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Database of the Marine-Derived Aquatic Biota of the Amazon Basin Banco De Dados Da Biota Aquática De Origem Marinha Da Bacia Amazônica

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Database of the Marine-Derived Aquatic Biota of the Amazon Basin Banco De Dados Da Biota Aquática De Origem Marinha Da Bacia Amazônica Tropical Diversity (2019) 1 (1): 12-25. ISSN: 2596-2388. RESEARCH ARTICLE Database of the marine-derived aquatic biota of the Amazon Basin Banco de dados da biota aquática de origem marinha da Bacia Amazônica Mauro José Cavalcanti1, Edinaldo Nelson dos Santos-Silva2, Luis José de Oliveira Geraldes Primeiro2 1Ecoinformatics Studio, Caixa Postal 46521, CEP 20551-940, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 2Laboratório de Plâncton, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, CEP 69060-000, Manaus, AM, Brasil. * E-mail: [email protected] Received: December 16, 2018 / Accepted: February 18, 2019 / Published: February 19, 2019 Resumo Um banco de dados integrado, Abstract An integrated database, developed with desenvolvido com ferramentas de software livre, é free software tools, is presented to catalog and apresentado para catalogar e documentar a document the biological diversity of the marine- diversidade biológica das espécies da biota derived species of the aquatic biota of the Amazon aquática de origem marinha da Bacia Amazônica, Basin, with information on nomenclature, com informações sobre nomenclatura, distribuição geographic distribution, habitats, conservation geográfica, habitats, situação de conservação, status, genomic sequences, and bibliography sequências genômicas e bibliografia relevante relevant for 225 valid species of Porifera, para 225 espécies válidas de Porifera, Mollusca, Mollusca, Arthropoda e Chordata. The complete Arthropoda e Chordata. O banco de dados database is available for querying at completo encontra-se disponível para consulta em http://mar.biotupe.org. http://mar.biotupe.org. Keywords: Amazon Basin, databases, biodiversity Palavras-Chave: Bacia Amazônica, bancos de dados, informatics. informática para biodiversidade. © 2019 The Authors 12 Cavalcanti et al. (2019) Amazon Basin biodiversity database Introduction facilitate the migration of aquatic animals, promoting the integration of faunas during the geological history of the South American The Amazon Basin has the highest known continent. Brooks et al. (1981), Nelson (1984), aquatic biodiversity, larger than any other Lovejoy (1996, 1997), Lovejoy et al. (1998, comparable area on Earth (Webb, 1995). The 2006), Lovejoy & Araújo (2000), Lovejoy & Amazon also presents a larger proportion of Collette (2001), Boeger & Kritsky (2002), Cooke marine-derived species, as aquatic mammals, et al. (2012), and Bloom & Lovejoy (2017) fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, bryozoans, and presented studies on the phylogeny and sponges, than other major tropical river basins biogeography of freshwater stingrays (Géry, 1969; Roberts, 1972; Fink & Fink, 1979; (Potamotrygonidae), sardines (Engraulidae), Lovejoy, 1997; Lovejoy et al., 1998). However, needlefishes (Belonidae), and drums (Sciaenidae) little is yet known about the geographic in South America, suggesting that the marine distribution patterns of those organisms, what incursions in Amazonia, during the Miocene, creates difficulties for the understanding of the were crucial to the evolution ot these groups. With historical events responsible for the huge regard to speciation patterns of freshwater fishes, differentiation observed in this fauna. Lowe-McConnell (1969), Lundberg (1998), The understanding of the history of the Lundberg et al. (1998), and Hubert & Renno Amazon Basin at the end of Tertiary is not yet (2006) suggested that large tropical river systems well known (Sioli, 1964; Hoorn, 1993, 1994; like the Amazon would allow that some species Hoorn et al., 1995, 2010; Räsänen et al., 1997; developed geographic isolation in the headwaters Monsch, 1998). Many explanations were of tributaries, postulating that tectonic movements suggested, for example, for the tidal sediments could lead to alterations in the ecological found in the State of Acre. Some authors (eg. conditions of the rivers (Hoorn et al., 1995; Räsänen et al., 1995) presented the hypothesis Räsänen et al., 1997; Albert et al, 2006), which in that these deposits would result from an inner turn would propitiate the development of physical, (epicontinental) sea in South American, the chemical, or biotic barriers among the populations Amazon Sea. Another hypothesis for the origin of and allowing the occurrence of geographic these sediments is that they could represent the isolation within a hydrographic system. Hamilton deltaic deposition of a great lake, the Amazon et al. (2001) and Domning (1982) presented Lake (Frailey et al. 1988; Marroig & Cerqueira, similar inferences in relation to freshwater 1997) from Pleistocene-Holocene age, or the cetaceans and sirenians, respectively. Pebas Lake (Wesselingh, 2006; Wesselingh & A huge volume of data is available today Salo, 2006; Wesselingh et al. 2002) from Miocene in the major biological collections of Amazonia age. The modifications in open environments (Magalhães et al., 2001; Magalhães & Bonaldo, along the coast of this inner sea or lake would 2003) and in large online biodiversity databases © 2019 The Authors 13 Cavalcanti et al. (2019) Amazon Basin biodiversity database (Constable et al., 2010; Edwards et al., 2000; identify and correct possible synonyms and other Telenius, 2011). If adequately integrated and nomenclatural problems. analyzed by means of data-mining techniques and The system was entirely based on open statistical methods that make possible to detect source, freely available software tools. The patterns and to identify factors and trends, these database was implemented using the database data can provide valuable subsidies to the management system MySQL (www.mysql.com), conservation and sustainable use of the biological on the basis of the generic scheme for biodiversity resources represented by this biota. However, a databases ACACIA major challenge to achieving this goal is that, (sites.google.com/site/acaciadb). A specialized though easily acessible from different sources, software tool developed in the Python these data are not available as integrated subsets programming language (www.python.org) was for specialized target groups as the marine- used to populate the database tables from several derived aquatic biota of the Amazon Basin. sources available on the Internet which provide The goal of this study was to implement a interfaces to application programs, including five tool for cataloging and documenting the data classes: (1) nomenclature and literature data: biological diversity of the marine-derived species CoL (www.catalogueoflife.org), FishBase of the aquatic biota of the Amazon Basin which (www.fishbase.org), and WoRMS could provide such an integrated database with (www.marinspecies.org); (2) genomic sequence information on nomenclature, geographic data: Genbank/NCBI distribution, habitats, conservation status, (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank); (3) geographic genomic sequences, and bibliography relevant for distribution data: Global Biodiversity Information each species, compiled from several different Facility (www.gbif.org), VertNet sources. (www.vertnet.org), and iDigBio (www.idigbio.org); (4) conservation status data: Materials and Methods IUCN Red List (www.iucnredlist.org); (5) free text notes: WiKipedia (en.wiKipedia.org). For building the database, we used a list Searches and analyses of these data can be of species of selected taxonomic groups (sponges, performed by means of a user-friendly Web mollusks, crustaceans, fishes, and aquatic interface written in the language PHP mammals) representative of the marine-derived (www.php.net), with simple menus for browsing aquatic biota of the Amazon Basin, compiled and querying the database and generating from literature data, from the biological statistical reports (Fig. 1). Distribution maps are collections of the major Amazonian research automatically generated by the OpenLayers institutions, and from those available in online (www.openlayers.org) integrated tool, on the databases. This list was previously checked basis of the georeferenced occurrence records against the Catalogue of Life available in the database (Fig. 2). Results of all (www.catalogueoflife.org) taxonomic database to database queries can be exported to files in Excel, © 2019 The Authors 14 Cavalcanti et al. (2019) Amazon Basin biodiversity database CSV or KML standard formats for use with other software as GIS and statistical packages, for more elaborate display and further analysis. Figure 1 – Database browser, displaying the results of a simple query. Figure 2 – Distribution map for a selected species. Results and Discussion genera (Table 1). These species present 621 names, with 317 synonyms. Chordata (58,7%) is Data were obtained for 225 valid species the phylum of the highest species frequency, of marine-derived taxonomic groups, included in followed by Arthropoda (22,17%), Porifera 4 phyla, 6 classes, 19 orders, 29 families, and 74 (18,7%), and Mollusca (0,43%). The most © 2019 The Authors 15 Cavalcanti et al. (2019) Amazon Basin biodiversity database frequent classes are Osteichthyes (43,48%), are the orders with the highest species frequency, Crustacea (22,17%), Demospongiae (18,7%), and whereas Trichodactylidae (19,13%), Chondrichthyes (12,17%). Decapoda (22,7%), Potamotrygonidae (10,87%), Sciaenidae (8,7%), Haplosclerida (18,7%), Perciformes (18,7%), and Spongillidae (7,39%) are the most frequent Rajiformes (10,87%), and Clupeiformes (10%) families. Table 1 – ChecKlist of the marine-derived aquatic biota of the Amazon Basin PORIFERA DEMOSPONGIAE HAPLOSCLERIDA Incertae Sedis Acanthotylotra alvarengai
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