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A Primer for the GSA Columbia River Basalt Group Field Trips

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A Primer for the GSA Columbia River Basalt Group Field Trips Downloaded from fieldguides.gsapubs.org on May 20, 2010 Field Guides An introduction to the stratigraphy, structural geology, and hydrogeology of the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province: A primer for the GSA Columbia River Basalt Group field trips Terry L. Tolan, Barton S. Martin, Stephen P. Reidel, James L. Anderson, Kevin A. Lindsey and Walter Burt Field Guides 2009;15;599-643 doi: 10.1130/2009.fld015(28) Email alerting services click www.gsapubs.org/cgi/alerts to receive free e-mail alerts when new articles cite this article Subscribe click www.gsapubs.org/subscriptions/ to subscribe to Field Guides Permission request click http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/copyrt.htm#gsa to contact GSA Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within scope of their employment. Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA, to use a single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in subsequent works and to make unlimited copies of items in GSA's journals for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education and science. This file may not be posted to any Web site, but authors may post the abstracts only of their articles on their own or their organization's Web site providing the posting includes a reference to the article's full citation. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect official positions of the Society. Notes © 2009 Geological Society of America Downloaded from fieldguides.gsapubs.org on May 20, 2010 The Geological Society of America Field Guide 15 2009 An introduction to the stratigraphy, structural geology, and hydrogeology of the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province: A primer for the GSA Columbia River Basalt Group fi eld trips Terry L. Tolan GSI Water Solutions, 1020 North Center Parkway, Suite F, Kennewick, Washington 99336, USA Barton S. Martin Department of Geology and Geography, Ohio Wesleyan University, 61 South Sandusky Street, Delaware, Ohio 43015, USA Stephen P. Reidel Washington State University–Tri-Cities, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, USA James L. Anderson Geology Department, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA Kevin A. Lindsey GSI Water Solutions, 1020 North Center Parkway, Suite F, Kennewick, Washington 99336, USA Walter Burt GSI Water Solutions, 55 SW Yamhill, Suite 300, Portland, Oregon 97202, USA ABSTRACT The Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) covers a large part of Ore- gon, Washington, and Idaho and is one of the youngest and perhaps the best studied fl ood-basalt province on Earth. Decades of study have established a regional strati- graphic framework for the CRBG, have demonstrated the CBRG fl ows can be corre- lated with dikes and vents, have documented a wide variety of physical features with- in the CRBG fl ows, and have demonstrated that many characteristics of the CRBG are recognizable throughout its extent. Detailed studies of individual fl ows and their feeder dikes have allowed the development of models for the emplacement of volu- minous basaltic lava fl ows. The interplay between the regional structure, contempo- raneous deformation, preexisting topography, and paleodrainage systems helped to control the emplacement of individual CRBG fl ows. These features have also affected the nature of late Neogene sedimentation in the region covered by basalt fl ows. Final- ly, the distribution of sediments within the CRBG and the character of the intrafl ow and interfl ow structures have played a signifi cant role in the development of aquifers within the CRBG. In this paper we present an overview of the regional aspects of the stratigraphy, structural geology, tectonics, and hydrogeology of the CRBG. Tolan, T.L., Martin, B.S., Reidel, S.P., Anderson, J.L., Lindsey, K.A., and Burt, W., 2009, An introduction to the stratigraphy, structural geology, and hydrogeology of the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province: A primer for the GSA Columbia River Basalt Group fi eld trips, in O’Connor, J.E., Dorsey, R.J., and Madin, I.P., eds., Volcanoes to Vineyards: Geologic Field Trips through the Dynamic Landscape of the Pacifi c Northwest: Geological Society of America Field Guide 15, p. 599–643, doi: 10.1130/2009.fl d015(28). For permission to copy, contact [email protected]. ©2009 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved. 599 Downloaded from fieldguides.gsapubs.org on May 20, 2010 600 Tolan et al. INTRODUCTION The CRBG also hosts an important regional aquifer system that is the primary water supply for numerous communities and Four fi eld trip guides in this volume examine the geology, a multibillion-dollar agricultural economy. Understanding the tectonics, and hydrogeology of the Miocene Columbia River basic geology and structural geology of the CRBG has played an Basalt Group (CRBG), a fl ood-basalt province covering a large important role in interpreting and defi ning the characteristics and part of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho (Tolan et al., this volume; behavior of the CRBG aquifer system across this province. The Wells et al., this volume; Lindsey et al., this volume; Burt et al., following sections will provide an introduction to (1) the regional this volume). Decades of study have established a regional stra- setting and stratigraphic framework of the CRBG, (2) physical tigraphy and nomenclature for the CRBG and have demonstrated characteristics of CRBG fl ows, (3) eruptive history and mode that many characteristics of the CRBG are recognizable through- of emplacement of CRBG fl ows, (4) structural geology, and out its extent. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview (5) hydrogeology of the CRBG. of the common regional aspects of the stratigraphy, structural geology, and hydrogeology of the CRBG and to provide a basic REGIONAL SETTING stratigraphic framework for all of the fi eld trips in the region. The Columbia River Basalt Group is an example of a con- The CRBG was erupted in a backarc setting from a series tinental fl ood-basalt province, a type of large igneous province of dike swarms close to the boundary between the Precam- erupted onto largely continental crust and dominated by great brian craton and largely Mesozoic accreted terranes to the thicknesses of basaltic lava fl ows (Jerram and Widdowson, west (Fig. 1). The fl ood basalts inundated the intermontane 2005). The CRBG erupted between 17 and 6 Ma and inundated basin in the backarc, fl owing eastward to the Rocky Moun- more than 200,000 km2 of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho (Fig. tains and westward through the Cascade arc, Willamette Val- 1). It is one of the youngest and best preserved continental fl ood- ley and Coast Range, and fi nally into the Miocene forearc basalt provinces on Earth. Although the province includes the basins offshore (Fig. 1). The basalt-fi lled intermontane basin Steens Basalt and related fl ows of southeast Oregon as part of the (between the Cascade volcanic arc and the Rocky Mountains) CRBG (Camp et al., 2003; Camp and Ross, 2004), our focus in is commonly called the Columbia Plateau, where the basalts this paper is on the area covered by the fi eld trips on the Colum- are more than 3 km thick in its central and west-central por- bia Plateau and in western Oregon and Washington. tions (Reidel et al., 1989b). Figure 1. Map showing the extent of the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province. CTAL—Columbia Trans-Arc Lowland. Dike swarm Downloaded from fieldguides.gsapubs.org on May 20, 2010 Introduction to the CRBG 601 Rocks older than the CRBG are exposed around the margins A tremendous amount of data and information on CRBG of the fl ood-basalt province and in deep boreholes. To the northeast, geology and hydrogeology was produced by BWIP and its the CRBG laps onto a cratonic assemblage of Proterozoic metased- cooperative research partners. Results from BWIP’s investiga- iments of the Windermere and Belt Supergroups, miogeosynclinal tions are summarized in the fi rst three volumes of the Site Char- lower Paleozoic shallow marine rocks, rocks associated with the acterization Plan (U.S. Department of Energy [USDOE], 1988). Kootenay Arc, and granitic rocks of the Idaho Batholith and other Geological Society of America Special Paper 239 (Reidel and Jurassic and Cretaceous intrusions (Stoffel et al., 1991). The struc- Hooper, eds., 1989) presents a comprehensive summary of the tural grain of these rocks is north to northeast. To the southeast, the results of this period of cooperative research into the regional CRBG overlies lower to middle Tertiary volcanic rocks and related stratigraphic framework and tectonics of the Columbia River volcaniclastic rocks mostly assigned to the Clarno and John Day Flood-Basalt Province. In the post-BWIP era, much of the Formations, which themselves overlie northeast-trending belts of effort in CRBG research has been directed into investigating Cretaceous to Permian accreted terranes of intra-arc and volcanic the emplacement process and history of these huge fl ood-basalt arc origin (Walker, 1979; Walker and MacLeod, 1991). fl ows (e.g., Reidel and Tolan, 1992; Reidel et al., 1994b; Ho and The Cascade volcanic arc forms a broad, south-plunging Cashman, 1997; Self et al., 1996, 1997; Reidel, 1998), refi n- arch along the western margin of the Columbia Plateau. The ing the stratigraphy of the CRBG, especially the monotonous CRBG is uplifted 300 to >600 m on the fl anks of the arch, and Grande Ronde Basalt, and understanding the hydrogeology of fault bounded pre-Tertiary terranes and Eocene and Oligocene the CRBG (Oberlander and Miller, 1981; Livesay, 1986; Drost sediment-fi lled rift basins of the North Cascades plunge to the and Whiteman, 1986; Lite and Grondin, 1988; Davies-Smith southeast beneath the basalt (Tabor et al., 1984; Campbell, 1989).
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