FAMILY Achiridae Rafinesque, 1815 - American soles [=Aghirini, Achiria, Gymnachirinae, Apionichthyinae, Trinectinae] Notes: Aghirini Rafinesque, 1810b:13 [ref. 3595] (ordine) ? Achirus [genus inferrable from the stem?; published not in latinized form before 1900; not available, Article 11.7.2] Achiria Rafinesque, 1815:83 [ref. 3584] (subfamily) Achirus Gymnachirinae Jordan, 1923b:3, 4 [ref. 10539] (subfamily) Gymnachirus Apionichthyinae Jordan, 1923b:4, 11 [ref. 10539] (subfamily) Apionichthys Trinectinae Chabanaud, 1930b:265 [ref. 32640] (subfamily) Trinectes GENUS Achirus Lacepede, 1802 - American soles [=Achirus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1802:658, Anathyridium (subgenus of Baeostoma) Chabanaud [P.], 1928:21, Baiostoma Bean [T. H.], in Goode & Bean, 1882:413, Grammichthys Kaup [J. J.], 1858:101] Notes: [ref. 4929]. Masc. Pleuronectes achirus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by absolute tautonymy. Pleuronectes achirus Linnaeus was treated in the synonymy of Achirus fasciatus Lacepède, 1802, but apparently fasciatus Lacepède is not the same as achirus Linnaeus and belongs in the genus Trinectes. •Valid as Achirus Lacepède, 1802 -- (Robins et al. 1980:65 [ref. 7111], Lea et al. 1989:239 [ref. 21534], Allen 1991:205 [ref. 21090], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:492 [ref. 24550], Munroe 2003:1927 [ref. 27118], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061], Ramos et al. 2009:55 [ref. 30194]). Current status: Valid as Achirus Lacepède, 1802. Achiridae. (Anathyridium) [ref. 783]. Neut. Solea gronovii Günther, 1862. Type by subsequent designation. Baeostoma is an unjustified emendation of Baiostoma. Type designated by Myers 1929:37 [ref. 20930] which makes Anathyuridium an absolute synonym of Baiostoma. •Synonym of Achirus Lacepède, 1802. Current status: Synonym of Achirus Lacepède, 1802. Achiridae. (Baiostoma) [ref. 1840]. Neut. Baiostoma brachialis Bean, 1882. Type by monotypy. Baeostoma Jordan & Gilbert, 1883:965 [ref. 2476] and Chabanaud 1928:19 [ref. 783] are unjustified emendations. •Synonym of Achirus Lacepède, 1802 -- (Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:492 [ref. 24550]). Current status: Synonym of Achirus Lacepède, 1802. Achiridae. (Grammichthys) [ref. 2578]. Masc. Pleuronectes lineatus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Achirus Lacepède, 1802. Current status: Synonym of Achirus Lacepède, 1802. Achiridae. Species Achirus achirus (Linnaeus, 1758) - drab sole [=Pleuronectes achirus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:268, Achirus maculipinnis gunteri Chabanaud [P.], 1940:90, Monochir punctifer Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:80, Pl. 41 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Suriname. Current status: Valid as Achirus achirus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Distribution: Off South America; probably Venezuela to northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (gunteri) [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 13166] Matagorda Island, Texas, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Achirus achirus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (punctifer) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Achirus achirus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. Species Achirus declivis Chabanaud, 1940 - plainfin sole [=Achirus achirus declivis Chabanaud [P.], 1940:89] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 13166] Gulf of Paria, between Trinidad Island, West Indies and Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Achirus declivis Chabanaud, 1940. Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. Species Achirus klunzingeri (Steindachner, 1880) - brown sole [=Solea klunzingeri Steindachner [F.], 1880:96 [44], Pl. 9 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 42; ref. 14403] Guayaquil, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Achirus klunzingeri (Steindachner, 1880). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern central Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - lined sole [=Pleuronectes lineatus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:268, Monochirus lineatus Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.], 1824:238, Baiostoma brachialis Bean [T. H.], in Goode & Bean, 1882:413, Achirus (Baeostoma) comifer Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1884:31, Pleuronectes nigricans Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:158] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] America. Current status: Valid as Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine. (lineatus) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Rio de Janeiro Bay, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (brachialis) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 297); ref. 1840] Appalachicola Bay, Florida; southern Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (comifer) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 7 (no. 402); ref. 12325] Key West, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (nigricans) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Coast of South America. Current status: Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: brackish, marine. Species Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner, 1869) - Mazatlan sole [=Solea mazatlana Steindachner [F.], 1869:149, Achirus barnharti Jordan [D. S.], 1923:10, Pl. 1] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 6 (no. 19); ref. 20467] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Current status: Valid as Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner, 1869). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Baja California to Peru. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (barnharti) [University of California Publications in Zoology v. 26 (no. 1); ref. 10539] Off Islas Coronados, Pacific side of Baja Califormia (Norte), Mexico, depth 400 feet. Current status: Synonym of Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner, 1869). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. Species Achirus mucuri Ramos et al., 2009 - American sole [=Achirus mucuri Ramos [R. T. C.], Ramos [T. P. A.] & Lopes [P. R. D.], 2009:56, Figs. 1, 2a, 2c, 3a-b, d-e, j, l] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2113; ref. 30194] Esturary of the Macuri River at Mucuri, ca. 18°05'15"S, 39°33'53"W, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Achirus mucuri Ramos, Ramos & Lopes, 2009. Achiridae. Distribution: Mucuri River estuary, Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: brackish. Species Achirus novoae Cervigon, 1982 - Cervigon's sole [=Achirus novoae Cervigón [F.], 1982:243, Fig. 20] Notes: [Los recursos pesqueros del Rio Orinoco y su explotacion; ref. 20509] La Lagunita Lake, near Bolívar, Bolívar State, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Achirus novoae Cervigón, 1982. Achiridae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela; Trinidad & Tobago. Habitat: freshwater. Species Achirus scutum (Gunther, 1862) - network sole [=Solea scutum Günther [A.], 1862:474] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Pacific coast of Central America. Current status: Valid as Achirus scutum (Günther, 1862). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine. Species Achirus zebrinus Clark, 1936 - Clark's sole [=Achirus zebrinus Clark [H. W.], 1936:386] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 21 (no. 29); ref. 839] Gulf of Tehauntepec, Mexico, 15°40'N, 93°49'W. Current status: Valid as Achirus zebrinus Clark, 1936. Achiridae. Distribution: Pacific coast of Central America. Habitat: marine. GENUS Apionichthys Kaup, 1858 - American soles [=Apionichthys Kaup [J. J.], 1858:104, Achiropsis (subgenus of Solea) Steindachner [F.], 1876:158, Soleotalpa Günther [A.], 1862:489] Notes: [ref. 2578]. Masc. Apionichthys dumerili Kaup, 1858. Type by monotypy. Misspelled Aprinonichthys in 1990 edition of the "Genera". •Valid as Apionichthys Kaup, 1858 -- (Chapleau & Keast 1988:2799 [ref. 12625], Ramos 2003:100 [ref. 26762], Munroe 2003:1927 [ref. 27118], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Apionichthys Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. (Achiropsis) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Fem. Solea (Achiropsis) nattereri Steindachner, 1876. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Achiropsis Steindachner, 1876 -- (Ramos 2003:100 [ref. 26762], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Apionichthys Kaup, 1858. Current status: Synonym of Apionichthys Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. (Soleotalpa) [ref. 1969]. Fem. Soleotalpa unicolor Günther, 1862. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Apionichthys Kaup, 1858 -- (Ramos 2003:100 [ref. 26762], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Apionichthys Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. Species Apionichthys dumerli Kaup, 1858 - longtail sole [=Apionichthys dumerili Kaup [J. J.], 1858:104, Apionichthys bleekeri Horst [R.], 1878:31, Apionichthys nebulosus Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1869:709, Apionichthys ottonis Steindachner [F.], 1868:120, Soleotalpa unicolor Günther [A.], 1862:489] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 24 (no. 1); ref. 2578] Current status: Valid as Apionichthys dumerili Kaup, 1858. Achiridae. Distribution: Widespread in South America. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (bleekeri) [Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging v. 4; ref. 18311] Current status: