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Population Dynamics and Seasonal Abundance of the Beetle Oryctes

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Population Dynamics and Seasonal Abundance of the Beetle Oryctes Asian Journal of Biology 9(3): 14-27, 2020; Article no.AJOB.57385 ISSN: 2456-7124 Population Dynamics and Seasonal Abundance of the Beetle Oryctes owariensis Beavois, 1807 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) in Raphia Palms in Bayelsa State, Nigeria Ukoroije, Rosemary Boate1* and Abalis, Richard Otayor1 1Department of Biological Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, P.O.Box 071, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author URB designed the study, wrote the protocol, managed the literature searches and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author ARO performed the statistical analysis and managed the analyses of the study. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AJOB/2020/v9i330087 Editor(s): (1) Dr. P. Dhasarathan, Anna University, India. Reviewers: (1) João Ânderson Fulan, Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil. (2) Thomas Aneni, Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, Nigeria. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/57385 Received 14 March 2020 Original Research Article Accepted 20 May 2020 Published 29 June 2020 ABSTRACT Oryctes owariensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) beetle is a destructive insect pest of both raphia and oil palms, causing damage to the fronds and trunk thus leading to low yields and subsequent death of infested palms. This study was aimed at monitoring the seasonal abundance of the beetle using visual lure or light traps suspended on poles around raphia palm farms designed as experimental sites (Locations A, B, C and D) for a duration of two years (2018 and 2019) in Bayelsa State. Four sampling seasons were engaged in the study: Four months of dry (January- April) and four months of wet (June- September) yearly. The lamps were powered seven consecutive nights monthly. Beetles trapped were counted daily and the numbers recorded. The result showed that the beetle had one generation per year, was nocturnal with seasonal activity spreading out from dusk to dawn. Adult population was highest within the dry sampling months of March to April as the insects mate for breeding, the wet months June and July recorded drastic fall _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Boate and Otayor; AJOB, 9(3): 14-27, 2020; Article no.AJOB.57385 in the number of trapped beetles while August and September recorded no catch. A total of 283 beetles were captured during the dry season against 8 trapped at the wet. Therefore, the high efficiency of the light traps as capture/ monitor tools in ascertaining the seasonal abundance of Oryctes owariensis beetle in raphia palm farms is a possibility for use in Integrated Pest Management Programs for controlling the pest population before they reach the economic threshold level. Keywords: O. owariensis; nocturnal; population; generation; sampling season. 1. INTRODUCTION Many insects are attracted by bright colours hence, insect light trap is a very efficient tool Oryctes owariensis of the family Scarabaeidae used in insect pest management in and class Dynastinae is a holometabolous insect organic agriculture as it mass-traps both sexes of with life cycle transcending from egg, larva, pupa insect pests thereby reducing the carryover and adult stages [1]. All life stages of the beetle pest population [15]. Insect traps are used to are edible and considered special delicacy in monitor insect population typically using food, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta region of Nigeria, visual lures (which indulges light, bright Africa and other parts of the world. The beetle is colour and shapes to attract insects) and known as one of the destructive insect pest of chemical attractants/ pheromones (attract only a palms basically raphia, coconut and oil palm particular sex of insect). Light traps with or trees which according to [2,3], cause remarkable without ultraviolet light, attract insects with light damage and yield reduction of up to 10%. Its sources ranging from fluorescent lamps, mercury activity causes damage to the fronds and trunk of vapour lamps, black lights [16], or light palms with eventual palm death while the holes emitting diodes [17]. Light trap does attract both deposited in the palms serve as entry point for flying and terrestrial insects [18,19] and are lethal secondary action of other destructive used to survey nocturnal insects whose insect pest like Rhynchophorus phoenicis and abundance are influenced by temperature, pathogens like nematodes [4]. humidity and type of lamp [20]. Lale, [8] stated Palms are predominantly the main host of this that adult Oryctes beetle are nocturnal, scarab beetle which uses them for larval crepuscular in habit and strongly attracted to light development [5]. Alternate host plant species of in the night especially when it is ultra violet Oryctes species include rotting straw, coconut enriched. Beetles are attracted to lights at a long husks, cacao pulp waste and refuse from range but are repelled by it at short range [20]. sugarcane factories, rice mills, saw mills and Also favourable results of trapping could be various other types of agricultural products obtained using a 250 watts Osram mercury processing [5]. According to Gressitt, [6], vapour lamp placed at a height of 2.5 m in an Bedford, [7], date palm and other palms grown open space near a palm farm. According to for ornamental purposes such as Roystonea Mariau, [21], large catch of Oryctes beetles are ragia, Livistoma chinensis and Corypha obtained usually around April when the rain is not umbraculifera are recorded host plants. Oryctes at its peak because rainy seasons are not species are also pests of cultivated plants such preferred by the beetles. Venard-Combes and as pineapple, sugarcane, pandanus and banana Mariau, [22] reported that Oryctes beetles moved [8]. Patrick [9] reported that the larvae of Oryctes mainly during the first hours of darkness and species fed on ash root and decayed matter, during the periods of absence of moon. The aim compost heaps and rotting logs. Oryctes species of this research is to monitor population breed in rotting vegetation, manure heaps [4,10], dynamics and seasonal abundance of the beetle dunghills and refuse dumps [11,12,13,14]. specie Oryctes owariensis using light traps for Nishida and Evenhuis, [3] pointed out that there incorporation in Integrated Pest Management are natural factors that keep the beetle Program. population under control in its native habitat, hence its introduction into insular habitats without 1.1 Scope of Study these natural control factors allow for quick spread and reproduction of the beetle thus This research worked within the confines of a becoming serious pest. However, its edible single species (Oryctes owariensis), a scarab property allows for its increased population to beetle of the genus Oryctes (Coleoptera: serve for higher food usage rather than as pest. Scarabaeidae: Dynastidae). 15 Boate and Otayor; AJOB, 9(3): 14-27, 2020; Article no.AJOB.57385 Fig. 1. O. owariensis showing dorsal and ventral views Source: authors 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS sites/locations were predominated by raphia palm farms. 2.1 Experimental Design Southern Ijaw is a Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in Survey design employing the use of halogen the town of Oporoma (or Osokoma) in the north lamps as visual lures as by Mariau, [21], Venard- of the area at Latitude: 4°48'10.19"N and Combes and Mariau, [22] was engaged in the Longitude: 6°04'26.40" E. It is the second largest study. Beetles trapped/captured from the four Local Government in Nigeria (Landscape) after locations (A, B, C, D) were counted and the total Toro Local Government of Bauchi State. The numbers recorded daily and monthly throughout people and their language are known as Izon. It the sampling seasons of wet and dry. has Institutions like The Niger Delta University (NDU) and the states airport in Amassoma and 2.2 Experimental Sites Federal Polytechnic Ekowe in Ekowe. The area has a coastline of approximately 60 km on the Four different locations A, B, C and D were Bight of Benin. Yenagoa is a Local Government engaged in the study, all respectively situated Area in Bayelsa State, Nigeria at Latitude: around Yenagoa and Southern Ijaw Local 4°55'17.39" N Longitude: 6°15'30.60" E Nigeria Government area of Bayelsa State. The study Zip Codes [23]. Fig. 2(a-b). Map of Bayelsa State of Nigeria showing Southern Ijaw and Yenagoa local government areas; study areas at Yenagoa and Amassoma, Source: Oluyemi et al. [24], Nigeria Zip Codes [23] 16 Boate and Otayor; AJOB, 9(3): 14-27, 2020; Article no.AJOB.57385 2.3 Research Duration the sampling season of eight months of dry (January- April) and wet (June - September) The study lasted a period of two years duration seasons each year within the duration of two (2018 and 2019) with four sampling seasons of years (2018-2019). The adult beetles trapped two wet (June – September) and two dry each day and month from the various locations (January – April) that is four months each. were counted and the numbers recorded throughout the sampling period. 2.4 Methodology 2.5 Data Analysis The population studies and or seasonal abundance of O. owariensis beetle were studied Total beetle captured on daily basis were via adoption of the procedures of [22]. Two light collated and presented graphically. Aggregate trapping devices typically of visual lures using number of beetle captured during the dry and wet bright colour halogen lamps (250 watts) were sampling seasons were also calculated and mounted on wooden poles measuring twelve feet presented in graphs. All charts were plotted (12ft) high around two locations of raphia palm using Microsoft excel version for window 2010. tree farms beside the green house at Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island (Location A) and 3.
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