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Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. First published by Dunod, Paris 1999 (French Edition) First edition 2004 (English Edition) Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record is available from the Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record is available from the British Library. ISBN: 0 08 044495 4 W1 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands. For my grandchildren: ALEXANDRE ROMAIN ALEXANDRA This page is intentionally left blank Foreword With an annual consumption of 35 million metric tons, aluminium is one of the world’s most commonly used metals. Its lightness coupled with its strength, conductivity, barrier properties and its excellent corrosion resistance have all been and continue to be its most important advantages and the main reasons for the continued growth in the usage of aluminium. Aluminium’s lightweight performance delivers great benefit in transport applications such as aerospace, cars, ships, trains and buses. The metal’s intrinsic characteristics help give automotive and other transport users improved driving performance as well as increasing fuel economy and reducing emissions. Another significant advantage of aluminium is its corrosion resistance. This characteristic is valuable for products used in architecture, construction, civil engineering, transport, heat exchangers and many other applications. From its early industrial days aluminium was used in many areas of transportation, however it was not until scientists developed commercially available aluminium magnesium alloys in the 1930’s that aluminium was used in shipbuilding and other harsh operating conditions. The alloys developed by these metallurgists as well as having excellent corrosion resistance are also weldable, which led to them being firmly established as a key construction material by ship and high speed ferry builders. New alloy development has been critical throughout the history of aluminium, establishing many new market applications. Improving corrosion performance has been a key focus of this metallurgical development. In the 1970’s alloys were developed with very good thermal conductivity, combined with excellent resistance to engine coolants. This combination means that it was possible to manufacture heat exchangers that were cheaper and of course lighter than the traditional copper versions. More recently new alloy developments have included automotive, aerospace, desalination of sea water, renewable energy and maritime applications, as well as many civil engineering and industrial applications. Christian Vargel is renowned as one of the Aluminium industry’s leading experts in aluminium corrosion. During his long and successful career within the Pechiney group, his expertise in corrosion was valuable in the product development of key markets such as automotive, marine and other transport applications. He has also given many presentations on the corrosion resistance of aluminium, and has contributed to many of Pechiney’s technical documents and brochures, such as “Aluminium and the Sea” and “Aluminium in Industrial Vehicles”. His first book Le comportement de l’aluminium et de ses alliages (The behaviour of aluminium and its alloys) was published by Dunod in 1979. vii viii Foreword Christian Vargel’s second book Corrosion de l’aluminium was first published in French in 1999 and I am delighted that it is now being published in English, thus enabling this excellent work to be more accessible to a wider audience. The author’s practical approach has resulted in what I believe will become a standard reference for aluminium users seeking to understand corrosion characteristics. The work provides an excellent manual, advising of the best ways of working with aluminium including the selection of alloys, design principles and operating conditions. I believe the book will become a valuable text for many engineers and technicians who work and use aluminium. MICHEL JACQUES President, Alcan Engineered Products April 2004 Foreword to the Original French Edition With an annual consumption of 25 million metric tons, aluminium is the second most commonly used metal in the world after steel. Its lightness is very often the most important advantage for the commercial development of aluminium, which explains why it is extensively used for ground transport, aerospace and shipbuilding. This is also the reason why the automotive industry is currently very interested in aluminium: lightness is becoming a priority.