȻɚɥɤɚɧɭ 4 (1995): 145-173; E. A. 6 In doing this they The Huns [The Avar [The (Ann Arbor: ] (Belgrade: (Oxford: 7 Still in Still A , CEU eTD Collection 15 14 Simocatta, See Whitby, of Marmara. Sea onthe Selymbria Sea to Black the from ran Walls Long 13 12 11 Warfare fortifications. breach to needed knowledge asthe aswell before, seen hadnever Romaioi the that weapons fifth by part of military hadmarked century Hunnishthe domination.was and They tactics first The Empire. Byzantine the to threat serious a became they thereafter and frontier Danube 10 and andforced Thrace the empire pay to them tribute. southernmost point of the Hunnish raids were the Thermopylae. The Huns also raided Illyricum Theodosius II built the Long Walls, as protection for the outskirts of Constantinople. Emperor so the itself, capital the near to dangerously Attila came of armies The were sacked. Sirimium,Margus Singidunum, Serdika, Naissus, Viminacium, Philippopolis, and Ratiaria Stobi, cities; Balkan Vandals, Marcomanni,Vandals, and Huns. Gaul and diedin 453. lasted until 450, when they shifted the focus of their raids to the West. Attila was defeated in 9 along Danube the situated barbarian tribes bythe again sacked Danubewere the of south in provinces After395, the raiding of empirethe thedivision activity. Kova Whitby, Treadgold, The army of Attila penetrated 9. up tofootnote See the forth of Athyras, about 40 km This awayattack on Stobifrom will Constaninople.be further discussed in Chapter 3. The Theodosian Michael Whitby, þ evi (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 67. (Hereafter: Whitby, The whole outcome of this raid was devastation and sacking of noless than 70 cities. The One of the biggest raids was that of 447, led by Attila himself. The targets were led rich the of Attila targets wasthathimself.447, raids One by The biggest of the 68. Maurice and Theophylact Simocatta ü , Avar Khaganate Byzantiun and Its Army 10 The Emperor Maurice and his Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan 11 the capital of Macedonia Secunda, was one of them. Other cities, such as 15 , 32. After his death, a strong anti-Hun coalition led Gepidking, anti-Hun by the coalition After hisdeath,astrong , 13. , 68. 9 This was the first time the Huns appeared on the 9 14 Maurice and Theophylact Simocatta. The Hun of domination thethe Balkans limes : Sarmatians, Quadi, Alani, Quadi, : Sarmatians, Maurice and Theophylact 13 ) 12 CEU eTD Collection Early Middle Ages with this topic would also be Andrew Gillet, ed., “Odoacer: German or Hun?” German “Odoacer: in the Early Middle Ages,” Middle Early the in of Ethnicity Conceptions “The Pohl, Walter in see more topic, this About needs. current the to according career, his Middle Ages, possibilityraises the of ambiguityethnic -- headopted different identities during different stages of Early Medieval Balkans 21 20 19 18 coast. It isalso Sea known under Black the names of the Balkan at Mountainends and and Haimos Mountain.Bulgaria central through eastwards continues it then Serbia, of today’s part eastern 17 another. After 476, the Germanic the After 476, another. tribe imperial one against barbarian policy of Byzantine playing of part the 489. Again, was this Pautalia. of in vicinity the in Dardania, settlement were offered Ostrogoths andwith but Visigoths, the nosuccess. In 479,the Ostrogoths, ruled by Theodoric, Byzantine Empire. They settled a territory they regarded their own north of Stara Planina. 16 Althoughof Kingdom inBalkans,part Pannonia.the OstrogothicItaly Dalmatia, Istria, and formed a kingdom hisof in own, capital the with including Ravenna, parts of Westernthe Emperor Zeno. Theodoric was sent to Italy to restore the Byzantine control. Yet, Theodoric hands. own their into city the of defense the took Thessalonica of citizens andthe wereevacuated andEpidamnos Lynkestis did that notstop themfrom further raiding. were bigcities Again, target the of Heraclearaids: hinterland of Constantinople. the to almost reaching from there, Macedonia Thessaly, and Thrace, Greece, on launched attacks hadthey more influence no in there. military the actions theArdarich, Huns. in defeated of This battle the era the ended Balkans and Hunnish domination Different literature attributes Odoacer to different Germanic or nomadic tribes, e.g., John V. A. Fine, Jr. in his Jr. Fine, V. A. John e.g., tribes, ornomadic Germanic different to Odoacer attributes literature Different Ibidem, 69. Ibidem. Whitby, Stara Planina is a mountain range in the eastern Balkans. It runs along the border of today’s Bulgaria and the Kova þ evi Byzantine authority was reasserted in the Balkans when the Ostrogoths moved to Italy in Italy to moved Ostrogoths the when Balkans in the reasserted was authority Byzantine With the disintegration of the Hun federation, the Goths again became a threat to the to threat a became again Goths the federation, Hun the of disintegration the With Maurice and Theophylact Simocatta, ü , Avar Khaganate (Turnout: Brepols, 2002.) , considers him as a Goth. Yet, Walther Pohl, in his article about ethnicity in the Early Archeologia Polona The American Historical Review , 32. 20 18 The Emperors Leo and Zeno tried fuelto the conflict between the 21 leader Odoacer ruled the West under the overlordship of of the overlordship the under West the ruled leader Odoacer 68. 39(1991):and Robert 41, L.Reynolds Robert and L.Lopez, On Barbarian Identity-Critical Approaches toEthnicity the in 10 52, No.1(1946): 52, 36-53.Interesting reading related 16 19 They accepted the offer, but the offer, Theyaccepted 17 They CEU eTD Collection 25 2002). MigrationPeriod in the HungarianNational Museum Daim et al. (Eisenstadt:Amt Der Burgenländischen Landesregierung, 1996): 202-257, 465-484; Mitteleuropa 24 23 22 in Peace 532. army, Perpetual so-called signed the Persia Byzantine match foragainenhanced the no Being Armenia. army newfield the of and created soldiers newly withrecruited units hisexperienced Hecombined neutralize thethreat. Persian to but he alsohad an unresolved conflict with Persia. Toavoidfighting on twofronts, Justinian had He hadunder his armyled astrong by power. andNarses --Belisarius generals experienced -- of This emperors --Justinianhadavision both parts empire (527-565). unitingthe emperor of established apowerful federation. they where Plain, Hungarian the towards Asia in Central homeland their from moved gradually Avars The Slavs. omnipresent but belligerent less the and Avars fierce the groups, different century was a its whencompared especially with tumuluousstable period, beginning. fifth the of end The army. Byzantine the in element barbarian the decreased thus and natives affected on the army, too.Payments to soldiers increased with these reforms,it so attracted many system he monetary the madeon The one that be introduced. hadto Reforms Persians. the Balkans. inthe presence Gothic itsthe on, formation of solved theproblem later conflicts triggered other Balkans, Justinian undertook Balkans,an Justinian undertook ambitious building program. Ontheterritory of today’s Treadgold, About the general history and material culture of the Avars, see WalterPohl, See more in Philip Grierson, ed., Fine, The Early Mediaval Balkans The sixth century was also marked by the rule of one of the most powerful Byzantine The sixth century brought great changes. The empire had to face danger coming from two war with to Anastasiuswas andwent (491-518),theempire weakened During of therule 22 (Munich: C.H. Beck, 567-822; 1988.), Byzantiun and Its Army Byzantine Coins , 22. , 15. (Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress, 1982), 4. Hunnen undAwaren, Reitervölker aus dem Osten, , ed. Éva Garam and Attila Kiss (Budapest: HelikonKiadó, 11 25 To enforce the protection of the of protection the enforce To Die Awaren: ein Steppenvolk in Gold Finds of the ed. Falko 24 23 CEU eTD Collection of the pre-European phase of the nomadic tribes. nomadic of the phase pre-European the of reconstructing for importance ofgreat are which Avars. the accounts, Chinese in including tribes Asia, ofthese in mentions people the to refers nomadic He also various of origin the to chapter whole a dedicated Kovacevic 11-24. 31 30 matter. they became of anannual From mid-sixth the raiding Slavs activities the century, the reached). point southernmost in wasthe andsomewhat Greece (Corinth in Macedonia sacking Thrace and 29 28 expandingmid-sixth in the century. as territory Byzantine imperial imperial territory. This was the beginning of Avar-Slavicthe invasions. Danube weakened The Khaganate in Khaganate Pannonia. settling.but not settlement triggered Their wasprobably by formation the of FirstAvarthe conquerneeded fortifiedknowledge cities. Theywerestill justraiding to territory,Byzantine on 27 26 so Justinian sent part of the years for Italy, Spain, North and Africa. This projectambitious requiredmore andmore soldiers, mainthe for obstacle his Western of uniting and Roman Eastern foughghtEmpire. Justinian 40 as in Kingdom Italy and hisbiggest the opponent Ostrogothic HeperceivedTheodoricWest. as century. renewed sixth the builtfortificationsduring or were 400 around alone RepublicMacedonia of Whitby, Fine, Treadgold, Ibidem, 28. Fine, Ibidem The Early Mediaval Balkans The Early Mediaval Balkans 28 The Avars fleeing emerged into Europe from Turkishfederation,the which was The first written records on the Slavs situate them north of of Danube. the north them Slavs situate on the records written The first Having Persian his annulledthe couldthenfocusdanger, Justinian on re-conquestof the , 25. Although the raiders were very mobile, they were lightly armed and did not possess the possess not did and armed lightly were they mobile, very were raiders the Although Maurice and TheophylactMaurice Simocatta, Byzantiun and Its Army foederati, limes 29 Some of the Slavs moved towards the south and were settled on settled were and south the towards moved Slavs the Some of limitanei will attracted the barbarians north of the Danube into raiding on raiding into Danube the of north barbarians the attracted will , 29. , 22. , 15. 30 but a greater number were subdued by the Avars. 31 to Italy and thus left the Danube the left thus and Italy to They subdued the tribes who lived BlackSea, the around tribes Theythe who subdued 85. About the origin of the Avars, see Kova 12 limes þ poorly poorly defended. evi ü , Avar Khaganate Avar 27 They were 26 , CEU eTD Collection 36 35 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 34 1(1994): 75-81. help. imperial the for a reward as Sirmium him offered They II. Justin the Emperor armies to ofone,turned fight instead with two Gepids themselves, a fearing Sirmium and the control of Pannonia were promised to Avars if they defeated the Gepids. The Lombard Albion,king, Bajan in Avar Avars and the Khagan 566/7brought the into Pannonia. the departure of the Ostrogoths for Italy,but the Lombards wanted to claim it. The alliance of the tribes -- the Gepids and the Lombards. The Gepids took over the territory that was with ports. cites Danubeandattacking the crossing vacant after 33 32 finally fellunderAvar in sameyear control 582,the Theloss became Maurice emperor. of city The city. the abandoned and years several for famine endure to had city the of citizens long losing followed;started; siegesof Sirmium battles.The sides werewinning both and boats. build use and remnants of the Huns to their power. and the Protobulgars, Slavs,the having subduedthe people, of conglomerate ruled agreat TheAvarKhans besiegefortified cities. to andpersistentenough horsemen were experienced They far superior. weapons and were mobile training unitslightly their equipped, werealso and on Macedoniadocumented territory material.the of via numismatic today’s of Republic is also raid This Chalcidice. even reached marauders the and sacked, was Illyricum of whole including Coutrigurs. the Kova Whitby, Fine, [JovanKondijanov] Ibidem. ” [A note on the Coutrigur” [Anote onthe inthe territory raid of Illyricum540]. in þ The Early Mediaval Balkans evi The Avars emerged on the Balkans by interfering in the matters of two other barbarian other two of matters in the interfering by Balkans the on emerged Avars The When it comes to warfare, the Avars were quite the opposite of the Slavs. Although their Although of Slavs. the opposite the Avars werequite the warfare, to itWhen comes Maurice and Theophylact Simocatta, ü , Avar Khaganate ȳɨɜɚɧɄɨɧɞɢʁɚɧɨɜ 35 The Slavs were familiar with watercraft and they played a major role in 32 , 40. One of One best of the knownraids of Coutrigursthe is thaof 539/540. The , 30. , “ 34 ɉɪɢɥɨɝɡɚɭɩɚɞɨɬɧɚɄɭɬɪɢɝɭɪɢɬɟɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɧɚɂɥɢɪɢɤɜɨ The inonly weak spot Avar warfare wastheirinability to 86. 13 36 In 568 the fight for Sirmium Macedonian NumismaticJournal 33 540 CEU eTD Collection [Medieval cities and fortresses]. (Skopje, Macedonian Academy of Sciencies and Arts, 1996): 330. 1996): Arts, and Sciencies of Academy Macedonian (Skopje, fortresses]. and cities [Medieval 585/86 emission. See [Ivan Mikul 42 41 40 39 on two fortresses in the vicinity of Prilep. of vicinity in the fortresses two on and The in raidisdocumented same coin-dated fortress Skopje. Markovo Kaleof the vicinity of on is layerthe Stobi and Bargala, documented cities the adestruction of Lynkestis, Heraclea in life theyearwhenurban ended This was others. and Secunda, Macedonia Prima, Macedonia barbarian camp. barbarian in appearance of andfamine the plague was the army Avaro-slavic rapidof withdrawal the for the last long.not The reason butdid followed, siege of Thessalonika another yearlater, Two failure. wasanother yetthat Thessalonika; towards 811. from 626 to the sole masters of Pannonia. Here they built their federation under the rule of a khagan. 38 of Constantinople. Sirmium, of army by an warriors, 5000 Slavic order of the khagan,the reached the LongWalls raids were the capital itself or the second on territory the Republic present-day of Macedoniay ofmost final destinations The of of these best -- Thessalonika. Two years afterinvading the Central theBalkan region. These raidsconquest are well documented via archaeological material of was used for route Morava-Vardar the Usually,activities. severeraiding of most period the 37 base for controlling the Danube Sirmium was meant the loss of control over Panonnia, and also the loss of an important strategic The life in these two fortresses, on the sites Baba and Selce, ended in 586. The last coins found there belong to the Kova Kova Whitby, The chronological framework of the Khanates is given by Jovan Kova by Jovan given is Khanates of the framework chronological The Fine, þ þ The Early Mediaval Balkans evi evi The First or the Great Avar Khaganate lasted from and Khaganate Second lasted568 to626 from the Avar Khaganate or The First Great the Maurice and Theophyl act Simocatta ü ü , , Avar Khaganate Avar Khaganate 41 38 This siege was followed by great raiding activity in the provinces of Dardania, in of by provinces followedraiding activity the Thissiegewas great 39 The period of the First Avar Khaganate was the peak of andAvar was the peakof power the Khaganate Avar The of First period the Being unable to conquer the capital, the Slavs turned the scope of the raid the of scope the turned Slavs the capital, the conquer to unable Being , 57; see also Bariši see also , 57; , 54; Bariši þLü , 30. ] ɂɜɚɧɆɢɤɭɥɱɢʅ limes ü , Byzantine Sources, . 37 , 90. After the Lombards withdrew to Italy, the Avars were 42 ü , Byzantine Sources , ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɬɜɪɞɢɧɢ 14 40 175. In584,theAvars conqueredSingidunum. , 176-184. þ evi ü . See Kova . þ evi ü , Avar Avar Khaganate , 11. CEU eTD Collection Thessalonika. Theyinvited theparticipate AvarKhagan in to siege,the promising rich gifts, but novelty of The thisintact. left was city the and siegeunbreakable proved again city the of is fortifications mighty thatthe it was carried out by thebecame the targets of the Avaro-Slavic raids.Slavic In 617 or618, Thessalonika was under siege again; tribes who lived in the vicinity of andDalmatia. Croatia, Bosnia, western parts of today’s attacked westand raids tothe of theirscope the Avars shifted Balkans. The the reign of Phocas and Heraclius. This was also the period of the largest Slavic settlementin the during Avars attacked its importance lostand the frontier defensive The again fast. quite Danube 74. (Hereafter: Curta, 43 Avarsthe in occasions,in besiegedSingidunum other two 593 and 596. Nevertheless, frontier. Danube old the behind Slavs the and Avars the chased and Singidunum Here-conquered Balkans. tothe army troops large transfered and Persians the peace with made 45 44 Maurice broke this treaty first; in the very next year he sent armies across the Danube. the across armies he sent year next very in the first; treaty this broke Maurice peace treaty wasA frontier completely. old the Danube thusestablished and Sirmium re-conquered Maurice made and the Avarslater, year One army. hit Avar the that by plague the was neutralized attack This Constantinople. were paid annual tribute for not attacking the empire. Fine, Florin Curta, Florin Ibidem, 34. The Early Mediaval Balkan, Although the campaign of Maurice almost destroyed them, the Avars consolidated again them, Avarsconsolidated almost the destroyed Maurice Although campaign the of In the second decade of the seventh century, Thessalonika and Constantinople again Constantinople and Thessalonika century, seventh the of decade second the In In 599, the Avars broke the defense of the Maurice 591, when Emperor upto lasted army Avaro-slavic the of activity The raiding Southeastern Europein theMiddle Ages 500-1250. Southeastern Europe. 32-33. ) 44 Salona wasconquered between 619 and 626. 15 Romaioi (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), and reached the Long Walls of Walls Long the reached and 43 45 CEU eTD Collection Balkans and Kouber, who led the 49 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 108.(Hereafter: Curta, 48 fortifications. See more in Chapter2. 47 led by himself. Khagan the Thehorsemen were Persians. 46 actions. bythese was decimated federation The army Avar the of ledbattle in629;and Bulgars, c. 635the byKoubrat, had fled survivedthesiegeand for This werethe aconflict. ina and reason conflict resulted andpay threat who his refused murderthe Thekhagan ordered to them tribute. subjects of Slavic military force on the Balkans. The Byzantine survivingthe Slavs fled. emperor no longer navigated by Slavs and Bulgars which khaganwasthe heavily counting on was perceiveddestroyed and them as a seriousfor nine and days it with ended fora catastrophic defeat the Avars. A fleet monoxyla of the city siegelasted theLongWallsagain. protected The or built samespot, brought very on the material archaeological during Justinian’s rule onthe territory today’sof Macedonia, was still in judging use, from the built re-built and fortifications, of Anabundance them asathreat. perceived still empire the Avars inthe Balkans.Although powerof the Avarsthe wasweakening with every failed siege, important date, becauseit denotes the end of the First Avar Khaganate and the domination theof although some Slavs were still part of the Avar federation. established, werealready ofseveral tribes Slavic settlements The as allies. equal they negotiated Koubrat had five sons, but only two of them are important for the Balkans: Asparukh, who led the Bulgars to the Kova The material mentioned above mostly consists of military insignia of the Byzantine soldiers who guarded these FlorinCurta, þ evi The attack started in the summer of 626. It was a joint attack of the Avars and the The events that followedThe that siegeneutralized asdominantevents thisunsuccessful theAvars succeed The Avars with not alsodid siegeof the in626.Thisis Constantinople an ü , Avar Khaganate The Making oftheSlavs- HistoryArchaeology and in the Lower c.500-700. DanubeRegion 47 coming from them. from coming , 64. See also Curta, Sermensianoi back to their homeland. The homeland. their to back The Making of the Slavs 16 49 were freed from federation. freed Avar from were the 46 The Making of the Slavs 48 , 108. Although Although weresiege machines Sermensianoi were the people and the .) 50 CEU eTD Collection 52 Early Mediaval Balkans, Fine, (See Krum. Khan Bulgar of the army the in mercenaries mere as but conquerors, as not circumstances statewhose Bulgars, by the conquered been had parts eastern the and control was Frankish under were Khaganate Avar the growing rapidly.51 The Avars appeared twice more in the Balkans, in 811 and 814, in completely new 50 Khaganate in the field of people ruling them and independently from Avarkhagan the emperor. the these and It said is that the of settling idea the had Kouber However, Balkans. the in homelands their to back went they federation, Avar they Although provinces. lived Balkan the from slaves as Khaganate Avar the into among taken were who people ofthe descendants barbarians, they kept their Christian religion. In 680, taking advantageown local network of routes and paths, but four majorof roads can be distinguishedthe (See Map turmoil4): within the border between the Byzantine Empire and the state of the Bulgars. became the range later Thus,be defended. this could it military presence butwith adequate an Planina range, running east-west, is an exception; itisnothigh enough beto an efficient barrier, Stara The north. the from invasions to open Balkans the make thus and north-south run ranges function of ideal natural protection. That is mostly due to the fact that almost all the mountain havenot the they do feature on landscapes, the Balkan predominantmountains arethe the Although banks. ran river becausealong of most roads feature, the important rivers werealsoan communications main featuresoftheCentralBalkansand I.2.1. The geographical FRAMEWORK GEOGRAPHICAL THE I.2. and the empire fought for the Central Balkans. state Bulgar thenewlyestablished Khaganate, Avar fall After the of west. the expanding to they were because Balkans for the minorimportance wereof in Avars the Yet, period this Fine, expansion This ended inthe Avaro-Frankishwar (971-805). When thewarwas finally over, western the parts of Fine, The Early Mediaval Balkans, The Early Mediaval Balkans, The main roads of the Balkans ran along the river valleys. Every micro-region had its features The main mountainof arethe BalkanPeninsula the The geographical ranges. The lost in supremacy the Balkans denotes beginningthe of SecondAvarKhaganate.the , 88.) ȀİȡĮȝȒıȚȠȢ 90-94.) , opn the outskirts of Thessalonika (see Bariši 2. 43. 51 17 ü , Byzantine Sources, 52 213; Kova 213; Sermensianoi þ evi ü settled , Avar The CEU eTD Collection 56 55 1996), 18. 54 Central Balkans, beginningattheDanube andleading toThessalonika the whole crossed It in theMediterranean. islands and the coast Aegean with the Central Europe section of the Gates Iron of the through Danube passingof west, cut mountainsthe turned plainssouth the south andthrough the it then Seacoast; near Black the slopes on Planina the range Stara the andcrossed Adrianople Savavalley.followed the westfrom Danube the and turned route other the Germany; southern today’s in ended and line Danube the follow to continued Singidunum day (modern Belgrade), dividing on into middlethe two routes:one Danube AdrianopleNaissus andSerdika (modern extending then day (modern Sofia), to and day Nish) 53 Mediterranean. link andthe Danube of the regions which adirect route, provided Vardar Morava- the was barbarians the by roads exploited most the of One too. barbarians, the by used were roads becausethe vulnerable, more made it empire the Yet, another. to border endangered in empire importance the by thesecond city Bitola) Thessalonika, and (neartoday’s Lynkestis Heraklea (today Ohrid), suchas many Lychnidos andstops, wentthrough Durres) Dyrrachion (Durrazo, at beginning Aleksova, Ibidem. Mark Whittow, Mark Fine, The Early Mediaval Balkans, - The fourth road followed the Morava and Vardar valleys and connected the inland of also- Thethirdbeganalsoitto Thrace;inat north andwent turned Constantinople road via Thrace crossing in beginning- The amilitary second Constantinople, was road Good road infrastructure meant better trade and easier transfer of an army from from one army of an transfer andeasier meant trade better infrastructure road Good with Constantinople, coast Adraitic the connected that Egnatia, Via famous - The Bishopric of Bregalnica, of Bishopric The Making of Byzantium 53 (See Map5). (See 3 limes 12. and rejoined the second road near Singidunum. near road second the rejoined and , 600-1026. (Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 18 54 56 (see Map 6). 55 CEU eTD Collection 58 57 system. military-administrative awell without organized provided natural certain for elements defensethe of region,the butitstrong was not enough attack and defenders.the Thus, and mountains to the of rivers the Balkanarea Central the night) at (even crossings make“surprise” to were trained origin, steppe of particularly warriors, organized defense line along the rivers provided goodprotection. otherthe On hand, horseman river bank, madebecause the attackers they vulnerablehorses horses.cross Crossing theirsuch with rivers with to horsemenrivers asthey were trained could during not theuse for notcause problems fastdid andnot very rocky very or wide crossing not Rivers that were their raids. their and at thebows areas of moment target reach the to roads riverside the followed who horsemen, were of them Most boats. and of arriving arrows on the many tribes because the of inother thatinvasions, barbarian the in role period. agreat play not did rivers of navigability the Nevertheless, Thus, a well influences. was also a placeit line, Although asdefense conceptualized and the betweenBarbaricum.border only empire the for trade the was Danube The Plain. Hungarian Great the as such betweenprotection, as serve to ranges mountain theno with areas for convenient Romaioi especially was That borders. as served also they but Balkans, and the barbarians and a bridge for mutual See footnote 34. footnote See Fine, The Early Mediaval Balkans Except for Danube, Sava, and the lower Neretva, the Balkan rivers were not navigable. werenot therivers Balkan lower Neretva, andthe for Sava, Danube, Except The river valleys only not conditions for establishingprovided anetworkof roads on the 58 raided that the Balkans hadnoknowledge of building andusing ,3 19 57 CEU eTD Collection 60 Christian Church of Macedonia and its relationship withRome] Secunda. asacity by in Macedonia endof was listed century sixth the the province. Bargala,another bigmodern city (near firstŠtip),belonged Dacia to Mediterranea, but this in lay Balkans Central the of part northeastern small, very a Mediterranea: Dacia - [Rajko Bratož] 59 exposed one to barbarian raids, if they were not stopped at the Danube Iustiniana Skopje) wasits capital Primaand animportantarchbishopric see until 535, when founded newly the took over (today Skupi and Dardania in lay Balkans theCentral of part northern the Dardania: function- during the Middle Ages. of capitalthe territoryof the province. ofThe capital provincethis of wasDyrrachion. The city of Lychnidos (modern-day wasin Ohrid) Epirus NovaThis and areasmall,EpirusonesouthwesternNova:a - Central partof theBalkans layinEpirusNova. of wasthe themost it. ran section through of Via Egnatia because greatest the important also was This province mostimportant Prima. Macedonia in lay Lynkestis, Heraklea cities, biggest the of One Thessalonika. urban at capital and ecclesiastical centers wasStobi. Thecapital province of the line riverVardar. of the the followed This province Salutaris. Macedonia known as Macedonia also Secunda, Balkans belonged to of theCentral system The bordersandtheadministrative I.2.2 provincial Both of these names refer to the same area; Macedonia Salutaris is the older one. older isthe Salutaris Macedonia area; same the to refer names of these Both Notitia Dignitatum - Macedonia Prima: the southern and the central part of the Central Balkans, with the with partBalkans, Central the of and central the southern the Prima: - Macedonia Macedonia Secunda or Salutaris: -Macedonia provinces: different several to belonged Balkans Central the of territory The Balkans Balkan regionc.400intheCentral ɊɚʁɤɨȻɪɚɬɨɠ ( http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/notitia1.html , ɊɚɧɨɯɪɢɫɬɢʁɚɧɫɤɚɬɚɰɪɤɜɚɜɨɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚɢɧɟʁɡɢɧɢɨɬɨɞɧɨɫɫɨɊɢɦ 20 Macedonian Heritage ,last accessed May 13, 2009.) and 60 most of the territory of the Central limes 13(2000): 3-4. 61 . 59 [The Early CEU eTD Collection 61 Thus,astudy of this impact on andthecentres fortifications borders. military targeting the the big layers urban of these from coming material destruction via confirmed archaeological the bebarbarianof sotherefore the areexpected raidsthese to patterns, raiding andpatterns weretargets Bargala and The Lynkestis, Heraklea Skupi, Stobi, rich urbancenters: route. Vardar lay thelong Morava- on area becausethis threatened was especially Secunda and Macedonia of Dardania provinces between the border The marauders. by barbarian asroutes been have used had minimalnatural defenses bymountain andranges many it valleys cutriver across could that barbarian tribes or settled tribes as settled tribes tribes or barbarian the between conflicts fueled emperors the not, than often More troops. of numbers great by fought the loss of these provinces by any means. Fortifications were built and rebuilt and manned empire The themselves. provinces the of control also but barbarians, the for booty promised capitals, the especially cities, the Conquering Romaioi. the and barbarians the both for important Empire and the people of the Barbaricum. CONCLUSION CHAPTER I.3. The rich provinces with tocope newsituation. in the order transformations certain on the it Asrequired aresponse, tothese this raidsattacks. areaandwasvulnerable continuous to Balkans were of in situation a created was not area the system of administrative the Thus, C.E. century second equally This is the administrative division that the Romans employed after acquiring the Balkans in the Aleksova, - The Central Balkan area was directly involved in most of the major raiding activities; it activities; raiding major the of most in involved directly was area Balkan Central The In the Early Middle Ages, the Balkan Peninsula was a great battlefield for the Byzantine forthe battlefield agreat was Peninsula Ages, Balkan the Middle In theEarly Ages. Middle Early the pre-dates division administrative this stress that to isIt important Praevalitana: a small, northeastern part of the Central Balkans. Bishopric of Bregalnica, of Bishopric 42. foederati toplay the role of buffers against the other tribes. 21 CEU eTD Collection (see Maps 1 and 2). butwith those long, PraevalitanaDardania and both wereapproximately quite samethe length ones, short Nova Epirus and Mediterranea Dacia with borders The Nova. Epirus and Praevalitana both with west the on and Mediterranea, Dacia east with the on province of Dardania, with bordered north on the the andMacedonia Prima. They Macedonia known Salutaris) as morebeing toraiding exposed activity. quantities of such material along a border with greater military presence in that area as result of it larger of presence the between find if aconnection I willto try so provinces, with other borders on the fortresses from herecome treated finds ofthe Most activity. military Byzantine with site objects, follow their development and Byzantine groupof the this fibulae.buckles arguefor provenance Iwill of and massive the origin from earlier forms, and equate their presence on a status. military and asit Ages asoldier’s forrank Middle hasdenoting themodern armies today -- orwithinmore of groups theMilitary borders insigniaone group. meaning had samethe inthe raids in finds and archaeological the features. signs of the to trace inorder types andsettlement areas particular these focus on area should II. MILITARYINSIGNIA: THEBARBARIANSAND Material culture is one of the basic means of establishing communication between between is or two Material oneof communication culture basicmeansof the establishing The material analyzed comes mostly from the provinces of Macedonia (also Secunda Macedonia of provinces the from mostly comes analyzed The material The objects that Ichose to treat as the military insignia of the Byzantine army are the belt II.1. BELT BUCKLES AND OTHER BELT ELEMENTS AND OTHERBELT BUCKLES II.1. BELT 22 ROMAIOI CEU eTD Collection Österreichische Akademie die Wissenschaften 184, 1986), 61-62. Museum craftwork”), decorative Avar to relation of their question the and buckles kasnim bizantskim kop 64 vicinity of Sirmium 63 Fibulae and belt decorations Faculty of Philosophy of the University of “St. Kiril and Metodij”, 1995), 266 (Hereafter: Mikul Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ 62 latter. for the asabasicpattern serving ones,probably barbarian with the symbolism. mythological with decoration elaborate bearing emerged, forms new and Basin Carpathian in the arrival their after Avars the and probably from originated forms. Roman older, fittings metal and buckles with Belts side. back the on rings massive three have Byzantine butthe Roman buckles tothebystuds, is the belt; wereapplied the how ones predecessors Roman from buckles theirbelt Byzantine early the distinguished that characteristic of theyhad belt.the on hooks Sometimes A little side,usedforone hanging requisites. many baseleather metal prevent includingfittings “ribs” so-called twistingwere applied,to the served butalsofunction, tomark military hierarchy. the soldier,beginning lower ranks the“generals”. and with endingwith Theyhad autilitarian neighboring barbarian tribes.elements Beltswere inherited from the equipmentwith of the Roman legions,a buckle some borrowed from were a universal part of the uniform of every which in certain period had a high concentration of Byzantine military personnel. These arestray These personnel. military Byzantine of concentration had ahigh period which incertain comes to belt buckles or the rest of the cloth fittings and jewelry. it when the archetype which was really state cannot so one each other, influenced art Byzantine For more information about the relations between the Byzantine and Avar belt buckles, see Zdenko Vinski Zdenko see buckles, belt Avar and Byzantine the between relations the about information more For [Ivana Popovi [Ivana [Ivan Mikul 8,No.1 (1975): 57-74. See also,See Joachim Werner length the theother.Alongof “tongue” the on anda endbuckle one had a on A belt the of Some waseclectic. quite soldier of a Byzantine equipment military The personal The belt buckles from the territory of today’s Republic of Macedonia are found on sites found on are of Macedonia Republic today’s of from territory buckles beltthe The [Fibulae beltand decorations from andcenturiessixth seventh the Macedonia]found in (Skopje: The þLü ü and Viktor Lil ] ] (Belgrade: National Museum of Belgrade, 1997): 20. (Hereafter: Popovi ɜɧɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ ɂɜɚɧɚ þ ama io pitanju njihovaodnosa s avarskim ukrasnim tvorevinama” (“Late Byzantine belt ). þLü ] , ɂɜɚɧɆɢɤɭɥɱɢʅɢȼɢɤɬɨɪɅɢɥɱɢʅ ɥɬɢ ɜɪɤɩɨʁɚɫɢɡɨɤɨɥɢɧɟɋɢɪɦɢʁɭɦɚ Ⱥɜɚɪɫɤɢ Ɂɥɚɬɧɢ 62 23 Still, they were adopted by the Germanic tribes by Germanic the Still,were adopted they 63 Byzantine buckles had a parallel evolution , Der , Schatzfund von Vrap, Albanien , The JournalZagreb ofthe Archaeological Ɏɢɛɭɥɢɢɩɨʁɚɫɧɢɭɤɪɚɫɢɨɞ 64 [A Yet, the barbarian and barbarian the Yet, Gold Avarbeltfromthe ü , Avar belt.) þLü 6 and Lil ɢ (Vienna: 7 ɜɟɤɜɨ , þLü “O , CEU eTD Collection Vinski, “Salona.”) remnants of pre-Slavic substratum),the archaeological the through seen of Salona area the in occupation autochthonic Antiquity Late (The substrata” 69 buckles. belt the to refers 68 122, 136, 280 (reference cited inPopovi Ungarn,” landnehmenden der Metallkunst “Die Fettich, See N. Russia, south 67 Wissenschaften, 1992). (Hereafter: Uenze: (Hereafter: 1992). Wissenschaften, The imitation of human facial features is achieved by various combinations of the cross and the combinations cross the by various of is facial features human achieved of The imitation mask. anthropomorphic an represents variant second the of decoration The Christian. tentatively of this type is quite from fig vicinity the (see Constantinople of 5)andsome III, Table Egypt. from simple, with have quite wide range of a distribution --themotif Balkan provinces and Crimea. Some examples come of a Greek They from C.E. bucklebelts, oldesttypeof 550-600 bucklesbelt the Byzantine dating represent cross and a lunette. This decoration is for only aretypical that Macedonia. local variants the andUenze,adding ofWerner 66 relative chronological system upon them. desctrutionlayers of fortresses. Thatsets them ina closed archaeological context and makes it possible to build a 65 have been excavated. Uenze deals with this material found Italy. on and the site Balkans the of of Sadovec, traditions whereautochthonic twolocal, great and JustinianRoman older in the fortressesartifacts buckles andmade a typology them,of whileZdenkoVinski tried find to the origin these of Uenze have mostin contributed the research beltbucklesonByzantine the andfibulae. typology. and analysis stylistic base Thedatingthe on of wasdone context. lack anarchaeological in mostcases, sothey finds Zdenko Vinski, “Kasnoanti Syna Uenze’s great contributionon the matter of military insignia is the typology of fibulae, although she also Theoldest scholarship onthis topic treated them asof barbarianorigin, with centres of productionin today’s Syna Uenze, The typologies used in this chapter are all based onmilitary insignia finds from necropoli and coin-dated Most of Most of these beltbuckles belong Sucidava tothe type (TableII,fig The Sucidava 1-10). II.1.1 Sucidava belt buckles Joachim Werner was the first to indicate the possible Byzantine provenance of beltthese of provenance possibleByzantine to indicatethe first Wernerwasthe Joachim Die Spätantiken Befestigungen von Sadovec (Bulgarien) 68 Ivan Mikul þ ki starosjedioci uSalonitskoj regii prema arheološkoj ostavštini predslovenskog 65 ü The studies of Joachim Werner, Zdenko Vinski, Werner,Zdenko Syna and Joachim Thestudies of , Avar Belt,Avar, page 21,footnote 9.) Vjesnik za arheologiju i historiju Dalmatinsku Sadovec. þLü and Viktor Lil and Viktor ) 24 þLü have also adopted have alsoadopted typologiesthe (Munich: Die Bayerischen Akademie der Archaeologica Hungarica 69(1974):(Hereafter: 37. 69 The decoration 66 21(1937): 67 Syna CEU eTD Collection 72 71 della Dacia nel sec. III dell’e.n.” III sec. nel Dacia della romane citta delle fortificazione “La Tudor, see D. Sucidava, of fortress the about more For of Sucidava. fortress Sudrumanien,” aus Gurtclbcschlage “Spatromischc 70 century. sixth late the in expansion productive a indicate that variants basic two the of sub-variants many lunette, as well as by adding some additional decoration such as concentric circles. There are Dardania and Dacia Mediterranea. andDacia Dardania neighboring -- provinces to borderpassages the guarding used werefor that from fortresses the come all they Lynkestis, Heraclea and Stobi from those for Except found. been have buckles belt rule of TiberiusMaurice (582-602). The Sucidavabuckles belt in this fortress are dated by coins from rulethe of Justinian I until the andof fortification I(517-527) Justinian I(527-565). was Justin ruleduringsystem.rebuilt the It figs: 1-4). This fortress bankwas of builtDanube left (in the on of Celei, today’s of site the theis buckles belt peripheryRomania), these of site eponymous The empire. the of which border ofused Dacia to be the Traianafortress of andSucidava was (seepart Table of III,the limes Freca Piatra in Bulgaria; Ratiaria) Serbia; Orshova (Dierna), Sadovec-Golemanovo Kale (see Table III: fig 6), Razgrad and Archar( Danube the from mostly come specimens Bulgaria),(southern Vukovo from Osijek come Specimens regions. Pontic and Balkans the in and sites urban from Salona (Croatia), Caricin Grad (Justiniana Prima?, Serbia). The fortress Ibidem, 38. Vinski, “Salona:”37-38. Mikul þLü So far, on the territory of today’s Republic of Macedonia, 12 specimens of Sucidava of specimens 12 Macedonia, of Republic today’s of territory the far,on So Most of the Sucidava belt buckles come from fortifications, but a great number came The first finds of such types came from the Lower Danube region, on the northern the on region, Danube Lower the from came types such of finds first The 70 and Lil and þLü , Fibulae and belt decorations, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte Ġ ei and Celei ( Sucidava) in Romania Sucidava) ( Celei and ei 72 limes Dacia 270. For more about Sucidava buckle belts, see D. Tudor D. see belts, buckle Sucidava about more For 270. 25 : Chezava (Novae) and Veliki Gradec (Taliata) in 9-10 (1945):513.Tudor D. directed excavation the of the 14, No. 3(1965): 368-380. 71 CEU eTD Collection seventh seventh century fig(Table II, 11). found. Bologna typethe was inside the provinces. In one of these fortresses, the site Kale, Debreste, a belt buckle belonging to buckle (TableII,fig 14) belt Sucidava the of sub-variants many the of one as it mark circles concentric of motif the and still lunette form but isthe elongated rare, quite Its found. beltbuckle was another Belica, Kale, Table 1: Distribution of Sucidava beltbuckles 74 73 Ibid. Mikul 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 unknown “Markovi Kuli” “Markovi “Kale”, Belica “Hisar”, “Hisar”, Creska “Budingrad”, Budinarci “Budingrad”, “Gradiste” , Gradiste , “Gradiste” “Kula” , Celopek , “Kula” “Davina”, “Davina”, Cucer Heraclea Lynkestis Stobi þLü II.1.2 Bologna belt buckles belt Bologna II.1.2 local nearroads the also but passages, border main the builton only not were Fortresses fortress the At type. predominant the is buckle belt Sucidava the above, shown As and Lil and Name of site þLü , Fibulae and belt decorations belt and Fibulae , 73 . unknown Skopje Brod Stip Berovo Kumanovo Kumanovo Skopje Bitola Gradsko 74 It was excavated from a layer dated in the late sixth sixth – early inthe late dated from was a layer excavated It Vicinity , 270 Silver alloy Silver Material 26 bronze bronze bronze bronze bronze bronze bronze bronze bronze Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 Drawing No. 8, 9 No.10 none No.3 No.2 No.6 No.5 No.4 No.1 No.7 border line with: line border Fortress on the on Fortress Mediteranea Mediteranea Mediteranea None,a city None,a city unknown Dardania Dardania Dardania Dardania Dacia Dacia Dacia CEU eTD Collection 77 Egnatia. 76 77-87. altomedievale nelle collezioni Stibbert diFirenze,” Joachim Werner zum 65 Geburstag Sardinienim Museo ArcheologicoTurin,” in zur Museo Nazionale di Ravenna,” Naturali della Rigione Emilia Romagna, 2003): 631-635; M. G. Maioli, “Fibule romane, bizantine e barbariche del dell’ Adraitico dalla Preistoria al Medioevo Cinzia Cavalalari, “Fibbie fibuleet altomedievali nel territorio Ravennate e nella costa Adraitica. In 75 fine of find.fromthe common demonstrates Lynkestis one coming craftsmanship The Heraclea (Table II, Byzantine as buckle this figmark back the on rings the 12). decoration, this of spite In Mediterranean. The “tongues” Eastern in the again revived were which traditions, Hellenistic that old of is reminiscent palmate were appliedThe there. found was buckle belt A palmate-shaped on Kumanovo. of vicinity the inthe Filipovci other side of the belt are also a andConstantinople. of Dyrrachion ports connecting the road coast. This might be explained by the fact that this site is notfar from the Via Egnatia, an the ancient on not inland, is that finds few the of one and anywhere type Bologna of finds rare very the Hersones). Constantinople, Athens, Corinth, Salona, (Istria, Crimea and Balkans inthe ports Byzantine the of line the follows pattern that is connected with the coast line. Balgota type is a more common find than Bolognathe It starts in North sevenththe century; is dating closer the 660. from to Although620 asforms,they co-existed the Italy (Bologna and of half first in the emerged types These two hinge. by a pieces connected two of consisted types Trento) and Unlike the Sucidava belt buckles, which were cast in one piece, the new Bologna and Balgota Mikul This site is about 45 km away from Heraclea Lynkestis (near today’s city of Bitola), one of the stations on the Via Vinski, “Salona:” 28. About of finds Bologna beltbuckles Italy in along and the Mediterranean, see more in: þLü Another border fortress with the province of Dardania is the site Dolno Gradiste,distribution a have they heart; a of shape the have typically buckles belt Bologna employed. was buckles belt for design another century seventh the of beginning the From and Lil and þLü , Fibulae and belt decorations belt and Fibulae , Felix Ravenna (Munich: publisher, 1974), 545-557; and O. VonHessen, “Ilmateriale 75 All makesthis findthe of Macedonia uniqueis --it one of , ed. Fiamma Lenzi (Florence: Instituto perI Beni Artistici Culturali, 111-112 (1976): 89-123;O.Hessen, Von “Byzantische Schnallen aus Studien für Vorund Frügeschichtich Archäologie. Festschriftfür , 272. Ricerche diArcheologia altomedievale emedievale 27 76 L’ Archeologia 7(1983): 77 CEU eTD Collection 79 78 soldiers. The first use of such metal fittings fourth from dates century; inare foundthey tombs of ranking officer in the Byzantine army (Table II, fig 13). of by a belthigher worn probably part was sheet and was made capital.a silverthe of It this area. seventh century. Thefinds from haveDavina may a nomad belonged to raiding warrior through Alan burials in Caucasus and the Avarburial in Pannonia (Bócsa, Kunbábony) dated to the rich reachedthe and craftsmen, traveling workshops via theByzantine form, This provenance. Byzantine the betrays belt the to applied were they way the although form, this in traditions inoriginated not Middlethe Europe.Ivan East, Mikulci finds, the ones from Davina, are quivernot for arrows. as uniform as for likea for military hangingother a dagger or pieces asheath some havehooks equipment, of the rest. The griffon other ofmetal fittingstypes them arefound.merely Someof have function, but a decorative as a motif many fortresses. Beside ribs, propeller the finds as from stray border Macedonia, they the occur probably Ibidem, Ibidem, 273. II.1.3 Metalfittingsofthebelt The shape and function of these belt buckles are shown in below.lasttwo The areshown buckles table of the beltThe shapeandfunction these 78 79 Metal fittings (see Table I), so-called belt “ribs” are also a common find in fortresses. in find a common also are “ribs” belt so-called I), Table (see fittings Metal During fifth and sixth centuries a new form emerged, the “propeller-shaped ribs.” In ribs.” “propeller-shaped the emerged, anewform centuries andsixth During fifth 28 ü sees theinfluence of Irano-Sassanid CEU eTD Collection cloaks andmantles cloaks II.2. MILITARY FIBULAE Table 2: The distribution of beltfittings (see illustration with corresponding numbers in Table 1). of Pennsylvania Press, 1984), 138.[didn’t you give a short formof this in thefirst chapter? use it here] 80 13 12 10 11 George T. Dennis, tr. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 aia-Cucer, Davina aia-Cucer - Davina Koreshnica Kamenica Kanarevo Zeleznec Celopek, Celopek, Celopek Fibulae were also part of the personal equipment of a Byzantine soldier. They They wore soldier. a Byzantine of equipment personal the part of werealso Fibulae Balkans the Central II.2.1 Findsofmilitary fibulaefrom Zdunje Belica, Belica Site ? ei Capija Demir ei Hisar Demir Kumanovo Kumanovo Kumanovo Kumanovo Porechje Porechje 80 Delcevo Skopje Skopje Vicinity Veles Brod Maurice’s Strategikon,Handbook ofByzantine MilitaryStrategy that were clasped with massive fibulae. The most common type of of fibulae type common Themost fibulae. massive were clasped with that square, serrated serrated edge square, square, serrated serrated edge square, headsof eagle/griffon2 qae serrated square, edge leaved rosette 6 – Miniature buckle Miniature serrated edge Maltese cross aydetails Many Elaborated, “propeller” “propeller” “propeller” “propeller” square, Shape 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 29 th th th th th th th th aigMtra ucinQatt Drawing Function Quantity Material Dating th th th 7 7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 th th th th th th th th th th th th th c c c. c. c. c. c. bronzec. c. bronzec. c. bronze c. .bronze c. c c c and silver polished polished polished polished Alloy of Alloy copper iron, iron, iron, iron, iron iron iron ? Decoration, jointing of a decoration decoration decoration decoration decoration decoration case withcase the belt hook hook rib rib rib rib 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 (Philadelphia: University No. 30-32 No. 26-28 No.22, 24 no. 21, 23 No.19,20 o 29 No. No. 25 No.34 No.17 no. 33 No.18 no.16 no.15 Near theborder Mediterranea Mediterranea fortress with: fortress nearborder with Thrace with Dacia Prevalitana Prevalitana Border line Border Dardania Dardania Dardania Dardania Dardania Dardania Dardania Dacia inland CEU eTD Collection 83 82 81 Sucidava), of fortress (the Kale Golemanovo and Kale Sadovsko inneighboring -- fortressesfinds are wereexcavated Justinian two confirmed where Sadovec, asresult Avara group Avaro-Slavic activity.interpreted around Such of raiding 600, and dated buckles. They are found usually in of centres production. numberdifferent of a great of appearance form the and sizes and decorations. groupoffibulaeThe collected with leg a bent amultitudefrom shows of Macedonia different This can be interpretedterritory asof today’san the on found indicatorspecimen one Republiconly to refers She century. sixth in the of set Macedonia wass chronologically for andthe she denotesfast itdevelopment as a new south Balkan mostfifth from prototypes of datingfourth the but centuries, and the production the variant. of this arerare. Balkans of the inland area under in control, Byzantine the Djerdap Canyon in especially section Finds the Danube. the of few the on focused then was distribution The distribution. century.infibulae butwith the of useduring seventh Thistype continued century, a reduced distribution expanded during the sixth century, reaching by the maximum endof the samethe Their century. fifth in the again reappeared they where region, Danube Lower from finds certain hiatus in their usage during the Roman Period (first tothird century C.E.), with some rare is a There and Region. Danube the in Europe Central culture forms LaTène of the in origin the legwhich have a abentdistant V), with (seeTable fibulae arethe Ages Middle from Early the Macedonia (e.g., Markovi Kuli, Skopje). Vinski, “Salona”: 38-39. Uenze: Mikul þLü found legformsfibulae are withabentbelt The latest the with together of Sucidava Syna Uenze dedicated an elaborate study to this type of fibulae. She identified several Sadovec and Lil and , 137-160. þLü , Fibulae and belt decorations belt and , Fibulae 81 limes fortifications with great layers of destruction, coin- destruction, of layers great with fortifications , 258-259. 30 limes fortifications that were still 83 and some fortresses from fortresses and some 82 CEU eTD Collection illustration). ininformation with numberfor finds Tablean 3,aswell corresponding the provided of the Journal Deppert-Lippitz, “A Late Antique Crossbow Fibula inthe MetropolitanMuseum of Art,” 84 fibulae, onion-shaped Danubian provenance, variants. own its has type Each predominant. are leg bent leg with a Macedonia arethefibulae fibulaea bent with the andthefibulae with a hinge,though the material. The most commonDanube The usedmethod regions. local of mintingworkshops iron the(stamping) and as used types of fibulae found The in imports areusually products. bronze andwith finds theyhavefrom parallelscast the on the territory of today’s Republic of I have encountered another term referring to this type of fibula- “the crossbow fibula.” See more in Barbara in See more fibula.” crossbow “the of fibula- type this to referring term another encountered Ihave iua with Fibulae provenance Danubian 35 (2000): 39-70. fibulae of variants: into three bedivided legcan abent fibulaewith finds of The local imports and into bedivided can finds the pieces, the of theorigins Based on Typology Typology fibulaeof finds this[give a figure number so it will appear in listthe figures of Fibulae with bent bent leg shaped fibulae Onion- at the beginning of the thesis] the of beginning the at simplehead fibulae with fibulae shaped Strip- Military fibulae finds fibulae Military from the Central the from Balkans 84 31 and strip-shaped fibulae with and head; with strip-shaped fibulae a simple Zoomorphic fibulae Fibulae with fibulae with fibulae equal ends hinge shaped Cross- Metropolitan Museum Fibulae with Fibulae shaped shaped leg plate- CEU eTD Collection fibulae survived intworegions: among in the Lombardi Italy inandNorth the provinces of centres for must production in have been the prefecture of Illyricum. Pannonia; the main concentration is in the area Salona. of Zdenko Vinski inferred that one of the from from borders of usageof are the to thesixth fibulae fourth these the coming century. Specimens fortifications,This istradition logical come from Salona. They byhigh were worn civiliansranking duringtheLateRoman period. to assume wasleg fibulae a bent manyof finds with the Most this variant of are there?] as imports.[how thatkept they in were the worn Eastern by dating.soldiers, Roman too. chronological closer and have context archaeological intact from an came findsthat fibulae only TheEmpire chronological with wasfound sheet, andina gilded tank. copper nearby decorated the water and sincewith 16 coins of The Justin latest coinII. found dates 569.to The fifth mintedspecimen, iniron they arewere found in workshop; the one wasfound earlier inalayer offire and destruction, together also foundfibulae Kuli,was part Skopje. Three fortress of of the Markovi theworkshopthat excavated, in found and been so far but has one only several workshops, were there provenance. Probably 87 86 85 the end of the sixth century. in imported; they have local nocounterparts range from Theirproduction. dates to beginning the Vinski, “Salona:” 8. Ibidem, 257. Mikul limes þLü The group The group of onion–shapedfibulae is localof only production; fibulaetwo areidentified The strip-fibulae with a simple head are denoted Mikulci by head denoted asimple are Ivan The with strip-fibulae The fibulae with Danubian provenance are the smallest group. All these finds are finds these All group. smallest the are provenance Danubian with fibulae The with leg a bent Fibulae and Lil fortifications are usually made of gilded bronze. There are very from very few examples are made bronze. There of areusually gilded fortifications þLü , Fibulae and belt decorations, 259. 85 32 87 After 600,onion-shaped ü as clearly of local asclearly of 86 Thesearethe CEU eTD Collection big roads, such as Via Egnatia. For Macedonian sites of the Comani-Crue culture, see [Elica Maneva] Maneva] see [Elica culture, Comani-Crue ofthe sites Macedonian For Egnatia. Via as such roads, big around areas the protect to been have might task whose people, local Christian tentatively and Romanized as bearers culture Comani-Crue the treats scholarship Macedonian Modern century. eighth the in ends culture the of existence The wide. too seem boundaries geographical the 88 culture. Comani-Crue of bethe is territory the latter to known The Macedonia). of Republic areas of the some southwestern of the Albania, and coastal Croatia, today’s Nova(parts Dalmatia andEpirus Monuments-Skopje, 1992). Ɇɚɧɟɜɚ TheolderAlbanian scholarship treated Comani-Cruethe culture as beginningthe of proto-Albanians, the although , 88 ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɧɧɚɤɢɬ [Medieval jewelry] (Skopje: The Republic Institution forthe Protection of Cultural terminus antequem 33 does not support this theory either, because the ȿɥɢɰɚ CEU eTD Collection there isn’t somuch blank space?] a bitinso text the legup move[can you this table bent fibulae a with of 3: Distribution Table 0Kalja- 20 9Sbi– Sobri 19 0Kula-Godivje 10 8Budingrad 18 17 16 5Gradiste- 15 4Vukasija- 14 3Gait – Gradiste 13 2Kalja- 12 1Kale- 11 9. .Kale-Izishte 8. 7. 6 5 4 3 2 1 Barovo Orashe Budinarci – on Cajle Gorno Lukovica Jegunovce Pezovo Pcinja Barovo Brailovo akv Kuli Markovi Kalja- Brikul- Shipkovica Gradiste- Lynkestis Gradiste- Heraclea aia- Davina aia- Davina Barovo Podvis Kalja– Cucer Cucer Taor Site Isar- Kumanovo Kumanovo Gostivar Kichevo Strip-shaped fibulae with fibulae Strip-shaped Kichevo Vicinity Skopje Berovo Skopje Skopje Skopje Skopje Skopje Skopje Tetovo Tetovo Tetovo Tetovo Prilep Bitola Ohrid Brod Strip-shaped fibulae with fibulae Strip-shaped Strip-shaped fibulae with fibulae Strip-shaped Strip-shaped fibulae with fibulae Strip-shaped Strip-shaped fibulae with fibulae Strip-shaped Strip-shaped fibulae with fibulae Strip-shaped Strip-shaped fibulae with fibulae Strip-shaped fibulae of Danubian of fibulae fibulae of Danubian of fibulae fibulae of Danubian of fibulae ti-hpdfibulae Strip-shaped with simple head simple with Onion-shaped Onion-shaped Onion-shaped Onion-shaped Onion-shaped Onion-shaped Onion-shaped simple head simple simple head simple simple head simple simple head simple simple head simple simple head simple simple head simple provenance provenance provenance unknown unknown Variant Fibulae Fibulae Fibulae Fibulae Fibulae Fibulae Fibulae Import (?) Import Origin import import import import local local local local local local local local local local local local local local local 34 rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron Bronze (casted) Bronze Bronze (casted) Bronze rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron rn(stamped) Iron nnn alloy Unknonw ,(stamped) ?, Material Quantity 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 No. 12-15 No. drawing drawing Drawing No. 9-11 No. No. 27, No. 4-8 No. No.26 No.25 No.24 No.23 No.22 No.21 No.20 No.19 No.18 No.17 No.16 No.3 No.2 No.1 No No 28 to Macedonia I Macedonia to Mediterranea aeoi II Macedonia Mediterranea ohEpirus Both Prevalitana Prevalitana Prevalitana Prevalitana Epirus Nova Epirus None, a city None, a Borderline Prevalitana Prevalitana Dardania Dardania Dardania Dardania Nova and Dardania Dardania Dardania Dardania Dardania fortress Dacia Dacia with: CEU eTD Collection 91 Tetovo, is minted in iron, in the same size as the Italian fibulae. Italian as the size same in the iron, in minted is Tetovo, from Jegunovce, fibula The century. seventh late sixth-late c. aredated They activity. raiding like comethis one from sites in Lombard as andDalmatia a resultandOstrogothic Istria of Finds Praevalitana. of province the with fortification border a from again far, so is known find fortress. the Stobi was found in the found was Stobi it inspired fibulae. as local by denote of Germanic influence the replica, 90 89 Goths. and Lombardi the with mostly tribes, Germanic the with connected are design, (today’s Slovenia Alps’ and region from eastern the come analogies closest the and apeacock as It isfashioned northeastern Italy). Zoomorphic fibulae, main body to the fibula. pin was connected of the as well as belt fittingsin design and sizeof (seesame table IV); the only thing that unifies them under one type is the way the in Macedonia Secunda, in Macedonia finds such of appearance the for explanation is the Praevalitana with border short The Lombards. administrative of first by ruledby parts andpolitical then Ostrogoths the Ravenna, of Italy, the were Praevalitana and Dalmatia century, seventh and sixth in the continuing century, fifth late For more information about zoomorphic fibulae and belt fittings, see Vinski, “Salona:”16-21 Mikul Vinski, see fittings, belt and fibulae zoomorphic about information more For Ibidem þLü The fibulae with equal ends have the same analogies as the previous variant. Only one The fibulae with a plate-shaped leg are represented by two finds. The one from the city of One zoomorphic fibula was found in a fortress Onefibula fortress foundbordering zoomorphic province ina on was of the Praevalitana. greatly vary They leg. bent a with fibulae the than finds rarer are hinge a with fibulae The Fibulae with a hinge and Lil and þLü , Fibulae and belt decorations, belt and Fibulae , 90 Domis fullonica Domis ormaybe it wasworn by a building. It is the only find with a clear date; a coin of 262-263. 35 foederatus of Germanic origin who guarded who origin Germanic of 91 The minting in iron might iron in minting The 89 In the In CEU eTD Collection 94 93 92 Justin was I (518-527) found inthelayer above. more findsmoreanalogies areexcavatedor arefound, this remainsanenigma. analogies local ofmintingbut method inironbetrays anywhere.and The parallels a until origin, no has variant this fibulae), military of finds other by shown (as period this in presence military one find from comes a borderfortress and from another a big city probablythat had a Byzantine with Praevalitana. fortification aia,Cucer Davina”, “ 6 aia,Cucer Davina”, “ 5 rdse,Stence Gradiste”, “ 4 Stobi 3 Kla,GroCajle Gorno “Kalja”, 2 Gait” Jegunovce “Gradiste”, 1 Ibidem, 264. See more in Chapter 3. Ibid., 263-264. Site Table 4: Distribution of fibulae with a hinge This variant of hinge be This variant with asmilitary.Although of fibulae definedthe cannot a clearly Skopje Skopje Tetovo rdk iua ihplate- with Fibulae Gradsko otvrZoomorphic Gostivar Tetovo Vicinity 93 hinge) of instead spring (with leg shaped plate- with Fibulae Fragment, iua ihplate- leg shaped with Fibulae hpdleg shaped fibulae qa ends equal with fibulae Cross-shaped Variant needle a 36 local local import import import local Origin 92 rn(stamped) Iron iron rne(casted)Bronze rne(casted)Bronze rne(casted)Bronze rn(stamped) Iron Material The other find comes from from a border Theother find comes Quantity 94 1 1 1 1 1 1 No.34 No.33 o 32 No. No.31 o 30 No. o 29 No. Drawing Dardania Dardania Prevalitana oe city a None, with: fortress line Border Prevalitana Prevalitana CEU eTD Collection result of periods of turmoil as the result of the raids, not normal deposition,. finds mayhave loss numberbecause the been the such of a of finds mayindicate greater raids, itnoted numberof higher the shouldbe that lost In thiscontext, by were people). contemporary number of such findsincertain why ended objects finds upas areas (they these archaeological intoconsideration take in military Oneshould fortresses. also troops studyingthese the when accessible for raiding activity. The number of such finds is not only related to the number of easily Secunda Macedonia province of tothe entrance the and of Dardania province made the following the valleys theof two rivers. This route, having no great mountain ranges as obstacles, most guardedkeeps.Another importantfactor is theMorava-Vardar(see Map route 3), was not stopped or weakened on theDanubianweakenedstopped oron was not raid a attack of line first the were They fibulae. military and buckles belt of in finds richest the raids. frequentjeopardy of tothe than length of border tothe the less was related fortresses number greatest in soldiers, of larger who, broughtturn ofinsignia. numbers Thedensity of the had activity raiding to exposed most the were that fortresses The there. presence military the them in variations decorating but certainly task, arduous by finds and weremany, shown multitude of great as there the inlocalforms traditions.Roman Definingoriginated ofproduction older isan or the centres the of Most it. with associated exclusively were they that say really cannot one although army, As shown in the graphics below, the border fortresses in with As below,border of the theDardaniashown graphics province are the The concentration of such material on a site can beinterpreted as showing the strength of Byzantine of of the presence the indicators as taken areusually accessories These dress CONCLUSION CHAPTER II.3. 37 limes , so it is not a surprise that they were the CEU eTD Collection Graphic fittings ofmetal II:Presence [N=21] Graphic I:Presence of beltbuckles (N=17) Mediterranea inland; 26,67% Mediterranea; Dacia 33% 26,67% Dacia Prevalitana 13% Inland 7% Belt buckles Dardaia; 46,67% Dardania 38 47% inland Mediterranea Dacia Dardaia Prevalitana Mediterranea Dacia Inland Dardania CEU eTD Collection Mediterranea; Graphic III: Presence of fibulae Graphic Presence III: [N=36] of Inland; 8,33% Inland; 5,56% Dacia Prevalitana; 22,22% Epirus Nova; Epirus 2,78% Dardania; 61,11% 39 Epirus Nova Epirus Prevalitana Mediterranea Dacia Inland Dardania CEU eTD Collection them have been researched, mostly by Professor Ivan Mikul Ivan Professor by mostly researched, been have them 96 Mosaics atHeraclea Lyncestis,”MA Thesis (Budapest:Floor Central European University, Christian 2007). Innovation: and Tradition “Between Kasovska, Suzana see Lynkestis Heraklea about more For Bargala. and Stobi, Lynkestis, Heraklea of development urban and background historical the of survey excellent an the Middlethe Ages,”MA Thesis (Budapest:Central European University,17-79 1995), Džidrova, “Late Antique Towns 95 on the Territory of the Republic of Macedonia in the Transitiondirections.A bow was keptin a case tied tothe belt whenfrom it wasnotin use. ThisAntiquity type of bow was to horseback. on whilemounted from bows reflex arrows different makingway of by surprise war.Nomadic horsemen attacked and swiftly, shooting a to adjusted by and traditions created different weapons of types special because theyhave however, layer, a destruction in horsemen Asian the by araid recognize to is easier it origin, Capturing a city like this promised rich booty for barbarians and control of the surrounding area. communications, with highly developed trade with the furthermost regions of the empire. nearmain situated strategic good built were points, All at cities these of heavy activity. raiding Mediterranaea) smaller settlements. in transformed just were cities big the cases, most In buildings. humbler with represented usually map.the Layers of followed thelayers of renewal destruction, although newlayersthe were from waserased bybarbarians was attacked that city every meanthat necessary not does that but life, urban the impact flourishingthe of on hadnegative indeed a century. They area inthe ///th Urbanlife in the vicinity of modernSkopje had two centers: Skupi and the fortified city Markovi Kuli. Bothof About these three cities the in period of transitionfrom Late Antiquity to theEarly Middle Ages, see Ljubinka Reflex bows were fashioned by using the elastic forces of whenReflexby of bowswerefashionedin elastictwisted forces using the wood opposite III.1. REFLEX BOWS AND ARROW HEADS These cities were raided byvarious barbarian of both Asiangroups, and Indo-European Barbarian raids are still seen as strongest external factor for ending the urban lifeinan for ending urban the factor external asstrongest seen arestill raids Barbarian Stobi (Macedonia Secunda), Heraklea Lynkestis (Macedonia Prima), Bargala (Dacia Prima), (Macedonia Lynkestis Heraklea Secunda), Stobi (Macedonia 95 and Skupi and Skupi (Dardania), III. THEBARBARIANSAND THEBIG CITIES 96 were among the urban centers which were targets of weretargets which urbancenters among the were 40 þLü . . Ljubinka Džidrova has written has Džidrova Ljubinka CEU eTD Collection 100 ed. ZsoltVisy. (Budapest: Ministry of National Cultural Heritage, 2003), 305. 99 98 (1985/86/97): 51.(Hereafter:Maneva, “Bone stiffening plaques andthree-ribbed arrowheads”.) origin in Heraklea ]. ɧɨɦɚɞɫɤɨɩɨɬɟɤɥɨɨɞɏɟɪɚɤɥɟʁɚ the Eurasianthe steppes. in found the match types bows andthey reflex the used with were arrowheads of Special types age. youngest sincetheir horses on mounted while use reflexbow the to weretrained The archers endsof fragile bow:the forthe part. themost stiffening andthecentral parts were used antler, 97 andnarrower than Hunnishthe one.The had Hunnishbows dimension of 130-140 cm; Avar the more shorter curved, are bows Avar reflex of plaques the stiffening Avarone: from the bow an distinguishconnecting acertain finds a this Thereraid. with is to possibility aHunnish reflex and dating base for no solid be will there material, archaeological sensitive more chronologically other or coins with together found not are if they so Avars, the and Huns the by both used were indicator of a nomadic raid(See Plate VII: figs. 1a, 1b and 2; Plate VIII Figs. 1a and 2.) They by Europe broughtit to was Huns,but the Avars, usedbythe too. Tivadar Vida, “The Early and the Middle Avar Period”.In Avar Middle the and Early “The Vida, Tivadar Kova [Elica Maneva] Maneva] [Elica ,Maneva, “Bone stiffening plaques and three-ribbed arrowheads”, 53. arrowheads”, three-ribbed and plaques stiffening “Bone ,Maneva, þ evi The presence of stiffening plaques of reflex bows and three-ribbed arrowheads is aclear arrowheads three-ribbed and bows reflex of plaques stiffening of The presence ü 1. , Avar Khaganate ȿɥɢɰɚɆɚɧɟɜɚ Thethe Journalcultural Institute of of protection,monument Museum andGalery-Bitola 99 One of the most common types was the three-ribbed arrow-heads. Bone stiffening plaques stiffening Bone , 116. ”. [“Bone”. stiffening plaques three-ribbed ofreflex bowand arrowheads ofnomadic , “ , 2. Ʉɨɫɤɟɧɢɩɥɨɱɤɢɨɞɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɧɢɥɚɤɨɜɢɢɬɪɨɪɟɛɪɟɫɬɢɜɪɜɨɜɢɨɞɫɬɪɟɥɢɫɨ 3. 41 Hungarian Archaeology attheturn oftheMilleniun 3. Preparedfor shooting an arrow Reversed2. reversing before 1. bow: a reflex of stages The 97 Plaques,made out of bone or 100 5-7-8 98 , CEU eTD Collection three-ribbed arrowheads,” 55.) Middle Ages,” the Roman Period it had the status of insignia. military they can speak as clearlydestruction layers. hoards were Coin deposited inthe ground protectto them from danger and about the military found dating of in is provide precise artifacts rather thenumismaticmaterial. Coins activity in a given area as finds of weaponshelmet with from rivets Heraklea Lynkestis, will which be discussed further below. and layerof comesthe a city from -- army adestruction Byzantine the with finds connected exclusive shown by some of the grave goods found in the eastern necropolis of the city. One of the most Reka and Vardar rivers, which made it easily accessible for the barbarians along the Morava- compared with Avarones. the compared with 102 101 Germanic that possibility a is There fortifications. in as often as not always efficient, so additional protection of the cities was necessary. not but linedefense, of first the were fortifications border it. The within resources the area and in the endangered areas. The loss of the cities meant the loss of imperial controlbecause there is difference in the size of stiffening plaques overcoming from the same bow. a given ones 160-170. [Š. Na [Š. Ibidem, 52. Stobi was one of the largest urban centers and the capital of Macedonia Secunda; during andSecunda; capital Macedonia urban centers of largest the Stobi was oneof the III.3 STOBI importantAnother groupof archaeological be materials will that discussedinthischapter Belt buckles and fibulae worn by the Byzantine soldiers were found in the cities, though cities, the in found were soldiers Byzantine the by worn fibulae and buckles Belt stationed was army Byzantine the barbarians, the of activity raiding the to answer an As RAIDS AND MILITARY FINDS III.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ü ] ɒ . Work Museums ofthe of Vojvodina ɇɚʄ 101 The difference in dimensions is more obvious if the earlier Hunnish bows are bows Hunnish earlier if the obvious more is in dimensions difference The , “ , ɟɪɩɥɤɞ ɪɚɰɭ ɚɨɫɟʃɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɪɚɧɨɝ ɭ Ⱥɪɞɚɪɰɚ ɤɨɞ ɇɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɚ 102 These observations cannot be taken as a solid rule, however, municipium 8(1959):cited Maneva, in83, 87, “Bone stiffening plaques and 42 . It was a city near the confluence of the Crna the of confluence the near city a was It . ” [The necropolis of Ardarac in the Early the in ofArdarac necropolis [The ” foederati lived in Skupi, lived as CEU eTD Collection solidi came to Stobiwho froma soldier theOrient paycheck, prefecture.soldier’ a e.g., This is just presence, my suggestion, amilitary may indicate nevertheless,mints non-local Hadži-Maneva from coins notes thatwell-preserved finds of 106 105 2001), 69. (Hereafter: Hadži-Maneva,“Hoard of Stobi”.) Macedonia, of of Republic Bank National the and Art and ofScience Academy Macedonia (Skopje: Grozdanov 104 James Wiseman. (Veles: Macedonian Review Editions, 1981), 229-234. III prefecture. from probably Orient the Thessalonika Thisintroduces instead. possibility the these that coins have beenbroughtto Stobi, issuescoins mintof of active havebeen the predominant would this the area,otherwise savings. The Antioch mint was predominant; and long-term than from deposited neverretrieved, number withdrawn coins circulation, of this hoard does not reflect the coinand 378. circulation of ɧɚɋɬɨɛɢ II Valentiniam and 103 70 around contained turn of fifthand fourth the centuries. Arcadiusis building (383-393).This project probably connected Gothic with invasion the on the the mosaic floor. Of the manySuch is case the named of building the coins found near the luxuriousbase buildings were no longerof in use; thefortifications werewall, built over buildings with mosaics.the latest was minted by buildingsprivate (Seemap 3and Plan 1). public basilicas, and palaces,other citywith luxurious Stobi Vardar route. several was arich and The mint of Antioch was meant to supply Ibidem, 70. the Orient prefecture with coins. Hoards with a short age structureIn and ofStobi,” siliquae and of solidi “Hoard Hadži-Maneva, Maja , [Voislav Sanev and Saržo Saržoski] ɭɪɟɞɟɧɨɨɞȻɥɚɝɚȺɥɟɤɫɨɜɚɢȹɟʁɦɫȼɚʁɫɦɚɧ and The coin-hoard foundThe incoin-hoard is probably theatre the connected with It Gothicthe raids, too. of the some incursions, barbarian from protected make besaferTo city better to the and III.3.1 TheGothsinStobi , 1972-1974” [Excavations, 1972-1974” of WallInnerStobi, inthe 1972-1974], In 105 siliquae Based on the short age-structure of the hoard, it can be suggested that itwas more that a it can besuggested hoard, of age-structure the Based short on the are are rare onthe territory Byzantineof the Empire (see Hadži-Maneva,“Hoard of Stobi”, 75), 104 siliquae (See Plan1). The coins of issued of between (SeePlan1). hoardwereinthe coins The this 364 period and 4 ȼɨɢɫɥɚɜɋɚɧɟɜɢɋɚɪɠɨɋɚɪɠɨɫɤɢ solidi 103 106 Casa romana Regardless of the provenance, this hoard speaks of the of speaks hoard this provenance, the of Regardless , minted, by the emperors Valentinian I, Valens, Gratian . [ Studies Antiquitiesin the Stobi of III 43 ; a strong defensive wall was laid directly on Coinsand Mints Macedonia,in , “ ɂɫɤɨɩɭɜɚʃɚɧɚɜɧɚɬɪɟɲɧɢɨɬɛɟɞɟɦ ɋɬɭɞɢɢɡɚɫɬɚɪɢɧɢɬɟɜɨɋɬɨɛɢ ], ed. Blaga Aleksova and ed. Cvetan ed. CEU eTD Collection 109 Jamesand Wiseman] (Veles: Macedonian Review Editions, 1981), 210. history history of Stobi],in 108 Antique Theatre in Stobi], ɪɢɦɫɤɢɛɪɨɧɡɢɨɞɚɧɬɢɱɤɢɨɬɬɟɚɬɚɪɜɨɋɬɨɛɢ 107 Roman Empire AD 294-578 L. Duncan, seeG. Romania, today’s of territory the also coming from layers with similar dating similar with layers from coming also 450. besetat layer can destruction withI (457-474),sothe dated and ofMarcian Leo coins the (450-457) They were minted by 450 III. IIandValentinian Theodosius were of latest among ones them the coins; an of abundance or 455, respectively.and wasfounddagger, arrowhead the in Ward28(SeePlan layer The destruction 1). contained The renewal phase of the building complex is except forthe territory of today’swhere Romania, most of hoards of the VIII, Fig. 1 and 2). inless noattack inthe 447,when 70bigurban Balkans weredestroyed(SeePlate than centers horsemen and the coin datingindicate possibility the thisthat layer destruction is dueAttila’s to Fullonica of by bowandindicated in founda reflex remnants the the arrowhead athree-ribbed is in Stobi barbarians nomadic of presence by fire.The a severedestruction witnesses material to Antiochthis hoard. similar chronologically theatre, in the found was coins bronze fourth-century with hoard another Furthermore, Balkans. Central the in century fifth early the and fourth late in the danger Gothic Ibidem, 211. [Ivan Mikul [Ž. Vin [Ž. Stobi by Stobi in was of middle attacked Huns probably fifth the century; the archeological the III.3.2 The Huns inStobi þLü building complex and M. Hadži-Maneva] Hadži-Maneva] M. and þLü ] ɂɜɚɧɆɢɤɭɥɱɢʅ ɋɬɭɞɢɢɡɚɫɬɚɪɢɧɢɬɟɜɨɋɬɨɛɢ 107 Macedonian Numismatic Journal , (London: RoyalNumismatic Society, 1993):55-76. . The burned bowreflex was found inWard 21,together with a , “ ɀ ɇɟɤɨɢɧɨɜɢɦɨɦɟɧɬɢɨɞɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɚɬɚɧɚɋɬɨɛɢ . ȼɢɧɱɢʅɢɆ 108 Two other three-ribbed arrowheads were found infound Stobi, were three-ribbed arrowheads Twoother ” [A collective numismatic find of Roman bronze coins in the Coin Circulation in theDanubian and Balkan provinces of the , [Studies in theAntiquities of Stobied. III], Blaga Aleksova . 44 109 ɏɚʇɢɆɚɧɟɜɚ (See Plate VIII). Weapons of nomadic of Weapons the VIII). Plate (See 4 (2000): 55-76. “ siliquae ȿɞɟɧɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɟɧɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɤɢɧɚɨɞɧɚ have been found. For hoards from hoards For found. been have terminus ante quem ” [Some new factors in the Domus of of the CEU eTD Collection (2008):259. Tradition andInovation: Christian Floor MosaicsHeraclea at Lyncestis”. ChristianFloor Mosaics HeracleaLyncestis,at Budapest, 2007,59-62. Also see Kasovska, Suzana “Between mosaics of Heraklea Lynkestis their and dating, see in Suzana Kasovska, BetweenTraditionand Inovation: 112 111 110 by latestfound 585. dated minted the to coins the of wards northern the of one the of In activity. military of in duringStobi same the century. troops Byzantine presencefor of possible the indications some small offer century can and they in sixth finds usageduring expanded Allthese the above of 527). Justin acoin I (518- contained leg. soldiers were also found in Stobi: two Sucidava buckle belts and a fibula with a plate-shaped 2). Antiquity likejustitand, Stobi, with a city luxurious was and buildingsprivate public (See Plan in in Late Map period Itbecamesome bishopric (See 5). ViaEgnatiaroute the on and astation Avaro-slavic plundering of Balkan the provinces before siegethe of Constantinoplein 586. army, and numismatic material. army, numismatic and Byzantine insignia of the military weapons, material:nomadic heterogeneous of an abundance Thepublic and sacral buildings in Heraklea Lynkestis paved were with luxurious mosaics.More about the Aleksova, See Chapter 2 112 110 It is also one of the archaeological sites with the best evidence for barbarian raids, seen in seen raids, barbarian for evidence best the with sites archaeological the of one is also It The latter was found Thelatter inthe Besides the weapons and the military insignia, the coin hoards are also good as witnesses Byzantine the by used were that objects horsemen, nomadic of weapons the for Except Avaro-Slavic raids armyandthe III.3.3. ThepresenceoftheByzantine Heraklea Lynkestis was one of the biggest cities in the province of Macedonia Macedonia Secunda of province inthe cities thebiggest oneof was Heraklea Lynkestis LYNKESTIS HERAKLEA III.4 Bishopric of Bregalnica, of Bishopric 68. Domus Fullonica 45 111 This heard is probably connected with the building complex. The stratigrafic layer stratigrafic The complex. building Casino Basilica Annual of Medieval Studies atCEU , a coin hoard was coin , a 14 CEU eTD Collection (Spangen) Bands Vivante 116 models.”) “Numismatic Maneva, (Hereafter: 89. 2001), Ƚɪɨɡɞɚɧɨɜ ɆɨɧɟɬɢɬɟɢɦɨɧɟɬɨɤɨɜɧɢɰɢɬɟɜɨɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ ɲɥɟɦɨɬɫɨɫɩɨʁɤɢɨɞɏɟɪɚɤɥɟʁɚ wearing rulers of Germanic depiction the as well as -- warriors Germanic ranking 115 monetary emissions. See [Elica Maneva] Maneva] See[Elica emissions. monetary 107-134, and Rolf Hachmann, Helmets,” Roman ofLate Origins the for Europos Dura from “Evidence James, Simon See also hierarchy, makingit thus a favorite among barbarian chieftains and Byzantine generals. region. inthat army Byzantine the of presence the with connected probably are Egypt in Coptic rivets with helmets of Finds others. 114 113 Germanic tribes, Blackcentury. inthethird Searegion Sassanid tradition. Thistype wasintroduced by to Europe Gothsthe during theirin stay the [Elica Maneva] Maneva] [Elica of high- burials the from come finds of such number largest the -- distribution the on based is opinion This Helmets with rivets are also known asBaldenhaim helmets orNarona/Baldenheim helmets. Stephen V. Grancsay, “A Barbarian Chieftain’s Helmet,” Chieftain’s “A Barbarian V. Grancsay, Stephen plates 36 (1986): 78. (Hereafter: Maneva, “Helmet.”) Maneva, 78. (Hereafter: (1986): 36 III.4.1. Ahelmetwithrivets . (Skopje: Macedonia Academy of Science and Art and the National Bank of Republic of Macedonia, of of Republic Bank National the and Art and Science of Academy Macedonia (Skopje: ȿɥɢɰɚɆɚɧɟɜɚ 115 but the broad pattern of distribution indicates that they patternofdistribution indicates but usedby broad the were also that they Die Germanen Apex ” [Numismatic models inthe decoration of the helmet with rivets from Heraklea], , “ , ɒɥɟɦɫɨɫɩɨʁɤɢɨɞɏɟɪɚɤɥɟʁɚ Cheek pieces Cheek Headband 116 ɥɰɆɚɧɟɜɚ ȿɥɢɰɚ (Munich: Nagel Verlag, 1971),160-162. It is an object that denotes higher rank in the military 114 [Coins and Mints Macedonia],in [Cvetaned. Grozdanov] Usually, this type of Usually,thisishelmet of type connected the with Eastern, thought to originate from the Irano- century. seventh the of beginning the dating also has a broad range, from the late fifth to from toEgyptdispersion and The Europe Libya. remarkable a have they far; so found been have personal equipment. Only 30 helmetswith rivets Spangenhelms 46 The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin , “ , ɭɢɦɬɱɢ ɪɞɨɤɜɞɤɪɰʁɬɧɚ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɲɤɢ ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɤɢ The helmets with rivets areprobably with rivets The helmets Helmets with rivets, also known as ” [Helmet with rivets from Heraklea], from rivets with [Helmet ” , 113 were luxurious items of Spangenhelm on some of their Syria 7(1949): 274. 63(1986): Antiquité ɐɜɟɬɚɧ CEU eTD Collection see inManeva, “Numismatic models,” 85-89. the dating of the helmet. For more informationabout the numismatic background of the decoration of this helmet,texts, thus it is well knownto the scholarly public. Therefore, Iwill focus onone point only, the one that provides 119 variant. Heraklea the -- rivets 118 fin du Vie sièle Popovi 585/6 are not present. InHeraklea Lynkestis the last coins found are from the584/5 emission. See more inVladimir helmet. this owned who one the of battlefield the from return safe and health good for Lord the of help which askthe sentences inGreek, by short areaccompanied The representations was created. helmet this time the for indicative most is it because important most isthe representation central The is decorated. headband the of length times; thewhole four arerepeated representations headband, the of makes decoration isthe itunique that thing finds of The this type. as other pattern confirmed. VladimirPopovi 117 isEpiscopal to586. inBasilica HerakleaLynkestis. It coin-dated islike motif—it notachoice] punching i’ve [stamping?].corrected youaccept sentencethis before. have changes in to spelling imitated withfishmade were of motifs scales. by Theseimpressions decorated technique the that or silver with stamped motifs was applied to the head band. The bands and the cheek pieces were gold sheetof athin decorations, usually elaborate bore rivets with helmets neck.The the protect mail to of a piece toattach or helmet the inside of the on leather piece aprotective applying for be can perforated headband rims of the piece. The nose a or pieces havecheek helmets consists offoursix or bound bybandsplates, made together orbronze. Somecopper of of the Maneva, “Helmet,” 71-77. Maneva has described and analyzed the decoration of this helmet in several of her several in helmet of this decoration the analyzed and described has Maneva 71-77. “Helmet,” Maneva, Due to its unique decoration, Maneva evensuggests that it may represent aspecial variant of the helmets with Maneva, “Helmet”, 71. Heraklea Lynkestis is not the only archaeological site where the raids of 585 have been have of 585 raids the where site archaeological only the not is Lynkestis Heraklea 71. “Helmet”, Maneva, ü , The main ismade decoration six representations, stamped of with The pseudo-coins. One helmet with rivets was found in a destruction layer of the south annex of the of annex south the of layer in adestruction found was rivets with helmet One helmet the of body conical The iron. of made are rivets with helmet a of parts main The Aux origenes de le slavisation des Balkans: la constitutions des premières Sklavinies macédoniennes ver la 118 (Paris: Comptes rendus des Acadèmie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, 1980), 240-244. which was apparently inspired by images on Byzantine coins ( See Plate VI). ü ’s analysis of the coincirculation in the Central Balkans shows that coins minted in 47 117 The helmet follows the basic the follows helmet The 119 CEU eTD Collection helmets with as wornby Germanicrivets exclusively warlords andrulers. Thishelmetwas the This viewing providealso helmet. of perspective the possibleof changes the aprovenance helmet as an insignia of power in the military hierarchy. of this importance the more about even speaks long uselife Such a more owner. one than had The stylistic analysishave might it that and of the century half a helmet than more for in use canwas helmet this that mean would that destruction layer to584/5;if into coin is dating consideration,dated of production the taken the taken as the taken Byzantinethe in Empire andfinally worsened ended Gothicthe 523canbe wars.Therefore, Kingdom year Ostrogoth relationsand the between the typethis onwards, other service. From of in edict issued Jews,and any from was which pagans, serving heretics prohibited or imperial the craftsmanship speakof a Constantinopolitan workshop. helmet. The inscriptionshelmet. The in Greek, 122 121 Middle Ages,” Early the in Money and “Magic Maguire, Henry in more See helmet. of this owner the protect to believed were they 120 in Constantinople this497 and yearcan be taken as be the Ostrogoth King Theodoric. The right to rule with Italy was acknowledged to Theodoric by could that and however, Constantinople, from authorization an with ruled have to had ruler This emperor. beside theRoman ruler was another there when in a period produced helmet was the Celestial Kingdom -- Christ or the Virgin. So,if the male figures can be considered as rulers, that from rule gottherightblessingto numismatic of a representative the bya whereemperors one of a sceneis the butreminiscent rulers, marked as not are figures. They male standing Maneva, “Helmet,” 80-81. “Helmet,” Maneva, Maneva, “Numismatic models,” 86. Combined with the stamped representation, the inscriptions have prophylactic and eschatological symbolism; The benevolence of Constantinople toward the Ostrogoth king ended in 523, when an when in 523, ended king Ostrogoth the toward Constantinople of benevolence The The image represents Christ on a throne, with a chlamys and halo, blessing two frontally two blessing halo, and achlamys with athrone, on Christ represents image The terminus antequem Speculum 72 (1997): 1037-1054. for the production of helmet. production the the for 120 from motifthe taken coins,Byzantine andthehigh-quality 48 terminus post quem 121 122 This helmet wasfound in a for the production of the CEU eTD Collection the Byzantine army were also found in Heraklea Lynkestis. Again, it is that tostress itAgain, important Lynkestis. found in Byzantine army the were also Heraklea Hunnish or and early andearly Avar one. Hunnish or beit it determined anearlier belongedform a is bow,although cannot probably to a reflex of poorly preserved, with missing.fragmentation makesparts This the attribution butdifficult, they only on basisthe of formthe stiffening plaques. The stiffening plaques of reflexthe bows were be can bow discussed reflex the of attribution and the raid be with a specific connected cannot so they material, numismatic without in locations found were artifacts The Lynkestis. Heraklea in horsemen presence the nomadic such as thefindsof from indicate type they this Stobi, nearBasilica was found D. arrowhead Due to the location, theyin stiffening episcopal vicinity the the werefound residence. of plaques arrowheads andthetwo might indicate theexcavation same raid, although that is not incertain. Heraklea Thearrowheads third Lynkestis century. sixth the of (See Plate whoByzantine troops had the task of defending thecity during barbarian in raids lastthe decades VII, Fig. 1a, 1b, and 2). Two three-ribbed Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities, Museum and Gallery of Bitola arrowheads of originHerakleanomadic in Lynkestis], ɨɚɫɨ ɨɟɥɨɏɪɤɟɚ Ʌɢɧɤɟɫɬɢɫ ɏɟɪɚɤɥɟʁɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɬɟɤɥɨ ɧɨɦɚɞɫɤɨ 123 made for and worn by a general or another high ranking officer ( [Elica Maneva] Maneva] [Elica As discussed in Chapter 3, cloth 3,cloth As discussedfittings inChapter insignia asthe military thatcanbeconsidered of andthe III.4.3 Clothfittings:TheBarbarians Although these finds did not come from an intact layer with clear marks of destruction, of marks clear with layer intact an from come not did finds these Although the during found heads were arrow three-ribbed three and plaques stiffening Two andthree-ribbed bows from reflex III.4.2. Stiffeningplaques ȿɥɢɰɚɆɚɧɟɜɚ , “ , Ʉɨɫɤɟɧɢɩɥɨɱɤɢɨɞɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɧɢɥɚɤɨɜɢɢɢɬɪɨɪɟɛɪɟɫɬɢɜɪɜɨɜɢɨɞɫɬɪɟɥɢɫɨ 123 ” [Bone stiffening plaques of a reflex bow and three-ribbed and bow areflex of plaques stiffening [Bone ” 49 Collection of WorksInstitution ofthe Protection for of 6-7-8 (1985/86/97): 55. Romaioi Romaion or foederatus ) in the ) CEU eTD Collection 126 177. Lynkestis throughtime] (Bitola: The Municipality of Bitola and the Institution and Museum of Bitola, 2007): 176- army army that ended with the siege of Thessalonika in 616-17. solidi 125 124 Lynkestis. found in were Heraklea silver plate Sucidava beltbuckle, one fibula with hinge (of Danubian provenance) and“tongue” made of A fortifications. border more the typicalfor in big they are urban centers; findsarescarce these two occasions: in 586 and 616-617. Balkans. in the High Middle Ages, this city became one of the mostimportant ecclesiastical centers in the seventh century, but even its development was occasionally interrupted by barbarian raids. Later, VII,Fig.3) Plate technique(See cloisonné with style, polychromatic the of as jewelry fashioned are a belt. They to applied been have might they and Basilica Episcopal the near found were fitting pentagonal the and circle The century. basilica and the main entrance of the city. A coin hoard was also found south of the basilica; the basilica; the of south found also was hoard A coin city. the of entrance main the and basilica the near found were arrowheads Three-ribbed fortifications. tothe damage serious well as as basilica, the and city entrance of the western nearthe is byfiredestruction confirmed Great marauders, which activity by Avaro-slavic ended with siegethe of times?]. Thessalonika[both Aleksova, [Anica [Anica See Chapter 3. of the basilica,Phocas),near hidden indicatingwas as araidthat of patternofraiding part the Avaro-slavicthe As shown by the numismatic material, the city was plundered by barbarians on at least onat by barbarians plundered was city numismatic the material, As bythe shown the and fourth the between bishopric and center urban important another was Bargala BARGALA III.5 Lynkestis. in of Avars Heraklea the presence the with areconnected fittings cloth Two The Avaro-slavic army attacked Bargala in 585 and devastated great part of great city. the Bargalaand in585 devastated attacked The Avaro-slavic army ö or BishopricBregalnica, of ÷ ievska] ȺɧɢɰɚȮɨɪɼɢɟɜɫɤɚ 65,Aleksova 68. group the sees (two offinds silver andearrings two golden , 126 ɉɚɬɨɬ In both cases, these attacks were part of broader raiding broader part were of cases,attacks these Inboth ɧɢɡɜɪɟɦɟɬɨɧɚɏɟɪɚɤɥɟʁɚɅɢɧɤɟɫɬɢɫ 50 124 The dating of all these objects is in the sixth [The Path of Heraklea Path [The 125 CEU eTD Collection Byzantine coin hoard from Bargala], In Bargala], from hoard coin Byzantine bishopric of Dardani until the founding of Iustiniana Prima in 535. in Prima ofIustiniana founding the until of Dardani bishopric 57). (Ibidem, raid 128 Avaro-slavic in the damaged been had it after wasrenewed basilica ofthe part that states she yet, same, ofthe drawings technical or photographs or finds arrowhead of three-ribbed number the e.g., material, briefly to the destructionof thecity 585in without refers Aleksova giving 96-97. more2001), detailed information Macedonia, of of about Republic Bank thearchaeological National the and Art and Science of Academy 127 burial Among of rituals. andevidence variety constructions is of grave a great There century. excavatged; among them,belongto theperiod between themiddle 106 of thirdthe andthe fifth been have 300graves far, approximately So Plan 3). (See Necropolis so-called Eastern centuries,decreased andti Skupi’s asmallterritory with became humble settlement buildings. lifein flourish Skupi ceased to by ofthefourth end the however,century,in following the two urban rich The role. this on took Prima Iustiniana built newly the when 535, until archbishopric is confirmed by its status as a for Plan some time4). (See existence Mountain,founded Vodnocities had the sixth century. Thetwoprobably a parallel around of slopes city fortified the on wasa second the River; in Vardar the of valley the settlement coins minted latest inare semi-folles Maurice, inThesalonika of 584/5. Skopje. Thefirstfounded wasSkupi, asRoman deposited in ground by a tradesman shortly before the devastation of the city. contained 13golden coins, 270bronze coins golden andone isring.it that It supposed was Traditionally, itis considered that Skupi was devastated by an earthquake in 518, but the city was thecapital and Ibidem, 68. See also [Blaga Aleksova] During thefourth century, alarge necropolis was in use in easternthe part of the city, the that period; Roman the during Balkans in the cities important most the of one was Skupi III.6.1. Skupi At beginningthe of Early the Middle Agestwocities existedin vicinity the of today’s III.6. SKUPI AND THE FORTIFIED CITY OF MARKOVI KULI colonia Coins andMints inMacedonia, ȻɥɚɝɚȺɥɟɤɫɨɜɚ 128 . It became the capital of the province of Dardania and 51 castrum , ɌɪɟɡɨɨɪɨɬɫɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɫɤɢɦɨɧɟɬɢɨɞȻɚɪɝɚɥɚ and then largeanddeveloping then intourban a ed. Cvetan Grozdanov. (Skopje: Macedonia (Skopje: Grozdanov. Cvetan ed. 127 This coin Thishoard coin [The CEU eTD Collection origin, see Mikul 135 134 133 132 131 in the vicinity of today’s city of Skopje. As the Vardar Valley proved unsafe for a city in a with their families. together necropolis city’s in the buried were and settled who empire the for fighting warriors - onwards. Great the Constantine of rule from the army in Byzantine the were present people Germanic Theodosius settled the Ostrogoths in Illyricum and the Visigoths in Thrace, 130 129 fig.1 andfig.2; Inv. 3,fig.1 and Inv.4,fig.2.) Mikul and Rhine. analogies with buckles used during the fourth century and found on the belt buckles burials,these asmall of group 10gravesaround buckles for fasteningThe boots. fibulae aredated to secondthe half of century; fourth the 1-9): several finds fibulae, of onion-shaped possibly of Danubian origin,beltbuckles and Germanic Faculté The grave goods from the child and female burials, mostly jewelry, also suggest abarbarian, possibly Germanic, Fine, Treadgold, Ibidem. Ibidem, 137. See also Rolf Hachmann, [Ivan Mikul insignia. military be considered can that material with males, only are graves These The Early Mediaval Balkans Skupi was devastated in a great earthquake in 518, but this was not the end of life butthis in endof urban in518, wasnotthe was Skupi a greatearthquake devastated Kuli of Markovi III.6.2. Thefortifiedcity It is known that the Goths became Goths the that is known It The grave goods analyzedThe found goods grave inthissub-chapterwere 1,Inv. 9graves(Catalogue de philosophie de l' 134 foederati 131 This could bethe forexplanation presence the of findsthese in Skupi -- Germanic Byzantiun and Its Army þLü The other specimens of buckles have an oval, “D”-shaped form (Inv.1, fig.1; Inv.1, have a similar dating. The from fibula 200(Inv.grave 8,Fig.1) hasthe closest þLü ] ɂɜɚɧɆɢɤɭɥɱɢʅ , “Late Romanburials,” 132-135. 135 livedin forSkupi some period of time. Université , , 19. Ⱦɨɰɧɨɪɢɦɫɤɢɝɪɨɛɨɜɢɨɞɋɤɭɩɢ , 11. de Skopje Die Germanen Die 26 foederati (1974): 136. (Hereafter: Mikul 52 (Munich: Nagel Verlag, 1971), 155. 129 þLü contains grave goods that might indicate that indicate might that goods grave contains of the empire after the battle of Hadrianople; identifies them as Visigothic. [Late Roman burials from Skupi], þLü , “Late Romanburials.”) limes along the Danube the along 132 133 although Annuaire 130 the CEU eTD Collection 138 ( 1987):205-220. 1979 (1983): 123-133; [IvanMikul ȼɨɞɧɨ 1977]. ɋɤɨɩʁɟ Nada Nikuljska], The second settlement was known as “the city of city “the as known was settlement second The 137 (Skopje: Makedonska kniga, 1982): 50. (Hereafter: Mikul 136 found here. layerwere fibulae from destruction that of sametypethe the Three as Macedonia. is the only find of a metal workshop from the Early Middlecloth fittings, andAges other smaller objects wason found inthe the section territoryof the middle terrace. So far, this of Republic of with a bent leg and coinsfibula A layer charredwood. strip-shaped filled cinders and with a acropolis destruction revealed of Justin II (569) were found. Later, a small workshop for jewelry, by fortificationa strong built with techniquethe of Kuli Plan Markovi site 6). (See archaeological the now Mountain, period with intensive barbarian invasions, a new fortified city was built on a plateau of Vodno fortification hadsupply awater big system water two with tanks. The fortification. outer the baseof pentagonal or triangular with ones the as construction strong (Seewith Plangates and towers towersof 5). The innerthe have walls not massive did such and The acropolis itself, as well as the middle and lower terrace, had its own ring of fortification wall towers with triangular or pentagonal bases. The highest terrace was the acropolis of the town. Mikul This site was abandoned during the seventh century but re-populated from the turn of the tenth century onwards. [Ivan Mikul ɢ , 1980.[MarkoviVodno- Kuli, the invicinity of Skopje, 1980], 1979and - Macedoniae Acta Archaeologica ɋɤɨɩʁɟ It was built on three leveled terraces with internal walls between them, but all surrounded all but them, between walls internal with terraces leveled three on built was It This site has been excavated several times. several been has excavated This site þLü ɢɫɬɪɚɠɭɜɚʃɚ , Skopje , 1978” [Markovi, 1978” Vodno- Kuli, the invicinity of Skopje, 1978], þLü ɜɧ ɢɭɱʅ ɇɞɇɢɤɭʂɫɤɚ ɇɚɞɚ ɢ Ɇɢɤɭɥɱɢʅ ɂɜɚɧ ] , 50-53. ɂɜɚɧɆɢɤɭɥɱɢʅ 1977”[The Early Byzantine townof Markovi Kuliin thevicinity of Skopje-- excavations þLü M.and Bilbija], , ɤɩɟɫɨɨɧɬɬɜɪɞɢɧɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɬɟ ɋɤɨɩʁɟɫɨ 5(1979): 65-74; MikulIvan ɂɜɚɧɆɢɤɭɥɱɢʅɢɆȻɢɥɛɢʁɚ ý rn þ e.” About the excavations, see more in [Ivan Mikul [Ivan in see more excavations, the About e.” , “ 53 þLü ɚɨɢɚɬɫɢɬ ɪɞ ɚɤɜɄɥɧȼɞɨ ɤɚʁ ȼɨɞɧɨ ɧɚ Ʉɭɥɢ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢ Ɋɚɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɫɤɢɨɬ ɝɪɚɞ , 137 Skopje emplekton. The excavations near the front tower of of the front tower near the Theexcavations .) [Skopje with the surrounding fortifications] þLü andNadaNikuljska,“ The fortification had 40 or more 136 MacedoniaeActa Archaeologica MacedoniaeArchaeologica Acta , ɆɚɪɤɨɜɢɄɭɥɢ , ɚɤɜɄɭɥɢ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢ ȼɨɞɧɨ , ɋɤɨɩʁɟ þLü and 138 7/8 6 , , CEU eTD Collection one, but the earthquake in 518 played as great a role in this relocation as the barbarian raids. the case of Skupi, the center of urban life was transferredfollowed by layers of torenewal, a althoughnew with lower architecturalsite qualityin and on a smallerthe area. In vicinity of the old are layers barbarian Thedestruction indifferenttimeperiods. raided by groups different Goths, Huns, Avars and Slavs. Yet, it is of crucial importance to stress that the same cities were centers. and ecclesiastical administrative They route. hadlives Vardar-Morava factall flourishingdue tothe urban they important were the e.g., routes, by major communication accessible easily points, strategic excellent on built were cities These Ages. Middle Early the before centuries existence of century. endof atthe sixth the incursion Avaro-slavic great the after renewal of signs clear show to settlement urban only is the it far, So century. seventh the during Probably they are allrelated with in Avaro-slavicthe raidyet, the 586, city existcontinued to strip-shaped fibula strip-shaped with a bentleg, decorated golden applications. a and buckle belt aSucidava jewelry, golden pieces of contained two It tanks. of one water the in area. originating Crimea the 140 1977”].: 71-72. 139 with coins IandJustin Justinian Ivan Mikul of II. IMikul Mikul Their was interrupted developmentby activity raiding the various barbarianof groups: bigFour urban incenters have been discussed this They havelongchapter. all histories CONCLUSION CHAPTER III.7. All these finds have the same the have finds All these The last groupoffindsis that connected barbarian with raiding activity was found near A cheek piece of a helmet was found, again in a destruction layer of along in layerof acropolis, the again found, A a helmet was a destruction of piece cheek þLü þLü and Nikuljska, “The Early Byzantine town ofMarkovi Kuli in the vicinity of Skopje- excavations andBilbija,“Markovi Kuli,Vodno- in thevicinity of Skopje,1979 and 1980:” 212-213. 139 terminus ante quem ante terminus 54 þLü identifies thishelmetasAvar,possibly -- the end of the sixth century. sixth the of end the -- 140 Via Egnatia or the or CEU eTD Collection in the destruction layers. Sometimes is not as easy to connect a destruction layer with a raid that communications. cities passed throughthe barbarianthe Central raids Balkans was the Capitaland the itselfbarbarians if stopped attacked, raidlimes.the on wasnot Danube the or Thessalonika. be to raided Balkans Central of regions first the were Dardania of the part Allsouthern the and citiesSecunda the routes along leading the mainto by determined it levelof the raiding activity to,not wasby that exposed its length.these Macedonia two line fortifications on a border density there.The military was strongest indicates of presence insignia; military finds of that concentration of biggest hasthe Secunda Dardania Macedonia and big cities. layersleftmarauders marksofdestruction and through the inthefortifications the presence their duringbetween the period fourth and the the seventh HunnishAvaro-slaviccentury. Gothic, and lack ofnatural defense, such mountainas ranges. of the because facilitated more even was Theaccessibility accessible. and easy thus main routes the of intersection an was It Empire. Byzantine the and barbarians the of conflicts military the The various barbarian people who raided the cities of the Central Balkans left their mark their left Balkans Central the of cities the raided who people barbarian various The The big cities were not spared from the raids of the barbarians. The final target of most of line of provinces border material,the between the by shown As it archaeological the was provincesThe prosperous Central of were raidedBalkans byvarious barbarian peoples in deeplyinvolved area was Central Balkan its the position, specificgeographic Due to CONCLUSION 55 CEU eTD Collection Central Central Balkans. end of the sixth century,from framework chronological of havetill middle fourth the the Herakleathe broader Lynkestis which overlaps withinteresting, luxurious the and expensive mosaics that paved many and public buildingsprivate in the period of the biggest more raid.Even by anAvaro-Slavic as destruction a the after is renewal phase them denotes barbarian raids of one phases, building have three also of Bargala The Basilica foundthere. material the from on the be observed can renewal phases andtwo destruction leasttwo at Lynkestis, inHeraklea Basilica Episcopal the is with case same The years. c.150 of continuity shows This century. seventh insignia of the Hunnic thusinthemiddle dated one contains raids, of century; the fifth other the military Byzantine army, dated from the middle of the sixth to the beginning of the various micro-locations in some of cities. of insome these micro-locations various layersthe of destructions were followed by layersthe of renewal. is That shown by observing different story. tells aslightly Lynkestis Kuli), with Baragala andHeraklea Markovi of Stobi, Skupi (together mainthe factor for abolishing external theurbanlife in Central the Balkans. Yet, stratigraphy the layers.in army destruction is present Byzantine the also insignia marauders, military the the with of material barbarian canbeconnected the that ifbow. of Ashorsemen layers remnants contain destruction ofareflex the acounterpart the nomadic of noticethe is presence the it e.g. to easy group for agiven representative quite is Some of hoards. material the and coin the such as the coins moresensitive, chronologically is that material lack of of as archaeological insources; result was noted written the One destruction layerin One destruction These cities or at least portions of them were indeed destroyed in the barbarian raids. Yet, As already mentioned in introduction,the the barbarian raiding activities are observed as Domus Fullonica 56 in Stobi in Stobi materialattributed tothe contains CEU eTD Collection destruction of layers continuous the trough is visible This life. urban the influenced raids barbarian andcollision renewal. of an Empire in Theriseneeds. werere-shapedcities bythecurrent andvery the barbarians renewalones. Fortification of varioushumble more with sometimes although ones, new with were replaced basilicas and palaces down walls phasesorigins. were built toThe protect urban life was taken constantdown a to lowermirror level,but that does notequal with the end theit.of Theburned diminished danger territorythe of of abilitythese cities. againin repopulated late tenth the century. Thebut century, big seventh in the moment in some abandoned was It of fortifications. of system elaborated the an with threats; contemporary the to Empire response as build was city This mountain. near-by to least theof life slopes ofthe the nominally.Dardania to was shifted The centre urban till 535, at greatly. in size diminished city the century, fifth the During Balkans. the of south the to more further raids the of advancing during century, fourth the Germanic Stobi. The cities diminished in size, as to fit better in the newly builtfortification rings. Fortification walls cut through the beautiful mosaics, as shown with thecaseof as shown with mosaics, beautiful the wallscutthrough Fortification safety. in was sacrificedneedof the it greater if necessary in but cities, these was appreciated make weretakenasLuxury measurements more theseenduring. cites to Of four cities. course, definitely altered, but not completely abolished the urban life, at least not in the case of these The Early Middle Ages were indeed a period of great changes; it was a period of the the that fact a is It survive. to in terms change to had Antiquity Late the of cities big The by Skupi itbutwas devastated earthquake was in an 518, capital the and bishopric of This alteration of best lifeby isThis represented isapossibility that alteration There urban the of Skupi. The barbarian indeedhad raids a deep impactthe on life. urban Iwould Yet, that suggest foederati lived here. They probably had the task to stop the stop to task the had probably They here. lived 57 Casa romana in CEU eTD Collection surrounding areasfunctionedsurrounding andweredefended. Instead, forlifein thecity area. factor a given astheterminal raids barbarian the way of theyobserving shouldreconsolidate be observed after every raid moreand prepare as better a factorfor the next one. that This changes alters the traditional the way the cities and the . 58 CEU eTD Collection ______. “ ______. ______. “ ______. “ ______. [Maneva, Elica] Elica] [Maneva, [Kondijanov, Jovan] >ö [Bratož, Rajko] [Aleksova, Blaga] Blaga] [Aleksova, or ÷ ievska,Anica] Antiquité Vivante Ƚɪɨɡɞɚɧɨɜ 85-93. Academy andScienceof andArt the National Bank of Republic of Macedonia, 2001): In Heraklea. ɏɟɪɚɤɥɟʁɚ monument protection, Museum and Galery-Bitola ribbed arrowheads of nomadic origin in Heraklea ]. ɨɚɫɨ ɩɨɬɟɤɥɨɨɞɏɟɪɚɤɥɟʁɚ ɧɨɦɚɞɫɤɨ Republic for Institution Protectionthe cultural of Monuments-Skopje, 1992 540]. ɂɥɢɪɢɤɜɨ Path ofHeraklea Lynkestis through time Institution Institution and Museum Bitola, 2007). of Rome.] Ɋɢɦ ɫɨ ɨɞɧɨɫ Slavic Culture of Prilep, 1989. CentreSlavic Ecclessiastical andCultural inMacedonia ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ Macedonian Numismatic Journal 1 ɨɤɧɩɨɤɨɪɮɟɫɢ ɚɨɢ ɬɨɟɪɫɢ ɪɨɢ ɞ ɬɟɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɟɥɢ ɨɞ ɜɪɜɨɜɢ ɬɪɨɪɟɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɥɚɤɨɜɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɨɞ ɩɥɨɱɤɢ Ʉɨɫɤɟɧɢ Macedonian Heritage13 ɥɦ ɨ ɩʁɢ ɞ ɏɟɪɚɤɥɟʁɚ ɨɞ ɫɩɨʁɤɢ ɫɨ ɒɥɟɦ ɭɢɦɬɱɢ ɪɞɨɤɜɞɤɪɰʁɬɧɲɟɨɫɫɨɤɨɞ ɫɩɨʁɤɢ ɫɨ ɲɥɟɦɨɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɲɤɢ ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɤɢ - Ȼɪɚɬɨɠ ” . [Numismatic models in the decoration of the helmet with rivets from rivets with helmet the of decoration in the models [Numismatic Ɇɚɧɟɜɚ 540 ɪɫɟɟɰɧɚɜɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ ɜɨ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɨɜɚ CoinsandMintsinMacedonia, ȼɨ Ʉɨɧɞɢʁɚɧɨɜ Ȯɨɪɼɢɟɜɫɤɚ ” [The Early Christian Church of Macedonia and the relationship with relationship Macedonia and the Church of ” [The Christian Early ɆɨɧɟɬɢɬɟɢɦɨɧɟɬɨɤɨɜɧɢɰɢɬɟɜɨɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 36 (1986):71-88. , , Ɋɚʁɤɨ ȿɥɢɰɚ , Ȼɥɚɝɚ ”[ A note on the Coutrigur raid in the territory of Illyricum in . “ , , Ⱥɧɢɰɚ ȳɨɜɚɧ . ɚɨɪɫɢɚɫɚɚ ɪɜɜɆɤɞɧʁɢ ɧɟʁɡɢɧɢɨɬ ɢ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ ɜɨ ɰɪɤɜɚ Ɋɚɧɨɯɪɢɫɬɢʁɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ PRIMARY SOURCES . BIBLIOGRAPHY ɪɞɨɟɨɟɧɚɤɢɬ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɧ ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɚɬɚɧɚȻɪɟɝɚɥɧɢɰɚ . “ (2000): 3-4. . ”. [“Bone plaques stiffening of bow andreflex three- ɉɚɬɨɬ ɉɪɢɥɨɝɡɚɭɩɚɞɨɬɧɚɄɭɬɪɢɝɭɪɢɬɟɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɧɚ 59 (1994): 75-81. ].( Bitola: The Municipality of Bitola and the ” [ “Helmet with rivets from from with ” [“HelmetHeraclea”]. rivets ɧɢɡɜɪɟɦɟɬɨɧɚɏɟɪɚɤɥɟʁɚɅɢɧɤɟɫɬɢɫ ed. Cvetan Grozdanov]. (Skopje: ed.Cvetan Macedonia Grozdanov]. [ 5-7-8(1985/86/97):49-58. Ɍ he Bishopric of Bregalnica- the he Bishopricoffirst The Journal of the The Journalcultural Institute of of ( Medieval jewelry) Medieval ]. Prilep: The Institute of Old - ɩɪɜɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɰɪɤɨɜɟɧɢ , ɭɪɟɞɟɧɨɨɞɐɜɟɬɚɧ . Skopje:The [ The CEU eTD Collection Late Antiquity Late Antiquity of cities Macedonia”]. [Sanev, Voislav and Saržoski, Saržo] Saržo] andSaržoski, Voislav [Sanev, “ ______. ______. ______. “ ______. “ ______. “ ______. Art, 1996) [Mikul [Mikul [Mikul [Mikul þLü þLü þLü þLü Wiseman].(Veles: Macedonian Review Editions, 1981):229-234. In 1972-1974. ɭɪɟɞɟɧɨɨɞȻɥɚɝɚȺɥɟɤɫɨɜɚɢȹɟʁɦɫȼɚʁɫɦɚɧ ɜɧɚɬɪɟɲɧɢɨɬɛɟɞɟɦɧɚɋɬɨɛɢ Makedonska kniga, 1982. Skopje, 1978”]. - Wiseman].(Veles: Macedonian Review Editions, 1981):210-215. history of Stobi”. In ɋɬɨɛɢ fortresses].Skopje, Macedonian Academy of Academy Science and Macedonian fortresses].Skopje, 1977”]. excavations Skopje- of vicinity the in Kuli Markovi of town Byzantine Early “The ³ɊɚɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɫɤɢɨɬɝɪɚɞɆɚɪɤɨɜɢɄɭɥɢɧɚȼɨɞɧɨɤɚʁɋɤɨɩʁɟ Sst. CyrilSst. and Methodius, 1995. inMacedonia century found ɭɤɪɚɫɢɨɞ 1980”],. ɋɤɨɩʁɟ Faculté , Ivan] , Ivan and Nikuljska, Nada], , Ivan and Lil , Ivan and Bilbija, M.] ɋɤɨɩʁɟɫɨɨɤɨɥɧɢɬɟɬɜɪɞɢɧɢ , , 1979 ɆɚɪɤɨɜɢɄɭɥɢ Ⱦɨɰɧɨɪɢɦɫɤɢɝɪɨɛɨɜɢɨɞɋɤɭɩɢ ɇɟɤɨɢɧɨɜɢɦɨɦɟɧɬɢɨɞɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɚɬɚɧɚɋɬɨɛɢ Macedoniae Acta Archaeologica5 Macedoniae Macedoniae Acta Archaeologica Macedoniae ɁɚɝɨɥɟɦɢɧɚɬɚɧɚɞɨɰɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɤɢɬɟɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɜɨɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ ɪɞɧɨȻɚɚ ɥɤɨɚ ȹʁɫ ȼɚʁɫɦɚɧ ȹɟʁɦɫ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɨɜɚ Ȼɥɚɝɚ ɨɞ ɭɪɟɞɟɧɨ de philosophie del' 6 Ɇɢɤɭɥɱɢʅ ɢ 7 ɢ Studies in the Antiquities of Stobi III Studies intheAntiquities of Macedoniae Acta Archaeologica 1980”.[“Markovi in Kuli, Vodno- vicinitythe of 1979and Skopje, ɜɟɤɜɨɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ þLü , Viktor] Studies in the Antiquities of Stobi III intheAntiquities Studies of , , ɂɜɚɧ ȼɨɞɧɨ Ɇɢɤɭɥɱɢʅ . Université ].Skopje: The Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Ɇɢɤɭɥɱɢʅ Istorija ɪɞɨɟɨɧɝɚɨɢ ɬɜɪɞɢɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ , ɋɚɧɟɜ , 1972-1974”. ɋɤɨɩʁɟ [ [ Fibulae and beltdecoratios sixth from andseventh X-1(1974). , , Skopje with thesurrounding fortifications ȼɨɢɫɥɚɜɢɋɚɪɠɨɫɤɢ , 1978” [“Markovi Kuli,in , 1978” Vodno- vicinitythe of ɂɜɚɧ 60 de Skopje26 , 7/8(1987): 205-220. ” [“Late Roman burials from Skupi’]. Ɇɢɤɭɥɱɢʅ ɂɜɚɧɢɅɢɥɱɢʅ (1979):65-74.

ȼɨ ɢȻɢɥɛɢʁɚ . [Excavations of the Inner Wall inStobi, Inner of the . [Excavations 6 (1983): 123-133. ɋɬɭɞɢɢɡɚɫɬɚɪɢɧɢɬɟɜɨɋɬɨɛɢ , (1974):109-143. , ed. Blaga Aleksova and James ”. ɂɜɚɧɢɇɢɤɭʂɫɤɚ , ed. Blaga Aleksova and James , M. “ ȼɨ [ “Some new factors inthe factors new [“Some , ȼɢɤɬɨɪ , ɋɬɭɞɢɢɡɚɫɬɚɪɢɧɢɬɟɜɨ ɋɚɪɠɨ ɆɚɪɤɨɜɢɄɭɥɢ - .[ Medievalcitiesand ɢɫɬɪɚɠɭɜɚʃɚ . ”.[The sizeof ”.[The the ɢɭɢ ɩɨʁɚɫɧɢ ɢ Ɏɢɛɭɥɢ . “ ɂɫɤɨɩɭɜɚʃɚɧɚ , Annuaire , ].Skopje: 1977” [ 1977” ȼɨɞɧɨ ɇɚɞɚ III . , , CEU eTD Collection Dennis, George T. Tr. T. Dennis, George Deppert-Lippitz, Barbara. “A Late Antique Crossbow Fibula in the Metropolitan Museum Museum Fibulaof intheMetropolitan “ALateAntique Barbara. Crossbow Deppert-Lippitz, Daim Curta, Florin. Curta, Florin costa nella e Ravennate territorio nel altomedievali fibule et Fibbie Cinzia. Cavalalari, Burns, Thomas S. A. István. Bóna, Alexander Koch, Alexander SECONDARY LITERATURE Hadži-Maneva, Maja .“Hoard of solidi and siliquae of Stobi”. 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Map 2: Administrative division on the Central Balkans. Taken from: Bratož, “The Early 66 CEU eTD Collection Map 3:Distribution of several of archaeologicalgroups map finds( doneby author) 67 CEU eTD Collection Macedonia andtherelationship with Rome”, 3. Map 4: Main Balkans“The from: communications on Taken Bratož, Christian Early Church of 68 CEU eTD Collection Map 5: Via Egnatia . Taken from http://www.viaegnatiafoundation.eu/ from . Taken 69 CEU eTD Collection Map 6: Vardar – Morava Route (Map done by author) 70 CEU eTD Collection Plan 1: Stobi. Taken from Studies inthe Antiquities of Stobi 71 I(1973),plate 7. CEU eTD Collection of of Macedonia”. Plan 2: Heraklea Lynkestis. Taken from Ivan Mikul Istorija X-1(1974). 72 þLü , “The size of the Late Antiquity cities CEU eTD Collection fortifications, fortifications, 1982. Plan from 4: Skupi.Taken Ivan Mikul Plan 3: Skupi- Eastern Necropolis. Taken from Ivan Mikul þLü , Skopjewith thesurroundingfortifications, 1982. 73 þLü , Skopjewith thesurrounding CEU eTD Collection Macedoniae Acta Archaeologica 5 Acta Archaeologica Macedoniae Early Byzantine town of Markovi Kuli in vicinity the Skopje-of excavations 1977”]. excavations 1977”]. Plan 6: Markovi kuli, “The Early Byzantine town of Markovi Kuli in the vicinity of Skopje- Plan 5: The acropolis of Markovi Kuli. Taken from Ivan Mikul Macedoniae ActaArchaeologica 5 (1979). 74 (1979). þLü , and Nada Nikuljska, “The CEU eTD Collection Viktor Lil Viktor Plate I: Metal I:Metal Plate belt fittings from Macedonia Takenfrom Macedonia. Ivan Mikul No.15 No.No. 16 17No.18 No.25 No 26 No.27 No.28 No.27 26 No No.25 No. 21 No.23 No.22 No.24 No.22 No.23 No. 21 No.29 No.30 No.29 þLü , Fibulae andbeltdecoratios. No.31 No.32 No.31 75 No. No.33 34 No. 19 No.20 þLü and Fibulae and beltdecoratios. CEU eTD Collection II: Sucidava and other types beltof buckles from Macedonia Takenfrom Ivan Mikul No.5 No.1 Zdenko Vinski,“Salona” . from Taken regions. other from buckles belt Bologna and Sucidava of Finds III: Plate No.3 id fBlgabcls .Blga .Crnh .Constantinople 9. Corinth; 8. Bologna; 7. buckles: Bologna of Finds Golemanovo Kale 6. 5.Constantinople 4.Sucidava; buckles:1- Sucidava of Finds No.2 No.6 No.4 No.13 No. 7 No.9 No.11 No.12 No.11 76 3 cm No.14 No.10 No.8 þLü and Viktor andViktor Lil Plate þLü , Viktor Lil Viktor IV:FibulaePlate bentleg with hinge fibulae and with from Macedonia Takenfrom Mikul Ivan CEU eTD Collection No.1 No.10 No.4 þLü , No.26 No.27 No.28 No.30 Fibulae and beltdecoratios. No.5 No.12 No.29 ( No. 6, 7, 8 look the same) the look 7, 8 6, No. ( No.2 ( No.11( looks thesame No.31 ) No.3 No.9 No.13 No.32 No.22 No.14 No.18 77 No.33 5 cm No.15 No.19 No.23 No. 34 No. No.24 No.16 No.20 No.17 No.25 No.21 þLü and CEU eTD Collection Plate V: Some finds of fibulae with bentleg. Taken from Zdenko Vinski,“Salona”. Strip-fibulae with simple head: 5-6. Sadovec5-6. head: simple with Strip-fibulae Sadovec3.Salona; 4. Osijek; 2. Deboj; head: 1. bulb-shaped with Fibulae 78 CEU eTD Collection Figures 2a. and 2b taken from: Elica Maneva, “Helmet with rivets from Heraclea”, 86. helmet with rivets from Heraklea”, 90. inof the models decoration the from: “Numismatic Figures 1aand1btaken Maneva, Elica Plate VI: Reconstruction of the helmet with rivets Fig.2a Fig. 2b Fig.1a Fig.1b 79 CEU eTD Collection Museum of Bitola, to whom I am specially grateful. mebyAnicafor (Figurewere provided and photos 3) The colour 1b of ribbed arrowheads nomadicin57-58. originLynkestis”, Heraklea Figures 1a and 2 taken from: Elica Maneva: “Bone stiffening plaques of a reflex bow and three- Weapons and cloth fittings of nomadic origin in Heraklea Lynkestis

Fig.1a 80 ö or ÷

ievska from ievska from the Fig.1b Fig.3 Plate VII: CEU eTD Collection history history of Stobi, 216. Plate VIII: Nomadic weapons in Stobi. Taken from Ivan Mikul Fig. 1a Fig. Fig.2 81 þLü , Some new factors in the CEU eTD Collection fastening boots and 2),found onthe knees, probably for Burial ritual: tegulae Grave type uil rmSui 120 and 137. Burials from Skupi, Inv 2. –Tomb 77of the Eastern Necropolis Grave goods: Reference: n. Tomb11of the Eastern Necropolis Inv.1 – Burials from Skupi, 119 Reference: (fig.1) aboot. fastening for probably knee, left goods Grave Burial ritual tegulae Grave type : shallow pit covered with : shallow pitcovered with Ivan Mikul Ivan Mikul : little buckle found on the on found little buckle : : inhumation,male(?) Inventory of grave goods of tombs from ofgoods ofthe Inventory from grave tombs inhumation, adultmale two smalltwo buckles(fig.1 Eastern Necropolis of Skupi þLü þLü and 137. and , Late Roman , Late Roman 82

5 cm 5 cm 5 Fig.1 Fig.1 Fig.2 CEU eTD Collection Burials from Skupi, 130, 136 and137. 130, from Skupi, Burials Reference: b,c) and iron bucklebelt (fig.2) Grave goods ritual Burial tegulae Grave type Tomb 126of the Easter Necropolis Inv.4of – Skupi 137 Roman Burials from Skupi, 122 and Grave goods: Burial ritual: tegulae Grave type Tomb 96 of the Eastern Necropolis Inv.3 – Reference: . : shallow pit covered with Ivan Mikul : onion-shaped fibula(fig.1a, : onion-shaped : cremation, male (?) : shallow pit covered with covered pit : shallow Ivan Mikul fragment of a bronze of fragment inhumation, 2 young 2 inhumation, buckle belt (fig.1) males þLü , Late Roman Fig. 2 Fig. þLü , Late 83

5 cm Fig.1a Fig.1b Fig.1 Fig.1c 5 cm 5 CEU eTD Collection and136. Roman from Burials 130 Skupi, Reference: (fig.1a) Grave goods Burial ritual tegulae with Grave type n. Tomb 180a) 179of (or Easternthe Necropolis Inv.5 – and 136 Roman Burials from Skupi,125 Reference: 360-363). II( and Julian II(337-361) coins: Constans shaped fibula (fig.1a, b), two Grave goods Burial ritual with tegulae covered type Grave n.-Tomb 189 of the EasternInv.6- Necropolis : shallowcovered pit Ivan Ivan Mikul : onion-shaped fibula: onion-shaped : cremation,male(?) : shallow pit Ivan Mikul : bronze, onion- bronze, : inhumation, : adult male adult þLü , Late þLü , Late 84 Fig.1a 5 cm Fig. 1b 5 cm 5 CEU eTD Collection and 136. Roman Burials from Skupi, 115 Reference: Grave goods Burial ritual tegulae with Grave type 136 and137. 136 from 130, Roman Skupi, Burials Reference: stamping (fig.1) silver beltbuckle, decorated with andsquare, (fig.2) fibula shaped Grave goods Burial ritualBurial Grave type Inv.8 –Tomb 200 of the Eastern Necropolis Inv.7- Tomb 108 of the Eastern Necropolis Eastern the of 108 Tomb Inv.7- : shallow pit covered pit : shallow Ivan Mikul : stone sarcophagus : onion-shaped fibula : inhumation, Ivan Mikul : bronze, onion- : inhumation, (fig.1a,b) young male young male þLü þLü , Late , Late 85 Fig.1a 5 cm 5 Fig.1b Fig. 1 5 cm 5 Fig. 2 CEU eTD Collection Burials from Skupi, 120, 137 and138 137 120, Skupi, from Burials Reference: in Thessalonika. minted boot(fig.1) and coin of Constans( 337-350), of the leftleg, probably itwas applied to a lowerfoundthe pendant part on leaf-shaped Grave goods Burial ritual type Grave Inv. 9 –Tomb 82 of the Eastern Necropolis : stone sarcophagus : stone Ivan Mikul : bronze buckle belt(fig.2) , inhumation, : adult male adult þLü , Late Roman 86 5 cm 5 Fig. 2 Fig. 1 CEU eTD Collection 87