FAMILY Achiridae Rafinesque, 1815 - American soles [=Aghirini, Achiria, Gymnachirinae, Apionichthyinae, Trinectinae] Notes: Aghirini Rafinesque, 1810b:13 [ref. 3595] (ordine) ? Achirus [ inferrable from the stem?; published not in latinized form before 1900; not available, Article 11.7.2] Achiria Rafinesque, 1815:83 [ref. 3584] (subfamily) Achirus Gymnachirinae Jordan, 1923b:3, 4 [ref. 10539] (subfamily) Gymnachirus Apionichthyinae Jordan, 1923b:4, 11 [ref. 10539] (subfamily) Apionichthys Trinectinae Chabanaud, 1930b:265 [ref. 32640] (subfamily) Trinectes

GENUS Achirus Lacepede, 1802 - American soles [=Achirus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1802:658, Anathyridium (subgenus of Baeostoma) Chabanaud [P.], 1928:21, Baiostoma Bean [T. H.], in Goode & Bean, 1882:413, Grammichthys Kaup [J. J.], 1858:101] Notes: [ref. 4929]. Masc. Pleuronectes achirus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by absolute tautonymy. Pleuronectes achirus Linnaeus was treated in the synonymy of Achirus fasciatus Lacepède, 1802, but apparently fasciatus Lacepède is not the same as achirus Linnaeus and belongs in the genus Trinectes. •Valid as Achirus Lacepède, 1802 -- (Robins et al. 1980:65 [ref. 7111], Lea et al. 1989:239 [ref. 21534], Allen 1991:205 [ref. 21090], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:492 [ref. 24550], Munroe 2003:1927 [ref. 27118], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061], Ramos et al. 2009:55 [ref. 30194]). Current status: Valid as Achirus Lacepède, 1802. Achiridae. (Anathyridium) [ref. 783]. Neut. gronovii Günther, 1862. Type by subsequent designation. Baeostoma is an unjustified emendation of Baiostoma. Type designated by Myers 1929:37 [ref. 20930] which makes Anathyuridium an absolute synonym of Baiostoma. •Synonym of Achirus Lacepède, 1802. Current status: Synonym of Achirus Lacepède, 1802. Achiridae. (Baiostoma) [ref. 1840]. Neut. Baiostoma brachialis Bean, 1882. Type by monotypy. Baeostoma Jordan & Gilbert, 1883:965 [ref. 2476] and Chabanaud 1928:19 [ref. 783] are unjustified emendations. •Synonym of Achirus Lacepède, 1802 -- (Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:492 [ref. 24550]). Current status: Synonym of Achirus Lacepède, 1802. Achiridae. (Grammichthys) [ref. 2578]. Masc. Pleuronectes lineatus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Achirus Lacepède, 1802. Current status: Synonym of Achirus Lacepède, 1802. Achiridae.

Species (Linnaeus, 1758) - drab sole [=Pleuronectes achirus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:268, Achirus maculipinnis gunteri Chabanaud [P.], 1940:90, Monochir punctifer Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:80, Pl. 41 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Suriname. Current status: Valid as Achirus achirus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Distribution: Off South America; probably Venezuela to northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (gunteri) [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 13166] Matagorda Island, Texas, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Achirus achirus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (punctifer) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Achirus achirus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Chabanaud, 1940 - plainfin sole [=Achirus achirus declivis Chabanaud [P.], 1940:89] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 13166] Gulf of Paria, between Trinidad Island, West Indies and Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Achirus declivis Chabanaud, 1940. Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Achirus klunzingeri (Steindachner, 1880) - brown sole [=Solea klunzingeri Steindachner [F.], 1880:96 [44], Pl. 9 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 42; ref. 14403] Guayaquil, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Achirus klunzingeri (Steindachner, 1880). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern central Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species (Linnaeus, 1758) - lined sole [=Pleuronectes lineatus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:268, Monochirus lineatus Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.], 1824:238, Baiostoma brachialis Bean [T. H.], in Goode & Bean, 1882:413, Achirus (Baeostoma) comifer Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1884:31, Pleuronectes nigricans Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:158] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] America. Current status: Valid as Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine. (lineatus) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Rio de Janeiro Bay, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (brachialis) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 297); ref. 1840] Appalachicola Bay, Florida; southern Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (comifer) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 7 (no. 402); ref. 12325] Key West, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (nigricans) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Coast of South America. Current status: Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner, 1869) - Mazatlan sole [=Solea mazatlana Steindachner [F.], 1869:149, Achirus barnharti Jordan [D. S.], 1923:10, Pl. 1] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 6 (no. 19); ref. 20467] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Current status: Valid as Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner, 1869). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Baja California to Peru. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (barnharti) [University of California Publications in Zoology v. 26 (no. 1); ref. 10539] Off Islas Coronados, Pacific side of Baja Califormia (Norte), Mexico, depth 400 feet. Current status: Synonym of Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner, 1869). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Achirus mucuri Ramos et al., 2009 - [=Achirus mucuri Ramos [R. T. C.], Ramos [T. P. A.] & Lopes [P. R. D.], 2009:56, Figs. 1, 2a, 2c, 3a-b, d-e, j, l] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2113; ref. 30194] Esturary of the Macuri River at Mucuri, ca. 18°05'15"S, 39°33'53"W, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Achirus mucuri Ramos, Ramos & Lopes, 2009. Achiridae. Distribution: Mucuri River estuary, Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: brackish.

Species Achirus novoae Cervigon, 1982 - Cervigon's sole [=Achirus novoae Cervigón [F.], 1982:243, Fig. 20] Notes: [Los recursos pesqueros del Rio Orinoco y su explotacion; ref. 20509] La Lagunita Lake, near Bolívar, Bolívar State, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Achirus novoae Cervigón, 1982. Achiridae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela; Trinidad & Tobago. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Achirus scutum (Gunther, 1862) - network sole [=Solea scutum Günther [A.], 1862:474] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Pacific coast of Central America. Current status: Valid as Achirus scutum (Günther, 1862). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Achirus zebrinus Clark, 1936 - Clark's sole [=Achirus zebrinus Clark [H. W.], 1936:386] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 21 (no. 29); ref. 839] Gulf of Tehauntepec, Mexico, 15°40'N, 93°49'W. Current status: Valid as Achirus zebrinus Clark, 1936. Achiridae. Distribution: Pacific coast of Central America. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Apionichthys Kaup, 1858 - American soles [=Apionichthys Kaup [J. J.], 1858:104, Achiropsis (subgenus of Solea) Steindachner [F.], 1876:158, Soleotalpa Günther [A.], 1862:489] Notes: [ref. 2578]. Masc. Apionichthys dumerili Kaup, 1858. Type by monotypy. Misspelled Aprinonichthys in 1990 edition of the "Genera". •Valid as Apionichthys Kaup, 1858 -- (Chapleau & Keast 1988:2799 [ref. 12625], Ramos 2003:100 [ref. 26762], Munroe 2003:1927 [ref. 27118], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Apionichthys Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. (Achiropsis) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Fem. Solea (Achiropsis) nattereri Steindachner, 1876. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Achiropsis Steindachner, 1876 -- (Ramos 2003:100 [ref. 26762], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Apionichthys Kaup, 1858. Current status: Synonym of Apionichthys Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. (Soleotalpa) [ref. 1969]. Fem. Soleotalpa unicolor Günther, 1862. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Apionichthys Kaup, 1858 -- (Ramos 2003:100 [ref. 26762], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Apionichthys Kaup, 1858. Achiridae.

Species Apionichthys dumerli Kaup, 1858 - [=Apionichthys dumerili Kaup [J. J.], 1858:104, Apionichthys bleekeri Horst [R.], 1878:31, Apionichthys nebulosus Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1869:709, Apionichthys ottonis Steindachner [F.], 1868:120, Soleotalpa unicolor Günther [A.], 1862:489] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 24 (no. 1); ref. 2578] Current status: Valid as Apionichthys dumerili Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. Distribution: Widespread in South America. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (bleekeri) [Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging v. 4; ref. 18311] Current status: Synonym of Apionichthys dumerili Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (nebulosus) [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1869; ref. 14098] Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Apionichthys dumerili Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (ottonis) [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 5 (no. 14); ref. 20463] Sicily, Mediterranean Sea [in error]. Current status: Synonym of Apionichthys dumerili Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (unicolor) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Apionichthys dumerili Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Apionichthys menezesi Ramos, 2003 - Menezes' sole [=Apionichthys menezesi Ramos [R. T. C.], 2003:111, Fig. 15] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 14 (no. 2); ref. 26762] Río Napo, at mouth of Río Tiputini, 0°48'S, 73°32'W, Napo, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Apionichthys menezesi Ramos, 2003. Achiridae. Distribution: Ecuador, Brazil, and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apionichthys nattereri (Steindachner, 1876) - Natterer's sole [=Solea (Achiropsis) nattereri Steindachner [F.], 1876:158 [110], Achiropsis normani Chabanaud [P.], 1928:641] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Rio Negro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apionichthys nattereri (Steindachner, 1876). Achiridae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (normani) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 10) v. 1 (no. 5); ref. 17981] Rio Jururá, Amazon basin, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Apionichthys nattereri (Steindachner, 1876). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apionichthys rosai Ramos, 2003 - Rosa's sole [=Apionichthys rosai Ramos [R. T. C.], 2003:110, Fig. 12] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 14 (no. 2); ref. 26762] Rio Solimões, near Paraná do Inferno, 2°32'S, 66°36'W, Foz do Jutaí, Amazonas. Current status: Valid as Apionichthys rosai Ramos, 2003. Achiridae. Distribution: Lower to upper Amazon: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apionichthys sauli Ramos, 2003 - Saul's sole [=Apionichthys sauli Ramos [R. T. C.], 2003:114, Fig. 18] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 14 (no. 2); ref. 26762] Río Metica, about 1.5 kilometers east of Rajote, Meta drainage, 3°56'N, 73°03'W, Meta, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Apionichthys sauli Ramos, 2003. Achiridae. Distribution: Colombia: Orinoco basin. Habitat: freshwater. Species Apionichthys seripierriae Ramos, 2003 - Ramos' sole [=Apionichthys seripierriae Ramos [R. T. C.], 2003:113, Fig. 16] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 14 (no. 2); ref. 26762] Rio Juruá, near Rio Meneroá, 2°37'S, 65°46'W, Tamaniquá, Amazonas. Current status: Valid as Apionichthys seripierriae Ramos, 2003. Achiridae. Distribution: Amazon basin: Brazil and Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Chabanaud, 1928 - American soles [=Catathyridium (subgenus of Baeostoma) Chabanaud [P.], 1928:28] Notes: [ref. 783]. Neut. Solea jenynsii Günther, 1862. Type by subsequent designation. Correct spelling of genus is Baiostoma. Type designated by Myers 1929:37 [ref. 20930]. •Valid as Catathyridium Chabanaud, 1928 -- (Chapleau & Keast 1988:2799 [ref. 12625], Britski et al. 1999:154 [ref. 24147], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Catathyridium Chabanaud, 1928. Achiridae.

Species (Jordan, in Jordan & Gross, 1889) - Garman's sole [=Achirus garmani Jordan [D. S.], in Jordan & Goss, 1889:314] Notes: [United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner v. 14 (for 1886) (art. 2); ref. 2482] Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Catathyridium garmani (Jordan, 1889). Achiridae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Catathyridium grandirivi (Chabanaud, 1928) - Grandiriv's sole [=Baeostoma (Catathyridium) grandirivi Chabanaud [P.], 1928:28] Notes: [Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique (Monaco) No. 523; ref. 783] Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Catathyridium grandirivi (Chabanaud, 1928). Achiridae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species (Gunther, 1862) - Jenyns' sole [=Solea jenynsii Günther [A.], 1862:476, Achirus errans Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1915:Heterostoma p. 23, Achirus trichospilus Berg [C.], 1895:130] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Río de la Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Catathyridium jenynsii (Günther, 1862). Achiridae. Distribution: Paraná and Uruguay River basins: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (errans) [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 17; ref. 3711] Rio Jauru and Rio Paraguay. Current status: Synonym of Catathyridium jenynsii (Günther, 1862). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater. (trichospilus) [Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires v. 4; ref. 14575] Entre-Ríos, Argentina and Río Negro, Mercedes, Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Catathyridium jenynsii (Günther, 1862). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Catathyridium lorentzii (Weyenbergh, 1877) - Lorentz's sole [=Achirus lorentzii Weyenbergh [H.], 1877:13, Pl. 1, Hypoclinemus paraguayensis Chabanaud [P.], 1928:35] Notes: [Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas existente en la Universidad de Córdova, Buenos Aires. v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 14248] Río Paraná, Santa Fe, Argentina; Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Catathyridium lorentzii (Weyenbergh, 1877). Achiridae. Distribution: Paraguay and Uruguay River basins: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (paraguayensis) [Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique (Monaco) No. 523; ref. 783] Río Paraguay, South America. Current status: Synonym of Catathyridium lorentzii (Weyenbergh, 1877). Achiridae. Distribution: Paraguay River system.

GENUS Gymnachirus Kaup, 1858 - American soles [=Gymnachirus Kaup [J. J.], 1858:101, Nodogymnus Chabanaud [P.], 1928:39] Notes: [ref. 2578]. Masc. Gymnachirus nudus Kaup, 1858. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Gymnachirus Kaup, 1858 -- (Dawson 1964 [ref. 20936], Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:462 [ref. 14275], Chapleau & Keast 1988:2799 [ref. 12625], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:496 [ref. 24550], Munroe 2003:1926 [ref. 27118]). Current status: Valid as Gymnachirus Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. (Nodogymnus) [ref. 783]. Masc. Gymnachirus fasciatus Günther, 1862. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Gymnachirus Kaup, 1858 -- (Dawson 1964:648 [ref. 20936], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:496 [ref. 24550]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnachirus Kaup, 1858. Achiridae.

Species Gymnachirus melas Nichols, 1916 - North American [=Gymnachirus melas Nichols [J. T.], 1916:71, Fig., Nodogymnus nicholsi Norman [J. R.], 1931:1, Nodogymnus williamsoni Gunter [G.], 1936:203, Figs. 1, 4, 5] Notes: [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 35 (art. 9); ref. 15060] Cape Lookout, Carteret County, North Carolina, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Gymnachirus melas Nichols, 1916. Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (nicholsi) [American Museum Novitates No. 477; ref. 16317] North Bimini Bay, Bahamas. Current status: Synonym of Gymnachirus melas Nichols, 1916. Achiridae. Habitat: marine. (williamsoni) [Copeia 1936 (no. 4); ref. 15277] Off West Pass of Apalachicola Bay, western Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Gymnachirus melas Nichols, 1916. Achiridae. Habitat: marine.

Species Gymnachirus nudus Kaup, 1858 - naked sole [=Gymnachirus nudus Kaup [J. J.], 1858:101, Gymnachirus fasciatus Günther [A.], 1862:488, Gymnachirus zebrinus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1903:193 [50]] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 24 (no. 1); ref. 2578] Bahía, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Gymnachirus nudus Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (fasciatus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] No locality (perhaps Cuba). Current status: Synonym of Gymnachirus nudus Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. Habitat: marine. (zebrinus) [Boletim Sociedade Nacional Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro [Lavoura] 1903 (nos 4-7); ref. 3709] Ilha Rasa, depth 24-40 meters and Ponta da Guaratiba, depth 24 meters, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Gymnachirus nudus Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. Habitat: marine. Species Gymnachirus texae (Gunter, 1936) - Gulf of Mexico fringed sole [=Nodogymnus texae Gunter [G.], 1936:206, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Copeia 1936 (no. 4); ref. 15277] Off Padre Island, Port Aransas, Texas, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Gymnachirus texae (Gunter, 1936). Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Hypoclinemus Chabanaud, 1928 - American soles [=Hypoclinemus Chabanaud [P.], 1928:32] Notes: [ref. 783]. Masc. Solea mentalis Günther, 1862. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Myers 1929:37 [ref. 20930]. •Valid as Hypoclinemus Chabanaud, 1928 -- (Chapleau & Keast 1988:2799 [ref. 12625], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:668 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Hypoclinemus Chabanaud, 1928. Achiridae.

Species Hypoclinemus mentalis (Gunther, 1862) - freshwater American sole [=Solea mentalis Günther [A.], 1862:475, Achirus hasemani Steindachner [F.], 1915:347] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Rio Capin [= Capim], Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypoclinemus mentalis (Günther, 1862). Achiridae. Distribution: Northern South America: Colombia, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (hasemani) [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 52 (no. 27); ref. 20500] Rio Branco at Conceiçao, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Hypoclinemus mentalis (Günther, 1862). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Pnictes Jordan, 1919 - American soles [=Pnictes Jordan [D. S.], 1919:343] Notes: [ref. 2413]. Masc. Achiropsis asphyxiatus Jordan & Goss, 1889. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Apionichthys Kaup, 1858 -- (Ramos 2003:100 [ref. 26762]). •Valid as Pnictes Jordan 1919 -- (Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:668 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Pnictes Jordan, 1919. Achiridae. Species Pnictes asphyxiatus (Jordan, in Jordan & Goss, 1889) - Amazon sole [=Achiropsis asphyxiatus Jordan [D. S.], in Jordan & Goss, 1889:318] Notes: [United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner v. 14 (for 1886) (art. 2); ref. 2482] Probably in Tocantins-Araguaia system, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pnictes asphyxiatus (Jordan, 1889). Achiridae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil (one record). Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Soleonasus Eigenmann, 1912 - American soles [=Soleonasus Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:526, 528] Notes: [ref. 1227]. Masc. Soleonasus finis Eigenmann, 1912. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Apionichthys Kaup, 1858 -- (Ramos 2003:100 [ref. 26762]). •Valid as Soleonasus Eigenmann, 1912 -- (Munroe 2003:1927 [ref. 27118], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:668 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Soleonasus Eigenmann, 1912. Achiridae.

Species Soleonasus finis Eigenmann, 1912 - Eigenmann's sole [=Soleonasus finis Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:528, Pl. 70 (figs. 2-3)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Tumatumari, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Soleonasus finis Eigenmann, 1912. Achiridae. Distribution: Essequibo River basin and middle to upper Amazon River basin: Brazil, Guyana and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Trinectes Rafinesque, 1832 - American soles [=Trinectes Rafinesque [C. S.], 1832:20] Notes: [ref. 3593]. Masc. Trinectes scabra Rafinesque, 1832. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Trinectes Rafinesque, 1832 -- (Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:489 [ref. 24550], Munroe 2003:1927 [ref. 27118], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:668 [ref. 27061], Scharpf 2009:15 [ref. 30400], Duplain et al. 2012:541 [ref. 32201]). Current status: Valid as Trinectes Rafinesque, 1832. Achiridae.

Species Trinectes fimbriatus (Gunther, 1862) - fringed sole [=Solea fimbriata Günther [A.], 1862:477] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Gulf of Fonseca, Pacific coast of Central America. Current status: Valid as Trinectes fimbriatus (Günther, 1862). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Trinectes fluviatilis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1928) - freshwater sole [=Achirus fluviatilis Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1928:1002, Pl. 102 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 15 (publ. 249); ref. 2964] Río Juan Díaz, Panama. Current status: Valid as Trinectes fluviatilis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1928). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific from Costa Rica to Peru: Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama and Peru. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Trinectes fonsecensis (Gunther, 1862) - spottedfin sole [=Solea fonsecensis Günther [A.], 1862:475, Solea panamensis Steindachner [F.], 1876:58 [10], Pl. 2] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Gulf of Fonseca, Pacific coast of Central America. Current status: Valid as Trinectes fonsecensis (Günther, 1862). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (panamensis) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Panama. Current status: Synonym of Trinectes fonsecensis (Günther, 1862). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Trinectes hubbsbollinger Duplain et al., 2012 - Duplain's sole [=Trinectes hubbsbollinger Duplain [R. R.], Chapleau [F.] & Munroe [T. A.], 2012:542, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Copeia 2012 (no. 3); ref. 32201] Andagoya, Río San Juan, ca. 5°05'43"N, 76°41'39"W, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Trinectes hubbsbollinger Duplain, Chapleau & Munroe, 2012. Achiridae. Distribution: Río San Juan and Río Condoto, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Trinectes inscriptus (Gosse, 1851) - scrawled sole [=Monochirus inscriptus Gosse [P. H.], 1851:52, Pl. 1 (fig. 4), Monochir reticulatus Poey [F.], 1860:317] Notes: [A naturalist's sojourn in Jamaica; ref. 18149] Bluefields, Jamaica. Current status: Valid as Trinectes inscriptus (Gosse, 1851). Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (reticulatus) [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Trinectes inscriptus (Gosse, 1851). Achiridae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Trinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - hogchoker [=Pleuronectes maculatus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:157, Solea brownii Günther [A.], 1862:477, Achirus fasciatus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1802:659, 662, Pleuronectes mollis Mitchill [S. L.], 1814:9, Trinectes scabra Rafinesque [C. S.], 1832:20] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Chesapeake Bay, eastern U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Trinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Achiridae. Distribution: Atlantic and Gulf coasts of U.S.A. from Maine to Gulf of Mexico and to Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (brownii) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Atlantic coast of southern states of North America. Current status: Synonym of Trinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Achiridae. Habitat: marine. (fasciatus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 4; ref. 4929] North America. Current status: Synonym of Trinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (mollis) [Report, in part, of Samuel L. Mitchill; ref. 3030] New York, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Trinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (scabra) [Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge, Philadelphia v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 3593] Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Trinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Trinectes microphthalmus (Chabanaud, 1928) - Chabanaud's sole [=Achirus microphthalmus Chabanaud [P.], 1928:16] Notes: [Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique (Monaco) No. 523; ref. 783] Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Trinectes microphthalmus (Chabanaud, 1928). Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Trinectes opercularis (Nichols & Murphy, 1944) - spotted-cheek sole [=Achirus opercularis Nichols [J. T.] & Murphy [R. C.], 1944:258, Fig. 6] Notes: [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 83 (art. 4); ref. 3189] Cuevita Bay, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Trinectes opercularis (Nichols & Murphy, 1944). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern central Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Trinectes paulistanus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1915) - slipper sole [=Achirus paulistanus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1915:Heterostoma p. 25, Achirus affinis Steindachner [F.], 1915:346, Achirus austrinus Chabanaud [P.], 1928:12] Notes: [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 17; ref. 3711] Santos, Sepetiba, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Trinectes paulistanus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1915). Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (affinis) [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 52 (no. 27); ref. 20500] Rio Itacupim and Rio Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Trinectes paulistanus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1915). Achiridae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (austrinus) [Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique (Monaco) No. 523; ref. 783] Guiana or Brazil, eastern coast of South America. Current status: Synonym of Trinectes paulistanus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1915). Achiridae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Trinectes xanthurus Walker & Bollinger, 2001 - Walker's sole [=Trinectes xanthurus Walker [H. J., Jr.] & Bollinger [J.], 2001:177, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revista de Biologia Tropical v. 49 (Suppl. 1); ref. 25782] Bahia San Miguel, about 8°15'N, 78°25'W, Panama. Current status: Valid as Trinectes xanthurus Walker & Bollinger, 2001. Achiridae. Distribution: El Salvador to Colombia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine

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Unavailable names, uncertain taxa apoda, Pleuronectes Mitchill [S. L.] 1818:244 [American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review v. 2 (no. 4) (art. 1); ref. 17774] Straits of Bahamas, Atlantic. No types known. Achiridae. Habitat: marine. kukurjibha, Achirus Hamilton [F.] in Cantor 1849:1211 [229] [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] On p. 229 of separate. Not available, name mentioned in passing under Plagusia cynoglossa. Achiridae. pellucidus, Achirus Bennett [F. D.] 1840:277 [Narrative of a whaling voyage round the globe v. 2; ref. 260] Pacific near surface, 27°N, 170°W and "about a day's sail from the Marquesas Group". Syntypes: (2). Achiridae.

plagusia, Achirus Basilewsky [S.] 1855:245 [Nouveaux mémoires de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou v. 10; ref. 200] Tientsin and China seas, Beijing [Peking], China. Holotype or syntypes: ZIN 5885 (1, lost). Achiridae.