Linear) Thermal Expansion for Selected Materials (COE Or CTE

Appendix 1: Coefcient of (Linear) Thermal Expansion for Selected Materials (COE or CTE)

Coefﬁcient of (linear) thermal expansion, α, for selected (continued) − − materials (COE or CTE) (units are ×10 6 °C 1 (i.e. ppm/°C)) Indium–lead 33.0 Lead (95 %) tin solder 28.0 Tin–lead solder 60/40 25.0 A. Pure metals Magnesium, AZ31B 26.0 Aluminium 25 Ni-clad Molybdenum 5–6 Chromium 6 Steel, 1020 12.0 Cobalt 12 Stainless steel (18-8) 17.0 Copper 17 Tungsten/copper (90/10) 6.5 Gold 14 Aluminium MMC with SiC particles 6–14 Iron 12 (80–50 % reinforcement) Lead 29 C. Insulators and substrate materials (for electronic systems)a Magnesium 25 E glass 5.5 Molybdenum 5 S glass 2.6 Nickel 13 Glass–ceramic >3.0 Platinum 9 Silicon 2.6 Silver 19 Diamond 0.9 Tantalum 7 Aluminium nitride 4.5 Tin 20 Silicon nitride 3.7 Titanium 9 Quartz, fused silica 0.5 Tungsten 5 Kevlar 49 –5 Zinc 35 Beryllia 6–9 B. Alloys and MMCs Cubic boron nitride Alloy 42 4.4 x–y 3.7 Aluminium (40 % silicon) 13.5 z 7.2 Aluminium, AA 6061 23.6 E glass/epoxy Aluminium, AA 3003 23.2 x–y 14–17 Aluminium, AA 2017 22.9 z 80–280 Boron aluminium (20 %) 12.7 E glass/polyimide Brass 18.0 x–y 12–16 Copper/invar/copper 20/60/20 thick 5.8 z 40–80 Copper/molybdenum/copper 20/60/20 7.0 E glass/PTFE thick x–y 24 Graphite/aluminium 4–6 z 260 Invar 36 1.6 Kevlar/epoxy Invar 42 4.5 x–y 5–7 Inconel 600 13.0 z 70 Kovar (Fe–Ni–Co) 5.0 (continued) Kevlar/polyimide (continued)

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 557 B.D. Dunn, Materials and Processes, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23362-8 558 Appendix 1: Coefficient of (Linear) Thermal Expansion for Selected Materials (COE or CTE)

(continued) (continued) x–y 3.4–6.7 Si3N4 (α-phase) 2.9 z 83 Si3N4 (β-phase) 2.3

Quartz/polyimide Spinel (MgAl2O4) 7.6 x–y 5–8 Soda–lime–silicate glass 9.2 (used in lightbulbs) z 68.4 Borosilicate glass 4.6 (used with Kovar) Quartz/bismaleimide Silica (96 % pure) 0.8 x–y, 35 % resin 6.2 Silica (99.9 % pure) 0.55 z 35 % resin 41 Zerodur Class 2 0.1 Alumina (90 %) TF substrate 7.0 Zerdur Class 0 Extreme 0.007 Alumina (ceramic chip carrier) 5.9–7.4 E. Polymers (unorientated) Epoxy (70 % silica) plastic packaging 20–23 Polyethylene 100–200 Mulite co-fired 4.2 Polypropylene 58–100 Gallium arsenide 5.7 Polystyrene 60–80 Silicon carbide 3.6 Polytetrafluoroethylene 100 Carbon fibre 60 %–epoxy −1.1 Polycarbonate 66 D. Other ceramics Nylon (6/6) 80

A12O3 6.5–8.8 Cellulose acetate 80–160 BeO 9 Polymethylmethacrylate 50–90 MgO 13.5 Epoxy 45–90 SiC 4.8 Phenolformaldehyde 60–80 Silicon 2.6 Silicones 20–40 (continued) aFor temperature range −55 to +100 °C Appendix 2: Properties of Printed Circuit Laminates

Material Thermal Mechanical Conductivity CTE CTE Max. use Glass Tensile Yield Elongation W/M-K X, Y Dir. Z. Dir Temperature transition strength strength % ppm/°C ppm//° °C Temperature °C MPa MPa C Polymer composites Polyimide glass 0.35 12–16 40–60 215–280 250–260 345 – Epoxy glassa 0.16–0.2 14–18 180 130–160 125–135 276 – Modified epoxyb – 14–16 –– 140–150 –– PTFEe glass, 0.1–0.26 20 – 230–260 ––– non-woven PTFEe glass, 419–837 10–25 – 248 – 38–52 – woven Epoxy aramid 0.12 6–866– 125 68–103 –– Epoxy quartz – 6–13 62 – 125 –– Polyimide aramid 0.28 5–883– 250 –– Polyimide quartz 0.35 6–12 35 – 188–250 207 – Epoxy—cordierite 0.9–1.3 3.3–3.8 –– – ––– Modified epoxy – 5.5–5.6 100 – 137 –– aramid PTFEe quartz – 7.5–9.4 88 – 19d –– Polyimide 4.3–11.8 45–50 – 260–315 –––6–7 Metal composites Cu/Invar/Cu 15–18c 5.3–5.5 16 – N/A 310–414 170–270 36 (20/60/20) Cu/Invar/Cu 14c 4.4 –– N/A 380–480 240–340 (12.5/75/12.5) Cu/Mo/Cu 90–174 2.6 –– N/A –– Ni/Mo/Ni 129.8c 5.2–6 5.2–6 – N/A 621 552 50 Published with permission from the IPC, 2215 Sanders Road, Northbrook, Illinois, USA. (Table from IPC-D-279 Design Guidelines for Reliable Surface Mount Technology Printed Circuit Board Assemblies, July 1996) aFR-4, G-10 bPolyfunctional FR-4 cZ-direction dPolymorphic p ePTFE=Polytetrafluoroethylene

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 559 B.D. Dunn, Materials and Processes, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23362-8 Appendix 3: Reagents for Microetching Metals and Alloys

A wide variety of techniques may be used for the identiﬁ- Each chemical must be stored and handled according to the cation of grain structures, phases, and other constituents in manufacturer’s recommendations. All chemicals are poten- metals and alloys. Metallographers are often able to predict tially dangerous and it is assumed that the person mixing, the chemical composition and processing history of a pouring, or etching is thoroughly familiar with their use. If metallic sample by selectively etching its polished surface there is any uncertainty about their use, toxicity, or means of and comparing the microstructure to those of reference disposal, the user’s Chemical and Safety Department should samples in conjunction with published phase diagrams. be contacted. The following chemical reagents (etch compositions) are The concentrations of acids are given in terms of speciﬁc recommended by the author for the etching of metals and gravity (s.g.), or as a percentage (%) of the fully concen- alloys commonly encountered during the metallurgical trated value. assessment of electrical and structural spacecraft materials.

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 561 B.D. Dunn, Materials and Processes, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23362-8 562 No. Reagent composition Remarks Metal Aluminium and its alloys 1 Hydroﬂuoric acid (40 %) 0.5 ml 15 s immersion is recommended. Particles of all common microconstituents are outlined. Colour indications Hydrochloric acid (1.19) 1.5 ml Nitric acid (1.4) 2.5 ml

Water 95.5 ml Mg2Si and CaSi2 Blue to brown α (AlFeSi) and (AlFeMn) Darkened β (AlCuFe) Light brown

(Keller’s etch) MgZn2, NiAl3, (AlCuFeMn), Al2Cu Mg and Al6CuMg Brown to black α (AlCuFe) and (AlCuMn) Blackened

Al3Mg2 Heavily outlined and pitted The colours of other constituents are little altered. Not good for high Si alloys Desmut in 50 % nitric acid if necessary

2 Sodium hydroxide 1 g Specimens are etched by swabbing for 10 s. All usual constituents are heavily outlined, except for Al3Mg2 Water 99 ml (which may be lightly outlined) and (AlCrFe) which is both unattacked and uncoloured. Colour indications

FeAl3 and NiAl3 Slightly darkened (AlCuMg) Light brown α (AlFeSi) Dull brown α (AlFeSi) Rough and attacked; slightly darkened

MnAl6 and (AlFeMn) Coloured brown to blue (uneven attack)

MnAl4 Tends to be darkened The colours of other constituents are only slightly altered Beryllium 3 Hydrofluoric acid (40 %) 10 ml Etch by immersion for 10–30 s to outline grain boundaries and microconstituents Ethyl alcohol 90 ml Alloys and Metals Microetching for Reagents 3: Appendix 4 Water 95 ml Be alloys may be etched in the reagent (1–15 s) Sulphuric acid (1.84) 5 ml Note: during the preparation of beryllium samples, do not breathe dust, as this is extremely toxic. Cutting operations must be done under controlled conditions, preferably in a glove box. See text for the removal of mechanical twins. Polishing cloth will be contaminated with beryllia and needs to be disposed of according to local health and safety requirements. Metallographers should wear rubber gloves and avoid contact with etchants Chromium 5 Hydrochloric acid (concentrated) Shows striations in electrodeposits Copper, copper alloys, brass, bronze, etc. 6 Ammonium hydroxide 50 ml Used for copper, many copper-rich alloys Water 50 ml Gives a grain boundary etch, and also tends to darken the α solid solution, leaving the β solid solution lighter. The Hydrogen peroxide (30 vol.) 20 ml hydrogen peroxide content may be varied. Less is required the lower the copper content 7 Ferric chloride, various strengths and compositions Used as a general reagent for copper, brass, bronze, nickel–silver, aluminium–bronze, and other copper-rich alloys. It β To 100 parts of water are added darkens the constituent in brasses and gives grain contrast following ammoniacal or chromic acid etches. The most suitable composition should be found by trial and error in specific cases. This reagent generally emphasizes scratches Hydrochloric acid (1.19) Ferric chloride (g) in imperfectly prepared specimens, and tends to roughen the surface. For sensitive work it is frequently a great 20 1 advantage to replace the water in the reagent by a 50:50 water–alcohol mixture or by pure alcohol 10 5 50 5 (continued) (continued) Alloys and Metals Microetching for Reagents 3: Appendix No. Reagent composition Remarks 8 Potassium dichromate 2 g Used for copper, and copper alloys with beryllium, manganese, and silicon. Also suitable for nickel–silver, bronzes, – Water 100 ml and chromium copper alloys. This reagent should be followed by a ferric chloride etch to give added contrast Sodium chloride (saturated) 4 ml Sulphuric acid (s.g. 1.84) 8 ml Gold 9 Hydrochloric acid (concentrated) 60 ml Use under a hood, immerse for a few seconds Nitric acid (concentrated) (Aqua Regia) 40 ml 10 Potassium cyanide, 10 % in water 10 ml Used for gold and its alloys. A fresh solution, warmed if necessary, must be used for each operation. The etching time Ammonium persulphate, 10 % in water 10 ml varies from 0.5 to 3 min. The attack may be speeded up by the addition of 2 % of potassium iodide, but this is liable to give staining effects 11 Tincture of iodine, 50 % solution in aqueous potassium iodide Used for gold alloys. With silver-gold alloys a silver iodide film may form. This may be removed by immersion in potassium cyanide solution Indium and indium alloys 12 Hydrochloric acid (1.19) 20 ml General etchant, use by immersion for a few seconds. [For very detailed studies of indium–gold reaction layers, see Picric acid 4 g Millares and Peraggi (1992)] Ethyl alcohol 400 ml Iron and steel 13 Nitric acid (1.40) 1.5–5 ml to 100 ml Ferrite g.b.’s in low-carbon steels. Darkens pearlite and gives contrast with ferrite or cementite network. Etches Ethanol (Nital etch) martensite and its decomposition products in many steels. Better than Picral for low-alloy steels and for ferritic grain boundaries 5–30 s depending on steel 14 Picric acid 1 g Attacks prior austenite boundaries Hydrochloric acid (Vilella’s reagent) 5 ml Good for ferritic steels 15 Nitric acid (1.40) 10 ml Immerse up to 30 s. Good for high-chromium steels, austenitic stainless steel, etc. Hydrochloric acid (1.19) 20 ml Do not keep, discard when yellow, if left this reagent can ‘explode’ Glycerol 30 ml 16 Ferric chloride 2 g In tool steels attacks ferrite and martensite, outlines carbides, leaves austenite unattacked Hydrochloric acid (1.19) 5 ml Water (Kalling’s reagent) 30 ml Immerse 1–5 min Molybdenum 17 (a) Potass, hydroxide Water 10 g to 100 ml Mix equal amounts of (a) and (b) as needed Grain boundary etch (b) Pot. ferricyanide Water 10 g to 100 ml 18 Ammonia (0.88) 50 ml Boil for up to 10 min General etch Hydrogen perioxide (3 %) 50 ml Water 50 ml Nickel and its alloys 19 Nitric acid (1.40) 10 ml Pure nickel, and nickel–chromium alloys. Grain boundaries etched Hydrochloric acid (1.19) 20 ml Glycerol 30 ml 20 Nitric acid (1.40) 10 ml Used for pure nickel, cupro-nickel, Monel metal, and nickel–silver Acetic acid 10 ml Acetone 10 ml

(continued) 563 (continued) 564 No. Reagent composition Remarks 21 Hydrochloric acid (1.19) 300 ml Stand in fume cupboard for 24 h; use diluted 50:50 with water. Good for Nilo K etc. Can be kept as stock solution Nitric acid (1.40) 100 ml Ferric chloride 25 g Cupric chloride 25 g (‘Green special etch’, also known as Pinder’s etch) Platinum group of metals (e.g. Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os) – Use Aqua Regia—see Etchant No. 9 (may need to be warmed) Grain contrasting 22 Potasssium ferricyanide 3.5 g Several minutes immersion Most alloys, for general etching of grain boundaries Sodium hydroxide 1 g Water 150 ml Silver 23 Ammonium hydroxide 50 ml Recommended for silver, silver–nickel, and silver–palladium alloys. Also useful for the examination of silver- Hydrogen peroxide (3 %) 10–30 ml soldered joints

24 Sulphuric acid (10 % in water) to which a few crystals of chromic acid CrO3 This reagent reveals the grain structure of silver and silver rich-alloys have been added (2 g) Tin and its alloys 25 Nitric acid (1.40) 2 % in alcohol Micro etch with high contrast, which blackens lead and darkens tin to light brown after prolonged immersion 26 Silver nitrate 5 g Micro etch recommended for lead-rich alloys. Darkens primary and eutectic lead and produces a very high grain Water 100 ml contrast Titanium and its alloys 27 Hydroﬂuoric acid (40 %) 1–3ml 3–10 s Most useful general etch, especially for Ti6A14V alloy Plastic mounts must be thoroughly washed to remove all hydroﬂuoric acid as redisudal acid will etch and damage glass microscope lens

Nitric acid (1.40) 2–6ml Alloys and Metals Microetching for Reagents 3: Appendix Water (Kroll’s reagent) to 100 ml 28 Potassium hydroxide (40 %) 10 ml 3–20 s Useful for α/β alloys, α is attacked or stained. β unattacked Hydrogen peroxide (30 %) 5 ml Water (can be varied to suit alloy) 20 ml Marinol blue—50 % Benzalconium chloride 10–15 ml Stain etch to show alpha-stabilized layer solution 29 Glycerol 40 ml The specimen must be dry, and swab etching gives best control; time of etching varies; continue until specimen turns Methylated spirit 40 ml light-brown Hydroﬂuoric acid (40%) 5–10 ml Tungsten 30 Sodium hydroxide, 10% in water 10 ml This reagent is used cold and, on immersion of the specimen for approximately 10 s, develops grain boundaries ’ Potassium ferricyanide, 10% in water 10 ml (Murakami s reagent) 31 Hydrogen peroxide, 3 % in water This reagent develops grain boundaries, but only after some 30–90 s in the boiling reagent Appendix 4: Conversion Table for Mechanical Properties

Conversion table for mechanical properties (N/mm2(MPa) to hbar, (continued) tonf/in2, lbf/in2and kgf/mm2) N/mm2 hbar tonf/in.2 lbf/in.2 kgf/mm2 2 2 2 2 N/mm hbar tonf/in. lbf/in. kgf/mm 180 18 11.7 26,100 18.4 5 0.5 0.3 700 0.5 185 18.5 12.0 26,800 18.9 10 1 0.6 1500 1.0 190 19 12.3 27,600 19.4 15 1.5 1.0 2200 1.5 195 19.5 12.6 28,300 19.9 20 2 1.3 2900 2.0 200 20 12.9 29,000 20.4 25 2.5 1.6 3600 2.5 205 20.5 13.3 29,700 20.9 30 3 1.9 4400 3.1 210 21 13.6 30,500 21.4 35 3.5 2.3 5100 3.6 215 21.5 13.9 31,200 21.9 40 4 2.6 5800 4.1 220 22 14.2 31,900 22.4 45 4.5 2.9 6500 4.6 225 22.5 14.6 32,600 22.9 50 5 3.2 7300 5.1 230 23 14.9 33,400 23.5 55 5.5 3.6 8000 5.6 235 23.5 15.2 34,100 24.0 60 6 3.9 8700 6.1 240 24 15.5 34,800 24.5 65 6.5 4.2 9400 6.6 245 24.5 15.9 35,500 25.0 70 7 4.5 10,200 7.1 250 25 16.2 36,300 25.5 75 7.5 4.9 10,900 7.6 255 25.5 16.5 37,000 26.0 80 8 5.2 11,600 8.2 260 26 16.8 37,700 26.5 85 8.5 5.5 12,300 8.7 265 26.5 17.2 38,400 27.0 90 9 5.8 13,100 9.2 270 27 17.5 39,200 27.5 95 9.5 6.2 13,800 9.7 275 27.5 17.8 39,900 28.0 100 10 6.5 14,500 10.2 280 28 18.1 40,600 28.6 105 10.5 6.8 15,200 10.7 285 28.5 18.5 41,300 29.1 110 11 7.1 16,000 11.2 290 29 18.8 42,100 29.6 115 11.5 7.4 16,700 11.7 295 29.5 19.1 42,800 30.1 120 12 7.8 17,400 12.2 300 30 19.4 43,500 30.6 125 12.5 8.1 18,100 12.7 305 30.5 19.7 44,200 31.1 130 13 8.4 18,900 13.3 310 31 20.1 45,000 31.6 135 13.5 8.7 19,600 13.8 315 31.5 20.4 45,700 32.1 140 14 9.1 20,300 14.3 320 32 20.7 46,400 32.6 145 14.5 9.4 21,000 14.8 325 32.5 21.0 47,100 33.1 150 15 9.7 21,800 15.3 330 33 21.4 47,900 33.7 155 15.5 10.0 22,500 15.8 335 33.5 21.7 48,600 34.2 160 16 10.4 23,200 16.3 340 34 22.0 49,300 34.7 165 16.5 10.7 23,900 16.8 345 34.5 22.3 50,000 35.2 170 17 11.0 24,700 17.3 350 35 22.7 50,800 35.7 175 17.5 11.3 25,400 17.8 355 35.5 23.0 51,500 36.2 (continued) (continued)

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 565 B.D. Dunn, Materials and Processes, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23362-8 566 Appendix 4: Conversion Table for Mechanical Properties

(continued) (continued) N/mm2 hbar tonf/in.2 lbf/in.2 kgf/mm2 N/mm2 hbar tonf/in.2 lbf/in.2 kgf/mm2 360 36 23.3 52,200 36.7 485 48.5 31.4 70,300 49.5 365 36.5 23.6 52,900 37.2 490 49 31.7 71,100 50.0 370 37 24.0 53,700 37.7 495 49.5 32.1 71,800 50.5 375 37.5 24.3 54,400 38.2 500 50 32.4 72,500 51.0 380 38 24.6 55,100 38.7 505 50.5 32.7 73,200 51.5 385 38.5 24.9 55,800 39.3 510 51 33.0 74,000 52.0 390 39 25.3 56,600 39.8 515 51.5 33.3 74,700 52.5 395 39.5 25.6 57,300 40.3 520 52 33.7 75,400 53.0 400 40 25.9 58,000 40.8 525 52.5 34.0 76,100 53.5 405 40.5 26.2 58,700 41.3 530 53 34.3 76,900 54.0 410 41 26.5 59,500 41.8 535 53.5 34.6 77,600 54.6 415 41.5 26.9 60,200 42.3 540 54 35.0 78,300 55.1 420 42 27.2 60,900 42.8 545 54.5 35.3 79,000 55.6 425 42.5 27.5 61,600 43.3 550 55 35.6 79,800 56.1 430 43 27.8 62,400 43.8 555 55.5 35.9 80,500 56.6 435 43.5 28.2 63,100 44.4 560 56 36.3 81,200 57.1 440 44 28.5 63,800 44.9 565 56.5 36.6 81,900 57.6 445 44.5 28.8 64,500 45.4 570 57 36.9 82,700 58.1 450 45 29.1 65,300 45.9 575 57.5 37.2 83,400 58.6 455 45.5 29.5 66,000 46.4 580 58 37.6 84,100 59.1 460 46 29.8 66,700 46.9 585 58.5 37.9 84,800 59.7 465 46.5 30.1 67,400 47.4 590 59 38.2 85,600 60.2 470 47 30.4 68,200 47.9 595 59.5 38.5 86,300 60.7 475 47.5 30.8 68,900 48.4 600 60 38.8 87,000 61.2 480 48 31.1 69,600 48.9 (continued) Appendix 5: Aluminium Alloy Temper Designations

The compositions and temper conditions of aluminium 9 the minimum ultimate tensile strength exceeds that alloys are designated by the Aluminium Association (AA) of the fully hard by at least 10 MPa. and are recognized internationally. Further information can The second digit indicates the degree of hardening and be obtained from the AA. is a number from 1 to 9. The Basic Temper Designations are as follows: (c) Third digit A third digit may be used to denote a further charac- F As fabricated teristic or variation. O Annealed H Strained hardened Spacecraft aluminium alloys are generally subdivisions T Thermally treated to produce stable tempers other of the T temper, as shown below than F, O, H A more precise description of the T tempers is as follows, but whenever possible the original material speciﬁcation The Subdivisions of H temper are as follows: should be consulted, as some deviations exist: T1 Cooled from an elevated temperature-shaping (a) First digit process and naturally aged to a substantially H1 strain hardened only stable condition H2 strain hardened and partially annealed T2 Cooled from an elevated temperature-shaping H3 strain hardened and stabilized process, cold-worked, and naturally aged to a (b) Second digit substantially stable condition 1 1/8 hard T3 Solution heat-treated, cold-worked, and natu- 2 quarter hard rally aged to a substantially stable condition 3 3/8 hard T351 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by 4 half hard stretching to produce a permanent set of 2 % 5 5/8 hard nominal but not less than 1.5 % nor more than 6 three quarters hard 3 %. Product shall receive no further straight- 7 7/8 hard ening after stretching 8 fully hard

T3510 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by T451 Rolled or cold-finished, stress-relieved by stretching to produce a nominal permanent set stretching to produce a nominal permanent set of of 1.5 %, but not less than 1 % nor more than 1.5 % but not less than 1 % nor more than 3 % 3 %. Extrusions shall receive no straightening Product shall receive no further operations after after stretching stretching unless specifically authorized by T3511 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by purchaser stretching to produce a nominal permanent set T4510 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by of 1–1.5 %, but not less than 1 % nor more than stretching to produce a permanent set of 1.5 % 3 %. Extrusions may receive minor straighten- nominal, but not less than 1 % nor more than ing, after stretching, of an amount necessary to 3 %. Material shall receive no further straight- meet the tolerances ening after stretching T352 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by T4511 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by compression to produce a permanent set of 1.5– stretching to produce a permanent set of 1.5 % 5 %. During compression, primary focus shall nominal, but not less than 1 % nor more than be applied in the axial direction 3 %. Material may receive minor straightening T36 Solution heat-treated and cold-worked by after stretching reduction of approximately 6 % T5 Cooled from an elevated temperature-shaping T361 Solution heat-treated and cold-reduced approx- process and then artificially aged (wrought imately 6 % in thickness products). Stress-relieved (castings) T4 Solution heat-treated and naturally aged to a T51 Precipitation heat-treated (castings) substantially stable condition T6 Solution and precipitation heat-treated T42 Material purchased in any temper and subse- T61 Solution heat-treated and precipitation quently solution heat-treated and naturally aged heat-treated. Quenching from the solution tem- to a substantially stable condition by the user perature shall be into water at 80–85 °C Appendix 5: Aluminium Alloy Temper Designations 569

T611 Solution and precipitation heat-treated, low T7352 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by residual stresses compression to produce a permanent set of not Material may, after quenching from the solution less than 1 % nor more than 5 %, and heat-treatment temperature, receive minor precipitation heat-treated. The method and straightening in an amount necessary to meet direction of compression shall be as agreed upon tolerances specified on the drawing by purchaser and vendor T62 Solution heat-treated and then artificially aged T736 See T74 by the user T73651 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by T651 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by stretching to produce a nominal set of 2 % but stretching to produce a permanent set of 2 % no less than 1.5 % nor more than 3 %, and nominal but not less than 1.5 % nor more than precipitation heat-treated 3 %, and artificially aged. Product shall receive T736511 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by no further straightening after stretching stretching to produce a nominal permanent set T6510 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by of 1.5 % but not less than 1 % nor more than stretching to produce a permanent set of 1.5 % 3 %, and precipitation heat-treated. Material nominal, but not less than 1 % nor more than may receive minor straightening after stretching, 3 % and artificially aged. Material shall receive to meet required dimensional tolerances no further straightening after stretching T73652 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by T6511 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by compression to produce a permanent set of not stretching to produce a permanent set of 1.5 % less than 1 % nor more than 5 %, and nominal, but not less than 1 % nor more than precipitation heat-treated. The method and 3 %, and artificially aged. Material may receive direction of compression shall be as agreed upon minor straightening after stretching by purchaser and vendor T652 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by T74 (Previously T73 or T736.) Solution heat-treated compression to produce a permanent set of 1.5– and artificially aged to resist stress-corrosion 5 %, and precipitation heat-treated. During cracking compression, primary focus shall be applied in T7451 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by the axial direction and on individual rings stretching to produce a nominal permanent set approximately final dimensions of 2 % but not less than 1.5 % nor more than T66 Solution and precipitation heat-treated 3 %, and precipitation heat-treated. Plate shall T7 Solution heat-treated and overaged/stabilized receive no further straightening operations after T71 Solution and precipitation heat-treated (castings) stretching T72 Solution heat-treated and then artificially over- T7452 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by aged by the user compressing to produce a permanent set of 1– T73 See T74 5 % and overaged T7351 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by T76 Solution heat-treated and artificially aged suffi- stretching to produce a nominal permanent set cient to produce improved resistance to of 2 % but not less than 1.5 % nor more than exfoliation 3 %, and precipitation heat-treated. Plate shall T761 Solution heat-treated and precipitation receive no further straightening operations after heat-treated. The T7 tempers require closer stretching control on ageing practice variables such as T73510 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by time, temperature, heating-up rates, etc stretching to produce nominal permanent set of T7651 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by 1.5 % but not less than 1 % nor more than 3 %, stretching to produce a permanent set of 2 % and precipitation heat-treated. Material shall nominal but not less than 1.5 % nor more than receive no further straightening after stretching 3 %, and artificially aged sufficient to produce T7311 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by improved resistance to exfoliation and stretching to produce nominal permanent set of stress-corrosion cracking. Plate shall receive no 1.5 %, but not less than 1 % nor more than 3 %, further straightening after stretching and precipitation heat-treated. Material may T76511 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by receive minor straightening, after stretching, an stretching to produce a nominal permanent set amount necessary to meet required dimensional of 1.5 %, but not less than 1 % nor more than tolerances 3 %, and precipitation treated. Material may 570 Appendix 5: Aluminium Alloy Temper Designations

receive minor straightening, after stretching, of of 1.5 % but not less than 1 % nor more than an amount necessary to meet required dimen- 3 %, and precipitation heat-treated sional tolerances T852 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by T77 Solution-treated and stabilized compression, to produce a permanent set of 1– T8 Solution heat-treated, cold-worked, and then 5 %, and precipitation heat-treated artificially aged T86 Solution heat-treated, cold-worked by a reduc- T81 Solution heat-treated, cold-worked by the flat- tion of approximately 6 %, and then artificially tening operation, and then artificially aged aged T851 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by T861 Solution heat-treated, cold-reduced approxi- stretching to produce a permanent set of 2 % mately 6 % in thickness, and precipitation nominal but not less than 1.5 % nor more than heat-treated 3 %, and artificially aged. Plate shall receive no T9 Solution heat-treated, artificially aged, and then further straightening after stretching cold-worked T8511 Solution heat-treated and stress-relieved by T10 Cooled from an elevated temperature-shaping stretching to produce a nominal permanent set process, cold-worked, and then artificially aged Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

Introduction It is for the user to decide from the composition whether the related specifications are sufficiently similar to permit the Marshall Space Flight Center document MSFC-SPEC-522A, British, French or German alloy to be regarded as a suitable entitled ‘Design criteria for controlling stress corrosion substitute for the American alloy. In all critical applications cracking’, contains a list of alloys. Each alloy bears a five- the individual alloy specifications must be consulted as digit classification number, which is made up as follows: precise compositions, tolerance in composition, the present The first digit denotes the class: of trace elements, etc. can be important. No attempt has been made to relate materials on the basis of form, but reference to 1. Steels the specification numbers will give guidance in this matter. 2. Nickel alloys In the case of the steels and the aluminium alloys, the list 3. Aluminium alloys must be used in conjunction with the notes appended at the 4. Copper alloys end of the relevant section. 5. Titanium alloys Following the list, there is an index that enables the five- 6. Magnesium alloys digit table numbers to be related to the unified numbering 7. Miscellaneous system (UNS) of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and the American Society for Testing Materials The second digit denotes the subclass. (ASTM). The UNS numbers are prefixed by letter symbols The last three digits are a serial number within the that have the following meaning: subclass. A Aluminium and aluminium alloys The list contained in the following pages is based on the C Copper and copper alloys list described above, which forms as it were the framework. G AISI and SAE carbon steels Into this framework have been intercalated those British, J Cast steels (except tool steels) French and German alloy specifications that most closely K Miscellaneous nonferrous metals and alloys correspond to their American counterparts. If an American N Nickel and nickel alloys specification is not followed by such a European specifica- R Reactive and refractory metals and alloys tion, that means that diligent searching has failed to reveal an S Heat- and corrosion-resistant (stainless) steels equivalent. T Tool steels, wrought and cast

Alloy equivalents—steels Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Other Carbon steels 11001 USA AISI/SAE 1005 (UNS G10050) <.06 *1 <.35 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 015A03 <.06 *1 <.3 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR FD5 .04–.07 – .2–.4 .02 .025 – F AFNOR FD4 .04–.07 <.1 .2–.4 .025 .03 – G DIN 17140 D6-2 Wk. 1.0314 <.06 *2 <.4 <.04 <.04 N < .007 *3 G DIN 17140 D5-1 Wk. 1.0312 <.06 *2 <.4 <.05 <.05 – 11002 USA AISI/SAE 1006 (UNS G10060) <.08 *1 .25–.4 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 030A04 <.08 *1 .2–.4 <.05 <.05 – G DIN 17140 D7-1 Wk. 1.0311 <.08 *2 <.45 <.06 <.05 – G DIN 17140 D8-2 Wk. 1.0313 <.08 *2 <.45 <.045 <.04 N < .007 *3 11003 USA AISI/SAE 1008 (UNS G10080) <.1 *1 .3–.5 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 040A04 <.08 *1 .3–.5 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR FdTu4 <.09 – .25–.5 ––N < .006 F AFNOR FdTu2 <.08 – .35–.6 – N < .014 Mn/S > 10 F AFNOR FdTu10 <.1 – .25–.5 ––N < .01 F AFNOR FdTu11 <.1 <.1 .25–.5 –– F AFNOR Fd2 .04–.1 – .2–.45 ––N < .007 F AFNOR Fd12 .04–.1 – .2–.5 ––N < .007 G Ust4, US14 Wk. 1.0336 <.09 *2 .25–.5 <.03 <.03 N < .007 G DIN 1623; 1624; 5512; st2, st12 Wk. <.1 *2 .2–.45 <.033 <.035 N < .007 *3 1.0330 G DIN 1623. B11; 001624; st3, st13 Wk. <.1 *2 .2–.4 <.025 <.023 N < .007 1.0333 G DIN 17115; Ust35-2; Wk. 1.0207 .06–.14 *2 .4–.6 <.04 <.04 N < .007 *3—Also AISI 1010 G DIN 17115; Rst35-2; Wk. 1.0208 .06–.12 .03–25 .4–.6 <.04 <.04 Also AISI 1010 G DIN 17111; UQst 36-2; Wk. 1.0204 .08–.13 *2 1.25–.45 <.04 <.04 N < .007 *3—Also AISI 1010 G DIN 17111; Rst 36-2; Wk. 1.0205 <.13 <.4 25–.5 <.05 <.5 N < .007 *3-Also AISI 1010 11004 USA AISI/SAE 1010 (UNS G10100) .08–.13 *1 .3–.6 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 040A10 .08–.13 *1 .3–.5 <.05 <.05 – UK BS970 045A10 .08–.13 *1 .3–.6 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR Xc9 .06–.12 .05–.3 .3–.5 ––– G DIN 17210; 1652 Ck10 Wk. 1.1121 .07–.13 .15–.35 .3–.6 <.035 <.035 – G DIN 17210; 1652 c9 Wk. 1.0301 .07–.13 .15–.33 .3–.6 <.045 <.043 – 11005 USA AISI/SAE 1011 (UNS G10110) .08–.13 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 060A10 .08–.13 *1 .5–.7 <.05 <.05 – 11006 USA AISI/SAE 1012 (UNS G10120) .1–.15 – .3–.6 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 040A12 .1–.15 *1 .3–.5 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC 12 .1–.16 .05–.3 .3–.5 ––– G DIN 17210; 1652 Ck10Wk. 1.1121 .07–.13 .15–.35 .3–.6 <.035 <.035 – G DIN 17210; 1652 c9 Wk. 1.0301 .07–.13 .15–.35 .3–.6 <.045 <.045 – 11007 USA AISI/SAE 1015 (UNS G10150) .13–.18 *1 .3–.6 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 040A15 .13–.18 *1 .3–.5 <.05 <.05 – UK BS970 050A15 .13–.18 *1 .4–.6 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC12 .1–.16 .05–.3 .3–.5 ––– G DIN 17210; 1652 Ck15 Wk. 1.1141 .12–.18 .15–.35 .3–.6 <.035 <.035 – 11008 USA AISI/SAE 1016 (UNS G10160) .13–18 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A15 .13–.18 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – G DIN 17111; Rst 44.2 Wk. 1.0419 <.18 <.45 <.8 <.05 <.05 N < .007 11009 USA AISI/SAE 1017 (UNS G10170) .15–.2 *1 .3–.6 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 040A17 .15–.2 *1 .3–.5 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC18 .16–.22 <.25 .4–.65 ––– G DIN 17210; 1652 Ck15 Wk. 1.1141 .12–.18 .15–.35 .3–.6 <.035 <.035 – (continued) Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 573

(continued) Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Other 11010 USA AISI/SAE 1018 (UNS G10180) .15–.2 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A17 .15–.2 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – G DIN 17172; st43.7 Wk. 1.0484 <.22 <.4 .5–1.1 <.04 <.045 – 11011 USA AISI/SAE 1019 (UNS G10190) .15–.2 *1 .7–1.0 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A17 .15–.2 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – G DIN 17172; St43.7 VVk.1.0484 <.22 <.4 .5–1.1 <.04 <.045 – 11012 USA AISI/SAE 1020 (UNS G10200) .18–.23 *1 3–.6 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 040A20 .18–.23 *1 .3–.5 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR CC20 .15–.25 .1–.4 .4–.7 <.04 <.04 – G DIN 17200; 17242; 17243; 1652. C22 .18 .25 .15–.35 .3–.6 <.045 <.045 – Wk. 1.0402 11013 USA AISI/SAE 1021 (UNS G10210) .18–.23 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A20 .18–.23 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 –– G DIN 17172; St47.7 Wk. 1.0409 <.22 .2–.45 .7–1.3 <.04 <.035 N < .009 11014 USA AISI/SAE 1022 (UNS G10220) .18–.23 *1 .7–1.0 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A20 .18–.23 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – G DIN 17172; St47.7 Wk. 1.0409 <.22 .2–.45 .7–1.3 <.04 <.035 – 11015 USA AISI/SAE 1023 (UNS G10230) .2–.25 *1 .3–.6 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 040A22 .2–.25 *1 .3–.5 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC18S .15–.22 <.25 .4–.65 <.04 <.035 – G DIN 17200; 1652. Ck22 Wk. 1.1151 .18–.25 .15–.35 .3–6 <.035 <.035 Cr < .5 11016 USA AISI/SAE 1025 (UNS G10250) .22–.28 *1 .3–.6 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 060A25 .23–.28 *1 .5–.7 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC25 .23–.29 .1–.4 .4–.7 ––– G Ck25 Wk. 1.1158 .22–.29 .15–.4 .4–.7 <.035 <.035 – 11017 USA AISI/SAE 1026 (UNS G10260) .22–.28 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A25 .23–.28 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – 11018 USA AISI/SAE 1029 (UNS G10290) .25–.31 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A27 .25–.30 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – 11019 USA AISI/SAE 1030 (UNS G10300) .28–.34 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A30 .28–.33 *1 .7–.6 <.05 <.05 – 11020 USA AISI/SAE 1035 (UNS G10350) .32–.38 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A35 .33–.38 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC32 .3–.35 .1–.4 .5–.8 –––– G DIN 17200; 17240; 0017242. Ck35 .32–.39 .15–.35 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 – Wk. 1.1181 11021 USA AISI/SAE 1037 (UNS G10370) .32–.38 *1 .7–1.0 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A35 .33–.38 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC35 .32–.38 .1–.4 .5–.8 <.04 <.035 – G DIN 17200; 17240; 0017242 Ck35 .32–.39 .15–.35 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 – Wk. 1.1181 11022 USA AISI/SAE 1038 (UNS G10380) .35–.42 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A37 .35–.4 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC38 .35–.4 .1–.4 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 – G Ck38 Wk. 1.1176 .35–.4 .35–.5 .5–.7 <.035 <.035 N < .007, *3 11023 USA AISI/SAE 1039 (UNS G10390) .37–.44 *1 .7–1.0 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A40 .38–.43 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC42 .4–.45 .1–.4 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 – G Ck42A1 Wk. 1.1190 .39–.44 .25–.4 .75–.9 <.035 <.035 N < .007 *3 11024 USA AISI/SAE 1040 (UNS G10400) .37–.44 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK B 970 060A40 .38–.43 *1 .5–.7 <.05 <.05 – G Ck40 Wk. 1.1186 .37–.43 .15–.35 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 N < .007 *3 11025 USA AISI/SAE 1042 (UNS G10420) .4–.47 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 060A42 .4–.45 *1 .5–.7 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC42 .4–.45 .1–.4 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 – G Ck42A1 Wk. 1.1190 .39–.44 .25–.4 .75–.9 <.035 <.035 N < .007 *3 (continued) 574 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

(continued) Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Other 11026 USA AISI/SAE 1043 (UNS G10430) .4–.47 *1 .7–1.0 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A42 .4–.45 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – G DIN 17200; 17242; 1652. C45 Wk. .42–.45 .15–.35 .5–.8 <.045 <.045 – 1.0503 11027 USA AISI/SAE 1045 (UNS G10450) .43–.50 *1 .6–.90 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080M46 .42–.50 *1 .6–1.0 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC45 .42–.48 .1–.35 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 – G DIN 17200; 1652; 0017242 Ck45 Wk. .42–.5 .15–.35 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 N < .007 *3 1.1191 G DIN 17200 Cm45 Wk. 1.1201 .42–.5 .15–.35 .5–.8 <.035 .020–.035 – CEN EN 10083-1 2C45 (C45E) 1.1191 Near equivalent to BS970 070M55 11028 USA AISI/SAE 1046 (UNS G10460) .43–.5 *1 .7–1.0 <.04 <.04 – UK BS970 080A47 .45–.5 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – 11029 USA AISI/SAE 1049 (UNS G10490) .46–.53 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080M50 .45–.55 *1 .6–1.0 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC50 .46–.52 .15–.35 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 – G CK50 Wk. 1.1206 .47–.55 .15–.35 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 – CEN EN 10083-1 2C50 (C50E) 1.1206 Near equivalent to BS970 080M50 11030 USA AISI/SAE 1050 (UNS G10500) (*4) .48–.55 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A52 .5–.55 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – 11031 USA AISI/SAE 1053 (UNS G10530) .48–.55 *1 .7–1.0 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A52 .5–.55 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – 11032 USA AISI/SAE 1055 (UNS G10550) (*4) .5–.6 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 070M55 .5–.6 *1 .5–.9 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC55 .52–.6 .1–.4 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 – G DIN 17200 Cm55 Wk. 1.1209 .52–.6 .15–.35 .6–.9 <.035 .020–.035 – CEN EN 10083-1 2C55 (C55E) 1.1203 Near equivalent to BS970 070M55 11033 USA AISI/SAE 1060 (UNS G10600) (*4) .55–.65 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A57 55–.6 .1–.4 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC60 .57–.65 .15–.35 .4–.7 <.035 <.035 – G DIN 17200 Cm60 Wk. 1.1223 .57–.65 .15–.35 .6–.9 <.035 .02–.035 – G DIN 17200; 1652; 0017222 Ck60 Wk. .57–.65 .15–.35 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 – 1.1221 G DIN 17200; 1652; 17222 C60 Wk. .57–.65 .15–.35 .6–.9 <.045 <.045 – 1.0601 11034 USA AISI/SAE 1064 (UNS G10640) (*4) .6–.7 *1 .5–.8 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 060A62 .6–.65 .1–.4 .5–.7 <.05 <.05 – UK BS970 060A67 .65–.7 .1–.4 .5–.7 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC65 .6–.69 .1–.4 .5–.8 <.035 <.055 – G DIN 17223 Federstahldraht FD (VD) .6–.7 <.25 .5–.9 <.03 <.03 (<.02) – Wk. 1.1230 G Ck65 .65 .3 .75 <.035 <.035 – 11035 USA AISI/SAE 1065 (UNS G10650) (*4) .6–.7 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A62 .6–.65 .1–.4 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – UK BS970 080A67 .65–.1 .1–.4 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – 11036 USA AISI/SAE 1069 (UNS G10690) .66–.75 *1 .4–.7 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 060A72 .7–.75 .1–.4 .5–.7 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC68 .65–.73 .15–.35 .4–.7 <.035 <.035 – G DIN 0017222 Ck67 Wk. 1.1231 .65–.72 15–.35 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 – 11037 USA AISI/SAE 1070 (UNS G10700) .65–.75 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A72 .7–.75 .1–.4 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – G DIN001 7222 Ck67 Wk. 1.1 231 .65–.72 .15–.35 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 – (continued) Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 575

(continued) Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Other 11038 USA AISI/SAE 1074 (UNS G10740) .7–.8 *1 .5–.8 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 070A78 .75–.82 .1–.4 .6–.8 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC75 .7–.8 .15–.3 .4–.7 <.035 <.035 – G DIN0017222 Ck75Wk. 1.1248 .7–.8 .15–.35 .6–.8 <.035 <.033 N < .007 *3 11039 USA AISI/SAE 1075 (UNS G10750) .7–.8 *1 .4–.7 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 060A78 .75–.82 .1–.4 .5–.7 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC75 .7–.8 .15–.3 .4–.7 <.035 <.035 – G Wk. 1.1246 .7–.77 <.2 .4–.6 <.025 <.025 – 11040 USA AISI/SAE 1078 (UNS G10780) .72–.85 *1 .3–.6 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 060A78 .75–.82 .1–.4 .5–.7 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC75 .7–.8 .15–.3 .4–.7 <.035 <.035 – G Wk. 1.1246 .7–.77 <.2 4–.6 <.025 <.025 – 11041 USA AISI/SAE 1080 (UNS G10800) .75–.88 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A83 .7–.9 .1–.4 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC80 .75–.85 .1–.4 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 Cr < 2 G DIN 0017222 Ck75 .7–.8 .15–.35 .6–.8 <.035 <.035 N < .007 *3 G Ck80 .8 .35 .75 <.035 <.035 – 11042 USA AISI/SAE 1084 (UNS G10840) .8–.93 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A86 .83–.9 .1–.4 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC85 .8 .2–.4 .4–.7 <.03 <.025 – G DIN 0017222.Ck85 Wk. 1.1269 .8–.9 .15–.35 .45–.65 <.035 <.035 N < .007 *3 11043 USA AISI/SAE 1085 (UNS G10850) .8–.93 *1 .7-1.0 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A86 .83–.9 .1–.4 .7–.9 <.05 < – G 90Mn4 Wk. 1.1273 .85–.95 .25–.5 .9–1.1 <.035 <.035 – 11044 USA AISI/SAE 1086 (UNS G10860) .8–.93 *1 .3–.5 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 050A86 .83–.9 .1–.4 .4–.6 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR XC90 .85–.95 .15–.3 .3–.5 <.03 <.025 – G Mk83 Wk. 1.1262 .8–.84 .1–.25 .35–.55 <.03 <.03 N < .007 *3 G Mk82 Wk. 1.1261 .8–.84 .1–.25 .25–.45 <.025 <.025 – 11045 USA AISI/SAE 1090 (UNS G10900) .85–.98 *1 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 060A96 .93–1.0 .1–.4 .5–.7 <.05 <.05 – 11046 USA AISI/SAE 1095 (UNS G10950) .9–1.03 *1 .3–.5 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 060A99 .95–1.05 .1–.4 .5–.7 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR Xc90 .95–1.05 .15–.3 .2–.45 <.03 <.025 – G Mk97 .9–1.05 .15–.25 .3–.5 .045–.055 .060–.070 N < .007 *3 Higher manganese steels 12001 USA AISI 1513 (UNS G15130) .1–.16 *1 1.1–1.4 <.04 <.05 – F AFNOR 12M5 .1–.15 <.4 .9–1.4 <.04 <.035 – 12002 USA AISI 1518 (UNS G15180) .15–.21 *1 1.1–1.4 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 120M19 .15–.23 *1 1.0–1.4 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR 20M5 .16–.22 .1–.4 1.1–1.4 <.035 <.035 – G 20Mn6 Wk. 1.1169 .17–.23 .3–.6 1.3–1.6 <.035 <.035 – 12003 USA AISI 1522 (UNS G15220) .18–.24 *1 1.1–1.4 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 120M19 .15–.23 *1 1.0–1.4 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR 20M5 .16–.22 .1–.4 1.1–1.4 <.035 <.035 – F AFNOR 18M5 .16–.22 .1–.4 1.1–1.5 <.04 .18–.23 – G 20Mn6 Wk. 1.1169 .17–.23 .3–.6 1.3–1.6 <.035 <.035 – 12004 USA AISI 1524 SAE 1024 (UNS G15240) .19–.25 *1 1.35– <.04 <.05 – 1.65 UK BS970 150M19 .15–.23 *1 1.35–1.7 <.05 <.05 – G 20Mn6 Wk. 1.1168 .17–.23 .3–.6 1.3–1.6 <.035 <.035 – 12005 USA AISI 1525 (UNS G15250) .23–.29 *1 .8–1.1 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A25 .23–.28 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – (continued) 576 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

(continued) Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Other 12006 USA AISI 1526 (UNS G15260) .22–.29 *1 1.1–1.4 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 120M28 .24–.32 *1 1.0–1.4 <.05 <.05 – G 9S-24 Mn4 Wk. 1.1136 .20–.28 .3–.6 .9–1.2 <.035 <.035 – 12007 USA AISI 1527 SAE 1027 (UNS G15270) .22–.29 *1 1.2–1.5 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 150M28 .24–.32 *1 1.3–1.7 <.05 <.05 – G DIN 17200 Wk. 1.1170 .25–.32 .15–.4 1.3–1.65 <.035 <.035 – 12008 USA AISI 1536 SAE 1036 (UNS G15360) .3–.37 *1 1.2–1.5 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 120M36 .32–.4 *1 1.0–1.4 <.05 <.05 – UK BS970 150M36 .32–.4 *1 1.3–1.7 <.05 <.05 – F AFNOR 35 M5 .32–.38 .1–.4 1.1–1.4 <.035 <.035 – G 36Mn5, GS-36Mn5 Wk. 1.1167 .32–.4 .15–.35 1.2–1.5 <.035 <.035 – 12009 USA AISI 1541 SAE 1041 (UNS G15410) .36–.44 *1 1.35– <.04 <.05 – 1.65 F AFNOR 40Mn .36–.44 .1–.4 1.0–1.35 <.04 <.035 – G 36Mn5, GS-36 Mn5, Wk. 1.1167 .32–.4 .15–.35 1.2–1.5 <.035 <.035 – 12010 USA AISI 1547 SAE 1047 (UNS G15470) .43–.51 *1 1.35– <.04 <.05 – 1.65 F AFNOR 45 M5 .39–.48 .1–.4 1.2–1.5 <.04 <.035 – 12011 USA AISI 1548 SAE 1048 (UNS G15480) .44–.52 *1 1.1–1.4 <.04 <.05 – F AFNOR 45 M5 .39–.48 .1–.4 1.2–1.5 <.04 <.035 – 12012 USA AISI 1551 SAE 1051 (UNS G15510) .46–.56 *1 .85–1.15 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080M50 .45–.55 *1 .6–1.0 <.05 <.05 – CEN EN 10083-1 2C50 (C50E) 1.1206 Near equivalent to BS970 080M50 12013 USA AISI 1552 SAE 1052 (UNS G15520) .47–.55 *1 1.2–1.5 <.04 <.05 – F AFNOR 55 M5 .5–.6 .1–.4 1.2–1.5 <.05 <.035 – 12014 USA AISI 1561 SAE 1061 (UNS G15610) .55–.65 *1 .75–1.05 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A57 .55–.60 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – G Ck60 Wk. 1.221 .57–.65 .15–.35 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 – 12015 USA AISI 1566 SAE 1066 (UNS G15660) .6–.71 *1 .85–1.15 <.04 <.05 – UK BS970 080A67 .65–.7 *1 .7–.9 <.05 <.05 – 12016 USA AISI 1572 SAE 1072 (UNS G15720) .65–.76 *1 1.0–1.3 <.04 <.05 –

Free cutting steels Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Other 13001 USA AISI/SAE 1108 (UNS G11080) .08–.13 *1 .5–.8 <.04 .08–.13 – G DIN 17111, U7S10, Wk. 1.0700 <.l *2 .4–.7 <.08 .08–.12 N < .007 G 10320 Wk. 1.0721 .07–.13 .1–.4 .5–.9 <.06 .15–.25 – 13002 USA AISI/SAE 1109 (UNS G11090) .08–.13 *1 .6–.9 <.04 .08–.13 – 13003 USA AISI/SAE 1110 (UNS G11100) .08–.13 *1 .3–.6 <.04 .08–.13 – The changes in manganese range at this carbon level are not reﬂected in European speciﬁcations F AFNOR 12MF (approximate equivalent) .09–.15 .1–.4 .9–1.2 <.06 .12–.24 – 13004 USA AISI/SAE 1116 (UNS G11160) .14–.2 *1 1.1–1.4 <.04 .16–.23 – UK BS970 220M07 <.15 *1 .9–1.3 <.07 .2–.3 – G 9S20 Wk. 1.0711 <.13 <.05 .6–1.2 <.1 .18–.25 – 13005 USA AISI/SAE 1117 (UNS G11170) .14–.2 *1 1.0–1.3 <.04 .08–.13 – F AFNOR13MF .1–16 .1–.4 .8–1.1 <.04 .09–.13 – G 9SMN 28 Wk. 1.0715 <.14 <.05 .9–1.3 <.1 .24–.32 – UK BS970 230M07 <.15 *1 .9–1.3 <.07 .25–.35 – 13006 USA AISI/SAE 1118 (UNS G11180) .14–.2 *1 1.3–1.6 <.04 .08–13 – 13007 USA AISI/SAE 1119 (UNS G11190) .14–.2 *1 1.0–1.3 <.04 .24–.33 – 13008 USA AISI/SAE 1132 (UNS G11320) .27–.34 *1 1.35–1.65 <.04 .08–.13 – UK BS970 216M28 .24–.32 *1 1.1–1.5 <.06 .12–.2 – (continued) Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 577

(continued) Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Other 13009 USA AISI/SAE 1137 (UNS G11370) .32–.39 *1 1.35–1.65 <.04 .08–.13 – UK BS970 225M36 .32–.4 <.25 1.3–1.7 <06 .12–.2 – F AFNOR 35 M6 .33–39 .1–.4 1.3–1.7 <.04 .09–.13 – G Wk. 1.0726 .32–39 .1–.4 .5–.9 <.06 .15–.25 – 13010 USA AISI/SAE 1139 (UNS G11390) .35–.43 *1 1.35–1.65 <.04 .13–.2 – 13011 USA AISI/SAE 1140 (UNS G11400) .37–.44 *1 .7–1.0 <.04 .08–.13 – 13012 USA AISI/SAE 1141 (UNS G11410) .37–.45 *1 1.35–1.65 <.04 .08–.13 – UK BS970 212A37 .35–.40 *1 1.0–1.3 <.06 .12–.2 – 13013 USA AISI/SAE 1144 (UNS G11440) .4–.48 *1 1.35–1.65 <.04 .24–.33 – 13014 USA AISI/SAE 1145 (UNS G11450) .42–.49 *1 .7–1.0 <.04 .04–.07 – 13015 USA AISI/SAE 1146 (UNS G11460) .42–.49 *1 .7–1.0 <.04 .08–13 – UK BS970 212M44 .4–.48 *1 1.0–1.4 <.06 .12–.2 – UK BS970 225M44 .4–.48 *1 1.3–1.7 <.06 .2–.3 – F AFNOR 45 MF6 .41 .48 .1 .4 1.3–1.7 <.04 .24 .32 – G 45S20 Wk. 1.0727 .42–.5 .1–.4 .5–.9 <.06 .15–.25 – 13016 USA AISI 12L 13 (UNS G12134) <.13 *1 .7–1.0 .07–.12 .24–.33 Pb .15–.35 13017 USA AISI/SAE 12L 14 (UNS G12144) <.15 *1 .85–1.15 .04–.09 .26–.35 Pb .15–.35 F AFNOR 10 Pb2 .05–.15 <.3 .3–.6 <.04 <.04 Pb .15–.30 G 9SMn Pb28 <.14 <.05 .9–1.3 <.1 .24–.32 Pb .15–.30 G 10 SPb 20 .07–13 .1–.4 .5 .9 <.06 .15–.25 Pb .15–.30 G 9SMn Pb 36 <.15 <.05 1.0–1.5 <.1 .32–.40 Pb .15–.30 Note Where USA grades are closely graded they have been grouped together with groups of approximating European speciﬁcations

Low alloy steels: Manganese—Molybdenum Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Other 14001 USA AISI/SAE 4012 (UNS .09–.14 .2–.35 .75–1.0 <.035 <.04 – .15–.25 –– G40120) G 15Mn Mo53 Wk. 1.5418 (*5) <.2 .3–.5 1.1–1.4 <.04 <.04 – .35 –– 14002 USA AISI/SAE 4023 (UNS .2–.25 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 – .2-3 –– G40230) F AFNOR 18MD4.05 (*5) <.22 .1–.4 .9–1.5 <.035 <.035 <.3 .35–.6 – V < .04 G 20Mo3 Wk. 1.5416 .16–.24 .15–.35 .5–.8 <.04 <.04 – .25–.35 –– 14003 USA AISI/SAE 4024 (UNS .2–.25 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 .035–.05 – .2–.3 –– G40240) F/G See AISI 4023 14004 USA AISI/SAE 4027 (UNS .25–.3 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 – .2–.3 –– G40270) 14005 USA AISI/SAE 4028 (UNS .25–.3 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 .035–.05 – .2–.3 –– G40280) G 15Mo3 Wk. 1.5415 (*5) .12–.2 .1–.35 .4–.8 <.04 <.04 <.3 .2–.35 –– G 22Mo4 Wk. 1.5419 (*5) .18–.25 .2–.4 .4–.7 <.035 <.033 <.3 .3–4 –– 14006 USA AISI/SAE 4032 (UNS .3–.35 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 – .2–.3 –– G40320) 14007 USA AISI/SAE 4037 (UNS .35–.40 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 – .2–3 –– G40370) UK BS970 605M30 (*5) .26–.34 1–.35 1.3–1.7 <.04 <.05 – .22–.32 –– UK BS970 605M36 (*5) .32–.4 .1–.35 1.3–1.7 <.04 <.05 – .22–.32 –– G GS-35Mn Mo5 Wk. 1.5411 .32–.38 .3–.5 1.0–1.4 <.035 <.035 – .15–.25 –– 14008 USA AISI/SAE 4042 (UNS .4–.45 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 – .2–.3 –– G40420) 14009 USA AISI/SAE 4047 (UNS .45–.5 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 – .2–.3 –– G40470) UK BS970 608M38 (*5) .32–.4 .1–.35 1.3–1.7 <.04 <.05 – .4–.55 –– G GS-40Mn Mo43 (*5) .36–.43 .3–.5 .9–1.2 <.035 <.05 – .25–.35 –– 578 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

Low alloy steels: Chromium–Molybdenum Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Other 14010 USA AISI/SAE 4118 .18–.23 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 .4–.6 .08–.15 –– (UNS G41180) 14011 USA AISI/SAE 4130 .28–.33 .2–.35 .4–.6 <.035 <.04 .8–1.1 .15–.25 –– (UNS G41300) 14012 USA AISI/SAE 4135 .33–.38 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 .8–1.1 .15–.25 –– (UNS G41350) F AFNOR 15CD3.5 .14–.18 <.35 .3–.6 <.04 <.035 .85–1.15 .15–.3 –– F AFNOR12CD 4 .08–.14 .14–.4 .5–.8 <.04 <.035 .85–1.15 .15–.3 –– F AFNOR 15CD4.05 <.2 .1–.4 .4–.85 <.035 <.035 .75–1.23 .4–.6 – V < .04 F AFNOR 18CD4(S) *6 .16–.22 .1–.4 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 .85–1.15 .15–.3 –– F AFNOR 30CD 4 *6 .28–.34 .1–.4 .6–.8 <.035 <.035 .85–1.15 .15–.3 –– F AFNOR 35CD 4 *6 .33–.39 .1–.4 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 .85–1.13 .15–.3 –– G DIN 17155; 17175: .1–.18 .1–.35 .4–.7 <.04 <.04 .8–1.15 .4–.65 –– 0017243. 13Cr Mo4.4 Wk. 1.7335 G 15Cr Mo5 .13–.17 .15–.35 .8–1.0 <.035 <.035 1.0–1.3 .2–.3 –– G 20Cr Mo5 .18–.23 .15–.35 .9–1.2 <.035 <.035 1.1–1.4 .2–.3 –– G DIN 17200: 001654. .22–.29 .15–.4 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 .9–1.2 .15–.3 –– (GS)25Cr Mo4 Wk. 1.7218 G DIN 17200: 001654. .3–.37 .15–.4 .5–.8 <.035 <.033 .9–1.2 .15–.3 –– (GS)34Cr Mo4 Wk. 1.7220 14013 USA AISI/SAE 4137 .35–.4 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 .8–1.1 .15–.25 –– (UNS G41370) 14014 USA AISI/SAE 4140 .38–.43 .2–.35 .75–1.0 <.035 <.04 .8–1.1 .15–.25 –– (UNS G41400) UK BS970 708A37 .35–.4 .1–.35 .7–1.0 <.04 <.05 .9–1.2 .15–.25 –– UK BS970 708M40 .36–.44 .1–.35 .7–1.0 <.04 <.05 .9–1.2 .15–.25 –– F AFNOR 40CD 4 .39–.46 .2–.50 .5–.8 <.03 <.025 .95–1.3 .15–.3 –– F AFNOR 42CD4 .39–.46 .1–.4 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 .85–1.15 .15–.3 –– G DIN 17200; 001654. .38–.5 .3–.5 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 .8–1.2 .2–.3 –– GS42CrMo4Wk. 1.7225 G DIN 17200. .3–.37 .15–.4 .5–.8 <.035 .02–.035 .9–1.2 .15–.3 –– 34CrMoS4 CEN EN 10083-1 42CrMo4 1.17225 Near equivalent to BS970 708M40 14015 USA AISI/SAE 4142 .4–.45 .2–.35 .75–1.0 <.035 <.04 .8–1.1 .15–.25 –– (UNS G41420) 14016 USA AISI/SAE 4145 .43–.48 .2–.35 .75–1.0 <.035 <.04 .8–1.1 .15–.25 –– (UNS G41450) 14017 USA AISI/SAE 4147 .45–.50 .2–.35 .75–1.0 <.035 <.04 .8–1.1 .15–.25 –– (UNS G41470) UK BS970 708 H42 .39–.46 .1–.35 .65–1.05 <.04 <.05 .8–1.25 .15–.25 –– F AFNOR 42CD 4 .39–.46 .1–.4 .6–.9 <.035 .035 .85–1.15 .15–.3 –– G DIN 17200, 42Cr Mo .38–.45 .15–.4 .5–.8 <.035 .02–.035 .9–1.2 15–.3 –– S4 Wk. 1.7227 14018 USA AISI/SAE 4150 .48–.53 .2–.35 .75–1.0 <.035 <.04 .8–1.1 .15–.25 –– (UNS G41500) 14019 USA AISI/SAE 4161 .56–.64 .2–.35 .75–1.0 <.035 <.04 .7–.9 .25–.35 –– (UNS G41610) G DIN 17200. 50Cr .46–.54 .15–.4 .5–.8 <.035 <.035 .9–1.2 .15–.25 –– Mo4 Wk. 1.7228 G GS-58 Cr Mn Mo443 .54–.62 .3–.5 .6–1.2 <.035 <.033 .8–1.2 .2–.3 –– Wk. 1.7266 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 579

Low alloy steels: Nickel–Chromium–Molybdenum Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Other 14020 USA AISI/SAE 4320 .17–.22 .2–.35 .45–.65 <.035 <.04 .4–.6 .2–.3 1.65–2.0 – (UNS G43200) F AFNOR 20 NCD 7 .16–.22 .2–.33 .45–.65 <.03 <.023 .2–.6 .2–.3 1.65–2.0 Cu < 35 14021 USA AISI/SAE 4340 .38–.43 .2–.35 .6–.8 <.035 <.04 .7–.9 .2–.3 1.65–2.0 – (UNS G43400) G DIN 0017242. 40 Ni Cr Mo .37–.44 <.4 .7–.9 <.02 <.015 .7–.95 .3–.4 1.65–2.0 – 73 Wk. 1.6562 14022 USA AISI/SAE 4718 .16–.21 – .7–.9 ––.35–.55 .3–.4 .9–1.2 – (UNS G47180) F AFNOR 18NCD4 .16–.22 .2–.35 .5–.8 <.03 <.025 .35–.55 .15–.3 .9–1.2 Cu < .35 14023 USA AISI/SAE 4720 .17–.22 .2–.35 .5–.7 <.035 <.04 .35–.55 .15–.25 .9–1.2 – (UNS G47200) See AISI 4718 (UNS G47180) Table No. 14022 14024 USA AISI/SAE 8115 .13–.18 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 .3–.5 .08–.15 .2–.4 – (UNS G81150) UK BS970 805A15 .13–.18 1–.35 .7–.9 <.04 <.05 .4–.6 .15–.25 .4–.7 – 14025 USA AISI/SAE 8615 .13–.18 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 .4–.6 .15–.25 .4–.7 – (UNS G86150) 14026 USA AISI/SAE 8617 .15–.2 (UNS G86170) 14027 USA AISI/SAE 8620 .18–.23 (UNS G86200) 14028 USA AISI/SAE 8622 .2–.25 Other elements as AISI/SAE 8615 (UNS G86220) 14029 USA AISI/SAE 8625 .23–.28 (UNS G86250) 14030 USA AISI/SAE 8627 .25–.3 (UNS G86270) 14031 USA AISI/SAE 8630 .28–.33 (UNS G86300) UK BS970 805A17 .15–.2 .1–.35 .7–.9 <.04 <.05 .4–.6 .15–.25 .4–.7 – UK BS970 805A20 .18–.23 UK BS970 805A22 .2–.25 Other elements as BS970 805A17 UK BS970 805A24 .22–.21 F AFNOR15NCD2 .13–.18 .1–.4 .7–.9 <.04 <.035 .4–.6 .15–.25 .4–.7 – F AFNOR 20NCD2 .18–.23 .1–.4 .7–.9 <.03 <.025 .4–.6 .15–.25 .4–.7 Cu < .35 F AFNOR 30NCD2 .3–.35 .1–.4 .7–.9 <.04 <.035 .4–.6 .15–.3 .5–.8 – G DIN001654. 21 Ni Cr Mo2 .17 .23 .15–.4 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 .35–.65 .15–.25 .4–.7 – Wk. 1.6523 G 21 Ni Cr Mo22 Wk. 1.6543 .18–.23 .2–.35 .7–.90 <.035 <.035 .4–.6 .2–3.4–.7 – G 30 Ni Cr Mo22 Wk. 1.6545 .27–. .34 15–.34 .7–1.0 <.035 <.035 .4–.6 .15–.3 .4–.7 – 14032 USA AISI/SAE 8637 .35–.4 .2–.35 75–1.0 <.035 <.04 4–.6 .15–.25 4–.7 – (UNS G86370) 14033 USA AISI/SAE 8640 (UNS .38–.43 G86400) 14034 USA AISI/SAE 8642 (UNS .4–.45 G86420) 14035 USA AISI/SAE 8645 (UNS .43–.48 G86450) *7 14036 USA AISI/SAE 8650 (UNS .48–.53 Other elements as AISI 8637 G86500) 14037 USA AISI/SAE 8655 (UNS .51–.59 G86550) 14038 USA AISI/SAE 8660 (UNS .56–.64 G86600) UK BS970 805A60 .55–.65 .1–.35 .7–1.0 <.04 <.05 .4–.6 .15–.25 .4–.7 – F AFNOR 35 NCD2 .32–.40 .1–.4 .7–1.0 <.04 <.035 .4–.6 .15–.3 .4–.7 – F AFNOR 40 NCD2 .37–.40 .1–.4 .6–.9 <.04 <.035 .4–.6 .15–.3 .4–.7 – F AFNOR 40 NCD2TS .38–.44 .1–.4 .7–1.0 <.035 <.03 .4–.6 .15–.3 .4–.7 – G 40Ni Cr Mo22 Wk. 1.6546 .37–.44 .15–.34 .7–1.0 <.035 <.035 .4–.6 .15–.3 .4–.7 – 580 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

Low alloy steels: Nickel–Molybdenum Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Other 14039 USA AISI/SAE 4615 (UNS G46150) .13–.18 .2–.35 .45–.65 <.035 <.04 – .2–.3 1.65.–2.0 – 14040 USA AISI/SAE 4617 (UNS G46170) .15–.2 14041 USA AISI/SAE 4620 (UNS G46200) .17–.22 Other elements as AISI 4615 UK BS970 665A17 .15–.2 .1–.35 .45–.65 <.04 <.05 <.25 .2–.3 1.6–2.0 – UK BS970 665A19 .17–.22 Other elements as BS970 665A17 14042 USA AISI 4621 (UNS G46210) .18–.23 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 – .2–.3 1.65–2.0 – UK BS970 665M20 .17–.23 .1–.35 .35–.75 <.04 <.05 – .2–3 1.5–2.0 – 14043 USA AISI/SAE 4626 (UNS G46260) .24–.29 .2–.35 .45–.65 <.035 <.04 – .15–.25 .7–1.0 – UK BS970 665A22 *5 .2–.25 .1–.35 .45–.65 <.04 <.05 <.25 .2–.3 1.6–2.0 – UK BS970 665A24 *5 .22–.27 .1–.35 .45–.65 <.04 <.05 <.25 .2–.3 1.6–2.0 –

Low alloy steels: Chromium Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Other 14044 USA AISI/SAE 5115 (UNS G51150) .13–.18 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 .7–9 ––– 14045 USA AISI/SAE 5120 (UNS G51200) .17–.22 Other elements as AISI 5115 UK BS970 523A14 *5 .12–.17 .1–.35 .3–.5 <.04 <.05 .3–5 ––– UK BS970 527A19 .17–.22 .1–.35 .7–.9 <.04 <.05 .7–9 ––– F AFNOR 18C4 .16–.21 .1–.4 .6–.8 <.04 <.035 .85–1.15 ––– G DIN 17210:001654. 15Cr3 Wk. 1.7015 .12–.18 .15–.4 .4–.6 <035 <035 .4–7 ––– G 20Cr MnS33 Wk. 1.7121 .17–.23 .2–.35 .6–1.0 <.04 <.02 .6–1.0 ––– 14046 USA AISI/SAE 5130 (UNS G51300) .28–.33 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 .8–1.1 ––– 14047 USA AISI/SAE 5132 (UNS G51320) .30–.35 .2–.35 .6–.8 <.035 <.04 .75–1.0 ––– UK BS970 530A30 .28–.33 .1–.35 .6–.8 <.04 <.05 .9–1.2 ––– UK BS970 530A32 .30–.35 .1–35 .6–.8 <.04 <.05 .9–1.2 ––– F AFNOR 28 C4 .25–3 <.4 .6–.9 <.04 <.035 .85–1.15 ––– F AFNOR 32 C4 .3–.35 .1–.4 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 .85–1.15 ––– G DIN 17200:001654.34Cr4Wk. 1.17033 .3–.37 .15–.4 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 9–1.2 ––– 14048 USA AISI/SAE 5135 (UNS G51350) .33–.38 .2–.35 .6–.8 <.035 <.04 .8–1.05 ––– 14049 USA AISI/SAE 5140 (UNS G51400) .38–.43 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 .7–.9 ––– UK BS970 530A36 .34–.39 .1–.35 .6–.8 <.04 <.05 .9–1.2 ––– UK BS970 530A40 .38–.43 .1–.35 .6–.8 <.04 <.05 .9–1.2 ––– F AFNOR 38 C4 .35–.4 .1–.4 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 .85–1.15 ––– F AFNOR 42 C4 .39–.45 .1–.4 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 .85–1.15 ––– G DIN 17200:001654. 34Cr4 Wk. 1.7034 .30–37 15–.4 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 .9–1.2 ––– G DIN 17200:001654. 37Cr4 Wk. 1.7035 .34–.41 .15–.4 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 .9–1.2 ––– 14050 USA AISI/SAE 5145 (UNS G51450) .43–.49 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 .7–.9 ––– 14051 USA AISI/SAE 5147 (UNS G51470) .46–.51 .2–.35 .7–.95 <.035 <.04 .85–1.15 ––– F AFNOR 42C4TS .38–.44 .1–.4 .6–.9 <.025 <.03 .85–1.15 – <.3 – F AFNOR 45 C4 .41–.48 .1–.4 .6–.9 <.035 <.035 .85–1.15 ––– 14052 USA AISI/SAE 5150 (UNS G51500) .48–.53 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 .7–.9 ––– 14053 USA AISI/SAE 5155 (UNS G51550) .51–.59 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 .7–.9 ––– 14054 USA AISI/SAE 5160 (UNS G51600) .56–.64 .2–.35 .75–1.0 <.035 <.04 .7–.9 ––– UK BS970 526M60 .55–.65 .1–.35 .5–.8 <.04 <.05 .5–.8 ––– F AFNOR 50 C4 .46–.54 .1–.4 .6–.9 <.04 <.035 .8–1.15 ––– 14055 USA AISI E51100. SAE 51100 (UNS .98–1.1 .2–.35 .25–.45 <.025 <.025 .9–1.15 ––– G51986) 14056 USA AISI E52100. SAE 52100 (UNS .98–1.1 .2–.35 .25–.45 <.025 <.025 1.3–1.6 ––– G52986) UK BS970 534A99 .95–1.1 .1–.35 .25–.4 <.04 <.05 1.2–1.6 ––– F AFNOR 100 C6 .95–1.1 .15–.35 .2–.4 <.03 <.025 1.35–1.6 ––– G DIN 0017230:LW. 100Cr6 Wk. 1.3505 95–1.1 .15–.35 .25–.4 <.03 <.025 1.35–1.6 ––– G 100Cr6 Wk. 1.2067 .95–1.05 .15–.35 .25–.4 <.035 <.033 1.4–1.7 ––– Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 581

Low alloy steels: Chromium–Vanadium Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Other 14057 USA AISI 6118 (UNS G61180) .16–.21 .2–.35 .5–.7 <.035 <.04 .5–.7 ––V.1–.15 G 21 CrV4 Wk. 1.7510 .18–.24 1–.2 .8–1.0 <.035 <.035 .9–1.2 ––V .07–.12 14058 USA AISI/SAE 6150 (UNS G61500) .48–.53 .2–.35 .7–.9 <.035 <.04 .8–1.1 ––V > .15 UK BS970 735A50 .46–.54 1–.35 .6–.9 <.04 <.05 .8–1.1 ––V > .15 F Y50 CV4 .5 .3 .8 ––1.0 ––V .15 G DIN 17200; 17221; 17225 (GS)50Cr .47–. 55 .15–.4 .7–1.0 <.035 <.035 .9–1.2 –– V. 1–.2 V40 Wk. 1.8159 CEN EN 10083-1 51 CrV4 1.8159 Near equivalent to BS970 735A50

Austenitic stainless steels Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Other 15001 USA AISI 201 (UNS S20100) <.15 <1.0 5.5–7.5 <.06 <.03 16.0–18.0 – 3.5–5.5 – 15002 USA AISI 202 (UNS S20200) <.15 <1.0 7.5–10.0 <.06 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 4.0–6.0 N < .25 UK BS970 284S16 <.07 <1.0 7.0–10.0 <06 <.03 16.5–18.5 – 4.0–6.5 N .15–.25 G X8 Cr Mn Ni 189Wk. 1.4371 <1 <1.0 7.5–9.5 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 4.5–6.5 N .1–.2 15003 USA AISI 301 (UNS S30100) <.15 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 16.0–18.0 – 6.0–8.0 – UK BS970 301S21 <.15 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 16.0–18.0 – 6.0–8.0 – F AFNOR Z12CN17-08 .08–15 <1.0 <2.0 <.04 <.03 16.0–18.0 – 6.5–8.5 – G DIN 17440:0017442. <.07 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–20.0 – 8.5–10.0 – X5 Cr Ni 18.9 Wk. 1.4301 15004 USA AISI 302 (UNS S30200) <.15 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 8.0–10.0 – UK BS970 302S25 <12 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 8.0–11.0 – UK BS970 302S17 <.08 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 9.0–11.0 – F AFNOR Z10CN 18-09 <.12 <1.0 <2.0 <.04 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 8.0–10.0 – F AFNOR Z12CN 18-10 <.15 .2–.4 .2–.4 <.04 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 8.0–10.0 – G X12Cr Ni 18 8 Wk. 1.4300 <.12 <.1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 8.5–10.0 – 15005 USA AISI 302 B (UNS S30215) <.15 2.0–3.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 8.0–10.0 – 15006 USA AISI 303 (UNS S30300) <.15 <1.0 <2.0 <.2 >.15 17.0–19.0 – 8.0–10.0 – UK BS970 303S21 <.12 .2–1.0 1.0–2.0 <.045 .15–.3 17.0–19.0 – 8.0–11.0 – F AFNOR Z10 CNF 18-09 <12 <1.0 <2.0 <.06 >.15 17.0–19.0 – 8.0–10.0 – G DIN 17440:0017442. X12 Cr <.15 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 .15–.35 17.0–19.0 – 8.0–10.0 – Ni S18 8 Wk. 1.4305 15007 USA AISI 303 SE <.15 <1.0 <2.0 <.2 <.06 17.0–19.0 – 8.0–10.0 Se > .15 (UNS S30323) UK BS970 303S41 <.12 .2–1.0 1.0–2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 8.0–11.0 Se > .15–.3 15008 USA AISI 304 (UNS S30400) <.08 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 18.0–20.0 – 8.0–10.5 – UK BS970 304S15 <.06 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 17.5–19.0 – 8.0–11.0 – UK BS970 304S16 <.06 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 17.5–19.0 – 9.0–11.0 – F AFNOR Z6CN 18-09 <.07 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 8.0–11.0 – G X5 Cr Ni 18 9 Wk. 1.4301 <.07 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–20.0 – 8.5–10.0 – 15009 USA AISI 304 L (UNS S30403) <.03 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 18.0–20.0 – 8.0–12.0 – UK BS970 304S12 <.03 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 17.5–19.0 – 9.0–12.0 – F AFNOR Z2 CN 18-10 <.03 <1.0 <2.0 <.04 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 9.0–11.0 – F G X2 Cr Ni 18 9 Wk. 1.4306 <.03 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–20.0 – 10.0–12.5 – 15010 USA AISI 305 (UNS S30500) <.12 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 10.5–13.0 – UK BS970 305S19 <.1 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 11.0–13.0 – F AFNOR Z8 CN 18-12 <.1 <1.0 <2.0 <.04 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 11.0–13.0 – G DIN 17445 G-X10 Cr Ni 18 8 <.12 <2.0 <1.5 <.045 <03 17.0–19.5 – 18.0–10.0 – Wk. 1.4312 (continued) 582 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

(continued) Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Other 15011 USA AISI 308 (UNS S30800) .08 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 19.0–21.0 – 10.0–12.0 – 15012 USA AISI 309 (UNS S30900) <.2 <1.0 <2.0 <.0.45 <.03 22.0–24.0 – 12.0–15.0 – UK BS970 309S24 <.15 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 22.0–25.0 – 13.0–16.0 – F AFNOR Z12 CNS 25-13 <.2 1.0–2.0 <2.0 <.04 <.03 20.0–23.0 – 12.0–14.0 – G G-XI5 Cr Ni 25-12 Wk. 1.4830 1–2 <1.5 <2.0 <.045 <.03 24.0–26.0 – 12.0–14.0 – 15013 USA AISI 310 (UNS S31000) <.25 <1.5 <2.0 <.045 <.03 24.0–26.0 – 19.0–22.0 – UK BS970 310S24 <.15 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 23.0–26.0 – 19.0–22.0 – F AFNOR Z12 CN 25-20 <.15 <1.0 2.0 <.04 <.03 23.0–26.0 – 18.0–21.0 – G G-X15 Cr Ni 25-20 Wk. .1–.2 <1.5 <2.0 <.045 <.03 24.0–26.0 – 19.0–21.0 – 1.4840 15014 USA AISI 310S (UNS S31008) <.08 <1.5 <2.0 <.045 <.03 24.0–26.0 – 19.0–22.0 – G X5 Cr Ni 25 21 Wk. 1.4335 <.07 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 19.0–22.0 – 19.0–22.0 – 15C15 USA AISI 314 (UNS S31400) <.25 1.5–3.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 23.0–26.0 – 19.0–22.0 – 15016 USA AISI 316 (UNS S31600) <.08 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 16.0–18.0 2.0–3.0 10.0–14.0 – UK BS970 315S16 <.07 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 16.5–18.5 1.25–1.75 9.0–11.0 – UK BS970 316S16 <.07 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 16.5–18.5 2.25–3.0 10.0 13.0 – F AFNOR Z6 CND 17-11 <.07 <1.0 <2.0 <.04 <.03 16.0–18.0 2.0–2.5 10.0–12.0 – G DIN 17440; 17445; 17224. X5 <.07 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 16.5–18.5 2.0–2.5 10.5–13.5 – Cr Ni Mo 18–10 Wk. 1.4401 15017 USA AISI 316 L (UNS S31603) <.03 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 16.0–18.0 2.0–3.0 10.0–14.0 – UK BS970 316S12 <.03 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 16.5–18.5 2.25–3.0 11.0–14.0 – F AFNOR Z2 CND 17-12 <.03 <1.0 <2.0 <.04 <.03 16.0–18.0 2.0–2.5 11.0–13.0 – G DIN 17440; 17442:001654 X2 <.03 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 16.5–18.5 2.0–2.5 11.0–14.0 – Cr Ni Mo 18-10 Wk. 1.44041 15018 USA AISI 317 (UNS S31700) <.08 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 18.0–20.0 3.0–4.0 11.0–15.0 – UK BS970 317S16 <.06 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 17.5–19.5 3.0–4.0 12.0–15.0 – F AFNOR Z2 CND 19-15 <.03 <1.0 <2.0 <.04 <.03 18.0–20.0 13.0–4.0 14.0–16.0 – G DIN 17440 X2 Cr Ni Mo 18-16 <.025 <1.0 <.02 <.025 <.02 17.0–19.0 3.0–4.0 15.0–17.0 – Wk. 1.4438 15019 USA AISI 321 (UNS S32100) <.08 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 9.0–12.0 Ti > 5 × C UK BS970 321S12 <.08 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 .03 17.0–19.0 – 9.0–12.0 Ti 5 × C − .7 UK BS970 321S20 <.12 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 8.0–11.0 Ti 5 × C − .9 F AFNOR Z6 CN 18-10 .05–.1 <1.0 <2.0 <.03 <.03 16.0–20.0 – 8.0–10.0 Ti F AFNOR Z6 CNT 18-11 <.08 <1.0 <2.0 <.04 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 10.0–12.0 Ti 5 × C − .6 G DIN 17440:43720 X10 Cr Ni <.1 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 9.0–11.5 Ti > 5 × C Ti 18-9 Wk. 1.4541 15020 USA AISI 347 (UNS S34700) <.08 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 9.0–12.0 Nb + Ta > 10 × C UK BS970 347S17 <.08 .2–1.0 .5–2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 9.0–12.0 Nb 10 × C − 1.0 F AFNOR Z6 CN Nb 18-11 <.08 <1.0 <2.0 <2.0 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 10.0–12.0 Nb + Ta 10 × C − 1.0 G DIN 17440 X10 Cr Ni Nb 18-9 <.1 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 9.0–11.5 Nb > 8 × C Wk. 1.4550 15021 USA AISI 348 (UNS S34800) <.08 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 9.0 .13.0 Nb + Ta > 10 × CTa < .1 Co < .2 15022 USA AISI 384 (UNS S38400) <.08 <1.0 <2.0 <.045 <.03 15.0–17.0 – 17.0–19.0 – Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 583

Ferritic and martensitic stainless steels Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Other 15023 USA AISI 403 (UNS S40300) <.15 <.5 <1.0 <.04 <.03 11.5–13.0 –– – UK BS970 403S17 <.08 <.8 <1.0 <.04 <.03 12.0–14.0 – <.5 – UK BS970 410S21 .09–. <.8 <1.0 <.04 <.03 11.5–13.5 – <1.0 – 15 F AFNOR Z10 C13 <.12 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 12.0–14.0 –– – G X7 Crl4; G-X7 Cr 13 Wk. <.08 <1.0 <1.0 <.045 <03 13.0–15.0 –– – 1.4001 G DIN 17440; 001654 (G-) .08–. <1.0 <1.0 <.045 <.03 12.0–14.0 –– – X10 Cr 13 Wk. 1.4006 12 15024 USA AISI 405 (UNS S40500) <.08 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 11.5–14.5 –– AI .1–.3 UK BS970 405S17 <.08 <.8 <1.0 <.04 <.03 12.0–14.0 – <.5 AI .1–.3 F AFNOR Z6 CA 13 <.08 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 11.5–13.5 – <.5 AI .1–.3 G DIN 17440 X7 Cr AI 13. Wk. <.08 <1.0 <1.0 <.045 <.03 12.0–14.0 –– AI .1–.3 1.4002 15025 USA AISI 410 (UNS S41000) <.15 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 11.5–13.5 –– – UK BS970 410S21 .09–. <.8 <1.0 <.04 <.03 11.5–13.5 – <1.0 – 15 F AFNOR Z10C-13 <.12 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 12.0–14.0 –– – F AFNOR Z12C-13 .08–.15 <1.0 .04 <.04 <.03 11.5–13.5 – <.5 – G DIN 17440:0017442 X15 .12–.17 <1.0 <1.0 <.045 <.03 12.0–14.0 –– – Cr 13 Wk. 1.4024 15026 USA AISI 414 (UNS S41400) <.15 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 11.5–13.5 – 1.25– – 2.50 15027 USA AISI 416 (UNS S41600) <.15 <1.0 <1.25 <.06 >.15 12.0–14.0 <.6 –– UK BS970 416S21 .09–.15 <1.0 <1.5 <.06 .15–.3 11.5–13.5 <.6 <1.0 – F AFNOR Z12 CF 13 <.15 <1.0 <1.5 <.06 >.15 12.0–14.0 <.6 <.5 – G X 12 Cr S 13 Wk. 1.4005 <.15 <1.0 <1.0 <.045 .15–.25 12.0–13.0 –– – 15028 USA AISI 416 SE (UNS S41623) <.15 <1.0 <1.25 <.06 <.06 12.0–14.0 –– Se > .15 UK BS970 416S41 .09–. <1.0 <1.5 <.06 <.06 11.5–13.5 <.6 <1.0 Se 15 .15–.35 15029 USA AISI 420 (UNS S42000) >.15 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 12.0–14.0 –– – UK BS970 420S29 .14–.2 <.8 <1.0 <.04 <.03 11.5–13.5 >.6 >1.0 – UK BS970 420S37 .2–.28 <.8 <1.0 <.04 <.03 12.0–14.0 – <1.0 – F AFNOR Z20 C13 .15–.24 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 12.0–14.0 – <1.0 – G DIN 17440; 17224:0017442 .17–.22 <1.0 <1.0 <.045 <.03 12.0–14.0 –– – X20 Cr 13 Wk. 1.402 15030 USA AISI 420 F (UNS S42020) >.15 <1.0 <1.25 <.06 >.15 12.0–14.0 <.6 –– 15031 USA AISI 429 (UNS S42900) <.12 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 14.0–16.0 –– – 15032 USA AISI 430 (UNS S43000) <.12 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 16.0–18.0 –– – UK BS970 430S15 <1 <.8 <1.0 <.04 <.03 16.0–18.0 – <.5 – F AFNOR Z15 CN 16-02 <.18 .2–.4 2–.4 <.04 <.03 15.0–17.0 – 1.0–2.0 – G DIN 17440; 001654 X8 Cr <.1 <1.0 <1.0 <.045 <.03 15.5–17.5 –– – 17 Wk. 1.4016 15033 USA AISI 430 F (UNS S43020) <.12 <1.0 <1.25 <.06 >.15 16.0–18.0 <.6 –– 15034 USA AISI 430 F SE (UNS <.12 <1.0 <1.25 <.06 <.06 16.0–18.0 –– Se > .15 S43023) 15035 USA AISI 431 (UNS S43100) <.2 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 15.0–17.0 – 1.25– – 2.5 UK BS970 431S29 .12–.2 <.8 <1.0 <.04 <.03 15.0–18.0 – 2.0–3.0 – F AFNOR Z15 CN17-03 <.18 .2–.4 .2–.4 <.04 <.03 15.0–17.0 – 1.0–2.0 – G DIN 17440;001654 X22 Cr .15–.23 <1.0 <1.0 <.045 <.03 16.0–18.0 – 1.5–2.5 – Ni 17 Wk. 1.4057 (continued) 584 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

(continued) Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Other 15036 USA AISI 434 (UNS S43400) <.12 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 16.0–18.0 .75– –– 1.25 UK BS970 434S19 <.1 <.8 <1.0 <.04 <.03 16.0–18.0 .9–1.3 <.5 – F AFNOR Z8CD 17-01 <.1 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 16.0–18.0 .9–1.3 <.5 – G DIN 17440 X6 Cr Mo 17 <.07 <1.0 <1.0 <.045 <.03 16.0–18.0 .9–1.2 –– Wk. 1.4113 15037 USA AISI 436 (UNS S43600) <.12 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 16.0–18.0 .75– – Nb+Ta 1.25 5×C–.7 15038 USA AISI 440 A (UNS S44002) .6–.75 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 16.0–18.0 <.75 –– F AFNOR Z50 CD 14 .5–.6 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 13.0–15.0 .5–.6 –– G X65 Cr Mo 14 Wk. 1.4109 .6–.75 <1.0 <1.0 <.045 <.03 13.0–15.0 .5–.6 –– G X55 Cr Mo 14 Wk. 1.4110 .5–.6 <1.0 <1.0 <.045 <.03 13.0–15.0 .5–.6 –– 15039 USA AISI 440 B (UNS S44003) .75–. <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 16.0–18.0 <.75 –– 95 15040 USA AISI 440 C (UNS S44004) .95–1.2 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 16.0–18.0 <.75 –– F AFNOR Z100CD17 G DIN 0017230 X105 Cr Mo .95–1.2 <1.0 <1.0 <.045 <.03 16.0–18.0 .4–.8 –– 17 15041 USA AISI 442 (UNS S44200) <.2 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 18.0–23.0 –– – UK BS970 442S19 <.1 <.8 <1.0 <.04 <.03 18.0–22.0 – <.5 15042 USA AISI 446 (UNS S44600) <.2 <1.0 <1.5 <.04 <.03 23.0–27.0 – N < .25 – F AFNOR Z10 C24 <.12 <1.5 <1.0 <.04 <.03 23.0–26.0 –– – G X20 Cr 25 Wk. 1.3810 <.25 .5–2.0 <.5 –– 24.0–26.0 –– – G X8 Cr 28 Wk. 1.4083 <.1 <1.0 <1.0 <.045 <.03 27.0–29.0 –– – 15043 USA AISI 501 (UNS S50100) >.1 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 4.0–6.0 .4–.65 –– UK BS1504 Grade 1504-625 <.15 <.5 .3–.7 <.045 <.045 4.0–6.0 .45–.65 <.4 Cu < 4 G GS-12 Cr Mo 19 5 Wk. 1. .08–.15 .3–.5 .4–7 <.035 <.035 4.5–5.5 .45–.55 –– 7363 15044 USA AISI 502 (UNS S50200) <.1 <1.0 <1.0 <.04 <.03 4.0–6.0 .4–.65 –– UK BS1504 Grade 1504–625 <.15 <.5 .3–.7 <.045 <.045 4.0–6.0 .45–.65 <.4 Cu < .4 G GS-12 Cr Mo 19 5 Wk. .08–.15 .3–.5 .4–.7 <.035 <.035 4.5–5.5 .45–.55 –– 1.7363

Specially named steels Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Other 16001 USA Music Wire ASTM .7–1.0 .1–.3 .2–.6 <.025 <.03 –––– A228 (UNS K08500) See AISI 1078; 1086; 1095—(UNS G10780; UNS G 10860; UNS G 10950 Table Nos: 11040; 11044: 11046) 16002 USA HY80—ASTM A543 <.18 .18–.37 <.4 <.02 <.02 1.0–1.5 .45–.60 2.25–3.25 V < .03 (UNS J42015 (HY80)) *8 USA HY130- <.12 – .6–.9 ––.4–.7 .3–.65 4.75–5.25 V .05–.10 USA HY140—Designation no longer in use These steels are made in Europe to the USA analyses (continued) Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 585

(continued) Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Other 16003 USA Carpenter 20 Cb Stainless (UNS N08020 (20Cb-3)) Now replaced by 20Cb-3 below USA Carpenter 20 Cb-3 <06 <1.0 <2.0 <.035 <.035 19.0–21.0 2.0–3.0 32.5–35.0 Cu 3.0–4.0 Nb +Ta8×C < 1.0 16004 USA Allegheny Ludlum— .08 .4 1.4 ––15 1.25 26 Ti 2.15 Al .2 A286 (UNS K66286) .004 USA Bofors—A286 .06 ––––15 1.3 25 Ti 2.15 AI.2 .004 F AFNOR Z6NCT25-15 G DIN0017225 X5 Ni Cr Ti <.08 <1.0 1.0– <.03 <.03 13.5–16.0 1.0–1.5 24.0–27.0 Al < .35 Ti 1.9– 26 15 Wk. 1.4980 2.0 2.3 B .003–.010V.1 –.5 G LN 1.4944.4 EUR AECMA FE PA92HT 16005 USA Allegheny Ludlum .08 .4 1.0 ––16.5 2.7 4.3 N .1 AM350 (UNS S35000) 16006 USA Allegheny Ludlum .15 .4 1.0 ––15.5 2.75 4.25 N .1 AM355 (UNS S35500) 16007 USA Carpenter. Custom 455 .03 – .25 ––11.75 – 9.0 Ti 1.2 Cu 2.2 (UNS S45500) Nb+ Ta 0.3 16008 USA 15-5 PH (UNS S15500) .04 – .8 ––15.0 – 4.6 Cu 3.3 Nb .27 16009 USA PH 14–8Mo .04 – .6 ––15.1 2.2 8.3 AI 1.2 + N (UNS S14800) 16010 USA PH 15–7Mo .07 ––––15 2.2 7 AI 1.1 (UNS S15700) 16011 USA PH 17–7 (UNS S17700) .07 ––––17 – 7 AI 1.1 16012 USA SAE H11 Tool Steel .3–.4 .8–1.2 .2–.4 ––4.75–5.50 1.25–1.75 – V.3–.5 (UNS T20811) USA H11 MOD (UNS K74015)—Replaced by UNS T20811 USA Vascojet 1000 UK BS4659 BH11 .32–.42 .85– <.4 ––4.75–5.25 1.25–1.75 – V.3–.5 1.15 F E-40CDV20 G (G-) X38 Cr Mo V 5 1 .36–.42 .9–1.2 .3–.5 <.03 <.03 4.8–5.8 1.4 –– Wk. 1.2343 G Wk. 1.7784 EUR AECMA FE-PM13S .37–.43 – .3 ––4.75–5.25 1.3 – V.5 16013 USA 17/4 PH—ASTM A 579- <.07 <1.0 <1.0 <.025 <.025 15.5–17.5 – 3.0–5.0 Cu 3.0–5.0 Nb AIS1630 (UNS J92200) .15–45 Grade 61 16014 USA PH 13-8 Mo (UNS S .03 – <.1 ––12.8 2.2 8.2 AI 1.1 13800) 16015 USA Maraging ASTM 579 <.03 <.1 <.1 <.01 <.01 – 3.0–3.5 17.0–19.0 Ti .15–.25 Co Grade 71 Yield 200 ksi 8.0–9.0 AI .05– (UNS K92820) 15 Ca .06 Zr .02 B .003 16016 USA Maraging ASTM 579 <.03 <.1 <.1 <.01 <.01 – 4.6–5.2 17.0–19.0 Ti .3–.5 Co Grade 72 Yield 250 ksi 7.5–8.3 AI (UNS K92940) .05–.15 Ca .06 Zr .02 B .003 16017 USA Maraging ASTM 579 <.03 <.1 <.1 <.01 <.01 – 4.6–5.2 18.0–19.0 Ti .5–.8 Co Grade 73 Yield 275 ksi 8.5–9.5 AI (UNS K93160) .05–.15 Ca .06 Zr .02 B .003 (continued) 586 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

(continued) Composition Country Designation C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Other 16018 USA ARMCO 21-6-9 <.08 <1.0 8.0– <.06 <.03 19.0–21.5 – 5.5–7.5 N .15–.4 (UNS S21900) 10.0 UK BS970 284S16 <.07 <1.0 7.0– <.06 <.03 16.5–18.5 – 4.0–6.5 N .15–25 10.0 G X8 Cr Mn Ni 18 9Wk. <.1 <1.0 7.5– <.045 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 4.5–6.5 N .1–.2 1.4371 9.5 16019 USA ALMAR 362 (UNS .03 .2 .3 <.015 <.015 14.5 – 6.5 Ti .8 Nominal S36200) comp. 16020 USA Nitronic 33 <.08 <1.0 11.5– <.06 <.03 17.0–19.0 – 2.25–3.75 N .2–.4 14.5 USA Nitronic 32 <.1 .5 12 <.06 <.03 18 – 1.6 N .34 USA Nitronic 60 (UNS <.1 3.5–4.5 7.0– <.06 <.03 16–18 – 8.0–9.0 N .08–.18 S21800) 9.0 16021 USA Kovar (low expansion <.04 <.2 <.5 <.2 <.2 29 Co 17.0 Fe alloy) Balance. Nominal comp. UK Nilo K 29 Co 17.0 Fe Balance. Nominal comp. F Dilver P0 29 Co 21.8 Fe Balance. Nominal comp. F Dilver P1 29 Co 18.0 Fe Balance. Nominal comp. G Dilaton 29/18 <.05 <.2 <1.0 ––– – 28–30 Co 17.0–19.0 Wk. 1.3981 Fe Bal. Nominal comp. 16022 USA Invar .1 .2 .5 36 Nominal comp. USA Invar 36 36 Nominal comp. UK Nilo 36 36 Nominal comp. 16023 USA Invar 42 42 Nominal comp. UK Nilo 42 42 Nominal comp. Notes for steel tables <: less than, x–y range >: greater than, x approx *1: Silicon content depends on whether the steel is rimming, balanced or killed. For killed steel Si < 0.4. For AISI up to but excluding 1015 Si < 0.1. Ranges depend on sheet making practice *2: Traces *3: For electric steel N < 0.012 *4: Spring Steel *5: Only very approximate equivalent *6: Can be alloyed with lead *7: Can have boron content of 0.0005 % minimum. Number then carries a B *8: Pressure vessel plate steels. Special conditions may be required. Vacuum treatment, special testing, impact testing, nondestructive testing

European CEN Designations for Steels other materials. However, it will be some years before this process is completed and fully implemented. European EN speciﬁcations for metal alloys are currently The European designation system for steels is set out in being generated and adopted. These will progressively the speciﬁcation EN10027 and in the ECISS information supersede the various national standards for steels, as with circular DD214:1993 ECISS/IC10:1992. The EN designations for steels will consist of three parts: Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 587

• European Standard number, e.g. “EN 10083-1”. In principal, EN steel numbers can be inferred for steels • ‘Steel Name’ (grade)—Symbolic letters and numbers by using the existing Werkstoff numbers, however there is expressing the application and principal characteristics, no guarantee that such numbers have currently been either e.g. “2C50 (C50E)”. agreed or adopted by any particular country. New speciﬁ- • ‘Steel Number’—a 5 digit designation based on the cations, once adopted, will be issued by each national existing German Werkstoff (Wk.) number, with a further standards organisation, and any existing, competing speci- two digits held in reserve, e.g. “1.1206”. ﬁcations will be withdrawn. The implementation of the new standards recognises The examples given above make up the complete EN three levels of equivalence between EN designations and designation: EN 10083-1 2C50 (C50E) 1.1206; See existing national grades of steel: ‘Close Equivalent’, ‘Near table 11029. Within the alloy tables, the ‘Steel Name’ part Equivalent’ and ‘Approximate Equivalent’. The new EN has been underlined (e.g. EN 10083-1 2C50 (C50E) 1.1206) designations included in the above tables are all near to indicate the separate the parts of the designation. equivalents of BS970-1 steel grades. 588 Alloy equivalent—Nickel based alloys Composition (Ni—balance unless otherwise stated) Country Designation C Co Cr Mo V W Al Cu Nb Ta Ti Fe Other 21001 USA/UK Hastelloy C (UNS N10002 <.08 <2.5 14.5–16.5 15–17 <.35 3.0–4.5 ––––– 4.0–7.0 Si < 1.0 Mn < 1.0 G Wk 2.4537 <.02 2.5 15.5 16 0.35 3.7 6 Ni balance. Nominal comp. G Wk 2.4602 16 17 4 6 Ni balance. Nominal comp. 21002 USA/UK Hastelloy X (UNS N06002) .05–.15 .5–2.5 20.5–23.0 8.0–10.0 – .2–1.0 ––––– 17–20 Si < 1.0 Mn < 1.0 G Wk. 2.4613 21003 USA/UK Incoloy 800 (UNS N08800) <.1 – 19.0–23.0 – –– .15–.6 –– –.15–.6 Bal. Ni 30.0–35.0 G X10 NiCrAITi 3220 .07 21 * * Ni 31.0 nominal comp. UK Wk. 1.4876 BS 3072 NA <.1 – 19.0–23.0 –––.15–.6 <.75 ––.15–.6 Bal. Ni + Co 30.0–35.0 15 21004 USA/UK Incoloy 901 (UNS N09901) <.1 – 11.0–14.0 5–7 –– <.35 <.5 ––2.35–3.1 Bal. Ni 40.0–40.5 Mn < 1.0 Si < .6 B .01–.02 21005 USA/UK Incoloy 903 (UNS N19903) – 13.0–17.0 ––––.3–1.5 – 2.4–3.5 – 1.0–1.25 Bal. Ni 36.0–40.0 21006 USA/UK Incoloy 907 (UNS N19907) 13.0 4.7 1.5 Bal. Ni 38.0 nominal comp. 21007 USA/UK Incoloy 909 (UNS N19909) .1 13.0 4.7 1.5 Bal. Ni 38.0 nominal comp. 21008 USA/UK Inconel 600 (UNS N06600) <.15 – 14.0–17.0 ––––<.5 –––6.0–10.0 Ni > 72.0 UK BS3072 NA14 <.15 – 14.0–17.0 ––––<.5 –––6.0–10.0 Ni + Co > 72.0 Mn < 1.0 Si < .5 G Wk. 2.4816 .05 16 10 Nominal comp. 21009 USA/UK Inconel 625 (UNS N06625) <.1 – 20.0–23.0 8.0–10.0 –– <.4 – 3.15–4.15 <.4 <5.0 Ni balance 21010 USA/UK Inconel 718 (UNS N07718) <.08 <1.0 17.0–21.0 2.8–3.0 –– .2–.8 – 4.75–5.5 .65–1.15 Bal. Si < .35 Mn < .35 Ni 50.0–55.0 F/AECMA NI-P100HT

G Wk. 2.4666 Tables Comparison Alloy Metal 6: Appendix CEN EN 2403PR (NI-P100HT Solution treated and precipitation treated precision castings—provisional spec.) EN 2404PR (NI-P100HT Solution treated and precipitation treated bars—provisional spec.) EN 2405PR (NI-P100HT Solution treated and precipitation treated forgings—provisional spec.) EN 2407PR (NI-P100HT Solution treated and precipitation treated sheet and strip, a ≤ 3mm—provisional spec.) EN 2408PR (NI-P100HT Solution treated and precipitation treated plates, a ≤ 3mm—provisional spec.) EN 2952PR (NI-P100HT Solution treated and cold worked bar for hot upset forging for fasteners, 3 mm ≤ d ≤ 30 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2961 PR (NI-P100HT Cold worked and solution treated bar for machining for fasteners, 3 mm ≤ d ≤ 50 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3666PR (NI-P100 Cold worked—RM ≥ 1500 MPa—bar for machining, 3 mm ≤ d ≤ 50 mm—provisional spec.) (continued) (continued) Tables Comparison Alloy Metal 6: Appendix Composition (Ni—balance unless otherwise stated) Country Designation C Co Cr Mo V W Al Cu Nb Ta Ti Fe Other 21011 USA/UK Inconel X750 (UNS <.08 – 14.0–17.0 –––.4–1.0 – .7–1.2 2.25–2.75 5.0–9.0 Si < .5 Mn < 1.0 Ni N07750) Balance 21012 USA/UK Monel K500 (UNS <.25 –––––2.9 Bal. – – .35–.85 <2.0 Si < .5 Mn < 1.5 Ni N05500) 63.0–70.0 G Wk. 2.4360 31.0 2.0 Ni balance. Nominal comp. G Wk. 2.4374 3.0 30.0 .8 1.5 Ni balance. Nominal comp. G Wk. 2.4375 .25 3.0 30.0 1.0 2.0 Ni balance. Nominal comp. 21013 USA/UK NI-SPAN C902 (UNS <.06 – 4.9–5.75 – –– .3–.8 –– –2.2–2.75 Bal. Ni 41.0–43.5 Mn < .8 N09902) Si < 1.0 21014 USA/UK RENE 41 (UNS N07041) <.12 10.0–12.0 18.0–20.0 9.0–10.5 –– 1.4–1.8 –– –3.0–3.3 <5.0 Si < .5 Mn < .1 B .003–.010 21015 USA/UK UNITEMP 212 .08 – 16.0 – –– .15 – .5 – 4.0 Bal. Si .15 Mn .05 B .06 Zr .05 Ni 25.0 21016 USA/UK WASPALLOY (UNS .03–.1 12.0–15.0 18.0–20.0 3.5–5.0 –– 1.2–1.6 –– –2.75–3.25 <2.0 B .003–.010 Zr .02–.12 N07001) F/AECMA NI-P101HT CEN EN 2193PR (NI-P101 HT Solution treated and precipitation treated bars—provisional spec.) EN 2194PR (NI-P101 HT Solution treated and precipitation treated forgings—provisional spec.) EN 2195PR (NI-P101HT Solution treated and precipitation treated sheet and strip, a ≤ 3mm—provisional spec.) EN 2406PR (NI-P101 HT Solution treated and precipitation treated bars for forged bolts, d ≤ 25 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2959PR (NI-P101 HT Solution treated and cold worked bar for hot upset forging for fasteners, 3 mm ≤ d ≤ 30 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2960PR (NI-P101 HT Cold worked and solution treated bar for machining for fasteners, 3 mm ≤ d ≤ 50 mm—provisional spec.) Notes for Nickel alloys Trade Names—Usually nominal compositions only available. Some alloys are balance iron, some balance nickel 589 Alloy equivalents—Aluminium alloys (wrought) 590

Composition (max. unless otherwise stated) Others Country Designation Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al min. Notes 31001 USA AA 1050 (UNS A91050) .25 .4 .05 .05 .05 – .05 .03 .03 – 99.5 (1050A: Zn < .07) UK AA 1050A (was BS 1B) .3 .4 .05 .03 ––.1 –– –99.5 *35 UK BS 5L36 (AA 1050A) .3 .4 .05 .05 ––.10 – 0.03 – 99.5 F NF A-5 (AA 1050A) .3 .4 .05 .05 .03 .03 .1 .05 ––Rem. G DIN 1712 AI99.5 (AA 1050A) Wk. 99.5 3.0255 CEN EN 2072 (1050A-H14 sheet and strip); EN 2073PR (1050A-H14 tube for structures, 5 mm < d < 100 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2114PR (1050A-H14 wire for solid rivets, d ≤ 10 mm—provisional spec.) 31002 USA AA 1060 (UNS A91060) .25 .35 .05 .03 .03 – .05 .03 .03 – 99.6 31003 USA AA 1100 (UNS A91100) 1.0 (Si+Fe) .05–.2 .05 ––.1 – .05 .15 99.0 *31 UK AA 1100 1.0 (Si+Fe) .05–.2 .05 ––.1 – .05 .15 99.0 *31 CEN EN 3996PR (1100-H14 sheet and strip, 0.3 mm ≤ a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) 31004 USA AA 1145 (UNS A91145) .55 (Si+Fe) .05 .05 ––––.03 – 99.45 UK AA 1145 .55 (Si+Fe) .05 .05 ––––.03 – 99.45 31005 USA AA 1175 (UNS A91175) .15 (Si+Fe) .1 –– –.03 – .02 – 99.75 *32 UK AA 1080A (was BS 1A) .15 .15 .02 .03 ––.06 –– –99.8 *33 F NF A8 (AA 1080A) .15 .15 .03 .03 .01 .02 .06 .05 – .2 Rem. G DIN 1712 AI99.7 Wk. 3.0275 .20 .25 .03 –– –.07 .05 .02 .3 Rem. G DIN 1712 AI99.8 (AA 1080A) Wk. .15 .15 .02 –– –.06 .03 .01 .2 Rem. 3.0285 31006 USA AA 1200 (UNS A91200) 1.0 (Si+Fe) .05 .05 ––.1 .05 .05 .15 99.0 UK AA 1200 (was BS 1C) 1.0 (Si+Fe) .05 .05 ––.1 .05 .05 .15 99.0 UK BS 6L16; BS 6L17; BS 4L34 .5 .7 .1 .1 ––.1 – .05 – 99.0 F NF A-4 .5 .8 .1 .1 .05 .05 .1 .05 ––Rem. G DIN 1712 AI99 Wk. 3.0205 .5 .6 .07 –– –.08 .05 .04 1.0 Rem. 31007 USA AA 1230 (UNS A91230) .7 (Si+Fe) .1 .03 ––.1 – .05 – 99.3 UK AA 1230 .7 (Si+Fe) .1 .03 ––.1 – .05 – 99.3 31008 USA AA 1235 (UNS A91235) .65 (Si+Fe) .05 –– –––.05 – 99.35 UK AA 1235 .65 (Si+Fe) .05 –– –––.05 – 99.35

31009 USA AA 1345 (UNS A91345) .3 .4 .1 –– –––.03 – 99.45 Tables Comparison Alloy Metal 6: Appendix UK, F, G: See Table 31001 (AA 1050) 31010 USA AA 1350 (UNS A91350) .1 .4 .05 .01 – .01 .05 +V .02 .03 .1 99.5 Ga < .03 B < .05 UK AA 1350 (was BS 1 E); BS2897 .1 .4 .05 .01 – .01 .05 +V .02 .03 .1 99.5 Ga < .03 B < .05 F A 5L, A 5B 99.5 G DIN 1712 AI99.5 Wk. 3.0255 .3 .4 .05 –– –.07 .05 .03 .5 Rem. G DIN 1712 AI99.5 Wk. 3.0257 31011 USA 1420 .05 4.5–6.0 Li 1.9–2.3 Zr .08–.15 Nominal comp. 31012 USA 1430 1.4–1.8 2.3–3.0 Li 1.5–1.9 Zr .08–.14 Nominal comp. 31013 USA 1440 1.2–1.9 .6–1.1 Li 2.1–2.6 Zr .1–.2 Nominal comp. 31014 USA 1460 2.6–3.3 .05 Li 2.0–2.5 Zr < .15 Sc < .14 Nominal comp. 31015 USA AA 2011 (UNS A92011) .4 .7 5.0–6.0 –– –.3 – .05 .15 Rem. *37 UK AA2011 (was BS FC1); BS4300/5; .4 .7 5.0–6.0 –– –.3 – .05 .15 Rem. *37 EN 515; EN 573-3; EN 573-4 F A-U5PbBi 5.5 Rem. Nominal comp. G DIN 1725 Al Cu Bi Pb. Wk. 3.1655 .4 .7 5.0–6.0 –– –.3 – .05 .15 Rem. *37 31016 USA AA 2014 (UNS A92014) .5–1.2 .7 3.9–5.0 .4–1.2 .2–.8 .1 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. *310*31 (continued) (continued) Tables Comparison Alloy Metal 6: Appendix

Composition (max. unless otherwise stated) Others Country Designation Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al min. Notes UK AA 2104A (was BS H15); BS .5–.9 .5 3.9–5.0 .4–1.2 .2–.8 .1 .2 +Zr .2 ––Rem. Ni .2, Pb .05, Sn .05 L102; BS L103; BS L105; BS L156-L159; BS L163-L168; BS 2L77; BS 2L87; BS 2L93; BS 3L63; BS 7L37; DTD 5010A; DTD 5030A; DTD5040A F NFA-U4SG .5–1.2 .7 3.9–4.9 .4–1.2 .2–.8 .1 .25 .2 ––Rem. G DIN 1725 Al Cu Si Mn. Wk. 3.1255 .5–1.2 .7 3.9–5.0 .4–1.2 .2–.8 .1 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. CEN EN 2087PR (2014A-T6/T62 clad sheet and strip—provisional spec.) EN 2088PR (2014A-T4/T42 clad sheet and strip—provisional spec.) EN 2089 (2014A-T6 sheet and strip) EN 2100 (2014A-T4511 bar and drawn proﬁles) EN 2323PR (2014A-T651 bar ≤ 200 mm—provisional spec) EN 2324PR (2014A-T6 bar and section ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2325PR (2014A-T6 bar ≤ 100 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2384 (2014A-T6511 bar and drawn proﬁles) EN 2387PR (2014A-T6 tube for structures, 0.6 mm ≤ a ≤ 12.5 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2395 (2014A-T4/T42 sheet and strip) EN 2634PR (2014A-T4511 bars and sections 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 200 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 2635PR (2014A-T6511 bars and sections 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 150 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 2639PR (2014A-T6 extruded bars and sections 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 150 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 2710PR (2014A-T4510 bar and section, 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 200 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 2711 PR (2014A-T6510 bar and section, 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 150 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 3346PR (2014A-T3 tube for structures, 0.6 mm ≤ a ≤ 12.5 mm—provisional spec.) 31017 USA AA 2017 (UNS A92017) .2–.8 .7 3.5–4.3 .4–1.0 .4–.8 .1 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. *310 UK AA 2017 .2–.8 .7 3.5–4.3 .4–1.0 .4–.8 .1 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. *310 F NF A-U49 .3–.8 .7 3.5–4.7 .3–.8 .4–1.0 .1 .25 .2 ––Rem. G DIN 1725 Al Cu Mg 1. Wk. 3.1325 .6 .5 3.5–4.3 .3–1.0 .4–1.0 .1 .5 .2 .05 .2 Rem. CEN EN 2116PR (2017A-H13 wire for solid rivets, d ≤ 10 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2393PR (2017A-T4 drawn tube for structures, 0.6 mm ≤ a ≤ 12.5 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2509PR (2017A-T42 drawn tube for structures—provisional spec.) EN 2640PR (2017A-T4 extruded bars and sections 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 150 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 2655PR (2017A-T42 extruded bars and sections 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 150 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 2691 PR (2017A-T3 sheet and strip, 0.4 mm ≤ a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) EN 2692PR (2017A-T3 clad sheet and strip, 0.4 mm ≤ a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) EN 2705PR (2017A-T44 drawn tube for structures, 0.6 mm ≤ a ≤ 12.5 mm—provisional spec.) (continued) 591 (continued) 592

Composition (max. unless otherwise stated) Others Country Designation Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al min. Notes 31018 USA AA 2024 (UNS A92024) .5 .5 3.8–4.9 .3–.9 1.2–1.8 .1 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. *310 UK AA 2024 .5 .5 3.8–4.9 .3–.9 1.2–1.8 .1 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. *310 UK BS 2L97; DTD 5100A; BS .5 .5 3.8–4.9 .3–.9 1.2–1.8 .1 .2 +Zr .2 ––Rem. Ni .05, Pb .05, Sn .05 AMD2433 (was 2L98) F NF A-U4G1 .5 .5 3.8–4.5 .3–.9 1.2–1.8 .1 .25 .2 ––Rem. G DIN 1725 Al Cu Mg 2. Wk. 3.1355 .4 .4 4.0–4.8 .3–.9 1.2–1.8 .1 .25 .2 .05 .2 Rem. ISO ISO Al Cu 4 Mg 1 CEN EN 2090PR (2024-T3 clad sheet and strip, 0.4 mm < a < 6 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2091 PR (2024-T4 clad sheet and strip, 0.4 mm < a < 6 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2318 (2024-T3511 bar and drawn proﬁles, a > 1.2 mm / d < 150 mm) EN 2320PR (2024-T3 drawn bar, a ≤ 75 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2321 PR (2024-T4 bar and section, a ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2319PR (2024-T3510 drawn bar, a ≤ 75 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2388PR (2024-T351 tube for structures, 0.6 mm ≤ a ≤ 12.5 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2419PR (2024-T351 plate, 6 mm ≤ a ≤ 80 mm—provisional spec.) EN 251OPR (2024-T42 drawn tube for structures—provisional spec.) EN 2633 (2024-T3511 bar and drawn proﬁles, a > 1.2 mm / d < 150 mm, peripheral coarse grain control) EN 2638PR (2024-T3 extruded bars and sections, 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 150 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 2701 PR (2024-T3 drawn tube, 6 mm ≤ d/a ≤ 12.5—provisional spec.) EN 2703PR (2024-T42 clad sheet and strip, 0.4 mm ≤ a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) EN 2704PR (2024-T3511 drawn bar, a ≤ 75 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2709PR (2024-T3510 bar and section, 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 150 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 2806PR (2024-T42 extruded sections, 1.2 mm ≤ a ≤ 100 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 2814PR (2024-T3511 tube for structures, 0.6 mm ≤ a ≤ 12.5 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3347PR (2024-T8511 extruded bars and sections, a/d ≤ 150 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 3348PR (2024-T62 plate, 6 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 50 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3474PR (2024-T81 sheet and strip, 0.25 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) EN 3550PR (2024-T8511 extruded barsand sections, a/d ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3657PR (2024-T3510 drawn bar for machining, d ≤ 75 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3997PR (2024-T3 sheet and strip, 0.4 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) EN 3998PR (2024-T42 sheet and strip, 0.4 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) pedx6 ea lo oprsnTables Comparison Alloy Metal 6: Appendix EN 4101 PR (2024-T4 sheet and strip, 0.4 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) 31019 USA AA 2048 (UNS A92048) .15 .2 2.8–3.8 .2–.6 1.2–1.8 – .25 –– – UK AA 2048 .15 .2 2.8–3.8 .2–6 1.2–1.8 – .25 –– – 31020 USA AA 2090 2.5–2.75 017–.02 Li 2.1–2.2 Zr .11–.12 Nominal comp. USA 2090 (proprietory) 2.4–3.0 .25 Li 1.9–2.6 Zr .08–.15 Nominal comp. UK AA 2090 2.5–2.75 .017–.02 Li 2.1–2.2 Zr .11–.12 Nominal comp. 31021 USA AA 2091 .2 .3 1.8–2.5 1.1–1.9 Li 1.7–2.3 Zr < .1 Nominal comp. UK AA 2091 .2 .3 1.8–2.5 1.1–1.9 Li 1.7–2.3 Zr < .1 Nominal comp. 31022 USA Weldalite 049 (AA 2095) 4.0–6.3 .4 Li 1.3 Zr .14 Ag .4 Nominal comp. 31023 USA AA 2124 (UNS A92124) .2 .3 3.8–4.9 .3–.9 1.2–1.8 .1 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. *310 UK AA 2124 .2 .3 3.8–4.9 .3–.9 1.2–1.8 .1 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. *310 CEN EN 2422PR (2124–T351 plate, 25 mm ≤ a < 120 mm—provisional spec.); (continued) (continued) Tables Comparison Alloy Metal 6: Appendix

Composition (max. unless otherwise stated) Others Country Designation Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al min. Notes 31024 USA AA 2195 3.7–4.3 .25–8Li.8–1.2 Zr .08–.16 Nominal comp. 31025 USA AA 2214 .8 4.5 .6 Nominal comp. UK AA 2214 .8 4.5 .6 Nominal comp. CEN EN 2124PR (2214-T651 plate, 6 mm ≤ a ≤ 140 mm) EN 2382PR (2214-T6 forgings, ≤ 100 mm) EN 2383PR (2214-T4 forgings, ≤ 100 mm) EN 2485PR (2214-F Extruded or cast forging stock) EN 2697PR (2214-T6 extruded bar and section, 1.2 ≤ a/d ≤ 100 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec) 31026 USA AA 2219 (UNS A92219) .2 .3 5.8–6.8 .2–.4 .02 – .1 .02–.1 .05 .15 Rem. *311 UK AA 2219 .2 .3 5.8–6.8 .2–.4 .02 – .1 .02–.1 .05 .15 Rem. *311 UK DTD 5004A .25 .35 5.7–6.5 .2–.35 .15 – .1 +Zr .2 ––Rem. *312 F NF A-U6MT .2 .3 5.5–6.5 .2–.3 –––.05–.15 ––Rem. CEN EN 4099PR (2219-T62 clad sheet. and strip, 0.5 mm ≤ a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) EN 4100PR (2219-T62 sheet and strip, 0.5 mm ≤ a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec) EN 4102PR (2219-T81 clad sheet. and strip, 0.5 mm ≤ a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) 31027 USA AA 2419 .015 .18 5.8–6.8 .2–.4 .02 – .10 .02–.1 .05 .15 Rem. *321 UK AA 2419 .015 .18 5.8–6.8 .2–4 .02 – .10 .02–.1 .05 .15 Rem. *321 31028 USA AA 2618 .1–.25 .9–1.3 1.9–2.7 – 1.3–1.8 – .1 .04–.1 .05 .15 Rem. *322 UK AA 2618A (was H16) .1–.25 .9–1.4 1.8–2.7 .25 1.2–1.8 – .15 .04–.2 .05 .15 Rem. Ni .8–1.4 UK BS 1472; Hid RR58 .25 .9–1.4 1.8–2.7 .2 1.2–1.8 – .2 .2 ––Rem. *322 UK DTD717A; 731B; 745A; 5084A; 5014A .25 .9–1.4 1.8–2.7 .2 1.2–1.8 – .1 +Zr .2 ––Rem. Pb, Sn .05, Ni .8–1.4 F A-U2GN .25 .7–1.4 1.8–2.7 .2 1.2–1.8 – .15 –– –Rem. *325 CEN EN 2085PR (2618A-T6 forgings, ≤150 mm) EN 2086PR (2618A-T851 [AL-P11-T851] forged bars and labs, ≤150 mm) EN 2123PR (2618A-T851 plates, 6 mm ≤ a ≤ 140 mm) EN 2256PR (2618A-T852 [AL-P11-T852] forged bars and slabs, ≤150 mm) EN 2486PR (2618A-F extruded or cast forging stock) EN 3552PR (2618A-T6 clad sheet and strip, 0.4 mm ≤ a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) EN 3553PR (2618A-T6511 extruded bar and section, 1 2 mm ≤≤100 mm—provisional spec.) 31029 USA AA 3003 (UNS A93003) .6 .7 .05–.2 1.0–1.5 ––.1 – .03 .15 Rem. *31 UK AA 3003 (was BS 1470 NS3) .6 .7 .1 .8–1.5 .1 – .2 .2 ––Rem. F NF A-MI .6 .7 .2 1.0–1.5 .05 – .1 .5 ––Rem. G DIN 1725 Al Mn Wk. 3.0515 .5 .6 .1 .9–1.4 0–.3 .05 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. 31030 USA AA 3004 (UNS A93004) .3 .7 .25 1.0–1.5 .8–1.3 – .25 – 05 .15 Rem. *31 UK AA 3004 .3 .7 .25 1.0–1.5 .8–1.3 – .25 – 05 .15 Rem. *31 F NF A .3 .7 .25 1.0–1.5 .8–1.3 – .25 .5 ––Rem. 31031 USA AA 3005 (UNS A93005) .6 .7 .3 1.0–1.5 .2–.6 .1 .25 .1 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 3005 .6 .7 .3 1.0–1.5 .2–.6 .1 .25 .1 .05 .15 Rem. 31032 USA AA 3103 (UNS A93103) .5 .7 .1 .9–1.5 .3 .1 .2 +Zr .1 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 3103 .5 .7 .1 .9–1.5 .3 .1 .2 +Zr .1 .05 .15 Rem. CEN EN 4004PR (3103-H16 sheet and strip, 0.4 mm ≤ a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) 31033 USA AA 3105 (UNS A93105) .6 .7 .3 .3–.8 .2–.8 .2 .4 .1 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 3105; ALCAN E4S .6 .7 .3 .3–.8 .2–.8 .2 .4 .1 .05 .15 Rem. UK BS N31 (old designation) .25 .7 .25 .4–1.1 .3–.6 .1 .2 .2 ––Rem. G DIN 1725 Al Mn 0.5 Mg 0.5 Wk. 3.0505 593 (continued) (continued) 594

Composition (max. unless otherwise stated) Others Country Designation Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al min. Notes 31034 USA AA 4032 (UNS A94032) 11.0–13.5 1.0 .5–1.3 – .8–1.3 .1 .25 – .05 .15 Rem. *313 UK AA 4032 11.0–13.5 1.0 .5–1.3 – .8–1.3 .1 .25 – .05 .15 Rem. *313 UK ALCAN GB38S 10.5–13.0 .6 .7–1.3 .2 .8–1.5 – .1 .2 ––Rem. *314 F NF A-S12UN 10.5–12.5 – .7–1.3 – .8–1.5 –– .15 ––Rem. *314 31035 USA AA 5005 (UNS A95005) .3 .7 .2 .2 .5–1.1 .1 .25 – .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 5005 .3 .7 .2 .2 .5–1.1 .1 .25 – .05 .15 Rem. UK BS N41 (old designation) .4 .7 .2 .5 .5–1.2 .1 .2 .2 ––Rem. F NF A-G0.6 .4 .7 .2 .2 .5–1.1 .1 .2 .5 ––Rem. G DIN 1725 Al Mg 1. Wk. 3.3315 .3 .4 .05 .2 .8–1.2 .1 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. 31036 USA AA 5050 (UNS A95050) .4 .7 .2 .1 1.1–1.8 .1 .25 – .05 .15 Rem. *31 UK AA 5050 .4 .7 .2 .1 1.1–1.8 .1 .25 – .05 .15 Rem. *31 F NF A-G1 .4 .7 .2 .7 1.0–1.8 .1 .25 .05 ––Rem. 31037 USA AA 5052 (UNS A95052) .45 (Si+Fe) .1 .1 2.2–2.8 .15–.35 .1 .05 – .15 Rem. *31 USA AMS 4015E; AMS 4016E; AMS 4017E; AMS 4069; AMS 4070F; AMS 2.5 .25 Nominal comp. 4071F; AMS 4114B UK AA 5052 .45 (Si+Fe) .1 .1 2.2–2.8 .15–.35 .1 .05 – .15 Rem. *31 ISO ISO Al Mg2 CEN EN 4005PR (5052-O sheet and strip, 0.3 mm ≤ a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) 31038 USA AA 5056 (UNS A95056) .3 .4 .1 .05–.2 4.5–5.6 .05–.2 .1 – .05 .15 Rem. *31 UK AA 5056A; BS 3L58 .4 .5 .1 .1–.6 4.5–5.6 .2 .2 .2 .05 .15 Rem. Mn + Cr .1–.6 UK BS N6 (old designation) .3 .5 .1 .5 4.5–5.3 .25 .2 .2 Rem. Mn + Cr .1–.5 F A-G5 M (AA 5056A) .4 .4 .05 .55 4.3–5.5 .3 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. G DIN 1725 Al Mg 5. (AA 5056A) .4 .4 .05 .55 4.3–5.5 .3 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. Wk. 3.3555 CEN EN 2117PR (5056A-H32 wire for solid rivets, d ≤ 10 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2628PR (5056A-O wire for solid rivets, d ≤ 10 mm—provisional spec.) 31039 USA AA 5083 (UNS A95083) .4 .4 .1 .4–1.0 4.0–4.9 .05–.25 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 5083 .4 .4 .1 .4–1.0 4.0–4.9 .05–.25 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. UK BS N8 .4 .4 .1 .5–1.0 4.0–4.9 .25 2 .15 ––Rem.

F A-G4.5MC .7 4.4 .1 Nominal comp. Tables Comparison Alloy Metal 6: Appendix G DIN 1725 Al Mg 4.5 Mn Wk. 3.3547 .4 .4 .1 .6–1.0 4.0–4.9 .05–.25 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. 31040 USA AA 5086 (UNS A95086) .4 .5 .1 .2–.7 3.5–4.5 .05–.25 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 5086 .4 .5 .1 .2–.7 3.5–4.5 .05–.25 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. CEN EN 2508PR (5086-H111 drawn tube for sturctures—provisional spec.) EN 2693 (5086-H 111 sheet and strip) EN 2699PR (5086-H111 drawn bar, 6 mm ≤ d ≤ 50 mm—provisional spec.) 31041 USA AA 5154 (UNS A95154) .45 (Si+Fe) .1 .1 3.1–3.9 .15–.35 .2 .2 .05 .15 Rem. *31 UK AA5154A (was BS N5) .5 .5 .1 .5 3.1–3.9 .25 .2 .2 .05 .15 Rem. Mn + Cr .1–.5 *31 G DIN 1725 Al Mg 3. Wk. 3.3535 .4 .4 .05 .5 2.6–34 .3 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. 31042 USA AA 5251 (UNS A95050) .4 .5 .15 .1–.5 1.7–2.4 .15 .15 .15 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 5251; BS 5L44; BS 3L80; BS .4 .5 .15 .1–.5 1.7–2.4 .15 .15 .15 .05 .15 Rem. 3L81 UK BS N4 (old designation) .5 .5 .1 .5 1.7–2.4 .25 .2 .2 Mn + Cr .5 Rem. F A-G2 M 2 Nominal comp. G DIN 1725 Al Mg 2. Mn 0.3 Wk. .3 .4 .05 .3 1.7–2.4 .3 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. 3.3525 (continued) (continued) Tables Comparison Alloy Metal 6: Appendix

Composition (max. unless otherwise stated) Others Country Designation Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al min. Notes 31043 USA AA 5252 (UNS A95252) .08 .1 .1 .1 2.2–2.8 –– –.03 .1 Rem. UK AA 5252 .08 .1 .1 .1 2.2–2.8 –– –.03 .1 Rem. F NF AG-G3 3.0 nom High purity base 31044 USA AA 5254 (UNS A95254) .45 (Si+Fe) .05 .01 3.1–3.9 .15–.35 .2 .05 .05 15 Rem. UK AA 5154A (was BS N5) .5 .5 .1 .5 3.1–3.9 .25 .2 .2 .05 .15 Rem. Mn + Cr .1–.5 *31 G DIN 1725 Al Mg3. Wk. 3.3535 .4 .4 .05 .5 2.6–3.4 .3 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. 31045 USA AA 5356 (UNS A95356) .5 (Si+Fe) .1 .05–.2 4.5–5.5 .05–.2 .1 .06–.2 .05 .15 Rem. *31 UK AA 5356 .5 (Si+Fe) .1 .05–.2 4.5–5.5 .05–.2 .1 .06–.2 .05 .15 Rem. *31 UK AA 5056A; BS 3L58 .4 .5 .1 1–.6 4.5–5.6 .2 .2 .2 .05 .15 Rem. Mn + Cr .1–.6 UK BS N6 (old designation) .3 .5 .1 .5 4.5–5.3 .25 .2 .2 Mn + Cr .1–.5 Rem. F A-G5 M .4 .4 .05 .55 4.3–5.5 .3 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. G DIN 1725 Al Mg 5. Wk. 3.3555 .4 .4 .05 .55 4.3–5.5 .3 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. 31046 USA AA 5454 (UNS A95454) .4 (Si+Fe) .1 .5–1.0 2.4–3.0 .05–.2 .25 .2 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 5454 (was BS N51); EN 515; EN .4 (Si+Fe) .1 .5–1.0 2.4–3.0 .05–.2 .25 .2 .05 .15 Rem. 573-3; EN 573-4 F A-G2.5MC .7 2.7 .1 Nominal comp. F A-G3 .4 .5 .1 .1–.6 2.6–3.8 .4 .2 .2 ––Rem. G DIN 1725 Al Mg 2.7 Wk. 3.3537 .45 2.7 Nominal comp. G DIN 1725 Al Mg 3. Wk. 3.3585 .4 .4 .05 .5 2.6–3.4 .3 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. 31047 USA AA 5456 (UNS A95456) .4 (Si+Fe) .1 .5–1.0 4.7–5.5 .05–.2 .25 .2 .05 .15 Rem. UK BS N61 .4 (Si+Fe) .1 .6–1.0 5.0–5.5 .05–.2 .2 .05–.2 ––Rem. F NF A-G5 .4 .5 .1 .2–1.0 4.5–5.5 .4 .2 .2 ––Rem. G DIN 1725 Al Mg 5. Wk. 3.3555 .4 .4 .05 .55 4.3–5.5 .3 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. 31048 USA AA 5457 (UNS A95457) .08 .1 .2 .15–.45 .8–1.2 – .03 – .03 .1 Rem. UK AA 5457 (UNS A95457) .08 .1 .2 .15–.45 .8–1.2 – .03 – .03 .1 Rem. F A9-G1 and see AA 5005 1.0 Nominal comp. 31049 USA AA 5652 (UNS A95652) .4 (Si+Fe) .04 .01 2.2–2.8 .15–.35 .1 – .05 .15 Rem. *31 UK AA 5652 .4 (Si+Fe) .04 .01 2.2–2.8 .15–.35 .1 – .05 .15 Rem. *31 31050 USA AA 5657 (UNS A95657) .08 .1 .1 .03 .6–1.0 – .03 – .02 .05 Rem. *31 UK AA 5657 .08 .1 .1 .03 .6–1.0 .03 – .02 .05 Rem. *31 UK BS BTRS2 (old designation) 1.0 Nominal comp. 31051 USA AA 6003 (UNS A96003) .35–1.0 .6 .1 .8 .8–1.5 .35 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 6003 .35–1.0 .6 .1 .8 .8–1.5 .35 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. FNFAS–GM .6–1.5 .5 .1 .1–1.0 .6–1.5 .3 .25 .2 ––Rem. G DIN 1725 Al Mg Si 1 .75–1.3 .5 .1 .4–1.0 .6–1.2 .3 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. 31052 USA AA 6005 (UNS A96005) .6–.9 .35 .1 .1 .4–.6 .1 .1 .1 .05 .15 Rem. k UK AA 6005 .6–.9 .35 .1 .1 .4–.6 .1 .1 .1 .05 .15 Rem. 31053 USA AA 6053 (UNS A96053) *315 35 .1 – 1.1–1.4 .15–.35 .1 – .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 6053 *315 .35 .1 – 1.1–1.4 .15–.35 .1 – .05 .15 Rem. See also AA 6003 (continued) 595 596 (continued)

Composition (max. unless otherwise stated) Others Country Designation Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al min. Notes 31054 USA AA 6061 (UNS A96061) .4–.8 .7 .15–.4 .15 .8–1.2 .04–.35 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. USA AMS4025D; AMS4026D; AMS numbers for various forms and conditions of AA 6061 alloy AMS4027E; AMS4043 AMS4053; AMS4079; AMS4080E; AMS4081A AMS4082E; AMS4083D; AMS4115; AMS4116A AMS4117A; AMS4127B; AMS4146; AMS4150C; AMS4160; AMS4161 UK AA 6061; BS L117; BS L118 .4–.8 .7 .15–.4 .15 .8–1.2 .04–.35 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. UK BS H20 .4–.8 .7 .15–.4 .2–.8 .8–1.2 * .2 .2 Rem. *Either Mn or Cr .04–.35 F A-GSUC .6 .2 1.0 .15 Nominal Camp. G DIN 1725 Al Mg Si 1 Cu Wk. 3.3211 CEN EN 2391 PR (6061-T4 tube for structures, 0.6 mm ≤ a ≤ 12.5 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2392PR (6061-T6 tube for structures, 0.6 mm ≤ a ≤ 12.5 mm—provisional spec) EN 2629PR (6061—provisional spec.) EN 2694 (6061-T6/T62 sheet and strip) EN 2700PR (6061-T6 drawn bar, 6 mm ≤ d ≤ 75 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 2702PR (6061-T6 extruded bar and section, 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec) EN 2813PR (6061-T6 tube for hydraulics, 0.6 mm ≤ a ≤ 12.5 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3341 PR (6061-T4 sheet and strip, 0.4 mm ≤ a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) EN 3342PR (6061-T4 drawn bar and section, 10 mm ≤ d ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3702PR (6061-T4 tube for hydraulics, 0.6 mm ≤ a ≤ 12.5 mm—provisional spec.) 31055 USA AA 6063 (UNS A96063) .2–.6 .35 .1 .1 .45–.9 .1 .1 .1 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 6063; DTD 372B .2–.6 .35 .1 .1 .45–.9 .1 .1 .1 .05 .15 Rem. UK H9 (old designation) .3–.7 .4 .1 .1 .4–.9 .1 .2 .2 ––Rem. F NF A-GS (NFA.57.350) .8 .8 Nominal comp. G DIN 1725 Al Mg Si 0.5 Wk. 3.3206 .35–.8 .3 .05 .1 .4–.8 .05 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. ISO ISO Al Mg Si –– 31056 USA AA 6066 (UNS A96066) .9–1.8 .5 .7–1.2 .6–1.1 .8–1.4 .4 .25 .2 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 6066 .9–1.8 .5 .7–1.2 .6–1.1 .8–1.4 .4 .25 .2 .05 .15 Rem. pedx6 ea lo oprsnTables Comparison Alloy Metal 6: Appendix UK ALCAN 623; BS 2L84 .8–1.3 .7 1.0–2.0 1.0 .5–1.2 – .2 .3 ––Rem. Ni .2 *316 31057 USA AA 6070 (UNS A96070) 1.0–1.7 .5 .15–.4 .4–1.0 .5–1.2 .1 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 6070 1.0–1.7 .5 .15–.4 .4–1.0 .5–1.2 .1 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. UK ALCAN 623; BS 2L84 .8–1.3 .7 1.0–2.0 1.0 .5–1.2 – .2 .3 ––Rem. Ni .2 *316 31058 USA AA 6081 CEN EN 2695 (6081-T6 sheet and strip); 31059 USA AA 6082 (UNS A96082) .7–1.3 .5 .1 .4–1.0 .6–1.2 .25 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 6082 (was H30) .7–1.3 .5 .1 .4–1.0 .6–1.2 .25 .2 .1 .05 .15 Rem. ISO ISO AISi1 MgMn CEN EN 2326 (6082-T6 <200 mm bar and drawn proﬁles) EN 2636 (6082-T6 <200 mm bar and drawn proﬁles, peripheral coarse grain control) EN 2389PR (6082-T4 tube for structures, 0.6 mm ≤ a ≤ 12.5 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2390PR (6082-T6 tube for structures, 0.6 mm ≤ a ≤ 12.5 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2420PR (6082-T6 bars—provisional spec.) EN 2421 PR (6082-T4 wire for rivets—provisional spec.) EN 4006PR (6082-T4/T42 sheet and strip, 0.4 mm ≤ a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) EN 4007PR (6082-T6/T62 sheet and strip, 0.4 mm ≤ a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) (continued) (continued) Tables Comparison Alloy Metal 6: Appendix

Composition (max. unless otherwise stated) Others Country Designation Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al min. Notes 31060 USA AA 6101 (UNS A96101) .3–.7 .5 .1 .03 .35–.8 .03 .1 – .03 .1 Rem. B .06 UK AA6101A; BS2898:6101A .3–.7 .4 .05 – .4–.9 –– –.03 .1 Rem. UK BS 91E .3–.7 .5 .04 – .4–.9 –– –– –Rem. G DIN 1725 E-AI Mg Si Wk. 3.2305 .5–.6 .1–.3 .02 – .3–.5 – .1 – .03 .1 Rem. *317 31061 USA AA 6151 (UNS A96151) .6–1.2 1.0 .35 .2 .45–.8 .15–.35 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 6151 .6–1.2 1.0 .35 .2 .45–.8 .15–35 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. See AA 6101 31062 USA AA 6162 (UNS A96162) .4–.8 .5 .2 .1 .1–1.1 .1 .25 .1 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 6162 .4–.8 .5 .2 .1 .1–1.1 .1 .25 .1 .05 .15 Rem. See AA 6101 31063 USA AA 6201 (UNS A96201) .5–.9 .5 .1 .03 .6–.9 .03 .1 – .03 .1 Rem. UK AA 6201 .5–.9 .5 .1 .03 .6–.9 .03 .1 – .03 .1 Rem. See AA 6101 31064 USA AA 6253 (UNS A96253) *315 .5 .1 – 1.0–1.5 .15–.35 1.6–2.4 – .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 6253 *315 .5 .1 – 1.0–1.5 .15–.35 1.6–2.4 – .05 .15 Rem. 31065 USA AA 6262 (UNS A96262) .4–.8 .7 .15–.4 .15 .8–1.2 .04–.14 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. *318 UK AA 6262 .4–.8 .7 .15–.4 .15 .8–1.2 .04–.14 .25 .15 .05 .15 Rem. *318 31066 USA AA 6351 (UNS A96351) .07–1.3 .5 .1 .4–.8 .4–.8 – .2 .2 .05 .25 Rem. UK AA 6351 .07–1.3 .5 .1 .4–.8 .4–.8 – .2 .2 .05 .25 Rem. 31067 USA AA 6463 (UNS A96463) .2–.6 .15 .2 .05 .45–.9 –– –.05 .15 Rem. UK AA 6463; E6; EN 515; EN 573–3; .2–.6 .15 .2 .05 .45–.9 –– –.05 .15 Rem. EN 573-4 UK BS BTR6 .2–.5 .15 .2 .05 .4–.8 –– .05 ––Rem. 31068 USA AA 6951 (UNS A96951) .2–.5 .8 .15–.4 .1 .4–.8 .2 – .05 .15 Rem. 31069 USA AA 7001 (UNS A97001) .35 .4 1.6–2.6 .2 2.6–3.4 .18–.35 6.8–8.0 .2 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 7001 .35 .4 1.6–2.6 .2 2.6–3.4 .18–.35 6.8–8.0 .2 .05 .15 Rem. F NF A-Z8GU 1.6 2.7 .2 8.0 Nominal comp. 31070 USA AA 7009 (UNS A97009) UK AA 7009 CEN EN 2093 (7009-T74 Forgings >20 mm and <150 mm) EN 2094 (7009-T74 Die Forgings >3 mm and <150 mm) EN 2381 (7009-T7452 Forgings >40 mm and <150 mm) EN 2385 (7009-T74511 bar and drawn proﬁles) EN 2487PR (7009-F extruded or casr forging stock—provisional spec.) EN 2630 (7009-T74511 bar and drawn proﬁles, a ≤ 125 mm, peripheral coarse grain control) EN 2706PR (7009-T736510 bar and section, 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 125 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) (continued) 597 (continued) 598

Composition (max. unless otherwise stated) Others Country Designation Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al min. Notes 31071 USA AA 7010 1.7 2.4 6.3 Nominal comp. UK AA 7010 1.7 2.4 6.3 Nominal comp. UK DTD 5120 .12 .15 1.5–2 .1 2.1–2.6 .05 5.7–6.7 – .05 .15 Rem. *323 UK DTD 5130A .1 .15 1.5–2 .3 2.2–2.7 .05 5.7–6.7 – .05 .15 Rem. *323 UK DTD 5636 .12 .15 1.5–2 .1 2.1–2.6 .05 5.7–6.7 .06 .05 .15 Zr .1–.16 CEN EN 2681 PR (7010-T736 die forgings, a ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2682PR (7010-T73652 forgings, 50 mm ≤ a ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2683PR (7010-T7651 forgings, 80 mm ≤ a ≤ 160 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2684PR (7010-T7651 plate, 6 mm ≤ a ≤ 140 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2685PR (7010-T7652 forgings, 80 mm ≤ a ≤ 160 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2686PR (7010-T73651 hand forgings, 50 mm ≤ a ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2687PR (7010-T73651 plate, 6 mm ≤ a ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3337PR (7010-T74511 extruded bars and sections a/d ≤ 130 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec) EN 3339PR (7010-T76 die forgings, a ≤ 200 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3343PR (7010-T76511 extruded bars and sections 1 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 130 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec) EN 3554PR (7010-T7652 hand forgings, a ≤ 200 mm—provisional spec.) 31072 USA AA 7020 .35 .4 .2 .05–.5 1.0–1.4 .1– 35 4.0–5.0 – .05 .15 Rem. *324 UK AA 7020; BS4300/14 /15; EN 515; .35 .4 .2 .05–.5 1.0–1.4 .1–.35 4.0–5.0 – .05 .15 Rem. *324 EN 573-3; EN 573-4 UK BS H17 .4 .4 .25 .2–.7 1.0–1.5 .25 3.8–4.8 .1 ––Rem. Zr .25, Mn + Cr .7 F A-Z5G (NFA.57-702) .3 .8 .15–.35 .4 .4–.65 .35 4.5–5.5 .15–.25 .05 .15 Rem. G DIN 1725 Al Zn 4.5 Mg 1 Wk. .5 .5 .1 1–.5 1–1.4 .2 4–5 .2 .05 .15 Rem. 3.4335 CEN EN 2807PR (7020-T6 extruded sections 1.2 mm ≤ a ≤ 100 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) 31073 USA AA 7039 (UNS A97039) .3 .4 .1 .1–.4 2.3–3.3 .15–.25 3.5–4.5 .1 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 7039 .3 .4 .1 .1–.4 2.3–3.3 .15–.25 3.5–4.5 .1 .05 .15 Rem. 31074 USA AA 7049 (UNS A97049) .25 .35 1.2–1.9 .2 2.0–2.9 .1–.22 7.2–8.2 .1 .1 .15 Rem. UK AA 7049 .25 .35 1.2–1.9 .2 2.0–2.9 .1–.22 7.2–8.2 .1 .1 .15 Rem. 31075 USA AA 7050 (UNS A97050) .12 .15 2.0–2.6 .1 1.9–2.6 .04 5.7–6.7 .06 .05 .15 Rem. Zr.08–.15 UK AA 7050 .12 .15 2.0–2.6 .1 1.9–2.6 .04 5.7–6.7 .06 .05 .15 Rem. Zr.08–.15 CEN EN 2688PR (7050-T736 die forgings, a ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec.)

EN 2689PR (7050-T73651 plate, 6 mm ≤ a ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec.) Tables Comparison Alloy Metal 6: Appendix EN 2690PR (7050-T73652 hand forgings, a ≤ 125 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3334PR (7050-T651 plate, 6 mm ≤ a ≤ 60 mm—provisional spec) EN 3338PR (7050-T74511 extruded bars and sections a/d ≤ 130 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 3340PR (7050-T76 die forgings, a ≤ 200 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3344PR (7050-T76511 extruded bars and sections a/d ≤ 130 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) (continued) (continued) Tables Comparison Alloy Metal 6: Appendix

Composition (max. unless otherwise stated) Others Country Designation Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al min. Notes 31076 USA AA 7075 (UNS A97075) .4 .5 1.2-2.0 .3 2.1–2.9 .18–.35 5.1–6.1 .2 .05 .15 Rem. Zr + Ti .25 UK AA 7075 .4 .5 1.2–2.0 .3 2.1–2.9 .18–.35 5.1–6.1 .2 .05 .15 Rem. Zr + Ti .25 UK DTD5074A (now DTD5121) 1.6 2.5 .16 6.2 Nominal comp. UK DTD5121 (part superceded by .4 .5 1.2–2.0 .3 2.1–2.9 .1–.25 5.1–6.4 +Zr .2 ––Rem. Ni, Pb and Sn < .05 L170); DTD5110 UK BS L160; BS L161; BS L162; BS .4 .5 1.2–2.0 .3 2.1–2.9 .18–.28 5.1–6.1 .2 .05 .15 Rem. Zr + Ti .25 L170 F NF A-Z5GU .4 .5 1.2–2.0 .1–.9 2.0–3.5 .35 5.0–6.5 .2 ––Rem. G DIN 1725 Al Zn Mg Cu 1.5 Wk. .5 .7 1.2–2.0 .3 2.1–2.9 .18–.35 5.1–6.1 .2 .05 .15 Rem. 3.4365 CEN EN 2092 (7075-T6/T62 .4–6 mm sheet and strip) EN 2126 (7075-T651 6–80 mm sheet) EN 2127 (7075-T73511 <100 mm bar and drawn proﬁles) EN 2128 (7075-T7351 6–75 mm drawn bars) EN 2315PR (7075-T73510/T73511 bars and sections ≤ 100 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2316PR (7075-T73 bars and sections ≤ 100 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2317PR (7075-T73 drawn bars ≤ 75 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2380PR (7075-T73 forgings ≤ 125 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2386PR (7075-T7352 hand forgings ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2394PR (7075-T6511 bars and sections ≤ 125 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2488PR (7075-F extruded or cast forging stock—provisional spec.) EN 2511 PR (7075-T7351 plate, 6 mm ≤ a ≤ 100 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2631 PR (7075-T6511 bars and sections 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 125 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 2632 (7075-T73511 <100 mm bar and drawn proﬁles, <100 mm, controlled grain size) EN 2637PR (7075-T73 extruded bars and sections 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 100 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec) EN 2696 (7075-T6/T62 .4-6 mm sheet and strip) EN 2698PR (7075-T6510 extruded bar and section, 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 100 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2707PR (7075-T6510 bar and section, 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 125 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 2708PR (7075-T73510 bar and section, 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 100 mm, peripheral coarse grain control—provisional spec.) EN 2804PR (7075-T7651 plate, 6 mm ≤ a ≤ 25 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3555PR (7075-T79510 extruded bar and section, 1.2 mm ≤ a/d ≤ 100 mm, coarse grain control—provisional spec.) 31077 USA AA 7079 (UNS A97079) .3 .4 .4–.8 .1–.3 2.9-3.7 .1–.25 3.8–4.8 .1 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 7079 .3 .4 .4–.8 .1–.3 2.9–3.7 .1–.25 3.8–4.8 .1 .05 .15 Rem. UK BS H17 .4 .4 .25 2–.7 1.0–1.5 .25 3.8–4.8 .1 ––Rem. Zr .25, Mn + Cr .7 *319 G DIN 1725 Al Zn Mg Cu 0.5 Wk. .5 .5 .5–1.0 .1–.4 2.6–3.6 .1–.3 4.3–5.2 .2 .05 .15 Rem. 3.4345 31078 USA AA 7175 (UNS A97175) .15 .2 1.2–2.0 .1 2.1–2.9 .18–.28 5.1–6.1 .1 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 7175 .15 .2 1.2–2.0 .1 2.1–2.9 .18–.28 5.1–6.1 .1 .05 .15 Rem. CEN EN 2512PR (7175-T7351 plate, 6 mm ≤ 100 mm—provisional spec.); 31079 USA AA 7178 (UNS A97178) .4 .5 1.6–2.4 .3 2.4–3.1 .18–.35 6.3–7.3 .2 .05 .15 Rem. UK AA 7178 .4 .5 1.6–2.4 .3 2.4–3.1 .18–.35 6.3–7.3 .2 .05 .15 Rem. F NF A-Z5GU .4 .5 1.2–2.0 1–.9 2.0–3.5 .35 .5.0–6.5 .2 ––Rem. 31080 USA AA 8090 .2 .3 1.0–1.6 .6–1.3 Li 2.1–2.7 Zr < .16 Nominal comp. UK AA 8090 .2 .3 1.0–1.6 .6–1.3 Li 2.1–2.7 Zr < .16 Nominal comp. 31081 USA AA 8091 .3 .5 1.8–2.2 .5–1.2 Li 2.4–2.8 Zr < .16 Nominal comp. UK AA 8091 .3 .5 1.8–2.2 .5–1.2 Li 2.4–2.8 Zr < .16 Nominal comp. 599 600 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

Alloy equivalents—Aluminium alloys (cast) Composition (max. unless otherwise stated) Others Country Designation Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al Notes min. 32001 USA AA 295.0 (UNS .7–1.5 1.0 4.0–5.0 .35 .03 ––.35 .25 .05 .15 – A02950) 32002 USA AA B295.0 2.0–3.0 1.2 4.0–5.0 .35 .05 – .35 .5 .25 – .35 – UK AA 295.0 .7–1.5 1.0 4.0–5.0 .35 .03 ––.35 .25 .05 .15 – UK BS LM 11 .25 .25 4.0–5.0 .1 .1 – .1 .1 .3 ––Sn .05 Pb .05 UK BS L154; BS L155 1.0–1.5 .25 3.8–4.5 .1 .1 – .1 .1 .05–.25 .05 .15 Sn .05 Pb .05 F NF A-USG7 .3 .35 4.2–5.0 .1 .15–.33 – .05 .1 .3 ––Pb .05 G DIN 1725 Al Cu .18 .2 4.2–4.9 .05 .15–.3 ––.07 .15–.3 .03 .1 – 4 Ti Mg. Wk. 3.1371 32003 USA AA 319.0 (UNS 5.5–6.3 1.0 3.0–4.0 .5 .1 – .35 1.0 .25 – .5 – A03190) 32004 USA AAA319.0 5.5–6.5 1.0 3.0–4.0 .3 .1 – .35 3.0 .25 – .5 – UK AA 319.0 5.5–6.3 1.0 3.0–4.0 .5 .1 – .35 1.0 .25 – .5 – UK BS LM4 4.0–6.0 .8 2.0–4.0 .2–.6 .2 – .3 .5 .2 ––Sn .1 Pb .1 UK BS LM22 4.0–6.0 .7 2.8–3.8 .3–.6 .05 – .15 .15 .2 ––Sn .05 Pb .1 F NF A-S5U; NF A- 5.0 3.2 Nominal comp. S5U3 G DIN 1725 Al Si 6 5.0–7.5 1.0 3.0–5.0 .1–.3 .1–.3 – .3 2.0 .15 .03 .15 – Cu 4. Wk. 3.2151 ISO ISO AI-Si5Cu3 32005 USA AA 333.0 (UNS 8.0–10.0 1.0 3.0–4.0 .5 05–.5 – .5 1.0 .25 – .5 – A03330) 32006 USA AA A333.0 8.0–10.0 1.0 3.0–4.0 .5 .05–.3 – .5 3.0 .25 – .5 – UK AA 333.0 8.0–10.0 1.0 3.0–4.0 .5 05–.5 – .5 1.0 .25 – .5 – UK BS LM24 7.5–9.5 1.3 3.0–4.0 .5 .1 – .5 3.0 .2 ––Sn .2 Pb .3 F A-S9U3Y4 8.2 3.5 Nominal comp. F A-S10U4 9.0–11.0 1.3 3.0–4.0 .3 .5 – .5 .8 .2 ––Sn .1 Fe + Zn− + Mg + Ni + Sn 2.5 G DIN 1725 Al Si 8 Cu 7.5–9.5 .8 2.0–3.5 .2–.5 .3 – .3 1.2 .15 .05 .15 Sn .1 3. Wk. 3.2161 ISO ISO AI-Si8Cu3Fe 32007 USA AA 355.0 (UNS 4.5–5.5 .6 1.0–1.5 .5 .4–.6 .25 – .35 .25 .05 .15 – A03550) 32008 USA AA C355.0 (UNS 4.5–5.5 .2 1.0–1.5 .1 .4–.6 ––.1 .2 .05 .15 – A33550) UK BS LM16 4.5–5.5 .6 1.0–1.5 .5 .4–.6 – .25 .1 .2 ––Sn .1 Pb .1 UK AA 355.0 4.5–5.5 .6 1.0–1.5 .5 .4–.6 .25 – .35 .25 .05 .15 – F A-S4UG G Alloy No. 234 5.0–6.0 .7 1.0–1.5 .5 .3–.6 – .3 .5 .15 .05 .15 Sn .1 Pb .2 *320 ISO ISO Al-Si5Cu1 Mg 32009 USA AA 356.0 (UNS 6.5–7.5 .6 .25 .35 .2–.4 ––.35 .25 .05 .15 – A03560) 32010 USA AA A356.0 6.5–7.5 .2 .2 .1 .2–.4 ––.1 .2 .05 .15 – UK BS LM25 6.5–7.5 .5 .1 .3 .2–.45 – .1 .1 .05–.2 ––Sn .05 Pb .1 UK BS 2L99 6.5–7.5 .2 .1 .1 .2–.45 – .1 .1 .2 ––Sn .05 Pb .05 UK BS L173; BS L174 6.5–7.5 .2 .2 .1 .25–.45 ––.1 .04–.25 ––Be .07 max. UK AA 356.0 6.5–7.5 .6 .25 .35 .2–.4 ––.35 .25 .05 .15 – F NF A-S7G G DIN 1725 Al Si 6.5–7.5 .18 .05 .05 .2–.4 ––.07 .15 .03 .1 – 7 Mg Wk. 3.2371 ISO ISO AI-Si7 Mg (continued) Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 601

(continued) Composition (max. unless otherwise stated) Others Country Designation Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al Notes min. 32011 USA AA 357.0 (UNS 6.5–7.5 .15 .05 .03 .45–.6 ––.05 .2 .05 .15 – A03570) UK AA 357.0 6.5–7.5 .15 .05 .03 .45–.6 ––.05 .2 .05 .15 – UK BS L169 6.5–7.5 .2 .1 .1 .5–.75 – .05 .1 .1–.2 .05 .15 Pb .05 Sn .05 Be .07 F A-S7G 7.0 .3 Nominal comp. G DIN 1725 Al Si 6.5–7.5 .18 .05 .05 2–.4 ––.07 .15 .03 .1 – 7 Mg Wk. 3.2371 32012 USA AA B358.0 (Tens 7.6–8.6 .3 .2 .2 .4–.6 .2 – .2 .1–.2 .05 .15 Be .1–.3 50) 32013 USA AA 359.0 (UNS 8.5–9.5 .2 .2 .1 .5–.7 ––.1 .2 .05 .15 – A03590) 32014 USA AA 380.0 (UNS 7.5–9.5 2.0 3.0–4.0 .5 .1 – .5 3.0 ––.5 Sn .35 A03800) 32015 USA AA A380.0 7.5–9.5 1.3 3.0–4.0 .5 .1 – .5 3.0 ––.5 Sn .35 UK BS LM24 7.5–9.5 1.3 3.0–4.0 .5 .1 – .5 3.0 .2 ––Sn .2 Pb .35 F A-S9U3Y4 8.2 3.5 Nominal comp. F A-S10U4 9.0–11.0 1.3 3.0–4.0 .3 .5 – .5 .8 .2 ––Sn .1 Fe+Zn- +Mg+Ni+Sn 2.5 G DIN 1725 Al Si 8 Cu 7.5–9.5 .8 2.0–3.5 .2–.5 .3 – .3 1.2 .15 .05 .15 Sn .1 3. Wk. 3.2161 ISO ISO Al-Si8Cu3Fe 32016 USA AA 514.0 (UNS .35 .5 .15 .35 3.5–4.5 ––.15 .25 .05 .15 – A05140) UK AA 514.0 .35 .5 . .15 .35 3.5–4.5 ––.15 .25 .05 .15 – UK BS LM5 .3 .6 .1 .3–.7 3.0–6.0 – .1 .1 .2 ––Sn .05 Pb .05 F NF A-G3T .4 .5 .1 .5 2.5–3.5 .15 .05 .2 .2 ––Sn .05 Pb .05 F NF A-G6 .4 4.5 Nominal comp. G DIN 1725 Al Mg 3 1.3 .6 .3 .6 2.0–4.0 ––.3 .2 .05 .15 – G DIN 1725 Al Mg 5 1.0 .2 5.0 Nominal comp. ISO ISO AI-Mg5Si1; ISO Al-Mg6 32017 USA AA 518.0 (UNS .35 1.8 .25 .35 7.5–8.5 – .15 .15 ––.25 Sn .15 A05180) UK AA 518.0 .35 1.8 .25 .35 7.5–8.5 – .15 .15 ––.25 Sn .15 G DIN 1725 Al Mg 9 .5 .05 .2–.5 7.0–10.0 .1 .15 .05 .15 Nominal comp. Wk. 3.3292 32018 USA AA 520.0 (UNS .25 .3 .25 .15 9.5–10.6 ––.15 .25 .05 .15 – A05200) UK AA 520.0 .25 .3 .25 .15 9.5–10.6 ––.15 .25 .05 .15 – UK BS LM10; Hid 90 .25 .35 .1 .1 9.5–11.0 – .1 .1 .2 ––Sn .05 Pb .05 F NF A-G10 .5 1.3 .2 .6 8.5–11.0 – .1 .4 .2 – 2.0 Sn .1 F NF A-G10Y4 10.2 Nominal comp. G DIN 1725 Al Mg 10 .3 .3 .05 .3 9.0–11.0 – .1 – .15 .05 .15 Sn .05 Pb .05 Wk. 3.3591 32019 USA AA 535.0 (UNS .15 .15 .05 .1–25 6.2–7.5 –––.1 –.25 .05 .15 Be .003–.007 B A05350) .002 UK AA 535.0 15 .15 .05 .1–.25 6.2–7.5 –––.1–25 .05 .15 Be .003–.007 B .002 UK DTD 5018A .25 .35 .2 1–.3 7.4–7.9 – .1 .9–1.4 .25 – Sn .05 Pb .05 G DIN 1725 Al Mg 9 .5 .05 .2–5 7.0–10.0 .1 .15 .05 .15 Nominal comp. Wk. 3.3292 32020 USA AA 707.0 (UNS .2 .8 .2 .4–.6 1.8–2.4 .2–.4 – 4.0–4.5 .25 .05 .15 – A07070) UK AA 707.0 .2 .8 .2 .4–.6 1.8–2.4 .2–.4 – 4.0–4.5 .25 .05 .15 – (continued) 602 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

(continued) Composition (max. unless otherwise stated) Others Country Designation Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al Notes min. 32021 USA AAA712.0 (UNS .15 .5 .35–65 .05 .6–.8 ––6.0–7.0 .25 .05 .15 – A07120) 32022 USA AAC712.0 .3 .7– .35–65 .05 .25–.45 ––6.0–7.0 .2 .05 .15 – 1.4 UK AA 712.0 .15 .5 .35–.65 .05 .6–.8 ––6.0–7.0 .25 .05 .15 – UK BS LM31; DTD .25 .5 .1 .1 .5–.75 .4–.6 .1 4.8–5.7 .05–.25 .05 .15 Sn .05 Pb .05 5008B F A-Z5G .3 .8 .15–.35 .4 .4–.65 .15–.35 .05 4.5–5.5 .15–.25 ––Sn .05 Pb .05 F NF A-Z5G .6 .5 5.2 Nominal comp. Notes for wrought and cast aluminium alloys *31: .0008 max. Be for welding electrodes and ﬁller wire *32: .03 max. Ga *33: Cu + Si + Fe + Mn + Zr .2 max *34: Cu + Si + Fe + Mn + Zr 1.0 max *35: Cu + Si + Fe + Mn + Zr 0.5 max *36: .05 B max *37: .2–.6 Bi; .2–.6 Pb *38: .2–.7 Pb; .05 max. Sn; .2–.7 Bi; .05 max. Sb *39: .2–.6 Pb; .2–.6 Bi *310: .2 max. Zr + Ti *311: .05–.15V; .1–.25 Zr *312: .1 max Ni; .05 max. Sn; .05 max. Pb *313: .5–1.3 Ni *314: .05 max. Sn; .05 max. Pb; .7–1.3 Ni *315: 45–65 % of Mg *316: .05 max Sn; .05 max Pb; .05 max Sb *317: Cr + Mn + Ti + V .03 max *318: .4–.7 Bi; .4–.7 Pb *319: Not closely equivalent, Mg lower than AA 7079 *320: Fe + Mn 1.1 max *321: .1–.25 Zr; .05–.15V *322: .9–1.2 Ni *323: .11–.17 Zr *324: Ti + Zr .08–.25, Zr .08–.2 *325: .8–1.4 Ni + .25 Zr Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 603

European CEN Specifications for • Chemical composition specifications for wrought alu- Aluminium Alloys minium alloys are now contained in a single CEN specification: EN 573—Aluminium and aluminium alloys— European EN specifications for metal alloys are currently Chemical composition and form of wrought products. being generated and adopted. These will progressively • Temper designations for wrought aluminium alloys are supersede the various national standards for aluminium also contained in a single CEN specification: EN 515— alloys, as with other materials. However, it will be some Aluminium and aluminium alloys—Wrought products years before this process is completed and fully imple- temper designations. mented. EN designations specific to particular alloys, forms • In addition EN 485 now contains conditions for delivery, and conditions have been included in the above alloy tables properties and tolerances for wrought aluminium alloy (many of these are still at the provisional stage). However, products. there are several EN specifications which cover the basic characteristics of aluminium alloys: Similar specifications will be issued in the future to cover cast aluminium alloys.

Alloy equivalents—Copper Alloys Composition Country Designation Zn Sn Pb Be Fe Al Other 41001 USA CDA 110 (UNS C11000) – ––– ––Cu + Ag > 99.9 UK C101 (CW 003A) ––<.005 –––Cu + Ag > 99.9 F NF Cu a1 A53-100 – ––– ––Cu 99.9 oxygen free. Nominal comp. G DIN 1708 E-Cu57 Wk. – ––– ––Cu 99.95, Ag 0.03, O .005–.040 nominal comp. 2.0060 41002 USA CDA 170 (UNS C17000) –––1.6–1.79 ––Cu > 99.5 Co + Ni > .2 Co + Fe + Ni < .6 UK CB101 (CW101C) –––1.7–19 ––Ni + Co .05–.4 Other < .5 G CuBe1.7Wk. 2.1245 41003 USA CDA 172 (UNS C17200) –––1.8–2.0 ––Cu > 99.5 Co + Ni > .2 Co + Fe + Ni < .6 G Cu Co Be Wk. 2.1285 Co + Fe + Ni < .6 41004 USA CDA194 (UNS C19400) .05–.2 – <.03 – 2.1–2.6 – P .015–.15 Cu 97.0–97.8 others < .15 ASTM B465 41005 USA CDA 195 (UNS C19500) <2 .1–1.0 <.02 – 1.0–2.0 <.02 P .01–.35 Co .3–1.3 41006 USA CDA 230 (UNS C23000) Balance – <.05 – <.03 – Cu 84.0–86.0 ASTM B36: B43: B111: B134: B135: B359: B395: B543: B587 UK CZ102 (CW502L) Balance – <.l – <.1 – Cu 84.0–86.0 other < .4 G DIN 17660 DIN 17670 Balance <.05 <.05 – <.05 <.02 Cu 84.0–86.0 Mn < .05 Ni < .2 Sb < .01 other .05 Wk. 2.0240 total other (except Ni) .3 F NFU-Z15 15 Nominal comp. 41007 USA CDA 260 (UNS C26000) Balance – <.07 – <.05 – Cu 68.5–71.5 UK CZ106 (CW505L) Balance – <.05 – <.05 – Cu 68.5–71.5 other < .3 F UZ-30 G DIN 17660 Cu Zu 30 Wk. Balance <.05 <.05 – <.05 <.02 Cu 69.0–71.0 Ni < .2 Sb < .01 other .05 total other 2.0265 (except Ni) .3 41008 USA CDA 353 (UNS C35300) Balance – 1.3–2.3 – <1 – Cu 59.0–64.5 UK CZ119 (CW601 N) Balance – 1.0–2.5 –––Cu 61.0–64.0 G DIN 17660 CuZu 36 Pb Balance <.1 .7–2.5 – <.2 <.05 Cu 62.0 –64.0 Mn < .1 Ni < .3 5b < .01 others total .1. 1.5 Wk. 2.0331 Any other except Ni < .5 41009 USA CDA 422 (UNS C42200) Balance .8–1.4 <.05 – <.05 – Cu 86.0–89.0 P < .35 ASTM B591 41010 USA CDA 443 (UNS C44300) Balance .9–1.2 <.07 – <.06 – Cu 70.0–73.0 As .01–.1 ASTM B111: B171: B359: B395: B432: B543 (continued) 604 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

(continued) Composition Country Designation Zn Sn Pb Be Fe Al Other G DIN 17660 CuZn 28 Sn .9–1.3 <.07 – <.07 – Cu 70.0–72.5 As .02–.035 Mn < .1 Ni < .1 P < .01 Wk. 2.0470 As + P < .035 other total < .1 41011 USA CDA 510 (UNS C51000) <.3 4.2–5.8 <.05 – <1 – Cu + Sn + P > 99.5 P 03–.35 ASTM B100: B103: BI39: BI59 UK PB102 (CW451 K) – 4.5–6.0 <.02 –––P .02–.4 others < .2 F NF U-E5P – ––– ––– G DIN 17662 CuSn 6 Wk. <.3 5.5–7.5 <.05 – <.1 – P .01–.4 Ni < .3 other < .2 2.1020

Alloy equivalents—Copper Alloys Composition Country Designation Zn Sn Pb Be Fe Al Other 41012 USA CDA 521 (UNS C52100) ASTM <.2 7.0–9.0 <.05 – <1 – Cu + Sn + P > 99.5 P 03–.35 139:159 UK PB103 (CW452 K) – 6.0–7.5 <.02 –– – P .02–.4 others < .2 UK PB104 (CW459 K) – 7.5–9.0 <.02 –– – P .02–.4 others < .2 F NF U-E7P G DIN 17662 Cu Sn 8 Wk. 2.1030 <.3 7.5–9.0 <.05 – <.1 – P .01–.4 Ni < .3 other together < .2 41013 USA CDA 619 (UNS C61900) <.8 <.6 <.02 – 3.0–4.5 8.5–10.0 Cu + Ag 83.6–88.5 Cu + Fe + AI > 99.5 ASTM B129: B150: B283 UK CA103 <.4 <1 <.05 – Fe + Ni < 4.0 8.8–10.0 Mn < .5 Mg < .05 total impurities not Mn < .5 F NF U-A8 G DIN 17665 Cu Al 8 Wk. 2.0920 <.5 – <.02 – <.5 7.0–9.0 Mn < .8 Ni < .8 Si < .2 other total < .3 41014 USA CDA 687 (UNS C68700) Balance – <.07 – <.06 1.8–2.5 Cu + Ag 76.0–79.0 As .02–.06 ASTM B111: SB359: SB395: SB543 UK CZ110 (CW702R) Balance – <.07 – <.06 1.8–2.3 Cu 76.0–78.0 As .02–.06 G DIN 17660 Cu Zn 20 Al Wk. 2.0460 Balance – <.07 – <.07 1.8–2.3 Cu 76.0–79.0 As .02–.035 Mn < .1 Ni < .1 P < .01 As + P < .035 other together < .1 41015 USA CDA688 (UNS C68800) ASTM 21.3–24.1 – <.05 – <.05 3.0–3.8 Co .25–.55 B592 41016 USA CDA 706 (UNS C70600) <1.0 – <.05 – 1.0–1.8 – Ni 9.0–11.0 Mn < 1.0 Cu + Ag > 86.5 Cu + Fe + Ni > 99.5 ASTM B111: B122: B151: B171: B359: B395: B402:B432: B466: B467: B543: B552 UK CN102 (CW352H) ––<.01 – 1.0–2.0 – Ni 10.0–11.0 Mn .5 1.0 S < .05 total impurities < .3 C < .05 FNFCuNi10FeMn ––––* – Ni 10.0 + Fe + Mn, nominal comp. G DIN 17664 Cu Ni 10 Fe Wk. 2.0872 <.5 – <.03 – 1.0–1.8 – Ni 9.0–11.0 Mn 0.5–1.0 S < .05 total other < .1 41017 USA CDA 725 (UNS C72500) <.5 1.8–2.8 <.05 – <.6 – Ni 8.5–10.5 Mn < .2 Cu + Ni + Sn + Co > 99.8 41018 USA CDA 762 (UNS C76200) ASTM Balance – <.1 – <.25 – Ni 11.0–13.5 Mn < .5 Cu 57.0–61.0 B122 UK NS104 (CW403 J) Balance – <.04 – <.25 – Ni 11.0–13.0 Mn .05–.3 Cu 60.0- 65.0 total Impurities < .5 G DIN 17663 Cn Ni 12Zn 24 Balance <.2 <.05 – <.3 – Ni 11.0 13.0 Mn < .5 Cu 63.0–66.0 other together < .1 (continued) Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 605

(continued) Composition Country Designation Zn Sn Pb Be Fe Al Other 41019 USA CDA 766 (UNS C76600) FEDQQ- Balance – <.1 – <.25 – Ni 11.0–13.5 Mn < .5 Cu 55.0–58.0 C-585 41020 USA CDA 770 (UNS C77000) Balance – <.l – <.25 – Ni 16.5–19.5 Mn < .5 Cn 53.5–56.5 ASTM B122: B151: B206 UK NS107 (CW410 J) Balance – <.03 – <.3 – Ni 17.0–19.0 Mn .05–.35 Cu 54.0–56.0 G DIN 17663 Cu Ni 18 Zn 27 Wk. Balance <.2 <.03 – <.3 – Ni 17.0–19.0 Mn < .7 Cu 60.0–63.0 2.0740 41021 USA CDA 782 (UNS C78200) Balance – 1.5–2.5 – <.35 – Ni 7.0–9.0 Mn < .5 Cu 63.0–67.0 UK NS101 (CW402 J) Balance – 1.0–2.5 – <.4 – Ni 9.0–11.0 Mn .2–.5 Cu 44.0–47.0 G DIN 17663 Cu Ni 10Zn 42 Pb Balance <.3 .5–2.0 – <.5 – Ni 9.0–11.0 Mn < .5 Cu 45.0–48.0 others total < .1

Alloy equivalents—Magnesium Alloys Composition Country Designation Al Zn Mn Other 61001 USA M1A ASTM B107, B275; SAE 51, 522, 533 ––>1.2 Si < .1 Cu < .05 Ni < .01 Ca < .3 (UNS M15100) other < .3 UK 1428:7378 –––– G W3501 DIN 1729 Wk. 3.5200 <.05 <.03 1.2–2.0 Si < 1 Cu < 05 Fe < .005 others < .1 61002 USA LA141 ASTM B270; MIL SPEC M-46130 <.05 – 1.5 Cu < .05 Fe < .005 Li 12.0–15.0 (UNS M14142) Ni < .005 Si .5–.6 Na < .005 61003 USA AZ31B ASTM B107, B273; FED QQ-M-31, 2.3–3.5 .6–1.4 >.2 Si < .1 Cu < .03 Ni < .005 Fe < .003 M-40, M44, WW-T-825 (UNS M11311) Ca < .04 other < .3 UK BS 3370-MAG-S-111; BS 3373-MAG-E-111; 2.5–3.5 .6–1.4 .15–.7 Ca < .3 Si < .3 Cu .05 Ni < .005 DTD 742 Fe < .005 G DIN 1729 Mg Al 3 Zn Wk. 3.5312 2.5–3.5 .5–1.5 .15–.4 Si < .1 Cu < .1 Fe < .003 Ni < .005 Ca < .04 other < .1 61004 USA ZK60A ASTM B91, B107, B275; FED QQ- – 4.8–6.2 – Zr > .45 others < .3 M-31, M-40, WW-T-825 (UNS M16600) USA ZK61A ASTM B403 6.0 Zr .8 nominal comp. UK BS 3373-MAG-E-161 5.0 Zr .6 nominal comp. UK DTD 5041A 5.5 Zr .7 nominal comp. F G-Z 5 Zr <.02 3.5–5.5 <.15 Zr .4–1.0 Cu < .03 Si < .01 Fe < .01 N < 001 G Dl N 1729 Mg Zn 6Zr Wk. 3.5161 4.8–6.2 Zr .45–.8 others < .3 61005 USA AZ61A ASTM B91, B107, B275; FED QQ- 5.8–7.2 .4–1.5 .15 Si < .1 Cu < .05 Ni < .005 Fe < .005 M-31, M40, WW-T-825 (UNS M11610) other < .3 UK DTD 259A 5.5–8.5 <1.5 .2–.4 Si < .1 Cu < .1 Ni < .005 Fe < .03 F G-A 7 Z1 6.5–8.5 .5–1.5 >.12 Si < .3 Cu < .05 Ni < .005 Fe < .007 others < .3 G DIN 1729 Mg AI6Zn Wk. 3.5612 5.5–7.0 .5–1.5 .15–.4 Si < .1 Cu < .1 Ni < .005 Fe < .03 others < .1 61006 USA AZ80A ASTM B91, B107, B275; FED.QQ- 7.8–9.2 .2–.8 >.12 Si < .1 Cu < .05 Ni < .005 Fe < .005 M-31, M-40 (UNS M11800) other < .3 UK BS 2L121; BS 2L122 7.5–9.0 .3–1.0 .15–.4 Si < .3 Cu < .15 Ni < .01 Fe < .05 Sn < .1 Cu + Si + Fe + Ni < .4 F G-A 7 Z1 See AZ61A G DIN 1729 Mg Al 8 Zn Wk. 3.5812 7.8–9.2 .2–.8 .12–.3 Si < .1 Cu < .05 Ni < .003 other < .3 61007 USA LAZ933—Ballette Mem. Institute 3.0 3.0 – Li 9.0, nominal comp. 61008 USA ZK21A 2.3 Zr .45 nominal comp. UK BS 3373-MAG-E-151, BS 3374-MAG-P-151, 3.0 Zr .6 nominal comp. ZW3 61009 UK RZ5—Magnesium Elektron 4.0 Zr .7 rare earth 1.2 nominal comp. 606 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

Alloy equivalents—Miscellaneous Alloys Country Designation Composition 71001 USA Beryllium S-100C QMV Grade. Brush BeO 1.2, Be 98.5 Beryllium Corp. 71002 USA Beryllium S-200C QMV Grade. Brush BeO 2.0, Be 98.0 Beryllium Corp. Beryllium SR-200 QMV Grade. Brush BeO 2.0, Be 98.0 Hot rolled sheet Beryllium Corp. 71003 USA Beryllium S-300C QMV Grade. Brush BeO 3.0, Be 97.4 Beryllium Corp. 71004 USA MP35N Multiphase (UNS R30035) C < .025, Cr 19–21.0, Mo 9–10.5, Ni 33–37, Fe < 1.0, Mn < .15, P < .015, S < .01, Si < .15, Ti < 1.0, Co balance 71005 USA HS25; L-605; Haynes 25 C .05–.15, Cr 19.0–21.0, Ni 9.0–11.0, W 14.0–16.0, Fe < 3.0, Co balance UK BS 3531/1-4 C .1, Cr 20, Ni 10, W 15, Co balance. Nominal comp. G Co Cr20 W 15 Ni Wk. 2.4967 C .05–.13, Cr 19.0–21.0, Ni 9.0–11.0, W 14.0–16.0, Fe < 3.0, Si < 1.0, Mn 1.0–2.0, P < .045, S < .03, Co balance 71006 USA HS188—Haynes Alloy (UNS R30188) C .05–.15, Cr 20–24, Ni 20–24, W 13–16, Fe < 3.0, Mn < 1.25, La .03–.15, Si .2–.5, Co balance.

References for Alloy Equivalents ICS: 49—Aéronautique et Espace ‘Work Programme 1995’ BSI Catalogue 1995/96. CEN—European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. British Standards Institution ISBN: 92-9097-432-X

‘Iron and Steel Speciﬁcations’, 8th Edition. MIL-HDBK-5 J: Metallic Materials and Elements for British Iron and Steel Producers Association, December Aerospace Vehicle Structures, Vols. 1 and 2. 1994. Department of Defense, USA. 2003

‘Uniﬁed Numbering System’, 4th Edition. ‘Metallic Materials Speciﬁcation Handbook’, 4th Edition SAE/ASTM 1986 Robert B. Ross Chapman & Hall, 1992, ISBN: 0-412-36940-0 Stahlschüssel, 1977. ‘Properties of Aluminium and its Alloys’ ‘Smithells Metals Reference Book’, 8th Edition. Aluminium Federation, 2002 2002, Butterworth-Heinemann

‘Buyers Guide to progress on European Standards’ ECSS Q-ST-70-71: Data for the Selection of Space Aluminium Federation, UK. February 1996 Materials. AFNOR Catalogue, 1996 ICS: 77—Métallurgie Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 607

Alloy equivalents—Titanium Alloys Composition Country Designation Al V Cr Other 51001 USA CP Ti (UNS R52250) ASTM B265 C 0.1: H 0.01: Fe 0.2, Commercial purity Titanium UK BS TA1: IMI 115: Ti 115: H 0.012: Fe 0.2, Commercial purity Titanium F AFNOR T35 G Wk. 3.7024 51002 USA 3AI-2.5V (UNS R56320) 2.5–3.5 2.0–3.0 – C < .05: H < .013: Fe < .25: N < .02 AMS 4943.4944 ASTM B337 O < .12 Ti Balance 51003 USA 6AI-4V (UNS R56401) 5.5–6.75 3.5–4.5 – C < .1: H < .015: Fe < .4: N < .05 O < .2 Ti Balance AMS 4906: 4911: 4934, 4935: 4954:4965:4967 ASTM B265, B348: B367: B381: AWS A5-16 MIL. SPEC. F83142: T9046: T9047: T81556: T81915 UK BS TA56: 2TA10: 2TA13: 2TA28: 5.5–6.75 3.5–4.5 – H < .025: Fe < .3: O + N < .25 Ti Balance IMI318: Ti 318A UK DTD5163: 5173: 5303: 5313: 5323 6.1 4.0 – H < .012 nominal comp. F TA6V 6.0 4.0 – Nominal comp. G Ti Al 6V 4 Wk. 3.7164 6.0 4.0 – Nominal comp. AECMA TI-P63 CEN EN 2517PR (TI-P63 alloy: annealed—sheet, strip and plate, a ≤ 100 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2530PR (TI-P63 alloy: annealed—900 MPa ≤ RM ≤ 1160 MPa—bars, d ≤ 100 mm—provisional spec.) EN 2531 PR (TI-P63 alloy: annealed—900 MPa ≤ RM ≤ 1160 MPa—forgings, d ≤ 100 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3310PR (TI-P63 alloy: not heat treated—reference heat treatment—annealed—grade 2 forging stocks, d ≤ 360 mm —provisional spec.) EN 3311 PR (TI-P63 alloy: annealed—900 MPa ≤ RM ≤ 1160 MPa—bar for machining, d ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3312PR (TI-P63 alloy: annealed—900 MPa ≤ RM ≤ 1160 MPa—forgings, d ≤ 150 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3313PR (TI-P63 alloy: not heat treated- reference heat treatment—solution treated and aged—grade 2 forging stocks, d ≤ 360 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3314PR (TI-P63 alloy: solution treated and aged—RM > = 1070 MPa—bar for machining, d ≤ 50 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3315PR (TI-P63 alloy: solution treated and aged—RM > = 1070 MPa—forgings, d < = 50 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3456PR (TI-P63 alloy: annealed—920 MPa ≤ RM ≤ 1180 MPa—sheet and strip, a ≤ 6mm—provisional spec.) EN 3457PR (TI-P63 alloy: not heat treated—reference heat treatment—solution treated and aged—grade 2 forging stock for fasteners, d ≤ 25 mm—provisional spec.) EN 3458PR (TI-P63 alloy: annealed—900 MPa ≤ RM ≤ 1160 MPa—bar and wire for machined fasteners, d ≤ 25 mm —provisional spec.) EN 3464PR (TI-P63 alloy: annealed—900 MPa ≤ RM ≤ 1160 MPa—plate, 6 mm ≤ a ≤ 100 mm—provisional spec.) 51004 USA 13V-11Cr-3AI (UNS R58010) 2.5–4.0 12.5–14.5 10–12 Fe < 0.35: C 0.05–0.1 AMS4917:4959 AWS A5 MIL SPEC. F-83142: T- 9046: T-9047: T-81588 51005 UK IMI 685 6.0 Zr 5.0: Mo 0.5: Si 0.5, nominal comp. 51006 UK IMI 829 5.5 Sn 3.5: Zr 3.0: Nb 1.0: Mo 0.3: Si 0.3, nominal comp. 608 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

UNS No. Table No. (continued) Carbon steels and alloy steels UNS No. Table No. G10050 11001 G11170 13005 G10060 11002 G11180 13006 G10080 11003 G11190 13007 G10100 11004 G11320 13008 G10110 11005 G11370 13009 G10120 11006 G11390 13010 G10150 11007 G11400 13011 G10160 11008 G11410 13012 G10170 11009 G11440 13013 G10180 11010 G11450 13014 G10190 11011 G11460 13015 G10200 11012 G12134 13016 G10210 11013 G12144 13017 G10220 11014 G15130 12001 G10230 11015 G15180 12002 G10250 11016 G15220 12003 G10260 11017 G15240 12004 G10290 11018 G15250 12005 G10300 11019 G15260 12006 G10350 11020 G15270 12007 G10370 11021 G15360 12008 G10380 11022 G15410 12009 G10390 11023 G15470 12010 G10400 11024 G15480 12011 G10420 11025 G15510 12012 G10430 11026 G15520 12013 G10450 11027 G15610 12014 G10460 11028 G15660 12015 G10490 11029 G15720 12016 G10500 11030 Low alloy steels G10530 11031 G40120 14001 G10550 11032 G40230 14002 G10600 11033 G40240 14003 G10640 11034 G40270 14004 G10650 11035 G40280 14005 G10690 11036 G40320 14006 G10700 11037 G40370 14007 G10740 11038 G40420 14008 G10750 11039 G40470 14009 G10780 11040 G41180 14010 G10800 11041 G41300 14011 G10840 11042 G41350 14012 G10850 11043 G41370 14013 G10860 11044 G41400 14014 G10900 11045 G41420 14015 G10950 11046 G41450 14016 G11080 13001 G41470 14017 G11090 13002 G41500 14018 G11100 13003 G41610 14019 G11160 13004 G43200 14020 (continued) (continued) Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 609

(continued) (continued) UNS No. Table No. UNS No. Table No. G43400 14021 S30900 15012 G46150 14039 S31000 15013 G46170 14040 S31008 15014 G46200 14041 S31400 15015 G46210 14042 S31600 15016 G46260 14043 S31603 15017 G47180 14022 S31700 15018 G47200 14023 S32100 15019 G51150 14044 S34700 15020 G51200 14045 S34800 15021 G51300 14046 S38400 15022 G51320 14047 S40300 15023 G51350 14048 S40500 15024 G51400 14049 S41000 15025 G51450 14050 S41400 15026 G51470 14051 S41600 15027 G51500 14052 S41623 15028 G51550 14053 S42000 15029 G51600 14054 S42020 15030 G51986 14055 S42900 15031 G52986 14056 S43000 15032 G61180 14057 S43020 15033 G61500 14058 S43023 15034 G81150 14024 S43100 15035 G86150 14025 S43400 15036 G86170 14026 S43600 15037 G86200 14027 S44002 15038 G86220 14028 S44003 15039 G86250 14029 S44004 15040 G86270 14030 S44200 15041 G86300 14031 S44600 15042 G86370 14032 S50100 15043 G86400 14033 S50200 15044 G86420 14034 Named steels G86450 14035 J42015 16002 G86500 14036 J92200 16013 G86550 14037 K08500 16001 G86600 14038 K66286 16004 Stainless steels K92820 16015 S20100 15001 K92940 16016 S20200 15002 K93160 16017 S30100 15003 N08020 16003 S30200 15004 S13800 16014 S30215 15005 S14800 16009 S30300 15006 S15500 16008 S30323 15007 S15700 16010 S30400 15008 S17700 16011 S30403 15009 S21900 16018 S30500 15010 S35000 16005 S30800 15011 S35500 16006 (continued) (continued) 610 Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables

(continued) (continued) UNS No. Table No. UNS No. Table No. S36200 16019 A95154 31041 S45500 16007 A95252 31043 T20811 16012 A95254 31044 Nickel alloys A95356 31045 N05500 21012 A95454 31046 N06002 21002 A95456 31047 N06600 21008 A95457 31048 N06625 21009 A95652 31049 N07001 21016 A95657 31050 N07041 21014 A96003 31051 N07718 21010 A96005 31052 N07750 21011 A96053 31053 N08800 21003 A96061 31054 N09901 21004 A96063 31055 N09902 21013 A96066 31056 N10002 21001 A96070 31057 N19903 21005 A96082 31059 N19907 21006 A96101 31060 N19909 21007 A96151 31061 Aluminium alloys (wrought) A96162 31062 A91050 31001 A96201 31063 A91060 31002 A96253 31064 A91100 31003 A96262 31065 A91145 31004 A96351 31066 A91175 31005 A96463 31067 A91200 31006 A96951 31068 A91230 31007 A97001 31069 A91235 31008 A97009 31070 A91345 31009 A97039 31073 A91350 31010 A97049 31074 A92011 31015 A97050 31075 A92014 31016 A97075 31076 A92017 31017 A97079 31077 A92024 31018 A97175 31078 A92048 31019 A97178 31079 A92124 31023 Aluminium alloys (cast) A92219 31026 A02950 32001 A93003 31029 A03190 32003 A93004 31030 A03330 32005 A93005 31031 A03550 32007 A93103 31032 A03560 32009 A93105 31033 A03570 32011 A94032 31034 A03590 32013 A95005 31035 A03800 32014 A95050 31036 A05140 32016 A95050 31042 A05180 32017 A95052 31037 A05200 32018 A95056 31038 A05350 32019 A95083 31039 A07070 32020 A95086 31040 A07120 32021 (continued) (continued) Appendix 6: Metal Alloy Comparison Tables 611

(continued) (continued) UNS No. Table No. UNS No. Table No. A33550 32008 C76200 41018 Copper alloys C76600 41019 C11000 41001 C77000 41020 C17000 41002 C78200 41021 C17200 41003 Titanium alloys C19400 41004 R52250 51001 C19500 41005 R56320 51002 C23000 41006 R56401 51003 C26000 41007 R58010 51004 C35300 41008 Magnesium alloys C42200 41009 M11311 61003 C44300 41010 M11610 61005 C51000 41011 M11800 61006 C52100 41012 M14142 61002 C61900 41013 M15100 61001 C68700 41014 M16600 61004 C68800 41015 Miscellaneous alloys C70600 41016 R30035 71004 C72500 41017 R30188 71006 (continued) Appendix 7: Variation of Standard Free Energy of Formation of Oxides with Temperature

These are graphs showing how free energy values vary with and Fe3O4 are more stable than NiO, and that the oxide temperature. The network is based on work by Ellingham Fe2O4 are more stable than NiO, and that the oxide Fe2O3 is and Richardson in the 1940s and 1950s and is still very the least stable of all. useful today (see for instance Ellingham, H.J.T. (1944) Reduced pressures will enhance most reducing reactions J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 63, 125–133). The diagram indicates at as will increasing the ratio of hydrogen or carbon monoxide any temperature what is thermodynamically possible for present in a gaseous mixture—these effects can also be metallurgical reactions that are based on either thermal estimated from intersection points. The techniques are reduction processes or thermal oxidation processes. described in books such as Metallurgical Thermochemistry, At the point of intersection of any two curves the standard 6th Edition, (1993) by O. Kubaschewski, C. Alcock and P. free energy for the chemical reaction is zero and this is the J. Spencer, (Pergamon, Oxford) and Free Energy of For- point of equilibrium. The diagram can be used to show mation of Binary Compounds (1971), by T.B. Reed (MIT approximately whether reduction or oxidation will take Press, London). place. It is important to note that the Ellingham diagrams relate As an example, below a temperature of about 1600 °C, to the equilibrium conditions—they take no account of the pure magnesium is expected to reduce aluminium oxide. At kinetics of any oxidation or reduction reaction. temperatures higher than 1600 °C, when the curve for For alloys, it is worth noting that the most easily oxidized magnesium oxide is above that of aluminium oxide, one constituent should be considered when consulting the dia- would expect that pure aluminium would reduce magnesium gram. It is usual to discount elements that have a concen- oxide to metallic magnesium. The approximate temperatures tration less than about 1 % as they are not able to form when gases such as carbon monoxide might reduce metal continuous surface ﬁlms. oxides can, in a similar way, be deduced from the various A recent, short but very useful article—Ellingham dia- points of graph intersections. grams, their Use and Misuse—takes account of several case It is possible to determine the partial pressure of oxygen examples where diagrams can be used for trouble shooting in equilibrium at a given temperature with the couples Fe/ during processes such as heat treatment, brazing and bright

FeO, Fe/Fe3O4, Ni/NiO, and the like. The diagrams shows annealing (Stratton 2013). that up to very high temperatures (>1500 °C) the oxides FeO

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 613 B.D. Dunn, Materials and Processes, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23362-8 614 Appendix 7: Variation of Standard Free Energy of Formation of Oxides with Temperature

Based on a diagram supplied by the British Iron and Steel Research Association Appendix 8: Simplied Procedure for the Management of Materials, Processes and Mechanical Parts—Possible Guidelines for a Cubesat or Small University Spacecraft

Flow Chart for M,P and MP Lists

Company Structure Exists

Responsible for company Product Assurance:

Responsible for Materials and Process, Plus Mechanical Parts (eg Materials Manager):

Responsible for Design and Verification: Selection

Evaluation: Verification of Processes Critical Yes Criticality Evaluation Validation of Materials Reject Analysis Necessary Qualification of Mechanical Parts New Selection

No No Non - Critical Reject New Test or Evaluation: Request for Test Results Accept Verification by Deviation Similarity Yes Accept

Add Material, Process or Mechanical Part to: DML, DPL, DMPL

Declared Material List Declared Process List Declared Mech. Parts List

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 615 B.D. Dunn, Materials and Processes, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23362-8 616 Appendix 8: Simplified Procedure for the Management of Materials, Processes and Mechanical Parts …

Management of Lists (see Flow Chart) Processing parameter (e.g. heat-treatment for metals and mix ratio/curing time/temp for organic) Use and end location 1. List should be initiated and maintained during the life of Any test date (reference to reports, literature, etc.) the project by the Material and Processes (M&P) Last column is for Approval by M&P specialist and Manager. projeet manager who gives final approval. 2. Inputs mainly from Design Manager (e.g. engineering (d) All acronyms need to be defined drawings). (e) Items with a limited life such as two part adhesives, 3. Lists need to be reviewed at PDR (they will be incom- paints, etc. must be identified under processing plete but may identity critical items) and again at CDR. parameter. 4. SuitabiIity of the items on the 3 Iists should be assessed by an independent material and process specialist. 5. Technical criteria for the selection of material will include: Evaluation, Procurement, Inspection, (a) Effect of temperature and thermal cycling Traceability, and Storage (b) Effect of vacuum (outgassing of organic materials and sublimation of metaIs such as cadmium (forbidden)) Evaluation (c) Effect of radiation (not generally an issue except for Some materials may need to be evaluated for outgassing. solar cell cover glasses, white paints) (d) Corrosion and galvanic compatibility (i.e. high Procurement strength aIuminium alloys need a chemical conver- Some materials have long lead times (versus the project sion coating that enabIes resistace to surface corro- schedule); these need to be identified before PDR. sion prior to launch and electrical grounding between Inspection electronic boxes and structure). Inspection is needed at “in-coming” to ensure suitability, check materials are “in-life”, damage to surface, castings — Note:PDR preliminary design review (usually an in- may need to be x-rayed etc. depth assessment, by an interdependent team of discipline experts and managers, that the design and materials/pro- Traceability cesses are realistic); CDR—critical design review (to ensure When possible each material and batch should have a the spacecraft's designed hardware is ready for launch). unique reference number. Storage Good controls needed regarding: humidity, cleanliness, Lay-Out of Lists (see also Appendices 10 refrigeration for certain items, health and safety (regarding and 11 for examples) toxic materials), flammable materials.

(a) These can be formatted prior to PDR and Materials are grouped according to Table 7.A.1 (b) All lists need issue status for configuration control Mechanical Parts and Process Controls (c) Columns will provide—Unique Item number Material designation (e.g. commercial or recognisable • The DPL and DMPL will need to be designed in a similar identification) manner to the DML. International code, e.g. AISI, AA, CDA, etc. (for • Exact requirements for DPL and DMPL should be agreed instance as listed in Appendix 6) with the M and P specialist. Manufacturers name • The DMPL needs to list all mechanisms—each should be Surface finish assessed by the M and P specialist (e.g. that lubricating Appendix 8: Simplified Procedure for the Management of Materials, Processes and Mechanical Parts … 617

Table 7.A.1 Material group numbers Group Description Processes—Controls and Possible number Assessment for Quality 1 Aluminium and aluminium alloys 2 Copper and copper alloys It would be beneficial to review all spacecraft systems and 3 Nickel and nickel alloys sub-systems with a mind to check if suitable controls are 4 Titanium and titanium alloys being made, and whether some minimal verification of 5 Steels unusual processes should be Verified: 6 Stainless steels 7 Filler metals: welding, brazing soldering – Structure, mechanical assembly or welding process, 8 Miscellaneous metallic materials simple corrosion protection 9 Optical materials – Black boxes, manufacture, painting, grounding 10 Adhesives, coatings, vamishes – Harness, crimping to ECSS standard?, wire type (silver 11 Adhesives tapes or tin-plated?) 12 Paints an inks – General welding (are materials suitable), bonding, 13 Lubricants painting 14 Potting compounds, sealants, foams – Pcb assembly methods, repair, controls (ECSS standard?) 15 Reinforced plastics (including PCBs) – Make an attempt to list processes and critical ones may 16 Rubbers and elastomers need laboratory testing on in-line samples. 17 Thermoplastics [e.g non-adhesive tapes and folls (MLI)] 18 Thermoset plastics (including PCBs) 19 Materials aspects of wires and cables Need for Access to Space Materials 20 Miscellaneous non-metallic materials, e.g ceramics Laboratory to Assess Quality From ECSS Q-ST-70B and Suitability for Use in Vacuum

greases and oils to not outgas and contaminate optical – Microsectioning of welded and crimped joints* systems, that rotating parts in vacuum do not cold-weld – Tensile testing of welds and crimps* etc.). – NDT occasionally for welds* • The DPL should also be reviewed and possibly com- – Outgassing tests to ECSS standard (can be done at ded- piled by the M and P specialist to ascertain if each icated European labs), needed for a few organic materials process can be considered “non- critical” or “critical” (glues, paints, etc.) in vicinity of optical systems (line of based on previous usage, reliability, inspect ability, sight to consider condensation). Some laboratories possibility to re-work in case of human or material offering testing for outgassing are mentioned on page 40. errors (Table 7.A.1). *Note—could use local university or industry Appendix 9: Materials and Processes Standards Related to Space (Released by ECSS, JAXA and NASA) as of 2015

ECSS-Q-ST-70-02C Thermal vacuum outgassing test for the screening of space materials ECSS-Q-ST-10-04C Critical-item control ECSS-Q-ST-70-03C Black-anodizing of metals with inor- ECSS-Q-ST-10-09C Nonconformance control system ganic dyes ECSS-Q-ST-20C Rev.1 Quality assurance ECSS-Q-ST-70-04C Thermal testing for the evaluation of ECSS-Q-ST-20- Quality and safety assurance for space test space materials, processes, mechanical parts and assemblies centres ECSS-Q-ST-70-05C Detection of organic contamination ECSS-Q-ST-20-08C Storage, handling and transportation surfaces by infrared spectroscopy of spacecraft hardware ECSS-Q-ST-70-06C Particle and UV radiation testing for ECSS-Q-ST-20-10C Off-the-shelf items utilization in space space materials systems ECSS-Q-ST-70-07C Verification and approval of automatic ECSS-Q-ST-30 C Dependability machine wave soldering ECSS-Q-ST-30-02C Failure modes, effects (and criticality) ECSS-Q-ST-70-08C Manual soldering of high-reliability analysis (FMEA/FMECA) electrical connections ECSS-Q-ST-30-09C Availability analysis ECSS-Q-ST-70-09C Measurements of thermo-optical ECSS-Q-ST-30-11C Rev.1 Derating—EEE components properties of thermal control materials ECSS-Q-ST-40C Safety ECSS-Q-ST-70-10C Qualification of printed circuit boards ECSS-Q-ST-40-02C Hazard analysis ECSS-Q-ST-70-11C Procurement of printed circuit boards ECSS-Q-ST-40-12C Fault tree analysis—Adoption notice ECSS-Q-ST-70-12C Design rules for printed circuit boards ECSS/IEC 61025 ECSS-Q-ST-70-13C Rev.1 Measurements of the peel and ECSS-Q-ST-60 C Rev.2 Electrical, electronic and elec- pull-off strength of coatings and finishes using pressure- tromechanical (EEE) components sensitive tapes ECSS-Q-ST-60-02C ASIC and FPGA development ECSS-Q-ST-70-18C Preparation, assembly and mounting ECSS-Q-ST-60-05C Rev.1 Generic procurement require- of RF coaxial cables ments for hybrids ECSS-Q-ST-70-20C Determination of the susceptibility of ECSS-Q-ST-60-12C Design, selection, procurement and silver-plated copper wire and cable to "red-plague" use of die form monolithic microwave integrated circuits corrosion (MMICs) ECSS-Q-ST-70-21C Flammability testing for the screening ECSS-Q-ST-60-13C Commercial electrical, electronic and of space materials electromechanical (EEE) components ECSS-Q-ST-70-22C Control of limited shelf-life materials ECSS-Q-ST-60-14C Re-lifing procedure—EEE ECSS-Q-ST-70-26C Crimping of high-reliability electrical components connections ECSS-Q-ST-60-15C Radiation hardness assurance—EEE ECSS-Q-ST-70-28C Repair and modification of printed components circuit board assemblies for space use ECSS-Q-ST-70C Rev.1 Materials, mechanical parts and ECSS-Q-ST-70-29C Determination of offgassing products processes from materials and assembled articles to be used in a ECSS-Q-ST-70-01C Cleanliness and contamination control manned space vehicle crew compartment

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 619 B.D. Dunn, Materials and Processes, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23362-8 620 Appendix 9: Materials and Processes Standards Related to Space (Released by ECSS, JAXA and NASA) as of 2015

ECSS-Q-ST-70-30C Wire wrapping of high-reliability NASA-HDBK-8739.23 NASA complex electronics hand- electrical connections book for assurance professionals ECSS-Q-ST-70-31C Application of paints and coatings on NASA-STD-4003 ELECTRICAL BONDING FOR NASA space hardware LAUNCH VEHICLES, SPACECRAFT, PAYLOADS, ECSS-Q-ST-70-36C Material selection for controlling AND FLIGHT EQUIPMENT stress-corrosion cracking NASA-STD-5001 structural design and test factors of safety ECSS-Q-ST-70-37C Determination of the susceptibility of for spaceflight hardware metals to stress-corrosion cracking NASA-STD-5002 Load analyses of spacecraft and payloads ECSS-Q-ST-70-38C High-reliability soldering for surface- NASA-STD-5005 Standard for the design and fabrication of mount and mixed technology ground support equipment ECSS-Q-ST-70-45C Mechanical testing of metallic NASA-STD-5006 General fusion welding requirements for materials aerospace materials used in flight hardware ECSS-Q-ST-70-46C Rev.1 Requirements for manufacturing NASA-STD-5008 Protective coating of carbon steel, stain- and procurement of threaded fasteners less steel, and aluminum on launch structures, facilities, and ECSS-Q-ST-70-50C Particles contamination monitoring for ground support equipment spacecraft systems and cleanrooms NASA-STD-5009 Nondestructive evaluation requirements ECSS-Q-ST-70-53C Materials and hardware compatibility for fracture critical metallic components tests for sterilization processes NASA-STD-5019 Fracture control requirements for space- ECSS-Q-ST-70-55C Microbial examination of flight hard- flight hardware ware and cleanrooms NASA-STD-5020 Requirements for threaded fastening ECSS-Q-ST-70-56C Vapour phase bioburden reduction for systems in spaceflight hardware flight hardware NASA-STD-6001 Flammability, offgassing, and compati- ECSS-Q-ST-70-57C Dry heat bioburden reduction for flight bility requirements and test procedures hardware NASA-STD-6008 NASA Fastener procurement, receiving ECSS-Q-ST-70-58C Bioburden control of cleanrooms inspection, and storage practices for spaceflight hardware ECSS-Q-ST-70-71C Materials, processes and their data NASA-STD-6012 Corrosion protection for space flight selection hardware ECSS-Q-ST-80C Software product assurance NASA-STD-6016 Standard materials and processes ISO 24113: Space systems—Space debris mitigation requirements for spacecraft requirements NASA-STD-8719.14 Process for limiting orbital debris JAXA-QTS-2120 Wire, Electric, Fluorine Resin/Polyimide NASA-STD-8719.9 Standard for lifting devices and Insulated equipment JAXA-QTS-2140 Printed Wiring Boards, Rigid-Flexible NASA-STD-8739.1 Workmanship standard for polymeric NASA-HDBK-5010 FRACTURE CONTROL IMPLE- application on electronic assemblies MENTATION HANDBOOK FOR PAYLOADS, NASA-STD-8739.4 Crimping, interconnecting cables, har- EXPERIMENTS, AND SIMILAR HARDWARE nesses, and wiring NASA-HDBK-6024 Spacecraft polymers atomic oxygen NASA-STD-8739.5 Fiber optic terminations, cable assem- durability handbook blies, and installation NASA-HDBK-6025 Guidelines for the specification and NASA-STD-8739.6 Implementation requirements for nasa certification of titanium alloys for NASA flight applications workmanship standards (includes requirements for soldered NASA-HDBK-8719.14 Handbook for limiting orbital electrical and electronic assemblies per IPC J-STD-001 debris ES) Appendix 10: Examples of Declared Process Lists (DPL)

The Processes selected and used on any spacecraft will need reports are generated: on critical processes are “veriﬁcation to be approved by the end customer. They are compiled by tested”.1 the “Prime Contractor”. Critical processes are usually eval- Common practice is to tabulate all processes according to uated by Testing “technology samples” for which laboratory the following “Group Numbers”:

Group Description number 1 Adhesive bonding 2 Composite manufacture 3 Encapsulation/moulding 4 Painting/coating 5 Cleaning 6 Welding/brazing 7 Crimping/stripping/wire wrapping 8 Soldering 9 Surface treatments 10 Plating 11 Machining 12 Forming 13 Heat treatment 14 Special fabrication: processes developed speciﬁcally for the programme 15 Marking 16 Miscellaneous processes 17 Inspection procedures

1Critical processes are often specified by the end customer and will depend on the service life and operational condition of individual spacecraft (e.g. “manned space vehicles” may have more critical processes). Often the process is considered critical if there are major difficulties or uncertainties in the manufacturing, assembly, inspection and testing. The process will also be considered critical if it has proven to be difficult to perform by trained operators, and if it has raised problems in the past that have not been resolved.

Appendix 10.A.1 Outerspace company Declared process list DOC.NO.: DPL/PIT/3401/OSC Spacecraft: PITCAIRNSAT 1 Group 1 adhesive bonding Issue: 3 Subsystem: Date: 10/04/14 Equipment: Page: 16 Item Process Speciﬁcation R Description/Identiﬁcation Use Location code User Assoc. C Approval Customer E code DML R Status C comments and V Items I approval T 1.07.00 Preparation of VESPEL and PON H- 8 Bonding LLMKTRA IOLACADM 18.018.00 N PSU: A PON DELRIN surfaces prior to A011 processes ROSETTA bond 1.018.00 Bonding by conductive resins HR-012.INT 1 CURE: 15 min at 120 °C Shielding of LLMKHPA 10.013.00 N PSU: A ZTN with EPOTEX H20 E SSPA structure METRO 6 1.019.00 Screw locking with Screw 1 CURE: 48 h at RT or 3 h at LLMKHPA 10.009.00 N PSU: A ZTN SOLITHANE 113 locking 65 °C METRO 6 HR-013/INT 1.021.01 Bonding with SOLITHANE HR-411/INT 1 CURE: 48 h at RT or 3 h at Components KSPA 10.009.00 N PSU: A ZTN 113 65 °C bonding METRO 6 1.025.00 Bonding with ECCOSIL HR-410/INT 2 CURE: 18 h at RT or 3 h at RF Absorber LLMKHPA 10.069.03 N PSU: A ° ZTN 4952 65 C bonding 12.012.00 METRO 6

16.006.02 (DPL) Lists Process Declared of Examples 10: Appendix 1.026.00 Bonding with EA 9321 PLUS SP 4413 TC LLMCHRM IOLACHRM 10.002.03 A ON EA 9210 PRIMER SP 4414 APSAPA 1.030.00 Preparation of BS L 312 SP 8841 CURE: 1 Hr at 120 °C Inserts and LLMCHRM IOLACHRM 10.015.05 A ON bonding of M honeycomb 1.031.00 Bonding with FOAM 410-1 M-O-993 8 CURE: 0.5 h at 120 °C+1h Splicing STR IOLACADM 10.027.01 N PSU: A CAT 180 °C honeycomb part LLMCADM HELIOS ISO ARIANE 5 1.094.00 Locking of nuts and screws PIV/20/2014 3 Permenent and non- APSIAPC N A PIN permanent locking of screws and nuts pedx1:Eape fDcae rcs it (DPL) Lists Process Declared of Examples 10: Appendix

Appendix 10.A.2 Outerspace company Declared process list DOC. NO.: DPL/PIT/3401/OSC Spacecraft: PITCAIRNSAT 1 Group 6 welding/brazing Issue: 3 Subsystem: Date: 10/04/14 Equipment: Page: 61 Item Process Speciﬁcation R Description/ Use Location User Assoc. C Approval Customer number E identiﬁcation code code DML R Status C comments contractor V items I and T approval 6.018.00 Vacuum PPC PIC 101 1 Joining metal/or Thruster IPPEIT 7.038.00 C Awaiting O PNT brazing metallised ceramic 20.051.03 vacuum O components 3.011.03 hermeticity 6.001.36 testing and 6.013.15 DPA 3.036.00 6.020.00 Filling tube SPECWELD Laser welding Tube on top DOME PWSBTA 3.015.01 N RPT OSC A TOT welding 491 3.015.03 4448 N 6.021.00 Cell closure M.T.U. TIG Welding Terminal to DOME PWSBTA 3.001.01 N RPT OSC A TOT welding 11997 3.001.02 4521 N 21.017.01 6.022.00 Brazing with TBD Hard bazing of Cu- IPPEIT 6.008.03 NO FOB VH 950 wire of 2.0040/anode 7.036.02 N screw 1.4944 6.023.00 Microwelding FOP Plasmajet IPPEIT 2.001.32 NA FOB 99-22/13 microwelding of 19.019.03 N HF-RF-CABLE/Cu wire 623 624

Appendix 10.A.3 Outerspace company Declared process list DOC.NO.: DPL/PIT/3401/OSC Spacecraft: PITCAIRNSAT 1 Group 9 space conversion treatment Issue: 3 Subsystem: Date: 10/04/14 Equipment: Page: 99 Item number Process Specification R Description/identification Use Location code User Assoc. C Approval Customer fi contractor identi cation E code DML R Status C comments and V Items I approval T 9.012.00 Anodising of 33448/22/4 A Protection RCPROMD FREPFKIF 4.001.43 N RPT: A XYZ TA6V titanium FREPFKOF FREPFBOF 21.004.19 XYZ/BOT/FT.236 alloy FREPFKTF RREPRKIF 21.007.30 PSU: TDF RREPRKPD 21.008.51 8 TVSAT 8 TLC 8 POS Anodising of 33448/22/4 A Protection FREPFKLA FREPFICA 4.001.43 N PSU: ECS INTE-V1 A TA6V titanium FREPFISC FREPRSIR 21.004.19 GIOTTO ERS-1 N alloy FREPAIT 21.007.30 21.008.51 9.013.00 Surface passivation 62410/99/1 Passivation of silver Protection RCPROMD FREPFKIF 1.029.03 N RPT: BAB/QT/ A XYZ FREPFKOF FREPFBOF 3.005.18 81.044 FREPFKIF RREPRKIF 4.007.01 PSU: TVSAT 2 RREPRKPD SPLAB TLC 8 POS Surface passivation 44291/20/1 Passivation of silver Protection FREPFKLA FREPFICA 3.002.11 N RPT: BAB/QT/ AN FREPFISC FREPRSIR 1.029.02 81.044 1.029.03 PSU: INTE.V1 1.040.00 ERS-1 pedx1:Eape fDcae rcs it (DPL) Lists Process Declared of Examples 10: Appendix 1.029.04 EURECA EUTE.2 9.014.00 Anodising DTD 942 Surface treatment on Ti Surface FREPFCFK 21.004.21 N MARS-2 AN MOM alloys protection on fixings 9.015.00 Anodising of LIN.914.2. A Support and RREPRICA RREPRKPA 1.017.04 N CLUST-2 AN LIN aluminium ALLOY rev.1 cooling plate RREPRIKC 9.018.00 Hard anodising 49326/20/1 B Treatment of aluminium Insulation FREPFKLA FREPFICA 1.002.34 N PSU: INTE.V1 AN POS and aluminium alloy FREPFISC FREPRSIR 1.007.15 GIOTTO 1.029.05 EURECA TLC 2 9.020.00 Chromate 40441/20/2 B Treatment of aluminium Protection FREPFKLA FREPFICA 1.002.35 N RPT: R: POS conversion coating and aluminium alloy FREPFISC FREPRSIR 1.002.38 XYZ/BOT/FT 1.007.16 PSU: ECS FREPAIT 1.007.19 INTE.V1 1.029.06 ISS TDF 8 1.040.02 Appendix 11: Examples of Declared Materials Lists (DMLs)

The materials selected and used on any spacecraft will need ﬂammability, etc. The Material Group numbers have been to be approved by the end customer. They are compiled by detailed in Appendix 8. the “Prime Contractor”. The contents of the DMLs will depend on the end cus- Critical materials are tested and “Validated”. Dependent tomer’s requirements, these may follow ECSS-Q-ST-70 or upon the criticality of the spacecraft, tests may include: can be relaxed in view of the speciﬁc contractual require- outgassing-under-vacuum, stress corrosion testing, ments. Further description is given in Sect. 4.2.1.

Appendix 11.A.1 Outerspace company Declared material list DOC. NO.: DML/PIT/3466/OSC Spacecraft: PITCAIRNSAT 1 Group 2 copper and copper alloys Issue: 3 Subsystem: Date: 10/04/14 Equipment: Page: 49 Item Commercial Chemical nature and Procurement Summary of processing Use and location code ENVIR. Size Approval Customers identification type of product for information parameters code comments applied condition supplies Use Code R A T Status C and approval specification 2.021.01 Brass 40Zn Cu 60/Zn 40 QQ-B-626 TIN plating 8AB 00526 Mechanical parts RREPRKIC GS V 3 V1 PSU: BSAT D No pure tin FOK AAAA FREPFIKC 4 permitted FREPFKIC RCPFRGU 2.022.00 Brass 38zn Cu Zn 38, 2Pb 734.662.E Gold plating 4 µm Mechanical parts: RREPRKIC GS V 3 V0 PSU: ECS BSAT A FOK 2Pb VAR. TUN.SCREW Copper underplating bonding stud FREPFIKC 4 EUR NRS 5 µm terminal, screw lock FREPFKIC VAR. TERMINAL 770-82608-AASG RCPFRGU NRS 2.022.01 Brass CZ121 Cu58, ZN 38-39, Pb 3-4 Aluminium Silver plating Center conductor FREPFCFK GS V 3 W1 PSU: SPOT A MOM ROD supplies BS 2874 Solder Low pass filter FREPSDIP 4 N CDP 7.10E Probe and tube PREPRINF CDP 7.03 2.022.02 Brass 38Zn Cu Zn 38, 2Pb 734.662.E Sn plating deleted Ag Mechanical parts RREPRKIC GS V 3 V0 PSU: ECS BSAT A Tin no longer

FOK 2Pb VAR. TN.SCREW plating Bonding stud, FREPFIKC 4 EUR N used (DMLs) Lists Materials Declared of Examples 11: Appendix NRS 8AB 00526 AAAA terminal, screw lock FREPFKIC VAR. TERMINAL RCPFRGU NRS 2.023.00 Copper Cu Sn6 DIN 1756 Pretinning Piece, Parts RREPRKPA GS V 3 W1 PSU: A LIN CDA 510 ROD GZ.1991.209.1 FREPFKPA 4 TELECOM HISPAS. INT.V11 EUTELS ECSS-Q-ST-70-36 2.024.00 Copper AVIOMETAL Electrolytic surface Electrical IPPPSCU GS V 3 W2 PSU: GIOTTO ERS A SINT 131N22 coating Sn and reﬂowed connections 4 PINSAT M MIL-T-107-27 1 IP 5009 2.026.00 Copper Cu65 % zn35 % TELKRON Plated with Cu EYELET PCDICU GS V 3 W2 PSU: ISO AN LIN CDA 260 CRS-EPT-6016 5 µm + Sn/Pb PCDPKDU 4 2.027.00 Brass Grommet with Spur Atlanta hardware INSERT MLI grounding IOLAIKCM GS V 3 W3 A FON MS 20230 grommet plain N pedx1:Eape fDcae aeil it (DMLs) Lists Materials Declared of Examples 11: Appendix

Appendix 11.A.2 Outerspace company Declared material list DOC: NO.: DML/PIT/3466/OSC Spacecraft: PITCAIRNSAT 1 Group 6 stainless steels Issue: 3 Subsystem: Date: 10/04/14 Equipment: Page: 88 Item Commercial Chemical nature and type of Procurement information Summary of Use and location code ENVIR. Size Approval Customers identification product for appl. condition supplies specification processing Code comments and parameters Use Code R A T Status C approval 6.034.00 SS 2343-08 TINGSTAD A/S Lock wire IPPFVV GS E 3 W1 A FIN F9967.1 4 N 6.035.00 AISI 304L LEE JEVA Passivated FLO restrictor in IPPPSME GS V 3 W1 RPT 3991- A SMM 09-TSL MIL-S-5002 107 series valve 4 02099-DPQ N 6.036.00 AISI 348 Stainless steel sheet Various Formed Cathode, main IPPEIT GS V 4 SCC I A CPP PPC 823-170-95911 Spot welded flange NASA NASA- N PPC 823-170-95981 HDBK-527 10119 6.036.01 AISI 348 Stainless steel ROT Machined Structural parts IPPEIT GS V 4 W1 SCC I A CPP PPC 8213-170-95921 Spot welded NASA NASA- N HDBK-527 10119 6.037.00 Nitriding BS S106D Plasma nitride Gear SADM GS V 3 W2 ? O More data required ° BET steel 4hat555 C 4 N ESP4443 6.038.00 Maraging Bar DTD 5212 Plasma nitride Pinion SADM GS V 3 W1 ? O More data required BET steel 4hat485°C 4 N ESP4443 6.039.00 Corrosion Sheet BS S527 Washer SADM GS V 3 W1 A BET resisting steel 4 N 6.040.00 Stainless BS S80 PASSIVE SADM GS V 3 W2 A BET steel PS 2089 4 N 6.041.00 AISI 304 X8 Cr Ni 19/10 MULTI SOURCE USE AS IS Ball for sealing IPPFCU GS V 3 W1 PSU: A XIL AMS-5513/AMS 5639 4 OLYMPUS HIPPAR METEO 6.042.00 AISI 1017 Nickel plated Electical stop APSAPA GS V 2 W2 A ON 5to20µm Tooth 4 N 627 628

Appendix 11.A.3 Outerspace company Declared material list DOC. NO.: DML/PIT/3466/OSC Spacecraft: PITCAIRNSAT 1 Group 10 adhesive, coatings, varnishes Page: 151 Issue: 3 Subsystem: Date: 10/04/14 Equipment: Item Commercial Chemical nature and Procurement Summary of Use and location code ENVIR. Size Approval Customers identification type of product for information processing Code comments Appl. condition supplies parameters Use Code R A T Status C and approval specification 10.014.03 EPO-TEK H 74 EPOX resin A/B Epoxy technol. MIX: 100 pp/ Bonding loops and RREPRIWF GS V 3 W1 PSU: O ECS A MOM two component CDP 9.39 3pp supports into housing/ FREPFCFK 4 TTL electric. conductive CURE: 2 h at bonding ferrites FREPSDIP NASA: NASA RP 100 °C TTCSBDN 1124 CDP 7.08 10.015.03 REDUX 312L Epoxy resin film CIBA GEIGY CURE: Skins to core bonding LLMKTRA GS V1W3 RFA: W CAT 1+D-N-15 90 min at GL 3 RFW/KANT-01/CAS 1+D-N-200 120 °C ECSS-Q-ST-70-01 1+D-P-70 TVS 14 10.015.04 REDUX 312UL+ Epoxy resin film CIBA GEIGY CURE: Skins to core SKDRKANA GS V1W2 RFA WM CAT REDUX 1+D-N-15 60 min at STR GL 3 RFW/KANT-01/CAS 120 °C ECSS-Q-ST-70-01 1+D-P-70 TVS 14 10.015.05 REDUX 312L Epoxy resin film CIBA GEIGY Insert plate LLMCHRM GS V 3 V2 RPT: LT 33 A ON DSN. 0016 IOLACHRM 10.015.06 REDUX 312/P112 Epoxy adhesive film CIBA GEIGY CURING: Structural bonding in IOLACADM GS V 3 W3 RPT: BOT REP.002 A CAT 1+D-N-15E 1 h/120 °C sandwich LLMCADM PSU: HELIOS, ISO N (DMLs) Lists Materials Declared of Examples 11: Appendix 1+D-E-159 1+D-P-70 manufacturing ARIANE6 TVS 14 10.015.07 REDUX 312/5 Epoxy resin film CIBA CEIGY Bonding UPSGT GS E 3 V2 RPT LT 33 A ON NT 16101/AQEN ECSS-Q-ST-70-01 NT 16102/AQEN TVS 14 10.015.08 REDUX 312L Epoxy resin film CIBA CEIGY CURE: Bonding of panels SAW GL V 2 A4 RPT ESA I 668 A KOF TH5. 917/4/5/6 90 min at 4 PSU: ARA IRAS N 120 °C OLYMPUS TH24. 3006 ULYSSES TVS 14 10.015.09 REDUX312L/112 Epoxy resin plus CIBA CEIGY CURE: 1 h at Beam APSAPA GS V 2 W2 RFA W ON primer film Data sheet/GENES 120 °C 4 RFW/GOT-APA/01 N 0021-1184/1179 PSU: EUT TVS 14 Glossary

The majority of terms have been compiled from documents issued by ESA, IOM, ISO, NASA and TMS.

Acicular alpha A product of nucleation and growth from Annealing A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting beta to the lower-temperature allotrope alpha phase. It may of heating to, and holding at, a suitable temperature followed have a needlelike appearance in a photomicrograph and may by cooling at a suitable rate. It is used primarily to soften have needle, lenticular, or flattened bar morphology in three metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce dimensions. Its typical aspect ratio is about 10:1 desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. The purpose of such changes may be, but is not confined to: Activation The changing of a passive surface of a metal to a improvement of machinability, facilitation of cold work; chemically active state. (Contrast with passivation.) improvement of mechanical or electrical properties, and/or Age hardening Hardening by ageing, usually after rapid increase in stability of dimensions. When the term is used cooling or cold working. (See also ageing.) without qualification, full annealing is implied. When applied only for the relief of stress, the process is properly Ageing A change in the properties of certain metals and called stress relieving or stress-relief annealing alloys that occurs with time at ambient or moderately elevated temperatures after working or a heat treatment (natural Assembly A functional subdivision of a component, con- or artificial ageing) or after a cold-working operation (strain sisting of parts or subassemblies that perform functions ageing). The change in properties is often, but not always, necessary for the operation of the component as a whole. due to a phase change (precipitation), but it never involves a Examples: regulator assembly, power amplifier assembly, change in chemical composition of the metal or alloy gyro assembly, etc Alloy A substance having metallic properties and being Assurance All the planned and systematic activities composed of two or more chemical elements of which at implemented, and demonstrated as needed, to provide ade- least one is a metal quate confidence that an entity will fulfil its requirements Alpha–beta structure A microstructure containing α and β Axial lead Lead wire extending from a component or as the principal phases at a specific temperature module body along its longitudinal axis Alpha case The oxygen-, nitrogen-, or carbon-enriched, α- AWG American wire gauge stabilized surface resulting from elevated temperature Basketweave Alpha platelets with or without interleaved β exposure platelets that occur in colonies in a Widmanstätten structure Analysis The determination of the essential qualities, per- Batch That quantity of material that was subjected to unit formance, and limitations of an item by cognitive or com- chemical processing or physical mixing, or both, designed to putational methods produce a product of substantially uniform characteristics Anomaly Any deviation from the expected situation Bifurcated (split) terminal A terminal with a slot or split Assurance All the planned and systematic activities opening in which conductors are placed before soldering implemented, and demonstrated as needed, to provide ade- Billet (1) A solid, semi-finished round or square product quate confidence that an entity will fulfil its requirements that has been hot-worked by forging, rolling, or extrusion;

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 629 B.D. Dunn, Materials and Processes, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23362-8 630 Glossary usually smaller than a bloom. (2) A general term for wrought Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) The precipitation of a starting stock used in making forgings or extrusions metal from a gaseous compound onto a solid or particulate substrate Blister Undesirable rounded elevation of the surface of a polymer, whose boundaries may be more or less sharply Coarse grains Grains larger than normal for the particular defined wrought metal or alloy or of a size that produces a surface roughening known as orange peel or alligator skin in Body-centred cubic lattice structure A unit cell which wrought alloys consists of atoms arranged at cube corners with one atom at the centre of the cube Cold flow Movement of insulation (e.g. Teflon) caused by pressure Brazeability The capacity of a metal to be brazed under the fabrication conditions imposed into a specific suitably Cold solder connection A solder connection exhibiting designed structure and to perform satisfactorily in the poor wetting and a greyish, porous appearance due to intended service insufficient heat, inadequate cleaning before to soldering, or excessive impurities in the solder Brazing A group of processes that join solid materials together by heating them to a suitable temperature and by Cold working Deforming metal plastically under condi- using a filler metal having a liquidus above about 450 °C tions of temperature and strain rate that induce strain hard- (840 °F) and below the solidus of the base materials. The ening. Usually, but not necessarily, conducted at room filler metal is distributed between the closely fitted surfaces temperature. (Contrast with hot working.) of the joint by capillary attraction Cold-worked structure A microstructure resulting from Bridging A build-up of solder or conformal coating plastic deformation of a metal or alloy below its recrystal- between parts, components leads, and/or base substrate lization temperature forming an elevated path (see ‘Fillet’) Colophony A natural resin obtained as the residue after Brittle Permitting little or no plastic (permanent) deforma- removal of turpentine from the oleoresin of the pine tree, tion prior to fracture consisting mainly of abietic acid and related resin acids, the remainder being resin acid esters Brittle fracture Separation of a solid accompanied by little or no macroscopic plastic deformation. Typically, brittle Component A functional subdivision of a system, generally fracture occurs by rapid crack propagation with less a self-contained combination of assemblies performing a expenditure of energy than for ductile fracture function necessary for the system’s operation. Examples: power supply, transmitter, gyro package, etc Cable Two or more insulated conductors, solid or stranded, of equal length, contained in a common covering; or two or Conductor A lead, solid or stranded, or printed wiring path more insulated conductors, of equal length, twisted or serving as an electrical connection moulded together without common covering; or one insu- Configuration Functional and physical characteristics of a lated conductor with a metallic covering shield or outer product as defined in technical documents and achieved in conductor (shielded cable or coaxial cable) the product (ISO 10007:1995) Cast or casting Top fabricate an item by pouring molten Conformal coating A thin electrically nonconductive pro- metal into a shaped cavity and permitting the metal to tective coating that conforms to the configuration of the solidify. A cast can relate to the item or may be a synonym covered assembly for heat, that is an identifiable chemistry lot Contact angle The angle enclosed between half-planes, Catalyst A substance that changes the rate of a chemical tangent to a liquid surface and a solid–liquid interface at their reaction without undergoing permanent change in its com- intersection. In particular, the contact angle of liquid solder in position; a substance that markedly speeds up the cure of a contact with a solid metal surface. An approximate value for compound when added in minor quantity as compared to the this may be determined by shadow projection or other means, amount of primary reactants by measuring after the solder has solidified. Note that the Certification The act of verifying and documenting that contact angle is always the angle inside the liquid personnel have completed required training and have Contaminant An impurity or foreign substance present in a demonstrated specified proficiency and have met other material that affects one or more properties of the material. specified requirements Glossary 631

A contaminant may be either ionic or nonionic. An ionic, or the set of information describing the essential characteristics polar, compound forms free ions when dissolved in water, of a product making the water a more conductive path. A nonionic sub- Dewetting The condition in a soldered area in which the stance does not form free ions, nor increases the water’s liquid solder has not adhered intimately, but has receded, conductivity. Ionic contaminants are usually processing characterized by an abrupt boundary between solder and residue such as flux activators, finger prints, and etching or conductor, or solder and terminal/termination area leaving plating salts irregularly shaped mounds of solder separated by areas Contractor Supplier in a contractual situation (ISO covered with a thin-solder film 8402:1994) Diffusion welding (DFW) A high-temperature, solid-state Corrective action Action taken to eliminate the causes of welding process that permanently joins faying surfaces by an existing nonconformity, defect, or other undesirable sit- the simultaneous application of pressure and heat. The pro- uation in order to prevent recurrence (ISO 8402: 1994) cess does not involve macroscopic deformation, melting, nor relative motion of parts. A solid filler metal (diffusion aid) Corrosion The deterioration of a metal by a chemical or may or may not be inserted between the faying surfaces electrochemical reaction with its environment Disturbed solder joint Unsatisfactory connection resulting Corrosion fatigue Cracking produced by the combined from relative motion between the conductor and termination action of repeated or fluctuating stress and a corrosive during solidification of the solder environment at lower stress levels or fewer cycles than would be required in the absence of a corrosive environment Dross Oxide and other contaminants that form on the surface of molten solder Creep Time-dependent strain occurring under stress. The creep strain occurring at a diminishing rate is called primary, Ductility The ability of a material to deform plastically or transient, creep; that occurring at a minimum and almost before fracturing. Measured by elongation or reduction of constant rate, secondary, or steady-rate creep; that occurring area in a tension test, by height of cupping in a cupping test, at an accelerating rate, tertiary creep or by the radius or angle of bend in a bend test. (Contrast with brittleness; see also plastic deformation.) Crevice corrosion A type of concentration cell corrosion; corrosion caused by the concentration or depletion of dis- Electron beam welding (EBW) A welding process which solved salts, metal ions, oxygen, or other gases, and such, in produces coalescence of metals with the heat obtained from crevices or pockets remote from the principal fluid stream, a concentrated beam composed primarily of high-velocity with a resultant building up of differential cells that ulti- electrons impinging upon the surfaces to be joined mately cause deep pitting. Localized corrosion of a metal Elongated grain A grain with one principal axis signifi- surface at, or immediately adjacent to, an area that is shiel- cantly longer than either of the other two ded from full exposure to the environment because of close proximity between the metal and the surface of another Elongation A term used in mechanical testing to describe material the amount of extension of a test-piece when stressed. In tensile testing, the increase in the gauge length, measured Critical item Any item that introduces risk which could be after fracture of the specimen within the gauge length, usually unacceptable to the project and requires specific attention or expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length control in addition to that given to items not so categorized Embrittlement The severe loss of ductility and/or tough- Cure A chemical reaction that hardens and changes the ness of a material, usually a metal or alloy physical properties of a material Encapsulating compound An electrically nonconductive Deformation A change in the form of a body due to stress, compound used to completely enclose and fill in voids thermal change, change in moisture, or other causes. Mea- between electrical components or parts sured in units of length Environment Conditions in which an item exists or is Delamination A separation between plies within a base operated material or any planar separation within a multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) Equiaxed structure A polygonal or spheroidal microstructural feature having approximately equal dimen- Design (1) Set of information which defines the essential sions in all directions. In alpha–beta titanium alloys, such a characteristics of a product. (2) The process used to generate 632 Glossary term commonly refers to a microstructure in which most of Flux A chemically active compound which, when heated, the minority phase appears spheroidal removes minor surface oxidation Equilibrium A dynamic condition of physical, chemical, Foil Among many definitions is: a flat-rolled product mechanical, or atomic balance, where the condition appears 0.127 mm (0.005 in.), or less, in thickness, regardless of to be one of rest rather than change width. (Any flat-rolled product thicker than this dimension is not considered foil.) Only thickness, not width, is a factor in Equipment An item designed and built to accomplish a determining foil specified purpose, which can be disassembled and retain its capabilities after reassembly Forging (1) Plastically deforming metal, usually hot, into desired shapes with compressive force, with or without dies. Eutectic alloy An alloy of two or more metals that has one (2) Reshaping a billet or ingot by hammering. (3) The process distinct melting point. Eutectic solder is a tin–lead alloy of placing a powder in a container, removing the air from the containing 63 %Sn and 37 %Pb which melts at 183 °C container, and sealing it. This is followed by conventional Excessive solder joint Unsatisfactory solder connection forging of the powder and container to the desired shape wherein the solder obscures the configuration of the Fracture (1) The irregular surface produced when a piece connection of metal is broken. (2) To separate a metal or alloy into two Face-centred cubic lattice structure A unit cell which or more pieces by an applied load consists of atoms arranged at cube corners with one atom at Friction welding A solid-state process in which materials the centre of each cube face are welded by the heat obtained from rubbing together sur- Failure The termination of the ability of an item to perform faces that are held against each other under pressure a required function Glass meniscus The glass fillet of a lead seal which occurs Fatigue The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated where an external lead leaves the package body or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the Grounding The connection of two or more areas to the tensile strength of the material. Fatigue fractures are pro- same potential difference. The space environment can result gressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the in high potential voltage and destructive arcing, most sub- action of the fluctuating stress systems are grounded to the structure, but the grounding of Fatigue failure Failure that occurs when a specimen electronic units is complex and can use a ‘floating ground’ undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts, or concept has softened, or been otherwise significantly reduced in Ground segment The hardware and software required to stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. Fatigue failure launch and control a space vehicle, usually the launcher generally occurs at loads which, if applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue failures are pro- Hardness A measure of the resistance of a material to gressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a action of the fluctuating stress function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for Fault mode The observable effect of the mechanism hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each through which the failure occurs, e.g. short, open, fracture, type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. excessive wear Indentation hardness may be measured by Brinell, Knoop, Fillet A smooth concave build-up of material between two Rockwell, Scleroscope, and Vickers hardness tests surfaces, e.g. a fillet of solder between a component lead and HAZ See heat-affected zone a solder pad or terminal, or a fillet of conformal coating material between a component and printed circuit board Heat-affected zone That portion of the base metal which (PCB) has not been melted, but whose mechanical properties or microstructure have been altered by the heat of welding, Filler metal The metal to be added in making a welding, brazing, soldering, or cutting brazed, or soldered joint Heat treatment Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy Flake Powder of an essentially two-dimensional nature in such a way as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Flatpack A part with two straight rows of leads that are Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from parallel to the part body the meaning of this definition Glossary 633

Hermetic seal A seal which protects an enclosed circuit metal, or metal alloy lattice. Common examples are oxygen, from corrosion by preventing the entry of such contaminants nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon as water vapour Interstitial solid solution A type of solid solution that HIP See hot isostatic pressing sometimes forms in alloy systems having two elements of widely different atomic sizes. Elements of small atomic size, Hot isostatic pressing (1) A process for simultaneously such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, often dis- heating and forming a powder metallurgy compact in which solved in solid metals to form this solid solution. The space metal powder, contained in a sealed flexible mould, is sub- lattice is similar to that of the pure metal, and the atoms of jected to equal pressure from all directions at a temperature carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen occupy the spaces high enough for sintering to take place. (2) A process similar or interstices between the metal atoms to the one explained in (1), but applied to castings in order to close internal porosity Item Anything which can be individually described and considered Hot working Deforming metal plastically at such a temperature and strain rate that recrystallization takes place Lap joint Joining or fusing of two overlapping metal sur- simultaneously with the deformation, thus avoiding any faces with solder without use of any other mechanical strain hardening attachment or support HV See Vickers hardness number Liquidus In a constitution or equilibrium diagram, the locus of points representing the temperatures at which the various Hydride phase For instance, the phase TiH formed in x compositions in the system begin to freeze on cooling or titanium when the hydrogen content exceeds the solubility finish melting on heating. (See also solidus.) limit, generally locally due to some special circumstance Longitudinal direction Usually, the direction parallel to Hydrogen embrittlement A condition of low ductility in the direction of working in wrought alloys or the direction of metals resulting from the absorption of hydrogen crystal growth in directionally solidified or single-crystal Immersion cleaning Cleaning where the work is immersed cast alloys. Commonly, it corresponds to the direction par- in a liquid solution. Impurities, Undesirable elements or allel to the direction of maximum elongation in a worked compounds in a material material. (See also normal direction and transverse direction.) Inclusion A particle of foreign material in a metallic matrix. The particle is usually a compound (such as an oxide, sul- Machinability The relative ease of machining a metal phide, or silicate), but may be of any substance that is for- Machining Removing material from a metal part, usually eign to (and essentially insoluble in) the matrix using a cutting tool, and usually using a power-driven Ingot A casting of simple shape, suitable for hot working or machine remelting Macrostructure The structure of metals as revealed by Inspection An activity such as measuring, examining, macroscopic examination of a specimen. The examination testing, or gauging one or more characteristics of an entity may be carried out using an as-polished or a polished and and comparing the results with specified requirements in etched specimen order to establish whether conformity is achieved for each Martensite (1) The alpha product resulting from cooling characteristic (ISO 8402:1994) from the beta phase region at rates too high to permit Insufficient solder connection A solder connection char- transformation by nucleation and growth. Martensite is sat- acterized by incomplete coverage of one or more of the urated with beta stabilizer. Also called martensitic alpha. (2) metal surfaces being joined or by incomplete solder fillets A generic term for micro-structures formed by diffusionless phase transformation in which the parent and product phases Integrated-circuit component An individually packaged have a specific crystallographic relationship. Martensite is functional circuit formed by depositing an active or passive characterized by an acicular pattern in the microstructure in electronic element on to a substrate ferrous and nonferrous alloys. The amount of high-temper- Intermetallic compound A phase in an alloy system hav- ature phase that transforms to martensite upon cooling ing a restricted solid solubility range. Nearly all are brittle depends to a large extent on the lowest temperature attained, and of stoichiometric composition there being a distinct starting temperature (Ms) and a tem- Interstitial element An element with a relatively small perature at which the transformation is essentially complete fi atom which can assume a position in the interstices of a (Mf), which is the martensite nish temperature 634 Glossary

Maintainability The ability of an item under given condi- Overageing Ageing under conditions of time and temper- tions of use, to be retained in, or restored to, a state in which ature greater than those required to obtain maximum change it can perform a required function, when maintenance is in a certain property. (See ageing.) performed under given conditions and using stated proce- Overheated joint An unsatisfactory solder joint, charac- dures and resources (IEC 50:1992) terized by rough solder surface; dull, chalky, grainy, porous Material A raw or semi-finished substance or compound, of or pitted specified characteristics, which is processed to form a part of Oxidation (1) A reaction in which there is an increase in a finished product valence resulting from a loss of electrons. (Contrast with Matrix The constituent which forms the continuous or reduction.) (2) A corrosion reaction in which the corroded dominant phase of a two-phase microstructure metal forms an oxide; usually applied to reaction with a gas containing elemental oxygen, such as air Measling/measles A condition existing in the base laminate of printed-circuit board in the form of discrete white spots or Part An element of a component, assembly, or subassembly ‘crosses’ below the surface of the base laminate, reflecting a that is not normally subjected to further subdivision or dis- separation of fibres in the glass cloth at the weave intersec- assembly without destruction of designed use tion. During soldering, may be caused by excessive heat, Passivation The changing of a chemically active surface of mechanical stresses, or chemical attack a metal to a much less reactive state Mechanical part A piece of hardware which is not elec- Performance Those generally quantified aspects of an item trical, electronic, or electromechanical, and which performs observed or measured from its operation or function a simple (elementary) function or part of a function in such a way that it can be evaluated as a whole against expected Pickling Removal of the oxide film on a casting by a performance requirements and cannot be disassembled chemical process; pickling is sometimes used solely to show without destroying this capability up defects Mechanical properties The properties of a material that Physical properties Properties of a metal or alloy that are reveal its elastic and inelastic (plastic) behaviour when force relatively insensitive to structure and can be measured without is applied, thereby indicating its suitability for mechanical the application of force; for example, density, electrical con- (load-bearing) applications. Examples are elongation, fatigue ductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, magnetic perme- limit, hardness, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and ability, heat capacity, and lattice parameter. Does not include yield strength chemical reactivity. (Compare with mechanical properties.) Melting point The temperature at which a pure metal, Plastic deformation The permanent (inelastic) distortion of compound, or eutectic changes from solid to liquid; the metals under applied stresses temperature at which the liquid and the solid are in Plate A flat-rolled metal product of some minimum thick- equilibrium ness and width—at times less than 610 mm (24 in). (It is Mission The specific task, duty, or function defined to be relatively thick when compared with sheet.) accomplished by a system Plated-through hole A plated-through hole is one formed Modulus of elasticity A measure of rigidity or stiffness of a by a deposition of metal on the inside surface of a through metal; the ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the hole. Also known as a supported hole. The configuration is corresponding strain used to provide additional mechanical strength to the soldered termination or to provide an electrical interconnection Nonconformance Nonfulfilment of a specified requirement on a multilayer PCB (ISO 8402:1994—definition of Nonconformity) Potting compound An electrically nonconductive com- Nonwetting A condition whereby a surface has contacted pound used to partially encapsulate or for a filler between molten solder, but the solder has not adhered to all of the parts, conductors, or assemblies surface; basis metal remains exposed ppm Parts per million ODS Oxide dispersion strengthening Precipitation (1) Separation of a new phase from solid or Outgassing The release of volatile parts from a substance liquid solution, usually with changing conditions of time, when placed in a vacuum environment temperature, and stress. (2) The removing of a metal from a Glossary 635 solution caused by the addition of a reagent by displacement. Quality assurance All the planned and systematic activities (3) The removal of a metal from a gas by displacement implemented within the quality system and demonstrated as needed, to provide adequate confidence that an entity will Precipitation hardening Hardening caused by the precip- fulfil requirements for quality itation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solution Quality control Operational techniques and activities that Preform An initially pressed compact to be subjected to are used to fulfil requirements for quality repressing or forging Quenching Rapid cooling. When applicable, the fol- Preheat An early stage in the sintering procedure when, in a lowing more specific terms should be used: direct continuous furnace, lubricant or binder burnoff occurs quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted without atmosphere protection prior to actual sintering in the quenching, selective quenching, spray quenching, and protective atmosphere of the high heat chamber time quenching Pressure vessel A container which stores pressurized fluids Ram direction he side that points in the direction of the and: (a) contains stored energy of 19,310 joules or greater, spacecraft’s motion. In low earth orbit, it is the side based on the adiabatic expansion of a perfect gas; or (b) impacting/ramming into the rarefied atmosphere that con- contains a gas or liquid which may result in a hazardous tains reactive atomic oxygen (AO, or ATOX) event if released (c) will experience a design limit pressure greater than 0.69 MPa. Recrystallization (1) Formation of new, strain-free grain structure from the structure existing in cold-worked metal. Printed circuit board (PCB) A product resulting from the (2) A change from one crystal structure to another, such as process of selectively etching unwanted copper from one or that occurring upon heating or cooling through critical both surfaces of a copper-clad insulating substrate to form a temperature desired circuity pattern which is subsequently solder- or gold-plated. Holes may, or may not, be drilled in the board, Reducing atmosphere A chemically active protective depending on the intended technique for attaching atmosphere which at elevated temperature will reduce metal components oxides to their metallic state. (Reducing atmosphere is a relative term and such an atmosphere may be reducing to Procedure Specified way to perform an activity one oxide but not to another oxide.) Process Set of interrelated resources and activities which Reduction in area (1) Commonly, the difference, expressed transform inputs into outputs as a percentage of original area, between the original cross- Product The result of activities or processes and may sectional area of a tensile test specimen and the minimum include service, hardware, processed materials, software, or cross-sectional area measured after complete separation. (2) a combination thereof The difference, expressed as a percentage of original area, between original cross-sectional area and that after straining Product assurance A discipline devoted to the study, the specimen planning, and implementation of activities intended to ensure that the design, controls, methods, and techniques in Reliability The probability that an item can perform a a project result in a satisfactory level of quality in a product required function under given conditions for a given time interval Project A unique set of coordinated activities, with definite starting and finishing points, undertaken by an individual or Rem Remainder organization to meet specific objectives within defined Repair Operations performed on a nonconforming article to schedule, cost, and performance parameters (BS 6079) place it in usable condition. Repair is distinguished from Qualification The process of determining that the product, as rework in that alternate processes rather reprocessing are designed, is capable of meeting all its specified performance employed requirements in its operational environment with margins Residual stress Stress remaining in a structure or member appropriate for the technologies used and the intended as a result of thermal or mechanical treatment or both. application Stress arises in fusion welding primarily because the weld Quality The totality of characteristics of an entity that bear metal contracts on cooling from the solidus to room on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs temperature 636 Glossary

Resistance brazing Brazing by resistance heating, the joint compositions finish freezing on cooling or begin to melt on being part of the electrical circuit heating. (See also liquidus.) Rework The reprocessing of an article or material that will Solution heat treatment A heat treatment in which an alloy make it conform to drawings, specifications, and contract is heated to a suitable temperature, held at that temperature long enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into Risk A quantitative measure of the magnitude of a potential solid solution, then cooled rapidly enough to hold these loss and the probability of incurring that loss constituents in solution Safety A state in which the risk of harm (to persons) or Specification Document stating requirements damage is limited to an acceptable level Spot welding Welding of lapped parts in which fusion is Scaling (1) Forming a thick layer of oxidation products on confined to a relatively small circular area. It is generally metals at high temperature. (2) Depositing water-insoluble resistance welding, but may also be gas tungsten-arc, gas constituents on a metal surface, as in cooling tubes and water metal-arc, or submerged-arc welding boilers Stress The intensity of the internally distributed forces or SCC Stress-corrosion cracking components of forces that resist a change in the volume or Sheet A flat-rolled metal product of some maximum shape of a material that is or has been subjected to external thickness and minimum width arbitrarily dependent on the forces. Stress is expressed in force per unit area and is cal- type of metal. It is thinner than plate and has a width-to- culated on the basis of the original dimensions of the cross- thickness ratio greater than about 50 section of the specimen. Stress can be either direct (tension or compression) or shear. Usually expressed in megapascals Shield A metallic sheath surrounding one or more wires, (MPa) cables, cable assemblies, or a combination of wires and cables that is used to prevent or reduce the transmission of Stress-corrosion cracking Failure of metals by cracking electromagnetic energy to or from the enclosed conductors. under combined action of corrosion and stress, residual or The shield also includes an insulating jacket that may cover applied. In brazing, the term applies to the cracking of the metallic sheath stressed base metal due to the presence of a liquid filler metal Solder A nonferrous, fusible metallic alloy used to join Stress relief Related to electronic assemblies: the formed metallic surfaces portion of a conductor that provides sufficient length to minimize stress between terminations Solderability The property of a surface that allows it to be wetted by a molten solder Stress-relief heat treatment Uniform heating of a structure or a portion thereof to a sufficient temperature to relieve the Solder connection An electrical/mechanical connection major portion of the residual stresses, followed by uniform that employs solder for the joining of two or more metal cooling surfaces Stress relieving Heating to a suitable temperature, holding Solder mask Coating material used to mask or protect long enough to reduce residual stress, and then cooling slowly selected areas of a pattern from the action of an etchant, enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses solder, or plating Striation A fatigue fracture feature often observed in elec- Solder spike A cone-shaped peak or sharp point of solder tron micrographs that indicates the position of the crack front usually formed by the premature cooling and solidification after each succeeding cycle of stress. The distance between of solder on removal of the heat source striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that Solidification The change in state from liquid to solid on crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the cooling through the melting temperature or melting range striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation Solid solution A solid crystalline phase containing two or Substrate The layer of metal underlying a coating, more chemical species in concentrations that may vary regardless of whether the layer is base metal between limits imposed by phase equilibrium Subsystem Set of interdependent elements constituted to Solid solution strengthening A mechanism for strength- achieve a given objective by performing a specified function, ening the alloy by dissolved elements in solid solution but which does not, on its own, satisfy the customer’s need Solidus In a constitution or equilibrium diagram, the locus Supplier An organization that provides a product to the of points representing the temperatures at which various customer Glossary 637

Surface hardening A generic term covering several pro- Verification Confirmation by examination and provision of cesses applicable to a suitable ferrous alloy that produces, by objective evidence that specified requirements have been quench hardening only, a surface layer that is harder or more fulfilled wear resistant than the core Vickers hardness number (HV) A number related to the Surface mounting The electrical connection of components applied load and the surface area of the permanent impres- to the surface of a conductive pattern that does not utilize sion made by a square-based pyramidal diamond indenter part holes having included face angles of 136° Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Levels 1–9 used to Viscosity A measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow define the maturity of a technical concept, from basic prin- Waiver Written authorization to use or release a product ciple to mission proven which does not conform to the specified requirements Temper In nonferrous alloys the hardness and strength Wake The side opposite to the Ram side of a spacecraft. It produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and faces away from the spacecraft’s motion characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working Wave soldering A process wherein printed circuit boards are brought in contact with the surface of continuously Tensile strength In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum flowing and circulating solder load to original cross-sectional area. Also called ultimate strength Weave exposure A surface condition of a printed-circuit- board laminate in which the unbroken woven-glass cloth is Test A formal process of exercising or putting to trial a not uniformly covered by resin system or item by manual or automatic means to identify differences between specified, expected, and actual results Weldability A specific or relative measure of the ability of a material to be welded under a given set of conditions. Thermal shunt A device with good heat-dissipation char- Implicit in this definition is the ability of the completed acteristics used to conduct heat away from an article being weldment to fulfil all service designed into the part soldered Wetting Flow and adhesion of a liquid to a solid surface, Tinning The coating of a surface with a uniform layer of characterized by smooth, even edges, and a low dihedral solder angle Traceability Ability to trace the history, application, or Wicking A flow of molten solder or cleaning solution by location of an entity by means of recorded identifications capillary action. Occurs when joining stranded wire; solder Transverse direction Literally ‘across’. Usually signifying is drawn within the strands, but may not be visible on outer a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of work- surface of strands. Wicking may also occur within the stress- ing. In rolled plate or sheet, the direction across the width is relief bend of a component lead often called long transverse, and the direction through the Widmanstätten structure A structure characterized by a thickness, short transverse geometrical pattern resulting from the formation of a new Ultimate strength The maximum stress (tensile, compres- phase along certain crystallographic planes of the parent sive, or shear) a material can sustain without fracture, solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the new determined by dividing maximum load by the original cross- phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of sectional area of the specimen. Also known as nominal the lattice in the parent phase. The structure was origi- strength or maximum strength nally observed in meteorites, but is readily produced in many alloys, such as titanium, by appropriate heat Unaided eye Normal Snellen 20/20 vision, including eye treatment glasses required to correct defective vision to 20/20 equivalent. Does not include microscopes, eye loupes, or any Wire A thin, flexible, continuous length of metal, usually of other magnifying device circular cross-section, and usually produced by drawing through a die Vacuum melting Melting in a vacuum to prevent contamination from air, as well as to remove gases already dis- Workmanship The physical characteristics relating to the solved in the metal; the solidification may also be carried out level of quality introduced by the manufacturing and in a vacuum or at low pressure assembly activities 638 Glossary

Wrought A metal or alloy which has been deformed plas- exhibit a yield point. If there is a decrease in stress after tically one or more times and which exhibits little or no yielding, a distinction may be made between upper and evidence of cast structure lower yield points Yield point The ﬁrst stress in a material, usually less than Yield strength The stress at which a material exhibits a the maximum attainable stress, at which an increase in strain speciﬁed deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. occurs without an increase in stress. Only certain metals An offset of 0.2 % is used for many metals References

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Note: Bold page numbers are used for main references. An italic number refers to an illustration on the page.

0–9 Al-2219 wrought product, 136 0.5 N thruster, 290 Alclad products, 134 2 m diameter L-band dish antenna after test, 298 Al–Li alloy plate, 143 3D printing (or Additive manufacturing), 12, 33 Al–Li alloys, 103 50In50Pb, 454 Al–Li cryogenic tank, 232 50In50Pb solder joints, 355 Alodine, 529, 545 6061, 179 Alodine 1200, 329 96Sn–4Ag solder alloy, 356 Alodine 1200 coating on Al-2024-T3, 135 Alodine finishes on common spacecraft aluminium alloys, 134 α and ɛ for common spacecraft surfaces, 267 A α/ɛ for a selection of surfaces and finishes, 267 AA 2017, 253 α/ε values, 23 AA 2024-T81 (bar, rod), 539 Alpha-case embrittlement, 323 AA 2219, 33, 51, 103, 217, 225, 325, 545 Alphasat, 8 AA 2219-T81, 539 Al–Si brazing filler metal, 181 AA 2618, 183 Alternate immersion test, 250 AA 7020, 325 Alulight®, 202 AA 8090-T8771, 249 Aluminides, 535 Ablation, 46 Aluminium alloy, 19 Ablative material, 34, 36, 37, 46, 262, 502, 524. See also Re-entry Aluminium alloy 2219, 98 Ablebond 8175A, 415 Aluminium alloy cooling loop, 129 Accredited laboratories, 105 Aluminium Alloys Designations, 567 Acicular alpha, 126 Aluminium alloy temper designations, 567 Acoustic emission, 89 Aluminium-Beryllium Alloys, 288 Acoustic emission sensors, 94 Aluminium honeycomb to face-skin, 304 Acoustic emission signals, 93 Aluminium-lithium alloy, 36, 83, 273 Acoustic microscope, 88 Aluminium metallization, 469 Acoustic microscopy, 85 Aluminium metal matrix composites, 229 Active metal process, 402 Aluminium on carbon fibre reinforced PEEK, 224 Active systems, 23 Aluminium-to-gold wire bond, 337 Additive layer manufacturing, 12 Aluminium whisker growth, 470 Adhesive, 50, 56, 125, 413, 507 Aluminized FEP Teflon, 322 Adhesive compounds, 533 AM-350, 318 Adhesive filler, 304 American Welding Society, 340 Adhesive film, 295 Ammonium di-nitramide, 328 Adhesive tape, 42, 188, 284 Ammonium perchlorate, 328 Adhesive tape residues, 208 Amorphous silica, 290 Adhesive wear, 26 Analysis of surfaces, 99 Aeroshell, 46 Anodized beryllium, 529, 532 AF-E-332, 43, 290, 294 Anodized film, 308 Ag–Cu eutectic, 402 Anodizing, 134 Ageing tests, 339 Antenna face-skin, 223 Airborne salt, 139 Apogee-boost motors, 167 AISI 304, 98 AQ 60 I, 526 AISI 440C, 296 Aqueous cleaning systems, 212 AISI E52100, 296 ARALDIT, 539 Al-2195, 274 Araldite AV 138, 42 Al-2219, 132, 133, 137, 237 ArallR, 45

Area grid array (AGA), 122, 426 BETA cloth, 540 Area Grid Array packaging, 434 Bimetallic contacts, 18 Area Grid Array packages, 352 Bimetallic corrosion-related failures, 128 Argon ion milling, 70 Bi-stem deployment, 322 Argweld enclosure, 182 Bi-stem deployment booms, 322 Ariane IV, 31 Black anodized aluminium, 267 Ariane 5, 232, 328 Black anodizing, 270 Ariane 5 systems where white paint is applied, 238 Black arrow, 111 Ariane launchers, 325 Black chromium, 269 Ariane V, 32, 33 Black cobalt, 269 Ariane V ‘half-fairing’, 66 Black pad, 176, 358, 359 Asymptotic heating strategy, 150 Black patina, 360 Atmospheres for Brazing, 404 Black-anodized aluminium housing, 317 Atomic force microscope, 70 Black-anodized electrical connector, 308 Atomic oxygen, 168, 505, 522, 525, 540, 547, 554 Black-anodized finish, 311 Atomic oxygen on materials, 517 Black-anodized layer, 311 Atomic oxygen protective coatings, 505 Black-body calibration mechanism, 306, 307 Atomic oxygen testing, 97 Black-nickel plating, 269 Atomic oxygen with selected metals, 524 Blind bolt fasteners, 259 Au2Al, 335 Blow-hole, 160, 411 AuAl2, 334 Board distortion, 423 AU4GN, 30 Borosilicate glass, 35 Au80Sn20 braze alloy, 243 Brass turret terminal, 358 AuIn2, 348, 365, 366 Brass turret terminal pins, 359 AuSn4, 339, 360, 361 Braycoat, 539 Austenitic steels, 318 Brazeability, 400 Automatic electrical test equipments, 422 Braze alloy compositions, 400 Avcoat ablative material, 36 Braze alloy filler metals, 399 AZ31, 129, 306 Brazed joint, 341 AZ5GU, 30 Brazing, 51, 239, 245, 329, 399 Brazing alloy foil, 180 Brazing fluxes and their removal, 403 B Brazing furnace, 404 Bacteria, 68, 72 Brittle fracture, 247, 332 Bacterial and fungal growth, 42 Brittle-to-ductile fracture transition temps. in Pb-free and SnPb solders, Baffle Cover Mechanism, 309 457 Baffle hinge, 311 Brominated flame retardants, 109 Bake-out times and temperatures for PCBs, 392 Brush alodined weld zones, 59 Balinite, 310 Brush debris, 506 Ball bonding, 332 Brush plating at NASA MSFC, 236 Barium-impregnated cathodes, 291 BS L93 alloy plate, 142 Barrier layer, 358 Burn-in procedures, 341 Beach marks, 271 Butt joint between copper and nickel, 206 Beagle 2, 48 Butt-welding process, 332 Bearing friction, 299 Bearing lifetimes, 304 Bearing materials, 148 C Bearings coated with titanium carbide, 299 Cable cutter, 28 Bearings under vacuum, 299 Cadmium, 24, 108, 272, 327 Belleview spring fracture surface, 250 Cadmium fumes, 405 Belleville spring, 250 Cadmium plating, 255 Benzene-based solvents for cleaning, 210 Cadmium slivers, 313 Be-oxide layer, 530 CAF growth, 396 BepiColumbo, 25 Calomel electrode, 387 Berylliosis, 281 Capacitor, 352 Beryllium, 280, 283, 405 Capillary action, 341 Beryllium as a heat shield, 528 Capillary attraction, 399 Beryllium as-received parts, 285 Capillary gaps, 214 Beryllium foil, 286 Capillary management systems, 327 Beryllium foil with resulting mechanical properties and grain Capillary pump, 327 structures, 287 Capillary screens, 172 Beryllium machining, 281 Carbon fibres, 36, 45, 164, 166, 168, 172, 247, 518, 532 Beryllium S-200C, 20 Carbon fibre reinforced polymers, see CFRP Beryllium sheet, 529 Coefficient of expansion, 557 Beryllium structures, 259 Carbon nanotubes (CNT), 44, 46 Beryllium thermal protection, 526 Carbon nanotube structure, 44 Index 657

Carbon–carbon composites, 170, 531 Cold welding of mechanisms, 304 Carbon–carbon decelerator, 526 Cold welding of stranded wires, 380 Carbon-epoxy, 36 Colinal, 269 Carbon fibre mesh, 44 Collected volatile condensable material, 40 Carbon–silicon carbide composites, 531 Colophony fumes, 398 Cassini, 526, 528 Column grid array interconnections, 440 Catalyst deactivation, 290 Column grid arrays, 426 Catalyst particles for hydrazine decomposition, 288 Combustion chamber, 33 Catalyst particles, 289, 290 Commercial off-the-shelf components (“COTS”), 63 Catalytic bed thruster motors, 512 Communication satellite systems, 7 Cathode emitter degradation, 291 Company cleaning plan, 210 Cathode emitter degraded by sintering of porous tungsten, 298 Comparison Tables (Alloys), 571 Cathode emitter surface, 293, 296 Compatibility of Liquid and Solid Propellants with Components and Cavitation at the inclusion-to-matrix interface, 265 Subsystems, 326 Ceramic capacitors, 410 Compatibility testing, 210 Ceramic chip capacitor with internal voiding, 88 Compatible coupling, 17 Ceramic matrix composite fasteners, 535 Component cracking, 424 Ceramic matrix composites, 534 Component part selection, 66 Ceria doped micro-sheets, 28 Component part selection, and procurement, 61 Cesium, 24 Composite contact rivets, 165 CFRP, 11, 26, 36, 91, 166, 293, 505 Computer tomographic scan, 438 CFRP delaminations and fractures, 295 Computerized X-ray tomography, 88 CFRP face-skins with an aluminium honeycomb, 293 CONATHANE, 432 CFRP waveguides, 168 Condensation of outgassing products, 505 Charcoal black finish, 227 Condensation rates, 273 Chemglaze, 547 Condensed cadmium contaminant on surface of painted shroud, 275 CHEMGLAZE, 539 Condensed moisture, 129 Chemglaze Z306 black paint, 275 Condensed organic contamination, 259 Chemical analysis, 71 Conductive adhesives, 425 Chemical conversion, 329 Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF), 393, 394 Chemical conversion coating for magnesium alloys, 129 Conductive coatings, 238 Chemical conversion coatings, 134 Conductive silicone adhesive, 271 Chemical (elemental) content of a typical spacecraft electronic box, 112 Conductor track failure, 428 Chemical stripping, 496 Conformal coating, 393, 428, 432, 540 Chromate conversion coating, 129 Connector bodies, 313 Chromate conversion coating on cadmium-plated steel, 275 Connector-to-coax assemblies, 356 Chromate primers, 107 Contact devices, 164 Chromium and nickel sublimation, 276 Contaminant particles, 309, 549 Circuit design, 423 Contamination, 65 Circumferential in-place pipe welding, 196 Contamination of Invar moulding tool, 312 Cleaning efficiency, 391 Controlled atmosphere brazing, 181 Cleaning method, 275 Conversion table for mechanical properties, 565 Cleaning of flux-contaminated surfaces, 389 Co-planarity problems, 423 Cleaning of flux residues, 351 Copper comb patterns, 392 Cleaning of individual parts, 210 Copper-palladium alloy, 165 Cleaning of metallurgically joined assemblies, 212 Copper ribbon column fracture, 440 Cleaning processes associated with spacecraft mechanical systems, 207 Copper–silver eutectic preforms, 132 Cleaning silicone contaminated surfaces, 219 Copper sulphate test for ferrite, 138, 318 Cleanliness, 216, 218 Copper–tin intermetallic layer, 149 Clean-room practice, 313 Copper-to-enamel interface, 370 Cleavage cracks, 248 Copper-to-silver-plating interface, 358 Coatings and conversion coatings, 268 Cork, 37, 46–48, 524 Coatings for soldering applications, 357 Cork TPS tiles, 48 Coaxial cable assembly, 356 Corona, 27, 390, 442, 445, 504 Coefficient of expansion, 557 Corona discharge, 444 Coefficient of (linear) thermal expansion, 349, 401, 557 Corona effects, 371 Coil spring, 309 Corrosion adjacent to dip brazed fillet, 179 Coin or tap test, 83 Corrosion of stored spacecraft electronic components, 40 Cold-drawn springs, 318 Corrosion potential, 17 Cold pressure weld, 299 Corrosion potential of metals, 14 Cold sprayed coatings, 223 Corrosion prevention, 17 Cold-weld, 339, 549 Corrosion product, 541, 546 Cold weld database summary tables, 307 Corrosion testing, 75 Cold-welded particle, 309 Corrosion, 390, 540 Cold welding, 25, 26, 83, 120, 299, 305, 354, 381 Corrosion-resistant fastener materials, 253 Cold welding due to cyclic, impact loading, 306 Cosmetic defect, 119, 411 658 Index

Cosmetics of solder fillets, 410 Diamond grit metal matrix composite, 222 Cosmic ray detectors, 451 Diamond pyramid hardness impressions, 336 Counterfeit fasteners, 253 Diaphragm, 38, 288 Cracked barrel, 120 Dichloromethane, 211 Cracked ceramic chip capacitor due to vibration, 421 Dicronite, 310 Cracked leads on a thick-film carrier package, 174 Dielectric breakdown, 359 Cracking of glass-to-metal seals, 410 Dielectric properties, 392 Crack initiation, 349 Differential heating, 509 Crack propagation rate, 27 Diffusion bonding, 197, 203, 206 Cracks in CFRP, 300 Diffusion brazing, 399 Cracks in Inconel heater housing, 278 Diffusion of zinc, 359 Cranes, 63 Diffusion soldering/brazing, 408 Crimpability, 370 Diffusion soldering process, 409 Crimping tools, 339 Diffusion welding, 105 Crimp joint, 337 DIGESIL, 315 Crimp-termination characteristics, 343 Dimensional stability, 170 Critical design review, 22 Dip brazing of aluminium alloys, 179 Critical processes, 621 Dip brazing, 181, 399, 405 Cross section polisher, 337 Dipole connection, 362 Cross-section through a solar array, 190 Disassembly of orbiting space hardware by astronauts, 305 Cryocon®, 198 Disposable mandrels, 177 Cryofit®, 198, 201 Dissimilar FSW, 233 Cryogenic bearing, 229 DNA, 70 Cryogenic propellants, 29 Dog bone tensile sample, 47 Cryogenic temperatures, 369, 455 DOW 17, 129 Cryogenic temperature materials, 26, 43, 149, 220, 229, 318, 320, 329, Dry-heat ageing, 371 369, 379, 454, 490 Ductile dimple fracture, 249 Cryostats, 27 Ductile intermetallic compounds, 365 Crystallographic planes, 98 Dye penetrant, 442 C-SAM, 439 Dye penetrant testing, 58, 139, 208, 255, 323, 408 Cu2O, 370 Dye penetrant test method, 439 Cu3Sn, 361, 372, 376, 412 Dynamic outgassing testing, 97 Cu6Sn5, 330, 361, 364, 412, 413, 474 CuA12, 131 CuAl2, 133 E CubeSat, 11, 45, 63, 615 Earth’s magnetic field, 508 Curie temperature, 318 EB brazed joints with Au80Sn20, 242 Custom 455, 146 Ebonol black, 269 CV 1140–0, 431 EB-welded 2219-T851, 141 CV 1144-0, 432 EB welding machine for reflow brazing, 239 ECCOBON, 539 ECCOFOAM, 539 D Eccoshield tape, 196 D6AC, 34 ECM failures, 394 DC93-500 space grade, 42 ECSS-Q-ST-70-02, 38 Debond and fracture of CFRP, 299 ECSS-Q-ST-70-38, 353 Debris, 509, 512 EG8050HC, 415 Declared Materials List (DML), 10, 58, 116, 262, 309, 625 Elastomer type AF-E-332, 288 Declared Process List (DPL), 58, 419, 621 Electrical bonds, 329 Defective solid rocket motor case, 28 Electrical conductive adhesives (ECAs), 413 Defects in titanium piece-parts, 323 Electrical feedthrough, 444 De-golding by immersion, 360 Electrical grounding, 17, 223, 235, 329 Delamination, 84, 303, 392 Electrical interconnections, 329 Delrin, 505 Electrical open-circuit, 320 Delta ferrite, 315 Electrical resistance testing at room and cryogenic temperature, 455 Dendrites, 395 Electrical resistance weld, 330, 331 Densimet, 306 Electrical resistivity, 339, 458 Deployable nitinol strut, 200 Electrochemical migration (ECM), 359, 360, 392, 393, 393, 462, 540 Dermatitis, 398 Electrode housing, 240 Design margins, 11 Electrode housing materials, 242 Destructive physical analysis, 57 Electro-etch cleaning, 237 Dewetted area of pad, 152 Electro-explosive devices, 264 Dewetting of pad, 153 Electroforming processes, 176 Dewetting on areas to be soldered, 150 Electroless nickel deposits, 173 Dewpoint, 405 Electroless nickel plating, 318 Diamond, 220 Electroless nickel plating of aluminium electronic housings, 175 Index 659

Electromagnetic emission, 196 Fibre-reinforced glass ceramics, 170 Electromagnetic emission from TIG welding equipment, 195 Fibre-reinforced plastic composites, 166 Electromigration, 468, 470 Fill and drain nozzle, 198 Electron beam weld, 132, 184 Fingerprint greases, 127 Electron beam welding, 51, 184, 185 Finishes for titanium and its alloys, 310 Electron-beam-welded titanium alloy, 185 First-aid equipment, 405 Electronic box, 62, 88, 110 Five-stage model for whisker growth, 483 Electronic circuitry, 329 Flammability, 42, 540 Electronic housings, 329 Flammability hazard, 370 Electronic package, 427 Flat-packs, 351 Electroplated nickel, 174 Flatwise tensile tests, 296 Electrostatic discharge, 418 Flawed primary mirror, 11, 60 Elemental analysis, 97 Flexible circuits, 159 Ellingham diagrams, 400, 613 Flexible second surface mirrors, 271 Emaﬁl Technology, 370 Flexible waveguide, 121 Embrittlement of copper, 127 Flight harness materials, 550 Embrittlement of titanium alloys, 255 Floating grains, 349 Enamel-coated copper, 370 Fluorescent penetrant inspection, 262 Energy conversion element, 200 Fluorides, 405 Energy-dispersive x-ray analyser, 71 Fluorinated ethylene propylene, 159 Engineering drawing, 116 Fluorine attack, 375 Environmental conditions, 20 Flux residue, 384, 391, 546 Epotek E2116, 415 Flux types for engineering metals, 387 Epoxy smearing, 159 Flux-corrosion of silver-plated stranded wires, 383 Epoxy top-coat, 394 Foamed aluminium for damping, 202 ePTFE, 46 Focused ion beam (FIB) microscope, 70 ERS-1 spacecraft, 167 Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers, 100 Etchants, 561 Four-point bending test, 76 Etching of metals, 561 Fracture at cryogenic temperatures, 454 Etching solutions for beryllium, 285 Fracture locations in coating, 237 Ethical issues, 104 Fracture mechanics testing, 76 Eureca, 520 Fracture surface of a circular metallized (Ti–Pd–Ag) contact pad, 271 European retrievable carrier (EURECA), 503 Fracture toughness, 83 Eutectic tin–lead solder alloy, 341 Fretting, 83 EVA joining/cutting activities, 50 Fretting test, 229 Evaluation of solderability, 372 Friction, 25 Evaporation rates, 272 Friction stir joining and welding, 12, 34, 36, 52, 189, 231, 234 Examination of fracture surfaces, 247 Friction stud welding, 234 Exhaust plume, 328 FTIR, 391 Expendable launch vehicles, 28 FT-IR analysis, 317 Explosively welded transition ring, 187 Fuel lines, 324 Explosive welding, 186 Fusion welding, 182 Futuristic ideas, 11

F Failed ABM case, 264 G Failed ball-bearing, 304 Galileo spacecraft, 308 Failed component lead, 384 Gallium–palladium–silver braze alloy, 403 Failed rhenium tube from electrothermal thruster, 283 Galvanic compatibility, 388 Failed spacecraft antenna, 293 Galvanic copper corrosion, 378 Failed video camera electronic circuit, 541 Galvanic corrosion, 386, 389 Failure investigation, 99 Galvanic corrosion of fasteners, 257 Failure mechanism associated with surface-mounted devices, 425 Gamma-ray detectors, 286 Failure mode analysis, 57 Gamma-rays, 83 Failure of RF cables connected by SMT, 428 Gamma-TiAl alloys, 196 Failure review board (FRB), 21, 102 Gapasil brazing alloy, 273 Failures due to board ﬂatness problems, 422 Gas-tight joint, 120 Faraday shielding, 37 Gas-tightness, 339, 340 Fastener failure due to forging defect, 254 Gas-tightness test, 338 Fastener manufacturers, 253 GCMS, 40 Fastener speciﬁcations, 255 Gecko biomimetic adhesive tape, 45 Fasteners, 251, 533 Girth weld, 68 Fatigue life, 367 GlareR, 45 Fatigue striations, 248 Glass to metal seal, 467 Fatigue tests, 78 Glass-rich oxide whiskers, 467 Ferromagnetic materials, 317 Glossary, 629 660 Index

Gold, 110 Hillocks, 469, 470 Gold–aluminium system, 332 Hi-lok TM fasteners, 34 Gold-embrittled solder joint, 363 Hinged-tube, 198 Gold embrittlement, 360 Hipparcos, 308 Gold embrittlement of solder, 362 Holddown and release unit, 308 Gold in solidified solder, 361 Hold-down button, 554 Gold-plated conductor material, 363 Hold-down points, 229 Gold-plated dipoles, 361 Hole-drilling strain-gauge method, 94 Gold-plated surfaces, 360 Holographic interface bond tester, 294 Gold removal, 348 Holographic interface tester, 85 Gold-rich intermetallic phases, 334 Holographic interference inspection of failed antenna, 301 Gold-tin binary phase diagram, 242 Hot-air-levelled coatings, 160 Gold wires, 332 Hot-dipped galvanization, 139 Grain boundary embrittlement, 127 Hot oil fusing of tin–lead, 148 Grain boundary embrittlement in beryllium, 286 Hot plate method, 161 Grain growth, 332 Hot-pressed beryllium, 259 Grain growth and internal cavitation, 280 hot-pressure mounting of samples, 343 Graphine, 43, 44, 220 HST solar array, 506 Graphite fibre thermal strap assemblies, 221 Hubble Space Telescope, 11, 50, 60, 190, 321, 322, 505 Graphite lubricants, 258 Human activities on the Moon, 502 Graphitization treatment, 166 Human contaminants, 100 Greases, 311 Human error, 115 Green chromated, 274 Humid environment (moisture), 170 Green CuCl corrosion, 133 Huygens probe, 527 Greener spacecraft, 106 Hybrid packages, 415 Green plague, 375, 386, 542 Hydrazine, 327 Green propellant, 109, 327, 328 Hydrazine contamination levels, 295 Griffith cracks, 324 Hydrazine (N2H4), 30 Ground activities, 20 Hydrazine propulsion tank, 68 Ground handling, 65 Hydrazine tank, 288 Ground-handling facilities, 63 Hydrazine tank diaphragm, 294 Guianese Space Centre, 325 Hydrazinium nitroformate, 328 Hydrogen bake-out, 124 Hydrogen embrittlement, 122, 255 H Hydrogen embrittlement of spring steel, 123 Habitable structure, 12 Hydrogen embrittlement of steel fasteners, 255 Hairline cracks, 184 Hydrogen embrittlement relief, 176 Hard-anodised layer on AA7075 alloy, 225 Hydroxylammonium nitrate, 328 Hard anodizing of Al-7075 alloy, 225 Hygroscopic contaminants, 394 Hard anodizing treatments, 129 Hard chromium, 27 Hardness testing, 73 I Harness, 319 Identification of leak paths, 279 Health Hazards in the Electronic Assembly Area, 398 Impact crater, 555 Heat Affected Zone (HAZ), 126, 184, 185 Impact feature, 520 Heat-affected zone of laser welds, 186 Impact records, 517 Heat exchanger, 546 Impact test facility, 84 Heat shield, 34 Impact testing, 310 Heat shield materials, 524, 531 Impact/fretting test equipment, 307 Heat transfer in vacuum, 221 Inconel 600, 265 Heater filament, 90 Inconel 718, 20, 27, 126, 147, 253, 319 Heater investigation, 277 INCONEL 718-PH, 539 Heater sublimation problem associated with thruster motor, 276 Inconel alloys, 318 Heat-shrinkable sleeves containing solder preforms, 381 Indium solder alloys, 363 Hemispherical emittance, εn, of the anodized, 531 Indium–lead soldered to various gold interfaces, 365 Hermes spaceplane, 532 Indium–tin oxide, 271 Hermetically sealed assemblies, 399 Industrial placements, 103 High-absorption surfaces, 269 Infrared Space Observatory, 27 High-definition radiography, 86 Infrared Space Observatory cryostat, 320 High-definition X-radiography, 276 Infrared spectroscopy, 101 High-performance fasteners, 262 Inorganic glasses, 507 High-precision bearings, 296 Inspection, 434 High-temperature brazing, 404 Inspection criteria for brazed joints, 407 High-temperature fasteners, 533 Inspection criteria, 406 High temperature rating, 370 Insulation materials, 369 High voltage interconnections, 442 Insulation stripper, 337 Index 661

Interference fit, 259, 337 Leaking detector, 286, 288 Intergranular cracking attributed to stress corrosion, 249 Leaking heaters, 276, 277 Intergranular cracks, 184 Leaking kerosene cans, 448 Intermetallic compounds, 361 Leaking lead glass seals, 468 Intermetallics, 331 Leaking lower seal joint, 61 International Space Station (ISS), 42, 236, 501, 536 Leaking tanks, 325 Invar, 314, 319 Leak tests, 317 Ion chromatography, 391 Liberator TM, 49 Ionic contamination levels, 391 Lifting gear, 63 IPC J-STD-001, 353 Lightening, 139 Iridium catalyst, 290 Lightning, 37 Iron–nickel–copper alloy, 318 Light pollution, 107 ISO 9001, 56 Limited shelf life, 56 Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), 212, 390 Limpet teeth, 45 Limpet tooth material tooth, 47 Liquid and gas chromatographic techniques, 97 J Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs), 48 James Webb Telescope, 229, 509 Liquid helium, 312 J-leads, 424, 425 Liquid helium cryostate, 319 Joining metals to thermoplastics, 12 Liquid helium temperature, 451 Jupiter space probe, 285 Liquid metal embrittlement (LME), 139 Liquid penetrant tests, 82 Liquid phase infiltration, 532 K Liquid propellants, 326 Kapton, 518, 523, 550 LISA Pathfinder mission, 239 Kapton films, 271 Lock-nuts, 261 Kapton thermal blanket, 548 Low Earth Orbit (LEO), 501, 518 Keronite coating, 227 Low-emissivity surfaces, 268 Keronite PEO, 225 Low-expansion materials, 163 Kevlar, 63, 516 Low-temperature magnetic properties, 319 Kevlar-49 reinforced plastic, 166, 169 Low-voltage applications, 340 Kirkendall voiding, 335 Lubricants, 42, 503 Kovar, 132, 174, 330, 363, 357, 423, 467 Lubricants suitable for use under high vacuum, 258 Kovar lead material, 173, 348 Lubricating oils with low outgassing properties, 209 Kovar leads, 383 Lubrication, 21 Lunar soil, 13

L Laboratories, 56 M Laboratory notebooks, 100 MAPSIL 213, 432 Laboratory records, 100 Macroscopic examination, 67 Laminar ﬂow bench, 81 MAGE apogee boost motors, 90 Laminography, 88 MAGE motor, 169 Lap welds, 332 Magnesium, 20, 24 Large diameter stranded wires, 340 Magnesium alloys, 129 Laser annealing, 176 Magnesium–lithium alloys, 273 Laser beam welding, 185 Magnet, 318 Laser welding, 52 Magnetic cleanliness, 175 Laser-welded spacecraft axle shaft, 186 Magnetic coercivity, 175 Laser-welded Ti6A14V, 186 Magnetic ﬁeld generated by a spacecraft, 317 Launch, 20 magnetic moment, 370 Launch and operations readiness review, 22 Magnetic permeability, 318, 319 Launch site exposure and corrosion, 138 Magnetic problems, 317 Launch vehicle connector, 311 Magnetic shield materia, 318 Launch vehicle release gear mechanism, 314 Magnetically clean, 62 LDEF, 503, 516, 517, 520 Magnetometers, 317 Leaching of silica, 291 MAGNOLYA chemical surface treatment, 130 Lead coatings, 505 Mandrel materials for electroforming, 176 Lead-free control plans, 494 Manganin wire, 379 Lead-free solder alloys, 341 Manned compartments, 535 Leadless ceramic chip carriers, 355, 360 Manned spacecraft, 432 Leadless chip carrier, 431 Manned volumes, 538 Leadless surface-mounted devices, 351 Manual tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc welding, 181 Leaking battery cell, 194 Manual welding, 182 Leaking cartridge, 265 Manufacturing processes, 116 Leaking ceramic-to-metal seal, 131 MAPSIL 213, 42, 431 662 Index

Maraging steels, 30 Micro-VCM test equipment, 41 Martensitic high-strength alloys, 138 Microwave horn, 176, 177 Martensitic stress induced transformation, 318 Microwelding, 182 Martensitic transformation, 202 Microweldments, 330 Material group numbers, 617 Migration of silver sulphide tarnish, 269 Material review boards, 408 Mir space station, 52, 537 Materials and processes, 58 MISSE, 503 Materials and processes standards related to space, 619 Model philosophy, 21 Materials engineer, 21 Modern assembly room, 341 Materials laboratory, 64 Modern bearings, 299 Materials making up soldered joints, 349 Modification, 409 Materials review board, 102 Moisture ingress, 392 Mean time before failure, 469 Moisture pick-up, 26 Mechanical electrical connections, 337 Molybdenum, 240, 277, 280, 462 Mechanical fastener tool, 50 Molybdenum disulphide, 25, 305, 506, 518 Mechanical finishes, 134 Molybdenum–titanium phase diagram, 244 Mechanical parts and process controls, 616 Molybdenum whiskers, 462, 464 Mechanical properties Mo–Mn metallization system, 360 AA 8090 and other Al-Li alloys, 102, 143 Mono-methyl hydrazine (MMH) and nitrogen tetroxide, 327 AA 2219 various heat treatments, 102, 141 Monopropellant hydrazine thrusters, 276 beryllium, 287 Monopropellants, 328 BS L93, 142 Moon rock, 502 electronic materials at different temperatures, 368, 451, 458 Moon-rock analyses, 501 fastener materials, 253 Moore’s law, 461 spring materials, 146 Morphology of wear particles generated from sliding contacts, 165 tin whiskers, 487 MoS2, 217 Mechanical properties conversion table, 565 MoSTTM, 257 Mechanical properties of near-eutectic tin–lead alloys, 451 Motor exhaust plume, 514 Mechanical shock, 422 Motor thrust frame, 34, 232 Mechanical testing, 73 Moulding tools, 312 Mechanical-type strippers, 338 Mounting of chip parts, 416 Mechanism and the grounding plane, 305 MP 35N, 147 MEDET instruments, 231 Multilayer board internal connections, 155 MEMS, 11 Multilayer boards with high heat capacity, 161 Metal alloy comparison tables, 571, 611 Multilayer ceramic capacitors, 351 Metal matrix composites for spacecraft pressure vessels, 172 Multi-layer insulation blankets, 28 Metal migration, 164 Multilayer PCB, 84 Metal oxide precipitation in glass seal., 467 Multiphase MP35 N, 253 Metal oxide whisker, 466 Mumetal, 318 Metallic contamination particles, 312 Mutually soluble in the solid state, 165 Metallic fragment, 314 Mylar films, 271 Metallic particle generation, 258 Metallic particles, 309 Metallographic control, 330 N Metallographic examination, 343 Nano-ceramic technology, 222 Metallographic presentations, 102 Nanocomposites, 414 Metallography, 97 Nano-grained alumina, 220 Metallurgical joint, 358 Narloy-Z, 32, 33 Metallurgical laboratory practice, 69 Natural rosin, 391 Metallurgical reaction, 331 Neutron diffraction method, 94 Metal-matrix composite, 427, 161 Neutron radiographs, 92 Micro-arc oxidation, 224 Neutron radiography, 86 Microcracked electroless nickel, 173 Nextel ceramic cloth, 516 Microcracked thin-foil detector windows, 286 Ni3P, 176 Microcracking of diode lead surface, 173 Ni3Ta, 332, 333 Microfocus x-radiography, 91 Nichrome heater coil, 278 Micrographs of tin-plated strands, 375 Nickel alloys, 19 Micrometeoroid, 509, 512, 555 Nickel coatings on Ti6Al4V, 235 Micrometeoroid impact, 506, 518 Nickel finishes, 370 Microscopic examination, 67 Nickel phosphide (Ni3P), 174 Microspheres, 36 Nickel phosphide precipitates, 358 Microstructure of milled and stress-relief-treated beryllium, 284 Nickel ribbon, 331 Microstructure of solder alloys, 343 Nickel sulphide process, 308, 317 Microtome, 70, 292 Nickel–cadmium battery cell, 117, 131 Microtome section of life-tested cathode, 297 Nickel-clad conductive LCP fibres, 49 Micro-VCM test, 97 Nickel-plated copper braid, 49 Index 663

Nickel-to-copper brazed joint, 402 PEEK, 308 Nickel-to-nickel electrical resistance microwelds, 332 PEEK composite, 223 Nickel-to-nickel welded electronic circuits, 330 Peel strength versus ageing time, 368 Nickel-to-phosphorus ratio, 175 Phase diagram, 25 Nickel-to-titanium alloy brazed joint, 403 Philips Globule method, 371 Niobium, 535 Phosphorous-rich surface, 359 Nitinol, 197, 200, 201 Pinch-off for tube sealing, 317 Nitinol-deployed lattice mast, 199 Pinch-off seals, 317 Nitrided stainless steel, 138 Pinhole, 121, 129 Nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), 30, 327 Pitting and leakage of an aluminium cooling channel, 131 Nomex cloth, 548 Pitting corrosion, 328 Non-captive nut, 356 Plagues, see Green, Purple, Red and White plagues Non-conformance board, 102 Plasma cleaning technology, 212 Non-conformance reports, 544 Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), 224, 225, 229 Nonconforming fasteners, 262 Plasma electrolytic oxidation treatment, 308 Noncoplanarity, 423 Plated finish on copper conductors, 369 Nondestructive testing, 82 Plated-through hole, 152, 410 Non-metallic materials, 38 Platinum grain growth, 281 Platinum group metals, 534 Platinum ribbon, 277 O Platinum ribbon grain boundary, 277 Oddy test method, 40 Polyacrylonitrile, 166 Odour, 540 Polybutaidene acrylonitrile, 30 Offgassing, 40 Polyglycidylazide, 328 Open circuit, 358, 390, 431 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 369 Open-circuit failures, 320 Polyxylene, 429 Optical fibres, 42 Porosity during a solderability test, 160 Optical materials, 42 Porosity in weld bead, 118 Optical microscopy, 67 Porous gold plating, 269 Optical properties (α/ɛ ratio) before and after testing, 268 Positive air pressure, 344 Optical solar reflectors (OSR), 270 Post-flight inspection, 190 Optical spectroscopy, 97 Post-flight materials, 501 Orbital test satellite (OTS), 7, 28 Post-flight observations, 501 Organic chemistry, 97 Post-flight tribological assessment of the Hubble Space Telescope solar Organic fastener lubrication systems, 257 array mechanisms, 303 Organic materials, 503 Potting compounds, 42 O-ring, 61 Power cycling, 352 O-ring seals, 43 Power (I2R) loss, 370 Orion crew module pressure vessel, 274 Power system weldments, 189 Orion spacecraft, 36 Precipitation hardening, 138, 251, 252 OTS-2, 9 Precipitation-hardening stainless steels, 403 Outgassing, 38, 540 Preconditioning, 357 Outgassing data for flux residues, 390 Preferred materials for short-term evaluation, 539 Oven bake-outs, 423 Preliminary design review, 22 Over-ageing, 251 Pressure vessel steel, 93 Oxyacetylene gas welding, 182 Primer coating, 274 Ozone-depleting chemicals, 107 Printed circuit board assemblies, 559 Printed circuit boards, 148 Printed-circuit-board (PCB) evaluations, 79 P Problems associated with brazing, 399 Paints, 42 Process documents, 405 Parameters for bake out, 393 Process identification document, 420, 422 Particle radiation, 23 Process identification documentation, 418 Particle size, 72 Produce assurance applied to brazing operations, 405 Particles generated from spacecraft fasteners, 261 Product assurance management, 55 Particles of beryllium, 262 Project review boards, 21 Particulate contamination, 398 Propellant, 29 Parting compound, 314 Propellant Management Device (PMD), 172 Paschen-like curves, 446, 447 Propellant motors, 30 Passivation treatment, 138 Propellant tanks for the Ariane-5 launch vehicle., 205 Passive systems, 23 Propellant tanks manufactured from Ti6Al4V, 171 Passive thermal control systems, 266 Properties of fluxes, 396 Pathfinder mission, 200 Properties of printed circuit laminates, 559 Payload-support structures, 167 Properties of tin whiskers, 485 Pcb finishes, 148 Protection shields, 515 PCB laminates properties, 557 PTFE, 25, 43, 49, 175, 188, 211, 258, 305, 310, 315, 353, 356 664 Index

Pull-off strength of coatings, 238 Rosetta, 28 Pulsed laser to repair solar cell interconnection welds, 186 Rotary dip method, 153 Purple Plague, 334–336, 332 Rotating weld pin during FSW, 232 Pyrel foam, 552 RTV 560, 35, 533 Pyrex glass, 319 RTV 566 silicone, 42 Pyrotechnic, 92 Rubber diaphragm, 290 Pyrotechnic actuator device, 422 Rubbers, 42 Pyrotechnic cutter, 265

S Q SADM off-load device, 202 Quad flat packages, 422 Salinity maps, 139 Qualification review, 22 Salt spray corrosion tests, 308 Quality assurance, 55, 66 Salt-spray cabinet, 80 Quality assurance controls for fasteners, 261 Sapphire crystals, 245 Quartz optical solar reflector, 271 SAX spacecraft, 187 Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 68, 71, 247 Scanning laser acoustic microscope (SLAM), 85, 87 R SCC evaluation, 140 Radiation effects, 507 Scotchcast, 431 Radiation testing, 63 SCOTCHCAST, 432 Radiation, 25, 62, 547 SCOTCH-WELD, 539 Radiography, 83 Screen out magnetic items, 318 Random vibration, 420 Sea coast corrosion, 82 Rapid protyping, 12 Sealing of glass and beryllium windows, 369 REACH, 42, 106 SEAMS introduced during rolling, 256 Re2O7, 278 Second phase precipitates, 251 Recovered mass loss, 40 Secondary ion mass spectrometry, 99 Recuperation of unsolderable PCBs and component leads, 413 Selection of materials and processes, 10 Recycling, 106, 108 Selective brush electroplating, 234 Recycling electronic waste, 110 Selective brush plating, 235 Red plague, 370, 375, 376, 377, 378 Self-healing materials, 45 Re-entry, 520, 536 Semi-rigid cables, 341 Re-entry vehicles, 170 Semi-rigid cable solder joint fracture due to gold embrittlement, 362 Reflow of capacitor solder, 158 Semi-rigid RF cables, 428 Refractory metals, 534 Shape-memory alloys, 197 Regolith, 12, 13, 502, 503 Shape memory polymers, 44 Reinforced carbon/carbon, 35 Sharp fillets, 444 Release triggers made of Nitinol, 199 Shell 405 catalyst, 289 Reliability and safety, 57, 66 Shielding gases, 127 Removal of silicone polymers, 314 Shock loading, 458 Removal of work-hardened layers, 285 Shock wave, 265 Repair, 409, 432 Short circuit, 313, 360, 395, 486 Repair and modification of assemblies, 341 Shuttle tile, 35, 533 Reprocessing pure tin terminations, 495 Silica glass microspheres, 46 Residual fluxes on spacecraft PCBs, 393 SiC fibres embedded in a matrix of Ti6A14V, 162 Residual stress, 93, 98 SiC monofilaments in an aluminium matrix, 171 Residual stress measurements, 477 SiC monofilaments within an AA 2014 matrix, 164 Residual Stresses in Weldments, 195 SILGEST, 315 Resistance measurements, 329 Silicide-coated fasteners, 536 Resistance pressure welding, 330 Silicon carbide fibre reinforced metal matrix composites, 37 Resistance spot welding, 116, 329 Silicon carbide fibre reinforced titanium alloy matrix, 39 Resistance to thermal cycling environment, 432 Silicone contaminants, 317 Resistance-welded silver–mesh interconnector, 191 Silicone contamination, 219, 310, 505 Resonance, 422 Silicone oil, 311, 418 Reusable tanks, 183 Silicone oil contaminant, 317 Rework, 409 Silicone products, 219, 311, 505 Rework and repair of AGAs, 441 Silver coatings, 360 Rework of soldered joints, 408 Silver finishes, 370 Rework on composition of joint, 412 Silver mesh, 525 Reworking of spacecraft assemblies, 410 Silver migration, 359 Rhenium, 278 Silver wire, 331 River patterns, 248 Silver-coated molybdenum interconnector weld, 193 Rivet compositions, 253 Silver-filled thermosetting epoxy resins, 413 Rocket motor nozzles, 170 Silver-graphine, 414 RoHS, 107, 494 Silver-loaded epoxy, 415 Index 665

Silver-plated conductors, 371 Space Shuttle External tanks, 231 Silver-plated solid copper wire, 337 Space tribology, 305 Silver-plated steel stiff-nuts, 261 Spalling, 270 Silver-plated wire, 339 Specimens made from beryllium, 281 Silver-plated wire strands after solderability testing, 373 Spectroscopic methods, 72 Sine vibration, 420 SPELDA, 94 Skin effects for RF transmissions, 370 Spliced wire joints, 551 Skin-flake, 100 Spot-welding, 179 Skin secretions, 100 Spring clip, 337 Slip rings, 23, 311 Spring materials, 144 SMT solder joint failure due to Conformal Coatings, 428 Stablecore®, 353 SMT verification sample, 430 Staking compounds, 422, 426 Sodium polysulfide test, 377 Standard free energy of formation of oxides with temperature, 613 Solamide 301 foam, 552 Standard reference electrode, 389 Solar absorbers, 267 Standards for soldering spacecraft electronics, 342 Solar absorptance, 270 Standards related to space, 619 Solar array, 358 Stand-off height, 351, 353, 391 Solar array deployment/retraction system, 322 Steam ageing, 371 Solar-Array Drive Mechanism (SADM), 199 Steel alloys, 19 Solar blankets, 547 Steel alloys generally considered suitable for spring manufacture, 146 Solar reflectors, 267 Steel wires, 320 Solder assembly facility, 344 Steel wire-to-nickel tube welding operatio, 320 Solder column, 426, 439, 441 Stress corrosion, 327 Solder copper wire joint failure, 364 Stress-corrosion crack in the tank wall, 326 Solder dipping, 497 Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), 19, 139, 325, 384, 540 Solder fillet, 352, 443 Stress-corrosion failure, 249 Solder flux, 540 Stress corrosion of component lead material, 383 Solder flux vapour, 339 Stress-corrosion tests, 75 Solder joint repair, 540 Stress-induced deformations, 319 Solder paste, 436 Stress-raising defect, 254 Solder Sleeves, 551 Stress-relaxation by thermal gradients, 319 Solder sphere, 511 Stress-relief bend, 412 Solderability, 155, 371, 386 Structural panels made from high-temperature titanium alloys, 207 Soldered interconnections, 340 Students, 103 Soldering, 329, 340 Sublimation, 24, 272, 283, 508 Soldering fluxes, 380 Sublimation of aluminium alloys, 181 Soldering parameters, 341 Sublimation of and condensation of cadmium and zinc, 274 Solder-plated lead wire, 330 Sublimation of klystron cathode-heaters, 276 Solders, 108 Sublimation of Rhenium, 278 Sold propellants, 328 Sublimation rate against temperature for Nichrome, 280 Solid lubricants, 26 Sublimation tests, 273 Solid solution, 25 Subsurface structures, 283 Solid-state diffusion of platinum, 277 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), 317 solid-state interdiffusion, 333 Sun sensor experimental baffle, 230 Solithane, 509, 510 Sun-sensor, 63, 64, 209 SOLITHANE, 432 Superconducting at 4.2 K, 458 Solithane 113, 454 Superconductive SnPb solders, 457, 458 Solvent resistance, 432 Superplastic forming, 196, 203, 206 Sound absorption coefficient of different foamed aluminium, 203 Surface analysis, 96 Sources of Failure, 115 Surface colourations, 127 South Atlantic Anomaly, 508 Surface-corrosion residue, 216 Space-approved greases, 257 Surface-diffusion layers, 323 Spacecraft antennae, 312 Surface electrical grounding, 329 Spacecraft antenna face-skins, 167 Surface insulation resistance (SIR), 392, 395 Spacecraft charging, 27 Surface insulation resistance testing, 391 Spacecraft detectors, 187 Surface mount technology, 341, 419 Spacecraft failures, 61 Surface of an FR-4 PCB board laminate, 392 Space environment, 22, 23 Surface protection treatments for aluminium alloys, 134 Space environment effects, 504 Surface-tension tanks, 172 Spacelab, 27, 42, 339, 501 Sustained stresses, 145 Spacelab post-flight hardware, 542 SYLGARD 184, 432 Spacelab processing and integration, 543 Spacelab-1 located in the shuttle cargo bay, 544 Space launch vehicles, 28 T Space radiation environment, 507 Tack-weld, 179 Space Shuttle, 319 Tantalum foil capacitors, 333 666 Index

Tantalum lead wire, 332 Tin-plated conductors, 371 Tantalum wire lead, 333 Tin-plated copper, 369 Tape testing (for coatings), 224, 234, 236, 237 Tin-plated wire, 339 Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs), 10 Tin-plated wire strands after solderability testing, 374 Technology samples, 419 Titanium, 20 Teflon FEP, 505 Titanium aluminide, 196, 531 Temperature cycling, 509 Titanium aluminides for high-temperature applications, 196 Temperature dependence of specific resistance, 456, 457 Titanium carbide surfaces, 305 Temperature gradients, 319 Titanium filler metal, 125 Temper conditions of aluminium alloys, 567 Titanium hydride embrittlement, 324 Tensile testing at 4.2 K, 451 Titanium hydride precipitates, 125 Test chamber, 8 Titanium hydrides, 323 Textiles, 38 Titanium MMCs, 37 Thermal control, 270 Titanium nitride, 259, 299 Thermal control paints and coatings, 268 Titanium nitride coatings, 303 Thermal cracking, 311 Toe, 34, 291, 302, 314 Thermal cycling on work-hardened beryllium, 284 Toolboxes, 552 Thermal cycling systems, 74 Toroidal water tanks, 325 Thermal fatigue, 271 Total mass loss, 40 Thermal fatigue cracking, 79 Toxicity, 42, 540 Thermal fatigue cracking of copper conductor, 429 Traceability, 56, 67, 101, 110, 255, 327, 379, 435, 495, 616 Thermal fatigue cracks, 349 Trained operators, 621 Thermal fatigue failures in printed-circuit-board, 78 Training and certification, 341, 415 Thermal fatigue on leadless components, 351 Training, 21, 82, 103, 115, 161, 208, 210, 323 Thermal fatigue on semi-rigid cable connections, 353 Transcrystalline fracture, 247 Thermal fatigue on solder-assembled leaded components, 344 Transistor circuit, 333 Thermal fatigue programme, 345 Transmission electron micrographs of beryllium foils, 289 Thermal history from microstructure, 262 Transmission electron microscope (TEM), 68, 250 Thermal management, 509 Travelling wave tubes, 274, 291, 318, 442, 464 Thermal management materials, 220 Trunnion, 27, 549 Thermal mismatch between SMD and substrate, 425 Tube-to-tube TIG welding, 324 Thermal protection system, 47, 536 Tungsten heater elements, 274 Thermal straps, 44 Tungsten whisker, 464, 466 Thermal strippers, 337 Tungsten-inert-gas (TIG)-welded, 125 Thermal–compression bonding technique, 332 Type I high modulus fibres, 166 Thermal-cycled solder joints, 509 Type II high strength fibres, 166 Thermally conductive adhesives, 426, 427 Thermally induced bending, 321 Thermally induced vibrations, 321 U Thermo-compression, 334 Ultrasonic testing, 83 Thermoelectric generators, 28 ultrasonic vibration, 332 Thermomechanical test facility, 218 Ultrasonics and other mechanical agitation, 209 Thermo-optical properties, 529 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 505 Thermoplastics, 43 Unequal (asymmetric) solder fillets, 354 Thermosetting plastics, 43 University, 10, 22, 63, 103, 617 Thermosetting resins, 319 University Spacecraft, 615 Thermount, 353 URALANE, 432 Thick-film hybrid, 425, 426 Urban miners, 110 Threaded fasteners, 252 Thread-rolling work-hardening, 252 Throw-away modules, 105 V Thruster chamber, 132 Vacuum, 22, 40, 49, 135, 258, 272, 380, 508, 551, 617. See also Ti–6A1–4V system and schematic representation of microstructures, outgassing and sublimation 264 Vacuum test chambers, 274 Ti6A14V, 323, 403 Vapour-deposited aluminium, 259 Ti6Al4V superplastically formed propellant tank, 204 Vapour deposition, 134 TiC coatings on steel, 299 Vapour phase machines, 435 TiC-coated 440C steel ball, 305 Vapour pressure curves, 272 TIG-welded 2219-T851, 141 VectranTM, 49 TIG-welded aluminium–lithium alloy plates, 188 Vega, 36 Tin oxide, 489 Velcro tape, 553 Tin pest, 448 Verification programme, 420 Tin plague, 448 Verification testing, 419 Tin whisker growths, 472 Vespal valve seat, 312 Tin whiskers, 490 Vespel, 28, 43, 229, 307 Tin–lead coating procedure, 150 Vibrations caused by thermal distortions, 322 Index 667

Video camera electronics, 541 Welding parameters, 118 Visual criteria, 406 Welding rods, 126 Visual inspections, 421 Weld in nickel alloy pressurized housing., 118 VITON B, 540 Weld nugget, 330, 332 Void formation, 337 Weld penetration, 132 Voids and blow-holes in solder fillets, 410 Weld porosity, 127 Volatile organic compounds, 109 Weld profiles for tube welds, 119 Volatile oxides, 534 Weld sputter particles, 68 VPPA welding, 217 Weld strike, 196 Vulcain engine, 33, 318 Wettability of solder, 412 Vulcain-2 engine, 34 Whisker bridging, 499 Whisker growths, 461 Whisker nucleation and growth, 499 W Whiskers Warp or twist, 423 aluminium, 468 Waspaloy, 534 C-ring experiment, 482, 485 Water tank, 326 metal oxide, 466 waveguide–flange assembly, 407 mitigation, 498 Waveguides, 176 molybdenum, 462 Waveguide switch, 124 precautions, 491 Waveguide-to-Flange Joints, 406 silver sulphide, 463 Wave soldering, 161 tin, 472–490 Wear, 25 tungsten, 464, 465 Wear of ball bearings, 296 White paints (α/ɛ less than 0.2), 267 WEEE, 107 White plague, 375 Weld bead width and the degree of permitted meander, 119 White residues, 432, 433 Weld decay, 328 Wire ropes, 63, 64 Welded battery cells, 193 Wires and cables, 62, 369 Welded cryogenic tank, 183 Wire strands, 339 Welded galvanized steel, 139 Wire-to-barrel interface, 341 welded joint, 341 Wire-wrapped joints, 338 Welded lead wire interconnections, 329 Wire wrapping, 337 Welded plate, 98 Wire-wrapping pins, 338 Welded solar arrays, 189 Workmanship, 417, 434 Welding, 329 Workmanship drawings, 339 all methods of welding, 181 Workmanship standards, 116, 119, 342 butt, 206, 332 Workmanship standards for resistance spot welds, 117 ‘cold’, see cold welding Workmanship standards related to Area Grid Arrays, 122 diffusion, 105 Worn out cathode pellet, 296 Diffusion, 105 EB, see electron beam welding electromagnetic emission, 196 X explosive, 186 X-radiation, 185 friction, see friction stir and stud welding X-ray diffraction, 94 laser, 52, 186 X-ray inspection, 436 manual, 181 X-ray laminography, 434 pulsed laser, 186 X-ray radiography, 86 resistance pressure, 330 X-rays, 83, 185 resistance spot, 116, 329 thermoplastics, 188 Welding and joining in a space environment, 49 Z Welding in space, 52, 53 Zinc, 24, 272 Welding methods and controls, 181 Zinc diffusion, 359, 387 Welding of aluminium–lithium alloys, 187 Zinc emissions, 405 Welding of apogee boost motors, 123 zinc oxide, 359 Welding of commercially pure titanium, 125 Zinc-plated-steel support structure, 108 Welding of thermoplastics, 188