Highlights EAG OUTREACH UPDATE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS VISIT BLADE INSPECTION TECH MICROGRIDS WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECH SURGEENERGY ACADEMIC GROUP QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER SUMMER / FALL 2018

USS Spruance (DDG 111) does a high speed run during Super Trials. In April, the Energy Academic Group at NPS sent a student thesis team to Naval Base to gather data relating to recent transits by the USS Spruance and USS Stockdale (DDG 106). The data will help form the basis of a more detailed analysis of OTTER’s expected fuel savings and the factors that impact transit fuel consumption. Photo courtesy U.S. Navy.

fuel use against OTTER’s predictions. This April, the Energy Academic OTTER Sea Trials Although operational and maintenance Group at NPS sent a student thesis considerations on the WASP didn’t team to Naval Base San Diego to gather Promising, But allow for full testing of OTTER’s data in support of OTTER. The team optimized transit planning capabilities, collected data relating to recent transits Require Further the testing demonstrated OTTER’s by the USS Stockdale (DDG-106) and USS Analysis ease of use, ability to adapt to engine Spruance (DDG-111) that will help form mode constraints, and ability to create the basis of a more detailed analysis Last fall, the Energy Academic Group reasonable fuel consumption estimates. of OTTER’s expected fuel savings and conducted testing of the Optimized The test also highlighted several the factors that impact transit fuel Transit Tool & Easy Reference (OTTER) important considerations for future consumption. The work of this thesis on the USS Wasp (LHD-1) as it transited trials. Depending on ship type, mission team will help determine exactly what from San Diego to Sasebo, Japan. requirements, transit requirements, or data is needed to determine fuel savings OTTER is an Excel-based tool designed engine constraints, the potential savings attributable to OTTER and what data is to help surface ships reduce their from OTTER may be overshadowed by readily accessible from ships’ logs. transit fuel consumption by suggesting variations in electric generator fuel use efcient combinations of transit or ocean conditions. In these cases, LEARN MORE speeds and engine confgurations. more data will be needed to get an ! Email Brandon Naylor During this testing, OTTER was used accurate assessment of OTTER’s actual at [email protected] by the Wasp’s Navigator to compare fuel savings. or call 831.656.1986 the ships actual transit practices and

SURGE SUMMER / FALL 2018 QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER, ENERGY ACADEMIC GROUP, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Principal's Thoughts Dan Nussbaum, Principal, Energy Academic Group

From the beginning, we built EAG on three pillars— Curriculum, Research, and Outreach. While a previous Assistant Secretary of the Navy called these pillars “Education, Technology, and Relationships”, this article focuses on the third pillar, Outreach (or Relationships), including EAG’s vision, Curriculum Research Outreach current activities, and future plans. Our vision is to create an energy community of interest (COI) to assist Pillars of the Energy Academic Group. NPS in building professional and operational alliances supporting not only the Navy but the Department Examples of oferings are: • Military Operations Research Society of Defense in pursuit of the national (MORS) MORS. Held last month at security objectives of the . • NATO Energy Security Centre of NPS where I provided a keynote EAG pursues this vision through the Excellence: Energy, an Operational presentation and Strategic Level focus activities described below: All of these professional organizations • Tbilisi, Georgia: Energy Security provide platforms for EAG to explain Current Activities • Lithuania: Energy Efciency in to the larger defense and security NPS’s Defense Energy Seminar Military Operations world who NPS is, describe the unique aspects NPS brings to graduate-level series provides students and • NATO School, Oberammergau: defense and security education, and faculty a broad palette of seminars, Energy Security Awareness addressing both energy technology discuss the work of the EAG. These issues and policy perspectives. • Kuwait: Critical Energy Infrastructure venues also permit us opportunities Protection/Resilience to advance our vision of creating Speakers from the NPS faculty as communities of interests. well as government, commercial frms, Conferences, where I introduce I look forward to hearing your ideas and not-for-proft activities provide various audiences to NPS and the on developing and sustaining the expertise across a range of energy work of colleagues in both EAG and Energy COI. topics. All this is masterfully curated by the wider NPS community. Kevin Maher (CDR, USN, ret.). Examples include: You can view archived seminars and • Innovative Energy Solutions for see planned speakers at http://www. CONTACT nps.edu/web/eag/seminars Military Applications. This conference DAN NUSSBAUM enables information exchange on Email [email protected] Also, EAG provides the unique best practices and technologies or call 831-656-2387 opportunity for non-resident US for advancing energy efciency in students, International Allies, and the military, and helps accelerate Partner Nations to learn about the transfer of innovative energy Energy topics. technologies from the civilian to the military sector. I will lead a discussion Since NPS faculty and their students panel on multinational NATO regularly participate in these oferings, achievements in enhancing energy these courses support their research efciency in military operations objectives and thesis projects. UPDATE REPORT EAG/CID Team visits the U.S. Virgin Islands

Dan Nussbaum, Principal, Energy Academic Group Left: Hurricane Maria home damage (6 months post storm). Fredriksted, St. Croix.

Center: Marine Capt John Dommert standing in front of a destroyed 0.5MW solar farm, St. Croix.

Right: WAPA Contractors replacing an underground transformer; power outage to St. Croix, parts of downtown U.S. Virgin Islands Christiansted lasted greater than 24 hours in this case. Carribbean Sea

During this past quarter, NPS’s Center to manage coordination, training, and current infrastructure system resilience/ for Infrastructure Defense (CID) and convening activities with local utilities eforts, and identifes opportunities for the Energy Academic Group (EAG), and government representatives, and future research contributions to the USVI along with two NPS students traveled manage the modeling and analysis on the recovery. From a Naval perspective, this to St. Croix, Virgin Islands to meet with identifcation, analysis, and development project ofers NPS a unique opportunity local utility companies and government of a proposed energy infrastructure to assess island infrastructure resiliency/ representatives to preliminarily assess recovery and priorities in the US Virgin capacity building lessons learned for the recovery and resiliency efort of the Islands. The frst of these eforts includes potential application in the Navy/Marine USVI infrastructure system. Specifcally, a technical preliminary assessment Corps Expeditionary Advanced Base the team met with local and government report on the interdependent Operations Concept. representatives from FEMA, DoE, infrastructure resilience in the USVI. NREL, the Virgin Islands Water and This technical report not only serves LEARN MORE Power Authority (VIWAPA), Wastewater as the technical foundation for LCDR ! Email Alan Howard at Treatment, Public Works, Limetree Bay Brendan Bunn’s Operations Research [email protected] or call Terminals, the VI Energy Ofce, and the master’s thesis, but also provides FEMA 831.656.3855 St. Croix Foundation. CID and EAG’s an operational overview of the USVI support to FEMA includes broad eforts infrastructure system, awareness of

Defense Energy Seminar Series NPS's academic programs in Defense Energy are supplemented by a seminar series LEARN MORE which provides a forum for leading voices within the feld, practitioners, and other " Please see the Calendar of Defense Energy infuencers. These professionals give presentations, engage in Events or visit nps.edu/ web/eag/seminars brown bag discussions, and facilitate informal gatherings that encourage Defense for upcoming and archived Energy faculty and students to discourse over current issues in Defense Energy, seminars. supplementing classroom teaching with practical, professional experiences. The Defense Energy Speakers' Seminars are a permanent part of NPS's Defense Energy program, and a key to its real-world relevance. Mega-Trash to Mega-Watts: Estimating the Feasibility of Waste-to-Energy Technologies for Navy Installations By Gary Parker

How does a decision maker evaluate “Energy is a crucial consideration in whether investing in Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technology makes economic sense our planning for both future operational for a given project? Thanks to a recent NPS systems systems and sustainable shore installations engineering (SE) graduate student, Navy-wide.” the Commander, Navy Installation — ALEJANDRO HERNANDEZ, NPS SYSTEMS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Command (CNIC)’s Energy Return on Investment (eROI) decision support tool the new module must perform to the for integration into the eROI tool, Haag’s may soon have an additional module module’s requirements. research opens a door for further that produces estimates for three WTE When it came time to develop a proof- inquiry by future SE students interested technologies (incinerators, plasma of-concept module for demonstration in DOD energy sustainability. Haag’s gasifcation, and anaerobic digesters) to N46, Haag decided to use an Excel thesis advisor, Associate Professor that previously had not been considered spreadsheet due to Excel’s widespread Alejandro Hernandez of the NPS SE in eROI calculations. availability and user familiarity within Department said of Haag’s thesis, Navy Lieutenant Adam Haag’s the DOD. Using Excel also simplifed “This thesis is an exemplar of excellent December 2016 master’s degree thesis, future integration of the module with systems engineering. The Navy can “Developing a Decision Support Tool the existing eROI tool. Multiple civil leverage the capabilities and talent of for Energy Return on Investment (eROI) engineering sources, papers, and reports our NPS graduate students towards Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Calculations”, were used to develop spreadsheet solving complex problems. Energy is a details his application of a disciplined calculations for each of three current crucial consideration in our planning systems engineering approach to WTE technologies: waste incineration, for both future operational systems helping answer two questions posed by plasma gasifcation, and anaerobic and sustainable shore installations N46, namely: 1) How do we determine digestion. Based on project-specifc user Navy-wide. Haag’s fnal product is a which facilities have the resources to input, the module produced an “eROI concrete value-added capability that implement WTE technology? and 2) number” for each WTE technology that will assist leaders in making better- What type of technology should we represents a beneft-to-cost (or “B/C”) informed decisions regarding the implement? Haag’s investigation of the ratio familiar to users of the current eROI potential use of WTE technologies. CNIC eROI tool capabilities revealed a tool. A B/C ratio greater than 1.0 would His thesis demonstrates how NPS gap when it came to WTE calculations, suggest that the benefts outweigh the graduate education can make real- from which he developed his thesis costs of an approach. Comparing all world contributions to increasing the problem statement. Hypothesizing three eROI numbers side-by-side could energy sustainability of the Navy and the that the eROI tool would need some suggest which might represent a more Department of Defense.” sort of additional software module that advantageous technology for further would evaluate the viability of using investigation. CONNECT WTE technology, Haag employed a SE The proof-of-concept module was ! Email Dr. Andy Hernandez methodology to determine and analyze demonstrated to the sponsor and at [email protected] or project stakeholders, develop module accepted for additional refnement. call 831.656.3823 requirements, conduct a functional While further work and testing remains analysis, and then allocate the functions before fnal acceptance of the module

SURGE SUMMER / FALL 2018 QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER, ENERGY ACADEMIC GROUP, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL STUDENT ENERGY RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT Realizing Energy Security on a DOD Installation Using Photovoltaics and Battery Energy Storage System By LCDR Cody Keesee

Navy leaders have made it clear that progressing towards energy security on naval installations is of great importance. The diference between being energy secure versus net-zero is quite diferent. Energy security is having the ability to operate independent of the commercial grid for an indefnite period of time. In order to have energy security on an installation in the most basic sense, two elements must be present. This research uses photovoltaic (PV) panels for generation and batteries for electrical energy storage with the goal of achieving energy security using Naval Support Activity Monterey Aerial photo of Naval Support Activity Monterey (NSAM) in Monterey, . Photo by Javier Chagoya. (NSAM) as a test platform. The design requires three inputs, area is calculated at 14,274 square large scale solar installations for energy the AC load required to be supported, meters. An additional 5,540 PV security purposes. By taking advantage peak-sun hours, and the days of modules can be added to the campus of all available NSAM areas suitable for usable storage required. All available with an estimated power delivery of PV installation, the proposed microgrid rooftops on non-historic buildings 2,141,300 Watt-hours (Wh) per day. For could provide energy security for some were considered as candidates for perspective, Spanagel Hall consumes critical loads and the design could a potential PV installation as well as an average of 4.75 MWh per day, the be used by decision makers if such a carports in most parking lots. The proposed installation does not deliver project were ever considered. Energy largest available sites for new PV enough to power even half of the security is realizable to some extent panels are Root Hall and eleven PV building. using PV arrays; however, it is clear that carports in the staf and student lots Monterey’s climate does not provide NSAM is not a viable candidate for such on campus. The total new installation adequate peak-sun hours to justify a system.

About the author LCDR Cody Keesee graduated in March 2018 with a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering from the Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at the Naval Postgraduate School. He is a Navy Civil Engineer Corps ofcer and former Surface Warfare ofcer. Contact the EAG team at nps.edu/energy for more LCDR Cody Keesee information about this research.

SURGE SUMMER / FALL 2018 QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER, ENERGY ACADEMIC GROUP, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL AIR FORCE ENERGY RESEARCH Innovating compressor blade inspection By Corrie Poland, Air Force Operational Energy

Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Operational Energy, Roberto Guerrero (right), watches demonstration of Sonic Infrared inspection by Florida Turbine Technologies, Inc., Jupiter, Fla., January 9, 2018. The technology is currently being tested and implemented by Air Force Research Laboratory as a more efcient way to inspect turbine engine compressor blades for cracks and defects. Air Force Operational Energy is looking to further implement the technology across the Air Force.

As part of its goal to increase combat accuracy (SIR has the potential to detect capability, Air Force Operational Energy “Prior to the smaller cracks than FPI, and has a lower looks holistically at every aspect of incidence of error), environmental aircraft operations and technology development of the factors (SIR does not use toxic chemicals for opportunities to optimize energy SIR system, Tinker like FPI), and increased cost savings consumption. For the majority of (from not having to replace as many Air Force aircraft, the condition of had no cost effective blades). SIR technology is currently being compressor blades is a critical aspect of implemented at Tinker Air Force Base, engine performance. However, normal way of inspecting and personnel are being trained and engine wear-and-tear causes blade and repairing engine certifed on its use. cracks and defects, which deteriorates “While the main purpose of SIR engine efciency over time, resulting compressor blades, technology is not to reduce fuel in higher maintenance costs, and and returning them consumption, we found it is an added decreased aircraft availability. beneft. Making it easier to identify Recent developments in compressor back to service.” defects in compressor blades also helps blade inspection technology drastically — MR. SIAMACK MAZDIYASNI, detect potential engine inefciencies,” reduce time and cost, and are more AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY said Roberto Guerrero, Deputy efective at identifying defects than MATERIALS ENGINEER Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for earlier methods, like Fluorescent Operational Energy. “In order for an Penetrant Inspection (FPI). Sonic determine its severity. engine to function at its best, the blades Infrared Inspection (SIR) uses ultrasonic Air Force Research Laboratory need to be in, and maintain optimal waves to gently vibrate the blade (AFRL) tested SIR technology and condition, and SIR better allows us to and create friction between crack processes, developed by Florida determine that.” surfaces. In turn, a small amount of Turbine Technologies, Inc. (FTT), on heat is produced where cracks exist, compressor blades at the Oklahoma LEARN MORE which can then be detected using City Air Logistics Complex, Tinker Air ! To read the full article, highly-sensitive infrared cameras. By Force Base. Project engineers saw many visit: www.safe.hq.af.mil/ looking at the image, operators can benefts of SIR technology including OpEnergy easily pinpoint the crack or defect and increased detection speed, increased

SURGE SUMMER / FALL 2018 QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER, ENERGY ACADEMIC GROUP, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL SURGE SUMMER / FALL 2018 QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER, ENERGY ACADEMIC GROUP, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL STUDENT ENERGY RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT Comparative Analysis of Integration Processes and Developing Measures of Effectiveness for Assessing and Predicting Technology Integration By ME5 Lin Xinhong, Air Force Engineer (AFE), Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) and MAJ Eugene Mok, Army Combat Engineer, Singapore Armed Forces (SAF)

One of the key objectives of the Navy Environmental Sustainability ! Development to Integration (NESDI) Phase 3 Difusion program is to maximize the number Technology is extended beyond original of developed technologies that are intended user to other organizations successfully integrated into the Fleet. and sites. However, the Naval Facilities and Expeditionary Warfare Center (NAVFAC EXWC) has faced challenges in doing Phase 2 Adoption so. Among the issues in determining Technology incorporated into operations based successful integration are a subjective on intended use. Client organization continues using the technology after transition. defnition of integration and the lack of a set of measures of efectiveness (MOEs) that can be used to determine the level of technology integration. A result of Phase 1 Transition these issues is the absence of a means Technology sucessfully demonstrated and validated to to predict the successful integration have met requirements. Technology installed, together with relevant enabling systems (e.g., training, manuals, of future technologies. The team has Level of Technology Adoptionmaintenance system,) at client organization. decomposed the defnition of integration into three phases as shown in the fgure. Three phases of Technology Integration It will be this construct of integration that forms the basis of the team's work. difusion processes on a selected NESDI successful integration of future projects. project. This framework will serve To date the team has spoken with several Proposed Defnition of the Three to guide NESDI’s in its future project key NAVFAC stakeholders to better Phases of Technology Integration: development. Second, this research will understand their existing processes and There are two key deliverables for this develop a set of MOEs to determine challenges. The framework and MOEs efort. First, this research will develop the level of technology integration, and developed in this study are envisaged an integration framework by performing identify correlating characteristics of to increase the likelihood of successful a comparative analysis between the successful technologies that can serve technology integration for future NESDI established systems engineering and as indicators to increase the likelihood of projects.

About the authors ME5 Lin Xinhong (left) and MAJ Eugene Mok (right) are students in the Master of System Engineering in the Graduate School of Engineering & Applied Sciences (GSEAS) at the Naval Postgraduate School. ME5 Lin is an Air Force Engineer (AFE) in the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) and MAJ Mok is an Army ME5 Lin Xinhong MAJ Eugene Mok Combat Engineer Ofcer in the Singapore Armed Forces. Contact the EAG team at nps.edu/energy for more information about this research. ENERGY RESEARCH Hastily formed micro-grids

A road in the Roseau area, Dominica, is littered with debris, uprooted vegetation and felled poles and power lines from Hurricane Maria.

The Energy Academic Group at would provide enough power to help energy needs. This hastily formed NPS is conducting a research efort meet the needs of small shelters. micro-grids project is intended to help to evaluate possible design and The design of this micro-grid humanitarian eforts prepare for or applications of constructing small, was inspired by the humanitarian respond to situations like this. By using hastily-formed micro-grids using crisis in Puerto Rico resulting from readily available COTS components readily available commercial of-the- the 2017 hurricane season. The to provide a community with scalable shelf (COTS) components. These micro- island’s rugged terrain made it renewable energy capabilities, relief grids would consist of solar panels and difcult to restore power and deliver workers could reduce the need to deep cycle batteries to produce and supplies to communities outside the make regular fuel deliveries and reduce store energy, an inverter to convert the coastal population centers. These the strain on their logistics network. battery power into usable AC power, communities relied on portable and a controller to help regulate the generator power for months while CONNECT batteries as they charge. This system the grid was undergoing repairs, ! Email Brandon Naylor would be small enough to ft into the which means they required a regular at [email protected] back of a standard pickup truck, but supply of fuel to meet their basic or call 831.656.1986

The micro-grid design would consist of solar panels and deep Micro-grid cycle batteries to produce and store energy, an inverter to convert the battery power into usable AC power, and a controller to help regulate the batteries as they charge.

SURGE SUMMER / FALL 2018 QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER, ENERGY ACADEMIC GROUP, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL " EAG Calendar of Events July 20, 2018 August 10, 2018 JUL Defense Energy Defense Energy Upcoming Seminar Series Seminar Series July 2, 2018 # WORKSHOP ME Lecture Hall ME Lecture Hall Summer Quarter July 12, 2018 1300–1430 1300–1430 Begins Super Swarm Challenge – Problem July 27, 2018 July 2, 2018 August 17, 2018 Curation Workshop, Defense Energy Second course of Defense Energy Naval Undersea Seminar Series DL Defense Energy Seminar Series Warfare Center ME Lecture Hall Certifcate begins ME Lecture Hall Rhode Island 1300–1430 1300–1430 Focused on potential July 13, 2018 problem owners and Defense Energy super swarm SMEs. Seminar Series AUG SEP Demonstration at NPS; ME Lecture Hall August 3, 2018 date TBD. 1300–1430 September 23–28, 2018 Defense Energy Energy Security Seminar Series July 13–21, 2018 Awareness Course ME Lecture Hall Energy Security: NATO School, 1300–1430 Regional Caucasus Oberammergau

Course Baku, Azerbaijan

Interested in Energy-Related Thesis Research? Over the past fve years, NPS and the EAG supported a plethora of student thesis research in the area of energy. A compilation of abstracts on student thesis and other research is available on the EAG website: www.nps.edu/energy. The EAG’s extensive resources, intellectual capital, and connections with multi-disciplinary faculty and energy professionals provide students enhanced support for energy- related research. If interested in energy research, please reach out to the EAG team!

$ Connect with the Energy Academic Group Contribute The Energy Academic Group about the Energy Academic Lawrence M. Walzer is located in Quarters D, Bldg Group, please contact one [email protected] to Surge 831.656.3777 281 on the NPS campus in of the principal EAG faculty If you would like to Monterey, California. A wide members: Brandon Naylor contribute or have your range of NPS faculty are [email protected] research/work published in afliated with the energy Alan Howard 831.656.1986 [email protected] the SURGE newsletter, please program, actively participate 831.656.3855 Kevin Maher contact Jack Templeton via in energy graduate [email protected] email at [email protected] education, energy executive Jack Templeton 831.656.2691 [email protected] or phone 919.696.1398. education, and energy 919.696.1398 research. ForSURGE questions SUMMER / FALL 2018 QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER, ENERGY ACADEMIC GROUP, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL SURGE SUMMER / FALL 2018 QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER, ENERGY ACADEMIC GROUP, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL