DOCSLIB.ORG

The Power of the Past: A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE POWER OF THE PAST: A H AB E RM AS IAN APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF COLLECTIVE WAR MEMORIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ILLUSTRATED BY RECENT FRANCO-GERMAN RELATIONS LOTHAR RAST SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SEPTEMBER 2006 UMI Number: U221959 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U221959 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 To Beatriz, Valentina and Daniel Written declaration Herewith I declare that this work is my own. Lothar Rast 30 September 2006 3 % 6 %7r 1 I o <\ \ Abstract The central question of this thesis is how to conceptualise the impact of collective war memories in international politics. The main theoretical argument developed in the work is that Jurgen Habermas’ Critical Theory, in general, and his two concepts of social learning and political legitimacy, in particular, are useful and hitherto unexplored ways of advancing our knowledge concerning that question. Based on this premise the thesis highlights the importance of political memory groups for the formulation of practical imperatives in politics and develops a theoretical concept of social learning that can be applied to the remembering of past wars. It further argues that societies can learn to remember past wars in different stages and that those stages can be identified in the history of Western Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This is illustrated by the cases of Germany and France in that period. Delving further into the question of how collective war memories may or may not legitimate international politics and foreign policy decisions, the dissertation develops a notion of political legitimacy that is based on Habermas’ theory of communicative action. The discussions in France and Germany concerning both the attempts to form a European Defence Community (EDC) in 1954 and the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1991-1992 are used in this work to illustrate the application of this notion of legitimacy. The thesis concludes that Habermas’ Critical Theory not only helps to advance our theoretical knowledge of the impact of collective war memories on international politics, but also provides useful insights into possible ways to critically and consciously transform such an impact. 4 Acknowledgements Throughout the years that this work was in the making I accumulated innumerable debts of gratitude, which I am now pleased to acknowledge. I was very fortunate to have worked under the supervision of Professor Christopher Hill, whose continuous support and advice in this large trajectory were of immense help. I am grateful for Professor Hill’s openness to different paths of enquiry, his critical, yet always encouraging and supportive supervision, as well as his belief in this work. I also wish to record my gratitude to Michael Banks, my former supervisor, who, before his health commanded him to retire prematurely, offered invaluable support. My thanks are also due to fellow participants of M. Bank’s research seminar at the LSE: Christian Heine, Benno Teschke and Hayo Krombach have not only been very valuable friends, but also generous critics of this work I am very grateful for the knowledgeable support I received in my research of material on issues of Franco-German relations. I greatly benefited from the professionalism of the staff of the Deutsch-Franzosisches Institut in Ludwigsburg, the German Historical Institute in Paris, the European University Institute in Florence, and the Otto-Suhr- Institute of Political Science in Berlin. Thanks to the generous support from the British Council, the German Academic Exchange Programme (Deutscher Academischer Austauschdienst - DAAD), as well as the Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation in Germany I was able to embark on and complete this research project. I am very grateful for the support that I have received from my parents, Babette and Eduard Rast, who provided me with the space to concentrate on this work and, ultimately, finish this thesis at a time when other obligations seemed to make such endeavor look increasingly illusory. Finally, I would like to thank my family, my children Valentina and Daniel, and my wife, Beatriz, for their never failing support and their incredible help. It is through their 5 love, their understanding and sacrifices that this thesis was possible at all. Both children were bom while I was doing this thesis, and I often had to turn down their pleas for joint quality time with their dad. But my greatest gratitude and admiration is for Beatriz, whose strength, love and support were the sole reason why I was able to write and finish this work. It is with all my love, my respect and my gratitude to Beatriz that I dedicate this work to her. 6 List of abbreviations ADMP Association pour Defendre la Memoire du Marechal Petain BDKK Bund Deutscher Kriegsgeschadigter und Kriegshinterbliebener BHE Bund der Heimatlosen und Entrechteten BT Bundestag BVN Bund der Verfolgten des Naziregimes CDU Christlich-Demokratische Union CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CHG Commission d’Histoire de la Guerre CHGM Comite d’Histoire de la Deuxieme Guerre Mondial CHOLF Commission d’Histoire de l’Occupation et de la Liberation de la France CNR Conseil Nationale de la Resistance CSU Christlich-Soziale Union DDP Deutsche Demokratische Partei DNVP Deutschnationale Volkspartei DP Deutsche Partei DKP Deutsche Kommunistische Partei DMIH Delegation a la Memoire et a la Information Historique DUD Deutscher Union-Dienst DVP Deutsche Volkspartei EC European Communities ECB European Central Bank ECSC European Community for Steel and Coal ECU European Currency Unit EEC European Economic Community EDC European Defence Community EFT A European Free Trade Area EMU European Monetary Union 7 EU European Union FDP Freie Demokratische Partei FN Front National FNCPG Federation Nationale des Combattants Prisonniers de Guerre GDP Gesamtdeutsche Partei GDR German Democratic Republic HIAG Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit IAR International Authority of the Ruhr IR International Relations KPD Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands MRP Mouvement Republicain Populaire NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NKFD Nationalkommittee Freies Deutschland NPD Nationalpartei Deutschlands NSDAP Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei OEEC Organisation of European Economic Cooperation PCF Parti Communiste de la France PDS Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus POW Prisoner of War PS Parti Socialiste RPF Rassemblement pour la France RPR Rassemblement pour la Republique SACEUR Supreme Allied Commander of Europe SEA Single European Act SFIO Section Fran9 aise de la Internationale des Ouvrieres SED Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands SRP Sozialistische Reichspartei UDC Union Democratique du Centre UDF Union pour la Democratic Fran 9 aise UDSR Union Democratique et Socialiste de la Resistance 8 UFAC Union Fransaise des Associations de Combattants UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Education and Science Organization VdK Verband der Kriegsgeschadigten, Kriegshinterbliebenen und Sozialrentner Deutschlands VDS Verband deutscher Soldaten VVN Verein der Verfolgten des Naziregimes 9 CONTENTS Title 1 Dedication 2 Written Declaration 3 Abstract 4 Acknowledgements 5 List of abbreviations 7 Contents 10 Introduction 15 A Theoretical foundations _____________________________________25 1 Conceptualising Collective Memory and Collective War Memory 26 1.1 The role of social groups in collective memory: Maurice Halbwachs 27 1.2 The relationship between history and memory 41 1.3 Practices of collective memory 44 1.4 The emotional, cognitive and practical-moral dimensions of collective memory 47 1.5 Political memory groups 52 1.6 The characteristics of collective war memories 54 2 A framework for the study of collective war memories and international politics: Habermas’ Critical Theory 57 2.1 Characteristics of the Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School 59 2.2. The main features of Habermas’ Critical Theory 61 2.2.1 Habermas’ notion of praxis: work and interaction 62 2.2.2 Rationalisation processes according to Habermas 65 2.2.2.1 Rationalisation processes in lifeworld 67 2.2.22 Rationalisation processes in systems 75 2.3 Habermas’ theory of social evolution and discourse ethics 76 10 2.4 Developing a Habermasian framework for the study of collective war memories 83 B Studying the rise and transformation of national war memories with a Habermasian concept of social learning 86 3 National war memories and the Habermasian rationalisation processes in Western Europe 87 3.1 The rationalisation processes in Western Europe according to Habermas 88 3.1.1 Rationalisation processes in systems (economic sphere, political administration, warfare) 89 3.1.2 Rationalisation processes in lifeworld 93 3.2 The role of collective war memories in the rationalisation 98 processes in Western Europe 3.3 The current crisis of national war memories: on the road
Recommended publications
  • The Rhine Crisis of 1840: Rheinlider, German Nationalism, and the Masses

    The Rhine Crisis of 1840: Rheinlider, German Nationalism, and the Masses

    KU ScholarWorks | http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu Please share your stories about how Open Access to this book benefits you. The Rhine Crisis of 1840: Rheinlider, German Nationalism, and the Masses by Lorie A. Vanchena 2000 This is the published version of the book chapter, made available with the permission of the publisher. “The Rhine Crisis of 1840: Rheinlieder, German Nationalism, and the Masses.” In Searching for Common Ground: Diskurse zur deutschen Identität 1750-1871, edited by Nicholas Vazsonyi. Weimar: Böhlau 2000. 239-51. Terms of Use: http://www2.ku.edu/~scholar/docs/license.shtml This work has been made available by the University of Kansas Libraries’ Office of Scholarly Communication and Copyright. Nicholas Vazsonyi (Hg.) Searching for Common Ground Diskurse zur deutschen Identität 1750-1871 The Rhine Crisis of 1840: Rheinlieder\ German Nationalism, and the Masses Lorie A. Vanchena France's threat in 1840 to reestablish the Rhine as its eastern border proved central to the formation of German national consciousness and identity in the nineteenth century. The Rhine crisis generated intense anti-French, patriotic fervor in the German territories that extended well beyond the Rhineland. One expression of this nationalist sentiment was the poetry written as a direct response to the crisis, the countless Rheinlieder. These poems, including those critical of the Rheinliedbewegung> functioned as a medium of public debate about the crisis with France. Constituting a literary, journalistic, and political phenomenon, the poems enjoyed widespread popularity and resonance among the German public. The periodic press in particular served as a vehicle for disseminating these poems, thus enabling them to become part of the public dialog on the historical developments they addressed.
  • German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Relationships to Germany, 1938-1988

    German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Relationships to Germany, 1938-1988

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO “Germany on Their Minds”? German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Relationships to Germany, 1938-1988 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Anne Clara Schenderlein Committee in charge: Professor Frank Biess, Co-Chair Professor Deborah Hertz, Co-Chair Professor Luis Alvarez Professor Hasia Diner Professor Amelia Glaser Professor Patrick H. Patterson 2014 Copyright Anne Clara Schenderlein, 2014 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Anne Clara Schenderlein is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Co-Chair _____________________________________________________________________ Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2014 iii Dedication To my Mother and the Memory of my Father iv Table of Contents Signature Page ..................................................................................................................iii Dedication ..........................................................................................................................iv Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................v
  • The Franco-Prussian War: Its Impact on France and Germany, 1870-1914

    The Franco-Prussian War: Its Impact on France and Germany, 1870-1914

    The Franco-Prussian War: Its Impact on France and Germany, 1870-1914 Emily Murray Professor Goldberg History Honors Thesis April 11, 2016 1 Historian Niall Ferguson introduced his seminal work on the twentieth century by posing the question “Megalomaniacs may order men to invade Russia, but why do the men obey?”1 He then sought to answer this question over the course of the text. Unfortunately, his analysis focused on too late a period. In reality, the cultural and political conditions that fostered unparalleled levels of bloodshed in the twentieth century began before 1900. The 1870 Franco- Prussian War and the years that surrounded it were the more pertinent catalyst. This event initiated the environment and experiences that catapulted Europe into the previously unimaginable events of the twentieth century. Individuals obey orders, despite the dictates of reason or personal well-being, because personal experiences unite them into a group of unconscious or emotionally motivated actors. The Franco-Prussian War is an example of how places, events, and sentiments can create a unique sense of collective identity that drives seemingly irrational behavior. It happened in both France and Germany. These identities would become the cultural and political foundations that changed the world in the tumultuous twentieth century. The political and cultural development of Europe is complex and highly interconnected, making helpful insights into specific events difficult. It is hard to distinguish where one era of history begins or ends. It is a challenge to separate the inherently complicated systems of national and ethnic identities defined by blood, borders, and collective experience.
  • Political Change and Course of Schizophrenia in East Germany, 1984 ±1994

    Political Change and Course of Schizophrenia in East Germany, 1984 ±1994

    Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol (2000) 35: 255±258 Ó Steinkop-Verlag 2000 ORIGINAL PAPER S. Priebe á M. BroÈ ker Political change and course of schizophrenia in East Germany, 1984 ±1994 Accepted: 28 February 1999 Abstract Background: We tested the hypothesis that the Until 1989 people in East Germany had been living in political change occurring in East Germany after the fall a totalitarian socialist system. They were not allowed to of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 aected patients travel to Western countries, and many people were with long-term schizophrenia, resulting in more and subject to political persecution and harassment (Am- longer hospitalisations. Methods: In two samples in East nesty International 1989). However, some social factors Germany (120 patients in East Berlin, 70 patients in that might be regarded as having a negative in¯uence on Chemnitz) and in a control group from West Berlin (40 the course of schizophrenia were comparatively fa- patients), hospitalisations for each month between vourable: there was no homelessness, no formal unem- November 1984 and October 1994 were assessed. Each ployment, and illegal drugs were hardly available. This sample included all schizophrenia patients who were in changed after reuni®cation. From 1990 onwards, people continuous treatment in the given community mental were living in a politically free country, but there was health centre throughout the full observation period. substantial unemployment, wider availability of illegal Results: Hospitalisation indices were not higher after drugs, and increasing homelessness. November 1989 than before in any of the groups. Con- Did those historical changes have an impact on the clusions: There is no evidence that political change in course of illness in patients with long-term schizophrenia? East Germany negatively aected the course of long- Schizophrenia patients may have been particularly upset term schizophrenia as assessed by hospitalisations.
  • Anatomie Der Staatssicherheit Geschichte, Struktur Und Methoden — Mfs-Handbuch —

    Anatomie Der Staatssicherheit Geschichte, Struktur Und Methoden — Mfs-Handbuch —

    Anatomie der Staatssicherheit Geschichte, Struktur und Methoden — MfS-Handbuch — Bitte zitieren Sie diese Online-Publikation wie folgt: Roger Engelmann, Frank Joestel: Die Zentrale Auswertungs- und Informationsgruppe (MfS-Handbuch). Hg. BStU. Berlin 2009. http://www.nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0292-97839421302024 Mehr Informationen zur Nutzung von URNs erhalten Sie unter http://www.persistent-identifier.de/ einem Portal der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek. Vorbemerkung Das Handbuchprojekt »Anatomie der Staatssicherheit« ist eines der ältesten Vorhaben des Forschungsbereiches der Bundesbeauftragten für die Stasi-Unterlagen (BStU). Es wurde bereits im Jahr 1993 begonnen – wenige Monate nach der Gründung der Abteilung »Bil- dung und Forschung« und stellt dem wissenschaftlichen Fachpublikum wie auch anderen interessierten Nutzern von Stasi-Akten in kontinuierlich erscheinenden Teillieferungen umfassendes Grundwissen zum MfS zur Verfügung: die Entwicklung der Gesamtinstituti- on MfS in ihrem historischen Kontext, die Geschichte seiner wichtigsten Arbeitsbereiche, grundlegende Darlegungen zu den hauptamtlichen und inoffiziellen Mitarbeitern sowie verschiedene Übersichten und Materialien zur Struktur des MfS und ihrer Entwicklung, Kurzbiographien des Leitungspersonals und eine Edition der wichtigsten Grundsatzdoku- mente. Das »MfS-Handbuch« folgt der Verpflichtung der BStU zur »Aufarbeitung der Tätigkeit des Staatssicherheitsdienstes durch Unterrichtung der Öffentlichkeit über Struk- tur, Methoden und Wirkungsweise des Staatssicherheitsdienstes«
  • The Kpd and the Nsdap: a Sttjdy of the Relationship Between Political Extremes in Weimar Germany, 1923-1933 by Davis William

    The Kpd and the Nsdap: a Sttjdy of the Relationship Between Political Extremes in Weimar Germany, 1923-1933 by Davis William

    THE KPD AND THE NSDAP: A STTJDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL EXTREMES IN WEIMAR GERMANY, 1923-1933 BY DAVIS WILLIAM DAYCOCK A thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. The London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London 1980 1 ABSTRACT The German Communist Party's response to the rise of the Nazis was conditioned by its complicated political environment which included the influence of Soviet foreign policy requirements, the party's Marxist-Leninist outlook, its organizational structure and the democratic society of Weimar. Relying on the Communist press and theoretical journals, documentary collections drawn from several German archives, as well as interview material, and Nazi, Communist opposition and Social Democratic sources, this study traces the development of the KPD's tactical orientation towards the Nazis for the period 1923-1933. In so doing it complements the existing literature both by its extension of the chronological scope of enquiry and by its attention to the tactical requirements of the relationship as viewed from the perspective of the KPD. It concludes that for the whole of the period, KPD tactics were ambiguous and reflected the tensions between the various competing factors which shaped the party's policies. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE abbreviations 4 INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER I THE CONSTRAINTS ON CONFLICT 24 CHAPTER II 1923: THE FORMATIVE YEAR 67 CHAPTER III VARIATIONS ON THE SCHLAGETER THEME: THE CONTINUITIES IN COMMUNIST POLICY 1924-1928 124 CHAPTER IV COMMUNIST TACTICS AND THE NAZI ADVANCE, 1928-1932: THE RESPONSE TO NEW THREATS 166 CHAPTER V COMMUNIST TACTICS, 1928-1932: THE RESPONSE TO NEW OPPORTUNITIES 223 CHAPTER VI FLUCTUATIONS IN COMMUNIST TACTICS DURING 1932: DOUBTS IN THE ELEVENTH HOUR 273 CONCLUSIONS 307 APPENDIX I VOTING ALIGNMENTS IN THE REICHSTAG 1924-1932 333 APPENDIX II INTERVIEWS 335 BIBLIOGRAPHY 341 4 ABBREVIATIONS 1.
  • Spaces Between Beginning and End.Indd

    Spaces Between Beginning and End.Indd

    Spaces between Beginning and End: Thoughts on Peter Voigt’s Film Essay Dusk: 1950s East Berlin Bohemia BY CLAUS LÖSER Oh, joyful time of beginnings! The page white and the pencil sketches the overall plan! First line in nothingness, boldly rising through the void into everything! Excavate the ground and depth: the building will be tall. Seeing what has never been seen! Testing the new! —Bertolt Brecht, “Ach, wie doch einst ich sie sah!“1 When Peter Voigt’s documentary Dämmerung – Ostberliner Bohème der 50er Jahre (Dusk: 1950s East Berlin Bohemia) celebrated its premiere in the Grüne Salon of Berlin’s Volksbühne, only those in the know and especially interested • A 2018 DVD Release by the DEFA Film Library • A 2018 DVD Release by the DEFA viewers came to the screening. There were very few reviews. A regular theatrical release did not occur afterwards. In a certain sense, the film arrived both too early and too late. Five years earlier, it would have been a sensation. At the time of its premiere, however, the systematic—and still continuing—examination of phenomena of GDR cultural history had not yet begun. Besides, in the early 1990s, many potentially interested viewers were preoccupied with the reorganization of their daily lives that accompanied the fundamental paradigm change of 1989-90. In view of an uncertain future, affected contemporaries had no relevant interest in tracing the peculiarities of a 1950s East Berlin Bohemia, as Voigt’s title promised. The film did not fit the political mainstream either. Because, back then, the history of the GDR was, “above all, interpreted Dusk: 1950s East Berlin Bohemia in light of its inglorious end,” as film historian Ralf Schenk noted in relation to this film, in particular.2 Public discourse focused primarily on clear victim-perpetrator scenarios; perspectives that dealt with differentiated formations located between opportunism and resistance during the SED dictatorship were not in demand.
  • Making Lifelines from Frontlines; 1

    Making Lifelines from Frontlines; 1

    The Rhine and European Security in the Long Nineteenth Century Throughout history rivers have always been a source of life and of conflict. This book investigates the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine’s (CCNR) efforts to secure the principle of freedom of navigation on Europe’s prime river. The book explores how the most fundamental change in the history of international river governance arose from European security concerns. It examines how the CCNR functioned as an ongoing experiment in reconciling national and common interests that contributed to the emergence of Eur- opean prosperity in the course of the long nineteenth century. In so doing, it shows that modern conceptions and practices of security cannot be under- stood without accounting for prosperity considerations and prosperity poli- cies. Incorporating research from archives in Great Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands, as well as the recently opened CCNR archives in France, this study operationalises a truly transnational perspective that effectively opens the black box of the oldest and still existing international organisation in the world in its first centenary. In showing how security-prosperity considerations were a driving force in the unfolding of Europe’s prime river in the nineteenth century, it is of interest to scholars of politics and history, including the history of international rela- tions, European history, transnational history and the history of security, as well as those with an interest in current themes and debates about transboundary water governance. Joep Schenk is lecturer at the History of International Relations section at Utrecht University, Netherlands. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow within an ERC-funded project on the making of a security culture in Europe in the nineteenth century and is currently researching international environmental cooperation and competition in historical perspective.
  • Save Pdf (0.05

    Save Pdf (0.05

    BOOK REVIEWS ____________________________________________________________ Crisis among the Great Powers: The Concert of Europe and the Eastern Question. By Miroslav Sedivy. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017. xviii, 405 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Plates. Maps. $120.00, hard bound. doi: 10.1017/slr.2018.214 How stable was the famous “Concert of Europe” that came in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars? When the 1815 Congress of Vienna handed over the Rhine’s left bank to the German Confederation, the French—who felt it to be the natural border between France and the rest of Europe—lost a lot of ground, literally and meta- phorically. Twenty-five years later, they tried to get it back. This precipitated a cri- sis that had wide reverberations. This is a lovely book that shows marvelously how careful treatment of one event can illuminate a vast region and expansive period of history. In this case, such an event is used to interrogate the stability of Europe in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars, and to recast long-standing narratives in new ways. The “event” in question in Sedivy’s new book is the so-called Rhine crisis of 1840, which at first glance appears perhaps as more of a non-event than an event: as Sedivy observes, “it neither lasted nor grew into an armed conflict” (1). The “Rhine Crisis” refers to the ejection of France from the club of Great Powers, after the French Foreign Minister, Adolphe Thiers, pressed for the Rhine River to be reinstated as France’s eastern border. This would have resulted in a significant loss of territory for the German confederation, and would have reversed one of the key components of the Congress of Vienna.
  • THE RISE of the FOURTH REICH Escape the Disgrace of Deposition Or Capitulation—Choose Death.” He Or- Dered That Their Bodies Be Burned Immediately

    THE RISE of the FOURTH REICH Escape the Disgrace of Deposition Or Capitulation—Choose Death.” He Or- Dered That Their Bodies Be Burned Immediately

    T H E S EC R ET SO C I ET I E S T H AT TH RE AT EN TO TAK E OV ER AMER I C A JIM MARRS This book is dedicated to my father, my uncles, and all the Allied soldiers who sacrificed so willingly to serve their country in World War II. They deserve better. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 The Escape of Adolf Hitler 2 A Definition of Terms 5 Communism versus National Socialism 8 PART ONE THE HIDDEN HISTORY OF THE THIRD REICH 1. A New Reich Begins 19 2. The Strange Case of Rudolf Hess 36 3. Nazi Wonder Weapons 50 4. A Treasure Trove 92 5. The Writing on the Wall 106 PART TWO THE REICH CONSOLIDATES 6. The Ratlines 125 7. Project Paperclip and the Space Race 149 8. Nazi Mind Control 178 vi CONTENTS 9. Business as Usual 204 10. Kennedy and the Nazis 220 PART THREE THE REICH ASCENDANT 11. Rebuilding the Reich, American-Style 235 12. Guns, Drugs, and Eugenics 262 13. Religion 286 14. Education 296 15. Psychology and Public Control 321 16. Propaganda 343 EPILOGUE 361 SOURCES 377 INDEX 413 Acknowledgments About the Author Other Books by Jim Marrs Credits Cover Copyright About the Publisher INTRODUCTION ADOLF HIT LER’S THI R D REICH EN DED I N BER LI N ON APR I L 30, 1945. Thunder reverberated from a storm of Rus sian artillery that was bom- barding the ruined capital. The day before, along with the incoming shells, came particularly bad news for the fuehrer, who by this late date in World War II was confined to his underground bunker beneath the Reich chan- cellery.
  • Der Deutsche Bund: 1815-1866' and Hewitson, 'Nationalism in Germany, 1848-1866: Revolutionary Nation'

    Der Deutsche Bund: 1815-1866' and Hewitson, 'Nationalism in Germany, 1848-1866: Revolutionary Nation'

    Habsburg Austensen on Gruner, 'Der Deutsche Bund: 1815-1866' and Hewitson, 'Nationalism in Germany, 1848-1866: Revolutionary Nation' Review published on Tuesday, October 9, 2012 Wolf D. Gruner. Der Deutsche Bund: 1815-1866. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2010. 128 pp. EUR 8.95 (paper), ISBN 978-3-406-58795-5.Mark Hewitson. Nationalism in Germany, 1848-1866: Revolutionary Nation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. xiii + 462 pp. $90.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-4039-1329-6; $34.95 (paper), ISBN 978-1-4039-1330-2. Reviewed by Roy A. Austensen (Valparaiso University) Published on HABSBURG (October, 2012) Commissioned by Jonathan Kwan A European Germany or a German Europe? As we approach the bicentennial of the Congress of Vienna (1814-15), historians are still very much concerned with the political settlements regarding central Europe that resulted in the creation of the German Confederation (the Deutsche Bund), a loose confederation of thirty-five states and four free cities that included the German territories of two great powers, Austria and Prussia. Under the presidency of Austria, the Bund provided a modest degree of unity for the German states while maintaining the sovereignty of its members. From its very beginning, the Bund was a disappointment to those who argued for the creation of some sort of united Germany; and dissatisfaction with the Bund only grew over the years, given its cumbersome political machinery, its inability to produce needed reforms, and its frequent functioning as a vehicle for the repressive policies of Austria and Prussia. The two volumes under consideration here examine the nature of the “Germanquestion” during the era of the Deutsche Bund, but from very different perspectives.

  • The Fourth Reich Gavriel D. Rosenfeld Index More Information

    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49749-7 — The Fourth Reich Gavriel D. Rosenfeld Index More Information INDEX Achenbach, Ernst, 126–127, 329, 331 Baldwin, James, 15, 182, 186, Adenauer, Konrad, 6, 12, 100–101, 344–345, 388 107–108, 116, 121–122, 124, 128, Barbie, Klaus, 83–85, 87, 146, 299, 130–132, 135–156, 160–161, 164, 318–319, 372, 374, 382, 384, 386 168–169, 175, 201–204, 209, 250, Benford, Timothy B., 219, 228, 352, 299, 302, 323–324, 326–340, 373, 354, 372 376, 380, 387 Berlin Express, 94–96, 321 African-Americans Berlusconi, Silvio, 280 racism against, 171–172, 179, Bernhard, Georg, 19–20, 34–36, 303, 181–182, 185, 231 306–308, 372, 385, 390 Allen, Charles, 166–167 Best, Werner, 127, 329, 332–334, 354, alt-right, 4 367, 378 American Nazi Party (ANP), 17, Biddiscombe, Perry, 65, 72, 75, 87, 179–180, 196, 207, 293, 344, 388 313–316, 318–320, 372 Andreas-Friedrich, Ruth, 44–45, Black Front, 39–42, 103, 307, 322, 386 309, 371 Black nationalists, 179, 185 antisemitism, 38, 116, 153, 158–159, Book of Daniel, 28–30, 299, 305–306, 162, 169, 171, 179, 181, 238, 324, 345–347, 350, 381, 383, 386, 265–266, 307 388, 390 Apocalypse Watch, 271–273, 365 Bormann, Martin, 67, 77, 82, 123, Argentina, 48, 159, 191, 193–196, 192–194, 196–199, 209, 216–217, 199–203, 210, 217, 244, 220–222, 224, 230, 271, 348–349, 290–291, 346–350, 372, 374, 351, 353–354, 375, 383, 388 379 Bormann Receipt, The, 235 Axmann Agenda, The, 214 Boys from Brazil, The, 15, 217–218, Axmann, Artur, 16, 67, 76–79, 83, 123, 229–230, 232–233, 235, 238, 289, 125, 221, 230, 299, 316–317, 352, 381, See Levin, Ira 352–353, 385, 388 Brandenburg, 271–273, 364–365 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49749-7 — The Fourth Reich Gavriel D.