DOCSLIB.ORG

Germany Minds

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Germany Minds SCHENDERLEIN GERMANY ON THEIR MINDS German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Their Relationships with Germany, 1938–1988 GERMANY ANNE C. SCHENDERLEIN ON THEIR is is a solid, comprehensive study of German Jewish refugees in the United States, especially in Los Angeles and New York. It is probing and judicious. Michael A. Meyer, Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion MINDS THEIR ON GERMANY roughout the 1930s and early 1940s, approximately ninety thousand German MINDS Jews ed their homeland and settled in the United States, prior to that nation closing its borders to Jewish refugees. And even though many of them wanted little to do with Germany, the circumstances of World War II and the postwar era meant that engagement of some kind was unavoidable—whether direct or indirect, initiated within the community itself or by political actors and the broader German public. is book carefully traces these entangled histories on GERMAN JEWISH REFUGEES both sides of the Atlantic, demonstrating the remarkable extent to which German Jews and their former fellow citizens helped to shape developments from the IN THE UNITED STATES AND THEIR Allied war e ort to the course of West German democratization. RELATIONSHIPS WITH GERMANY, 19381988 Anne C. Schenderlein is the managing director of the Dahlem Humanities Cen- ter at Freie Universität Berlin. After receiving her doctorate in modern European history at the University of California, San Diego, she was a research fellow at the German Historical Institute from 2015 to 2019. Her research has been sup- ported by numerous fellowships, including the Leo Baeck Fellowship and, more recently, a grant from the American Jewish Archives, where she conducted research on American Jewish boycotts and consumption of German products. She is the coeditor, with Paul Lerner and Uwe Spiekermann, of Jewish Consumer Cultures in Europe and America (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019). Cover photographs: Top, Wilshire Boulevard Temple, Los Angeles, by Felix Lipov, Shutterstock. Bottom, Arriving at Stuttgart Airport, © Archiv Aufbau bei der JM Jüdischen Medien AG, Zürich. Scan courtesy of the Leo Baeck Institute. JEWISH STUDIES ANNE C. SCHENDERLEIN berghahn N E W Y O R K • O X F O R D www.berghahnbooks.com Germany on Their Minds This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. Studies in German History Published in Association with the German Historical Institute, Washington, DC General Editor: Simone Lässig, Director of the German Historical Institute, Washington DC, with the assistance of Patricia C. Sutcliffe, Editor, German Historical Institute Recent volumes: Volume 25 Germany on Their Minds: German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Their Relationships with Germany, 1938–1988 Anne C. Schenderlein Volume 24 The World of Children: Foreign Cultures in Nineteenth-Century German Education and Entertainment Edited by Simone Lässig and Andreas Weiß Volume 23 Gustav Stresemann: The Crossover Artist Karl Heinrich Pohl Translated by Christine Brocks, with the assistance of Patricia C. Sutcliffe Volume 22 Explorations and Entanglements: Germans in Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Period to World War I Edited by Hartmut Berghoff, Frank Biess, and Ulrike Strasser Volume 21 The Ethics of Seeing: Photography and Twentieth-Century German History Edited by Jennifer Evans, Paul Betts, and Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann Volume 20 The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians Edited by Andreas W. Daum, Hartmut Lehmann, and James J. Sheehan Volume 19 Fellow Tribesmen: The Image of Native Americans, National Identity, and Nazi Ideology in Germany Frank Usbeck Volume 18 The Respectable Career of Fritz K. The Making and Remaking of a Provincial Nazi Leader Hartmut Berghoff and Cornelia Rauh Translated by Casey Butterfield Volume 17 Encounters with Modernity: The Catholic Church in West Germany, 1945–1975 Benjamin Ziemann Volume 16 Crime and Criminal Justice in Modern Germany Edited by Richard F. Wetzell For a full volume listing, please see the series page on our website: http://berghahnbooks.com/series/studies-in-german-history This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. GERMANY ON THEIR MINDS German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Their Relationships with Germany, 1938–1988 S Anne C. Schenderlein berghahn N E W Y O R K • O X F O R D www.berghahnbooks.com This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. First published in 2020 by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com © 2020 by Anne C. Schenderlein Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Schenderlein, Anne C., author. Title: Germany on their Minds: German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Their Relationships with Germany, 1938–1988 / Anne C. Schenderlein. Description: New York: Berghahn Books, [2020] | Series: Studies in German History; volume 25 | Revised dissertation (Ph. D.), University of California (San Diego), 2014. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019033017 (print) | LCCN 2019033018 (ebook) | ISBN 9781789200058 (hardback) | ISBN 9781789200065 (open access ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Jews, German--United States--Social conditions--20th century. | Jews, German--United States--Foreign influences. | Jewish refugees--United States--History--20th century. | World War, 1939-1945--Refugees--United States. | Germany (West)--Foreign relations--United States. | United States--Foreign relations--Germany (West) Classification: LCC E184.354 .S34 2020 (print) | LCC E184.354 (ebook) | DDC 327.73043--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019033017 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019033018 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78920-005-8 hardback ISBN 978-1-78920-006-5 open-access ebook An electronic version of this book is freely available thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at knowledgeunlatched.org. This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial No Derivatives 4.0 International License. The terms of the license can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. For uses beyond those covered in the license, contact Berghahn Books. This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. CONTENTS Acknowledgments vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Background 10 Chapter 2. Americanization before 1941 22 Chapter 3. The Enemy Alien Classification, 1941–1944 53 Chapter 4. German Jewish Refugees in the U.S. Military 81 Chapter 5. German Jewish Refugees and the Wartime Discourse on Germany’s Future, 1942–1945 108 Chapter 6. German Jewish Refugees and the West German Foreign Office in the 1950s and 1960s 133 Chapter 7. German Jewish Refugee Travel to Germany and West German Municipal Visitor Programs 163 Conclusion 212 Bibliography 218 Index 237 – v – This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book was written intermittently, over many years and in many places. Numerous individuals and institutions in Los Angeles; San Diego; Washington, DC; and Berlin supported me throughout this project in various ways. I am grateful for the opportunity to thank them here. My first thanks go to my mentors and teachers, to Michael Meyer in Los Angeles, who introduced me to the Jewish Club of 1933, Inc., and the Los Angeles community of German Jewish refugees, and to Frank Biess, Hasia Diner, and Deborah Hertz. I am particularly indebted to Hasia Diner for suggesting the title and for allowing me to use it for this work. Many other scholars contributed to this project, offering advice through con- versations at different stages, opportunities to present my work in their collo- quia, and thoughtful editing help. I am grateful to Michael Berkowitz, Michael Brenner, Judith Gerson, Atina Grossmann, Marion Kaplan, Paul Lerner, Michael A. Meyer, and Cornelia Wilhelm, as well as to three anonymous reviewers. I am greatly indebted to the University of California, San Diego, especially the Department of History and the Judaic Studies Program, for funding my research and writing. Much of my research travel was funded by grants from the Institute for International Comparative and Area Studies at UC San Diego, the UC California Studies Consortium and the UC Humanities Research Institute, the Institute for European Studies at UC Berkeley, and the Fritz Thyssen Foundation. The New York Leo Baeck Institute’s Fritz Halbers Fellowship allowed me to spend several months in New York for archival research. The Leo Baeck Fellowship, funded by the Leo Baeck Institute London and the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, provided me with a year of generous sup- port and rewarding intellectual exchange, especially during discussions with my colleagues in the program’s workshops, which were led by Raphael Gross and Daniel Wildmann. I have also benefited from the insight of the participants of the workshop “Experiences of Modern European Jews: National, Transnational, and Comparative Perspective” at NYU’s Skirball Department of Hebrew and Judaic Studies and that of the participants of the Institute of Historical Research’s Jewish History Seminar at the University of London.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • D'antonio, Michael Senior Thesis.Pdf
    Before the Storm German Big Business and the Rise of the NSDAP by Michael D’Antonio A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Honors Degree in History with Distinction Spring 2016 © 2016 Michael D’Antonio All Rights Reserved Before the Storm German Big Business and the Rise of the NSDAP by Michael D’Antonio Approved: ____________________________________________________________ Dr. James Brophy Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: ____________________________________________________________ Dr. David Shearer Committee member from the Department of History Approved: ____________________________________________________________ Dr. Barbara Settles Committee member from the Board of Senior Thesis Readers Approved: ____________________________________________________________ Michael Arnold, Ph.D. Director, University Honors Program ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This senior thesis would not have been possible without the assistance of Dr. James Brophy of the University of Delaware history department. His guidance in research, focused critique, and continued encouragement were instrumental in the project’s formation and completion. The University of Delaware Office of Undergraduate Research also deserves a special thanks, for its continued support of both this work and the work of countless other students. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Versailles (Hellerau, 1927). Even Deutschland, Frankreich Und
    BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE Most of the sources on German history from 1890 to the end of the Weimar Republic are of use in a study of Maximilian Har­ den. In the following paragraphs are noted, besides the un­ published sources, only the published materials that deal directly with Harden, and the general works or monographs on the period that have been used most extensively. Many works cited in the text are not listed here; a complete reference to each one is found in its first citation. The indispensable source of information on Harden is the magazine he edited from 1892 until 1922. The one hundred and eighteen volumes of the Zukunft contain the bulk of his essays, commentaries, and trial records, as well as many private letters to and from him. The Zukunft was the inspiration or the source for Harden's principal pamphlets and books, namely Kampfge­ nosse Sudermann (Berlin, 1903); KopJe (4 vols., Berlin, 1911-1924); Krieg und Friede (2 vols., Berlin, 1918); and Von Versailles nach Versailles (Hellerau, 1927). Even Deutschland, Frankreich und England (Berlin, 1923), written after the Zukun}t had ceased publication, was in large a repetition of Zukunft articles. Harden's earliest work, Berlin als Theaterhauptstadt (Berlin, 1889), consisted in part of pieces he had written for Die Nation. Apostata (Berlin, 1892), Apostata, neue Folge (Berlin, 1892), andLiteraturund Theater (Berlin, 1896), were collections of his essays from Die Gegenwart. The Gegenwart and the other magazines for which he wrote before 1892 - Die Nation, Die Kunstwart, and M agazin fur Litteratur - are also indispensable sources. Harden's published writings also include articles in other German and foreign newspapers and magazines.
    [Show full text]
  • The German-American Bund: Fifth Column Or
    -41 THE GERMAN-AMERICAN BUND: FIFTH COLUMN OR DEUTSCHTUM? THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By James E. Geels, B. A. Denton, Texas August, 1975 Geels, James E., The German-American Bund: Fifth Column or Deutschtum? Master of Arts (History), August, 1975, 183 pp., bibliography, 140 titles. Although the German-American Bund received extensive press coverage during its existence and monographs of American politics in the 1930's refer to the Bund's activities, there has been no thorough examination of the charge that the Bund was a fifth column organization responsible to German authorities. This six-chapter study traces the Bund's history with an emphasis on determining the motivation of Bundists and the nature of the relationship between the Bund and the Third Reich. The conclusions are twofold. First, the Third Reich repeatedly discouraged the Bundists and attempted to dissociate itself from the Bund. Second, the Bund's commitment to Deutschtum through its endeavors to assist the German nation and the Third Reich contributed to American hatred of National Socialism. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION... ....... 1 II. DEUTSCHTUM.. ......... 14 III. ORIGIN AND IMAGE OF THE GERMAN- ... .50 AMERICAN BUND............ IV. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BUND AND THE THIRD REICH....... 82 V. INVESTIGATION OF THE BUND. 121 VI. CONCLUSION.. ......... 161 APPENDIX....... .............. ..... 170 BIBLIOGRAPHY......... ...........
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Europe
    NAZI PLANS for EASTE RN EUR OPE A Study of Lebensraum Policies SECRET NAZI PLANS for EASTERN EUROPE A Study of Lebensraum Policies hy Ihor Kamenetsky ---- BOOKMAN ASSOCIATES :: New York Copyright © 1961 by Ihor Kamenetsky Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 61-9850 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY UNITED PRINTING SERVICES, INC. NEW HAVEN, CONN. TO MY PARENTS Preface The dawn of the twentieth century witnessed the climax of imperialistic competition in Europe among the Great Pow­ ers. Entrenched in two opposing camps, they glared at each other over mountainous stockpiles of weapons gathered in feverish armament races. In the one camp was situated the Triple Entente, in the other the Triple Alliance of the Central Powers under Germany's leadership. The final and tragic re­ sult of this rivalry was World War I, during which Germany attempted to realize her imperialistic conception of M itteleuropa with the Berlin-Baghdad-Basra railway project to the Near East. Thus there would have been established a transcontinental highway for German industrial and commercial expansion through the Persian Gull to the Asian market. The security of this highway required that the pressure of Russian imperi­ alism on the Middle East be eliminated by the fragmentation of the Russian colonial empire into its ethnic components. Germany· planned the formation of a belt of buffer states ( asso­ ciated with the Central Powers and Turkey) from Finland, Beloruthenia ( Belorussia), Lithuania, Poland to Ukraine, the Caucasus, and even to Turkestan. The outbreak and nature of the Russian Revolution in 1917 offered an opportunity for Imperial Germany to realize this plan.
    [Show full text]
  • German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Relationships to Germany, 1938-1988
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO “Germany on Their Minds”? German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Relationships to Germany, 1938-1988 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Anne Clara Schenderlein Committee in charge: Professor Frank Biess, Co-Chair Professor Deborah Hertz, Co-Chair Professor Luis Alvarez Professor Hasia Diner Professor Amelia Glaser Professor Patrick H. Patterson 2014 Copyright Anne Clara Schenderlein, 2014 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Anne Clara Schenderlein is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Co-Chair _____________________________________________________________________ Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2014 iii Dedication To my Mother and the Memory of my Father iv Table of Contents Signature Page ..................................................................................................................iii Dedication ..........................................................................................................................iv Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................v
    [Show full text]
  • John F. Kennedy and Berlin Nicholas Labinski Marquette University
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Master's Theses (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Evolution of a President: John F. Kennedy and Berlin Nicholas Labinski Marquette University Recommended Citation Labinski, Nicholas, "Evolution of a President: John F. Kennedy and Berlin" (2011). Master's Theses (2009 -). Paper 104. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/104 EVOLUTION OF A PRESIDENT: JOHN F. KENNEDYAND BERLIN by Nicholas Labinski A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Milwaukee, Wisconsin August 2011 ABSTRACT EVOLUTION OF A PRESIDENT: JOHN F. KENNEDYAND BERLIN Nicholas Labinski Marquette University, 2011 This paper examines John F. Kennedy’s rhetoric concerning the Berlin Crisis (1961-1963). Three major speeches are analyzed: Kennedy’s Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Berlin Crisis , the Address at Rudolph Wilde Platz and the Address at the Free University. The study interrogates the rhetorical strategies implemented by Kennedy in confronting Khrushchev over the explosive situation in Berlin. The paper attempts to answer the following research questions: What is the historical context that helped frame the rhetorical situation Kennedy faced? What rhetorical strategies and tactics did Kennedy employ in these speeches? How might Kennedy's speeches extend our understanding of presidential public address? What is the impact of Kennedy's speeches on U.S. German relations and the development of U.S. and German Policy? What implications might these speeches have for the study and execution of presidential power and international diplomacy? Using a historical-rhetorical methodology that incorporates the historical circumstances surrounding the crisis into the analysis, this examination of Kennedy’s rhetoric reveals his evolution concerning Berlin and his Cold War strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Guides to German Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, Va
    GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA. No. 32. Records of the Reich Leader of the SS and Chief of the German Police (Part I) The National Archives National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1961 This finding aid has been prepared by the National Archives as part of its program of facilitating the use of records in its custody. The microfilm described in this guide may be consulted at the National Archives, where it is identified as RG 242, Microfilm Publication T175. To order microfilm, write to the Publications Sales Branch (NEPS), National Archives and Records Service (GSA), Washington, DC 20408. Some of the papers reproduced on the microfilm referred to in this and other guides of the same series may have been of private origin. The fact of their seizure is not believed to divest their original owners of any literary property rights in them. Anyone, therefore, who publishes them in whole or in part without permission of their authors may be held liable for infringement of such literary property rights. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 58-9982 AMERICA! HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE fOR THE STUDY OP WAR DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECOBDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXAM)RIA, VA. No* 32» Records of the Reich Leader of the SS aad Chief of the German Police (HeiehsMhrer SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei) 1) THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION (AHA) COMMITTEE FOR THE STUDY OF WAE DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA* This is part of a series of Guides prepared
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin to the Meeting with You for Handy Reference
    B u l l e t i n of The North American Paul Tillich Society Volume XXXI, Number 4 Fall 2005 Religious Studies Department Santa Clara University 336 Bannan Hall Santa Clara, CA 95053 PHILOSOPHY Editor: Frederick J. Parrella, Secretary-Treasurer, NAPTS CULTURE THEOLOGY Telephone: 408.554.4714 FAX: 408.554.2387 Email: [email protected] Website: www.NAPTS.org In this issue: Annual NAPTS Meeting: Schedule and Banquet Information Report of the Tillich Collected Works Project Committee “Paul Tillich and Capital Punishment: The Meaning of Power” by Anne Marie Reijnen On the Calendar ___________________________________________________________________________________ Annual Meeting of the North Nerve? American Paul Tillich Society Robison James, University of Richmond The following schedule includes three parts: (1) ses- Symbol Early and Late: Continuity and sions of the NAPTS on Friday, November 18, 2005; Discontinuity between the German and (2) information about the annual banquet on Friday American Tillich night; (3) the schedule of the American Academy of Religion Group, “Tillich: Issues in Theology, Religion Stephen Murray, Skidmore College and Culture.” Paul Tillich and the Wrath of God Bring your Bulletin to the meeting with you for handy reference. Locations are subject to change. NAPTS Sessions 11:00 AM – 1:15 PM (A18–9) And Banquet Loews Philadelphia Hotel Commonwealth C Friday, November 18, 2005 Theme: The Early Tillich Terry O’Keeffe, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland 9:00 – 10:45 AM (A18–8) Presiding Loews Philadelphia Hotel
    [Show full text]
  • Nazi Concentration Camp Guard Service Equals "Good Moral Character"?: United States V
    American University International Law Review Volume 12 | Issue 1 Article 3 1997 Nazi Concentration Camp Guard Service Equals "Good Moral Character"?: United States v. Lindert K. Lesli Ligomer Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Ligorner, K. Lesli. "Nazi Concentration Camp Guard Service Equals "Good Moral Character"?: United States v. Lindert." American University International Law Review 12, no. 1 (1997): 145-193. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMP GUARD SERVICE EQUALS "GOODMORAL CHARACTER"?: UNITED STATES V. LINDERT By K Lesli Ligorner Fetching the newspaper from your porch, you look up and wave at your elderly neighbor across the street. This quiet man emigrated to the United States from Europe in the 1950s. Upon scanning the newspaper, you discover his picture on the front page and a story revealing that he guarded a notorious Nazi concen- tration camp. How would you react if you knew that this neighbor became a natu- ralized citizen in 1962 and that naturalization requires "good moral character"? The systematic persecution and destruction of innocent peoples from 1933 until 1945 remains a dark chapter in the annals of twentieth century history. Though the War Crimes Trials at Nilnberg' occurred over fifty years ago, the search for those who participated in Nazi-sponsored persecution has not ended.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89974-1 - Nazi Crimes and the Law Edited by Nathan Stoltzfus and Henry Friedlander Index More information Index accessories, accomplices vs. main Austrian Research Center for Postwar perpetrators, 11, 30–3, 95–7, 98–9, Trials, 150 137 Adenauer, Konrad, 10, 66, 116, 159, Babi Yar massacre, 40 162 Badoglio, Petro, 119, 121, 123 policies of amnesty and reintegration, 9, Balkans, 11, 12, 120, 174 83, 115, 158 Barge, Hans, 120–22, 125 Adorno, Theodor, 87, 116 Bartesch, Martin, 140, 142 Alexandria, 103, 104 Barthel, Heinrich, 46–51 Allied Control Council, 3, 43, Baunbuch (“brown book), 167 60 Befehlsnotstand. See defense arguments Allied High Commission, 158 Belgium, 76, 141 Alzey, 22 Benda, Ernst, 170 amnesty. See reintegration of former Bergen Belsen, 69 Nazis Bergerhoff, Hans, 78 Ankenbrand, Adam, 74–6 Berlin, 35, 54, 120, 129 Anschluss, 17, 67, 143 Berlin Wall, 114, 134, 166 anti-Semitism, 63–4, 67, 84, 97, 104–5, Bernburg, 23 111–12 Bernotat, Fritz, 52, 55–62 archives. See documents, documentary Birkenau concentration camp, 31, 204, 210 evidence Black, Peter, 186, 188, 192 Aristarco, Guido, 128 blacks, legislation against, 20 Arys, East Prussia, 104 Blum, Leon, 73 Auerswald, Willy, 79 Blum, Philipp, 55–61 Auschwitz, 76, 141, 142, 147, 179, 181, Blume, Manfred, 106, 110–11 211, 213 Bolker, Hermann, 57 war crimes trials, 28, 31, 141, 153, 164, Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 92 180 Bracher, Karl Dietrich, 39 Austin, Elmore, 47 Bradfisch, Otto, 95–7 Austria, 11–12, 15, 17, 27, 73, 139–42 Brandenburg, 23 people’s court
    [Show full text]
  • A Counterintelligence Reader, Volume 2 Chapter 1, CI in World
    CI in World War II 113 CHAPTER 1 Counterintelligence In World War II Introduction President Franklin Roosevelts confidential directive, issued on 26 June 1939, established lines of responsibility for domestic counterintelligence, but failed to clearly define areas of accountability for overseas counterintelligence operations" The pressing need for a decision in this field grew more evident in the early months of 1940" This resulted in consultations between the President, FBI Director J" Edgar Hoover, Director of Army Intelligence Sherman Miles, Director of Naval Intelligence Rear Admiral W"S" Anderson, and Assistant Secretary of State Adolf A" Berle" Following these discussions, Berle issued a report, which expressed the Presidents wish that the FBI assume the responsibility for foreign intelligence matters in the Western Hemisphere, with the existing military and naval intelligence branches covering the rest of the world as the necessity arose" With this decision of authority, the three agencies worked out the details of an agreement, which, roughly, charged the Navy with the responsibility for intelligence coverage in the Pacific" The Army was entrusted with the coverage in Europe, Africa, and the Canal Zone" The FBI was given the responsibility for the Western Hemisphere, including Canada and Central and South America, except Panama" The meetings in this formative period led to a proposal for the organization within the FBI of a Special Intelligence Service (SIS) for overseas operations" Agreement was reached that the SIS would act
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander B. Stohler Modern American Hategroups: Lndoctrination Through Bigotry, Music, Yiolence & the Internet
    Alexander B. Stohler Modern American Hategroups: lndoctrination Through Bigotry, Music, Yiolence & the Internet Alexander B. Stohler FacultyAdviser: Dr, Dennis Klein r'^dw May 13,2020 )ol, Masters of Arts in Holocaust & Genocide Studies Kean University In partialfulfillumt of the rcquirementfar the degee of Moster of A* Abstract: I focused my research on modern, American hate groups. I found some criteria for early- warning signs of antisemitic, bigoted and genocidal activities. I included a summary of neo-Nazi and white supremacy groups in modern American and then moved to a more specific focus on contemporary and prominent groups like Atomwaffen Division, the Proud Boys, the Vinlanders Social Club, the Base, Rise Against Movement, the Hammerskins, and other prominent antisemitic and hate-driven groups. Trends of hate-speech, acts of vandalism and acts of violence within the past fifty years were examined. Also, how law enforcement and the legal system has responded to these activities has been included as well. The different methods these groups use for indoctrination of younger generations has been an important aspect of my research: the consistent use of hate-rock and how hate-groups have co-opted punk and hardcore music to further their ideology. Live-music concerts and festivals surrounding these types of bands and how hate-groups have used music as a means to fund their more violent activities have been crucial components of my research as well. The use of other forms of music and the reactions of non-hate-based artists are also included. The use of the internet, social media and other digital means has also be a primary point of discussion.
    [Show full text]