6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89974-1 - Nazi Crimes and the Law Edited by Nathan Stoltzfus and Henry Friedlander Index More information

Index

accessories, accomplices vs. main Austrian Research Center for Postwar perpetrators, 11, 30–3, 95–7, 98–9, Trials, 150 137 Adenauer, Konrad, 10, 66, 116, 159, Babi Yar massacre, 40 162 Badoglio, Petro, 119, 121, 123 policies of amnesty and reintegration, 9, Balkans, 11, 12, 120, 174 83, 115, 158 Barge, Hans, 120–22, 125 Adorno, Theodor, 87, 116 Bartesch, Martin, 140, 142 Alexandria, 103, 104 Barthel, Heinrich, 46–51 Allied Control Council, 3, 43, Baunbuch (“brown book), 167 60 Befehlsnotstand. See defense arguments Allied High Commission, 158 Belgium, 76, 141 Alzey, 22 Benda, Ernst, 170 amnesty. See reintegration of former Bergen Belsen, 69 Nazis Bergerhoff, Hans, 78 Ankenbrand, Adam, 74–6 Berlin, 35, 54, 120, 129 Anschluss, 17, 67, 143 Berlin Wall, 114, 134, 166 anti-Semitism, 63–4, 67, 84, 97, 104–5, Bernburg, 23 111–12 Bernotat, Fritz, 52, 55–62 archives. See documents, documentary Birkenau concentration camp, 31, 204, 210 evidence Black, Peter, 186, 188, 192 Aristarco, Guido, 128 blacks, legislation against, 20 Arys, East Prussia, 104 Blum, Leon, 73 Auerswald, Willy, 79 Blum, Philipp, 55–61 Auschwitz, 76, 141, 142, 147, 179, 181, Blume, Manfred, 106, 110–11 211, 213 Bolker, Hermann, 57 war crimes trials, 28, 31, 141, 153, 164, Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 92 180 Bracher, Karl Dietrich, 39 Austin, Elmore, 47 Bradﬁsch, Otto, 95–7 Austria, 11–12, 15, 17, 27, 73, 139–42 Brandenburg, 23 people’s court (Volksgerichte)andwar Brassi, Claudio, 136 crimes prosecutions, 12, 142–50 Bratislava, 186 War Criminals Act, 143–6 Braunsteiner Ryan, Hermine, 33, 175

217

218 Index

Breitman, Richard, 192 administration of, 21, 179–82, Brentano, Heinrich von, 49 193 Brno, 186 medical experiments, 68, 73, 77 Broszat, Martin, 180, 211 treatment of prisoners, 32, 33, 67–8, Browning, Christopher, 192 73–4 Bruchsal Prison, 59 trials, 26, 31–3, 69–72, 73–6, 77–9, 162, Brunner, Alois, 148 177 Brunner, Anton, 147 Control Council Law No, 10 (1945) 3, Buchenwald concentration camp, 65, 73, 26–7, 35, 43, 60, 92, 76, 77 crimes against humanity charge, 6, 10, prosecution of personnel, 73–6 27, 54, 61, 87, 94, 131, 152, 173 Bucher, Ewald, 163–71 Control Council Law No, 2, 59 Bulgaria, 164 Cracow, 142 Bundesgerichtshof, 92–3, 98, 152 Czechoslovakia, 76, 147 Bundestag, 151, 165, 170 Bundeswehr, 9, 98, 116, 128, 136 Dachau concentration camp, 21, 65, 67–8, Buuck, Heinrich, 74–6 76, 77, 177, 180 prosecution of personnel, 69–72, 147 Calley, William, 84 Dallin, Alexander, 37 Cambodia, 12 Darfur, 12 Canada, 9, 114, 188, 197, 198, 201, 205 Darmstadt, 46–51 Canaris, Wilhelm, 92 Daum, Georg, 46–51 Captain Corelli’s Mandolin (de Bernieres),` de Bernieres,` Louis, 133 133 de Gaulle, Charles, 73 Carr, E. H., 204 De Negri, Marcella, 135 Casablanca conference (1943), 12 defense arguments, 6–7, 26, 58, 78, 79–80, Center for Research Libraries, 37 92, 96, 112, 176, 179, 185 Central Office for Investigation of Nazi-Era acts of atonement/reprisal, 74, 88–90, Crimes (Dortmund), 114, 118, 119, 104 129–31, 134 Befehlsnotstand, acting under superior Central Office for the Investigation of orders/duress, 4, 6, 30, 64, 70, 74, National Socialist Crimes. See 75–6, 79, 88, 95, 102, 107–9, 125, Zentrale Stelle Ludwigsburg 185 Cephalonia, Greece, 10, 119–36 sovereign immunity, 4, 7 Chelmno, 210 Dejaco, Walter, 141 war crimes trial, 31 Del Roio, JoseLu´ ´ıs, 136 Christ und Welt, 151 denaturalization and deportation Christie, Douglas, 199–206, 207, 212 proceedings, 140, 173, 175–8, 179, Churchill, Winston, 2, 5, 12, 44 185, 194 CIA, 10 denazification. See reintegration of former Ciampi, Carlo Azeglio, 133 Nazis Clemenceau, Georges, 4 Denson, William, 69–70, 79 Cold War, 9, 10, 61, 113–19, 131–7, 174, Destruction of the European Jews (Hilberg), 37 182–4 Deutscher Juristentag (Association of communism, communists, 7, 23, 67, 88, German Jurists), 95 89, 114, 117, 143, 168, 174, 182–4 Deutsch-Schutzen,¨ 148 concentration camps Dicks, John, 56–9

Index 219

“Did Six Million Really Die?” Final Solution, 9, 107–10, 192, 206, 210, (Harwood/Verrall), 198, 200 211 Die Welt, 151 Flossenburg concentration camp, 65, 92 Die Zeit, 151 Formato, Rumualdo Father, 123 Ding-Schuler, Erwin, 73 Fraenkel, Ernst, 90 disabled persons France, 3, 46, 76, 120 legislation against, 18 Frankfurter Rundschau, 112 murder of, 22–3, 52 Franz, Kurt, 31 Dobbins, James C., 56–9 Frei, Norbert, 154 Documentation Center of Austrian Frick, Wilhelm, 20 Resistance (Dokumentationsarchiv des Friedlander, Henry, 192 osterreichsichen¨ Widerstandes), 149 Friedrich, Jorg,¨ 84 documents, documentary evidence, 36–41, Fritsch, Werner von, 38 113, 118, 132, 134, 150, 159, 162, Fugmann, Karl, 46–51 163–71, 174, 178–9, 182–4, 190–2 Funke, Hajo, 207, 209 double jeopardy, 110, 111 Douglas, Lawrence, 198, 213 Galicia, 142, 189 Dubnow, 94 Gandin, Antonia, 120–5, 128 Dumont, William, 47 Geneva conventions, 5, 11, 48 German Military Code of Justice East Germany. See Germany, German (Militarstrafgesetzbuch¨ ), 30, 109 Democratic Republic German penal code, 26–33, 107, 151 Ebensee, 78 German Rule in Russia (Dallin), 37 Ehrenboeck, Karl, 71–2 Germany, Federal Republic, 8–11 Eichmann, Adolf, 10, 139, 141, 148 prosecution of war crimes, 2, 24–33, 60, trial of, 28, 79 65, 87, 89–90, 92–3, 95–9, 111, 113, Eicke, Theodor, 67, 180 115–19, 128–37, 146, 150, 151–66, Einsatzgruppen, 32, 87, 93–7, 98, 99, 102, 168–72 118, 162, 192 public opinion of war crimes Ulm trial (1958), 28, 117, 161 prosecutions, 7, 9, 82, 97, 115 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 51, 59, 64 Germany, German Democratic Republic, Elster, Jon, 8 9, 27, 114, 116–18, 134, 155, 156, Engerau labor camp, 148 158–60, 163–72 Erhard, Ludwig, 163–71 Germany, Imperial, 18 Ertl, Fritz, 141 Germany, Nazi, 8, 16–24, 29, 38–9, 40, Erzberger, Matthias, 27 67–8, 70–73, 76–7, 93–5, 102–10, ethnic German. See Reich German/ethnic 119–27 German distinction Germany, Weimar Republic, 5, 8, 16, 18, euthanasia programs, 22, 26, 51–4, 57, 68, 39 139, 142 Germany and the Soviet Union (Weinberg), Evans, Richard, 207, 209, 213 37 Gerstein, Kurt, 212 Faurisson, Robert, 204 Gestapo, 29, 32, 91, 129, 147, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 182 184 Fedorenko, Fedor, 176–7, 186 Giordano, Ralph, 113, 137, 154 Felmy, Helmuth, 88 Gleichschaltung,16 Felsch, Friedrich, 78 Globke, Hans, 9, 117, 159

220 Index

Globocnik, Odilo, 31, 139, 141, 193 historians as expert witnesses, 13, 190–92, Goeller, Sigwart, 126 214–15 Goering, Hermann, 129 Hitler, Adolf, 31, 38, 98, 106, 107, 110, Gogl, Johann Vinzenz, 140 111, 120, 126, 129, 137, 180 Goldhagen thesis, 177 anti-Semitism of, 63–4, 66, 84, 207 Goring,¨ Hermann, 31 attempted assassination of, 8, 119 Goth,¨ Amon, 142 decrees, orders, and laws promulgated, Gottfried Weiss, Martin, 69 17, 19, 23, 26, 32, 57, 88, 95, 96, 120, Grabner, Maximilian, 147 124, 129–30, 211 Grafeneck castle, 23 public support for Nazism, 7, 8, 97, 115 Gray, Charles Sir, 208–9, 211, 212–13, Hitler We Loved and Why, The (Zundel),¨ 199 215 Hoﬂe,¨ Hans, 139 Great Britain, 3, 15, 24, 27, 44, 69 Hohnstein concentration camp, 21 Grebe, Friedrich, 94 Holtzman, Elizabeth, 175 Greece, 76, 88–90, 119–36 Holtzman Amendment, 175–7 Gros-Raming, 78 Hoss,¨ Rudolf, 79 Gross, Heinrich, 142, 147 Hoßbach, Friedrich, 38 Gude,¨ Max, 161 Hrubieszow, 189 Gumkowski, Janucz, 169 Huber, Irmgard, 55–61 Guns¨ (Koszeg),¨ 148 Hungary, 132, 164 Gusen subcamp, 76, 77, 78 Hussein, Saddam, 12 Guth, Paul, 79 Gutlich, Philipp, 46–51 Illing, Ernst, 146 Guttenplan, D. D., 212 Institut fur¨ Sozialforschung, 98 gypsies, 67, 139 Institute for Contemporary History, 38 legislation against, 18–20 Institute of Historical Review, 205 Intelisano, Antonino, 132 Hadamar sanatorium, 23, 51–4, 65 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism prosecution of personnel, 54–62, 69 Prevention Act (IRTPA), U.S., 194 Hague, 12 International Military Tribunal (IMT), 3, Hague conventions, 3, 4, 5, 48, 58 15, 38, 43, 64, 79, 144 Hallstein Doctrine, 162 Iraq, 12 Hamburg Institute of Social Research, 118 Irving, David, 197, 204, 214 Hantscharenko, Victor, 74–6, 81 Italy, 15 Hartgen, Josef, 46–51 military, 9, 10, 119–27 Hartheim, 23, 68, 139 prosecution of war crimes, 127–8, 132 Harwood, Richard, 198 Haussmann, Wolfgang, 169 Jackson, Robert, 2, 4, 6–7, 70 Heer, Hannes, 130 Jager,¨ Herbert, 80–2 Henkel, Peter, 112 Jahn, Gerhard, 170 Herbert, Ulrich, 83 Jaworski, Leon, 48–51, 54–9 Heydrich, Reinhard, 31, 76, 98 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 67, 193 Hilberg, Raul, 37, 192, 199, 201, 206 Jewish Institute (Warsaw), 167 Himmler, Heinrich, 31, 38, 67, 98, 104, Jews, 67, 73 105–12, 129 conﬁscation of property, 8, 23, 26, 177 Hindenburg, Paul von, 4, 16 exclusion from economic activities, 8, 20 Hirschfeld, Harald von, 125 legislation against, 18–21, 91

Index 221

mass murder of, 8, 33, 38, 40, 44, 52, Lech prison, 158 93–7, 101–5, 106–7, 117, 139, 142, Leili, Stefan, 181 148, 161, 184, 190, 211 Leipzig trials, 4, 5, 6, 36, 41 Joedl, Alfred, 129 Lerch, Ernst, 139, 141 judges, judiciary, 8, 24–5, 119, 145, 175 Leuchter, Fred, 204 continuity of personnel from the Nazi Lileikis, Alexandras, 183–5 period, 8, 10, 97–8, 118, 131, 137, Limbach, Jutta, 41 159–62 Linz (Kleinmunchen),¨ 78 prosecution of, 87, 90–93, 99, 146 Lipstadt, Deborah, 197, 205, 207, 209 Jung, Alton H., 54 Lithuania, 139, 161, 183–5 Juppe, Franz, 89 Litomerice, 186 Lloyd George, David, 4 Kalavryta, Greece, 11, 88–90, 136 Locke, Hugh, 198 Kameradenkreis (Comrades’ Circle), 128, Lohr,¨ Alexander, 122–30 133–4, 136 London Charter (1945), 7, 144, 173 Kaufering, 71–2 London Treaty (1930), 5 Keitel, Wilhelm, 106, 129 Longerich, Peter, 207, 209 Kellogg-Briand Pact, 5 Lubbe,¨ Hermann, 154 KGB, 183, 187 Lubke,¨ Heinrich, 168 Klagenfurt asylum, 146 Lublin, 189 Klebe, Reinhold, 123–6, 128–33, 137 Ludendorff, Erich, 4 Kleemann, Ulrich, 126 Ludwigsburg Central Ofﬁce for the Klein, Alfons, 55–61 Investigation of National Socialist Knight, Robert, 144 Crimes. See Zentralle Stelle Koch, Ilse, 73 Ludwigsburg Koch, Karl, 73 Lukiskis prison, 185 Kodre,´ Franz, 149 Luxembourg, 76 Kohlstruck, Michael, 171 Kommeno massacre, 130 Maaβ, Ulrich, 134–5 Konotop, 104 MacQueen, Michael, 184, 185 Kretschmann, Ernst, 61 Majdanek concentration camp, 33, 175 Kristallnacht, 17, 67, 91 Malmedy massacre, 65 Kwoczak, Fedir, 188 Martini, Winfried, 151–3 Martino, Gaetano, 128 La Repubblica, 135 Mauthausen concentration camp, 65, 76–7, Laabs, Gustav, 31 150, 181 Lachert,¨ Hildegard, 33 prosecution of personnel, 77–9, 140 Lambert, Erwin, 32 McCarran, Patrick, 60 Lammers, Hans-Heinrich, 17 McCloy, John, 115 Landsberg prison, 115, 158 media, 153, 169, 175, 194 Lanz, Hubert, 122–30, 131 Medina, Ernest, 84 Lawrence, Douglas, 204 Memmingen, 110 laws passed in furtherance of Nazi aims, Merkle, Adolf, 55–61 16–21 Michalek, Nikolaus, 149 Le Suire, Karl von, 89 Mickelwait, Claude B., 46, 48 League of Nations, 5 Midwest Interlibrary Loan Center, 37 Leau subcamp, 75 Mielke, Erich, 166–8

222 Index

Millenz, Franz, 71–2, 81 Oberilzmuhle,¨ 78 Mittenwald, 129, 136 Oberlander,¨ Theodor, 159 Moczar, Mieczyslaw, 167–70 Obluda, Johannes, 129–31 Mogilev, 96 Odenburg¨ (Sopron), 148 Mommsen, Hans, 211 Offenburg, 104 Morgenthau, Henry Office of Special Investigations (OSI). See pastoralization plan, 2, 45 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Moscow Declaration (1943), 6, 11, 15, 44 Special Investigations Muhldorf¨ concentration camp, 65 Operation Reinhard, 139, 141, 142, Muhlhauser,¨ Otto, 135–7 185–90, 193, 207, 210 Mulka, Robert, 31 Operation T4, 22, 32, 51–4 Muller,¨ Heinrich, 74 Opper, Johann, 46–51 Munich Agreement (1938), 5 Ormond, Henry, 164 Murer, Franz, 139, 141 Oster, Hans, 92 Mussolini, Benito, 119, 121 Oxhorn, Alfred, 140 My Lai massacre, 84 Pearson, John, 200, 202, 204 National Liberation Front (EAM), 121 Penguin Books, 197, 205, 207 NATO, 114 physicians, prosecution of, 146 Naumann, Erich, 94–5 Pianist, The (film), 177 Nazi Concentration Camps (film), 199 Plaszow concentration camp, 142 Nazi Prohibition Act (Verbotsgesetz), Plozk, 104 Austria, 143, 145 Pohl, Dieter, 192 Nazi Trials in the Context of the East-West Poland, 5 Conflict (Martini), 151 and documentary evidence of war ne bis in idem. See double jeopardy crimes, 163–71, 183 Negative Dialectics (Adorno), 87 murder of Jews, 117, 139, 186, 190, 193 Nehmer, Bettina, 95 persecution of Poles, 53, 73, 91, 92, 142 Nellmann, Erich, 161 war crimes trials, 147 Netherlands, 76, 124 Posern, Hans Karl von, 70 Neues Deutschland, 169 POWs. See prisoners of war Neuner, Josef, 71–2 Poznan-Posen, 38 Niedermoser, Franz, 146 Prague, 186 Night and Fog decree, 91 press reports. See media Norden, Albert, 159 prisoners of war, 116 Nordhausen concentration camp, 65 treatment of, 3, 5, 11, 29, 46–8, 72, 74, Novak, Franz, 141 106 Nuremberg as site of Nazi party rallies, 35 Raeder, Erich, 39 Nuremberg Laws (1935), 10, 19–20, 35, Rampton, Richard, 208, 210, 211, 212 117 Rascher, Sigmund, 68 Nuremberg successor trials. See U.S. Rau, Johannes, 136 prosecution of war crimes, U.S. Rechnitz, 148 Military Commission trials Rechtssicherheit, 8, 16, 20, 22–4 Nuremberg trials, 2, 3, 4, 6–7, 12, 15, 17, Rechtsstaat, 16, 22, 27 35, 38–41, 65, 69, 79, 136, 147, Reich German/ethnic German distinction, 192 19, 180, 193

Index 223

Reich Ministry of Interior, 18 Schonemann,¨ Werner, 32 Reich Ministry of Justice, 21, 90–92 Schreyer, Martin, 71–2 Reich Security Main Ofﬁce, 74, 77 Schule,¨ Erwin, 165–71 Reichsgericht (German Supreme Court), 4 SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 143, 180, 184 Reichsgesetzblatt, 17, 18, 39 SED. See Socialist Unity Party Reichstag, 16, 17, 35, 39 Sedillo, Juan, 58 Reinecke, Gunther,¨ 111–12 Seidl, Siegfried, 139, 147 Reinersdorf, 148 Seipel, Johannes, 46–51 Reinhardt, Kathe,¨ 46–51, 61 Seitz, Ignaz, 74–6, 81 reintegration of former Nazis, 7, 9–11, 83, Sekul, John, 47 111, 114, 116, 140, 152, 160 Semlin, 210 Renzi, Renzo, 128 Simon, John, 6 reprisal murders, 11, 74, 88–90, 104, 130 Smelser, Ronald, 192 Rheinische Merkur, 151 Socialist Unity Party (SED), 158–60 Richards, Daniel A., 56–9 Sonnenberg, 75 Richter, Alfred, 124–7, 129, 133 Sonnenstein castle, 23 Rogers, Luke P., 48 Soviet Union, 3, 5, 15, 24, 132, 159, 162 Romania, 164 and documentary evidence of war Rommel, Erwin, 129, 212 crimes, 159, 174, 182–4, 186–8 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 5–6, 12, 45, 87 and German POWs, 111, 116 Ruckerl,¨ Adalbert, 170 German invasion and occupation of, Ruhe,¨ Volker, 136 102, 184–5, 192 Rundstedt, Gerd von, 40 KGB, 183, 187 Ruoff, Heinrich, 55–61 murder of Jews, 105, 117, 210 Russelsheim¨ Death March Trial, 46–51, 56, POWs, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 106, 189 61 Red Army, 35, 189 Ruter,¨ Friedrich, 137 war crimes trials, 35, 44, 111, 187 Rwanda, 12 Speer,Albert,71 Rybicki, Marian, 168 Spielberg, Steven, 142 Spindler, Wilhelm, 129 SA (Sturmabteilung), 17, 48, 66, 83, 118, Sprenger, Jakob, 55–61 131, 169 SS, 32, 67, 93–7, 99, 118, 129, 142, 149, Sabukoschek, Emil, 142 161, 179–82, 192 Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 26, 193 actions of, 102–4 Salzburg, 147 Bataillon Streibel, 186–90 Sauckel, Fritz, 53 SS courts, 101–12 Saugumas (Lithuanian State Security Totenkopf (Death’s Head) battalions, Police), 183–5 179–81 Schaffer,¨ Fritz, 161 Waffen SS, 52, 53, 71, 177, 180, 189 Schilling, Klaus, 68, 69, 79 St.Aegyd,78 Schindler’s List (ﬁlm), 142, 177 St. James Declaration (1942), 5, 44 Schlegelberger, Franz, 90–91 St. Lambrecht, 78 Schlieben subcamp, 75 Stadie, Otto, 32 Schmidt, Guido, 144 Stahlecker, Franz, 192 Schmidt, Paul Carl, 151 Stangl, Franz, 139 Schmundt, Rudolf, 106 Stasi (GDR Ministry for State Security), Scholochovo, 103 166–8

224 Index

statute of limitations, 28, 134, 135, 140, Judge Advocate General, 43–59, 142, 151–3, 163–71, 172 70 Stein an der Donau Prison, 149 National Archives, 36, 199 Stern, August, 134–6 U.S. Army, 43, 48, 54, 64, 141 Stevenson, Daniel, 56–9 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Steyr, 78 Special Investigations (OSI), 140, 174, Stimson, Henry, 45 175–95 Stoiber, Edmund, 133 War Crimes Branch (USWCB), 43– Straight, Clio E., 46 59 Streibel, Karl, 186 University of Chicago Law Library, 36 Suchomel, Franz, 32 U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, 177, Suddeutsche¨ Zeitung, 133 192 superior orders defense. See defense Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, arguments 186 Swett, Trevor, 56–9 U.S. prosecution of war crimes, 10, 147 Sydnor, Charles, 192 civil proceedings in the United States, 13, 140, 173–95 Taubner,¨ Max, 101–10 U.S. Army trials at Dachau, 64–79 Taudtman, Waldemar, 125, 129, 133 U.S. Military Commission trials, 2, 36, Taviani, Emilio, 128, 132, 134 43–59, 61–2, 87–9, 90–92, 93–5, 99, Taylor, Charles H., 58–9 127 Taylor, Telford, 5 Terezin, 186 van Pelt, Robert Jan, 207, 209 Theátreˆ du Grand Guignol,77 Verbelen, Robert Jan, 141 Theresienstadt, 139, 147 Verbotsgesetz. See Nazi Prohibition Act Thilo, Karl-Wilhelm, 128–9 Versailles Treaty (1919), 3–4, 5, 39 Third Reich. See Germany, Nazi Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, 121, Thomas, Ronald, 200, 204, 207 123 Thorbeck, Otto, 92–3 victor’s justice, 12, 25 Tillessen, Heinrich, 27 Vierteljahrshefte fur¨ Zeitgeschichte,38 Tirpitz, Alfred von, 4 Vilnius, Lithuania, 139, 183–5 Titus, Roger E., 49 Vrba, Rudy, 199 Trawniki Training Camp, “Trawniki Men,” 185–90 Wachmannschaften des SS und Treblinka concentration camp, 32, 139 Polizeifuhrers¨ im Distrikt Lublin. See war crimes trials, 31, 32, 176–7 Trawniki training camp Trieste, 141 Wackerle,¨ Hilmar, 21 Tuchel, Johannes, 192 Wahlmann, Adolf, 55–61 Waldheim, Kurt, 139 UFOs: Nazi Secret Weapons? (Zundel),¨ 199 Wannsee Conference and Protocol, 203, United Nations, 2, 6, 24, 152 207 War Crimes Commission (UNWCC), 6, War Crimes Modification Board, 61 43–5, 59 Waystaff, David Jr., 56–9 United States, 3, 15, 24, 114 Webster, John, 85 Immigration and Naturalization Service, Wehrmacht, 9–11, 23, 26, 52, 87–90, 91, 175 97, 99, 102, 113–37

Index 225

Wehrmacht High Command (OKW), Wirth, Christian, 31 120–21, 122, 124, 129 Witzler, Margarete, 46–51 Weimar Republic. See Germany, Weimar Wolf, August, 46–51 Republic Workuta prison, 111 Weir, John M., 46 World War I, 3–5, 6, 36, Weiss, Martin, 79 41 Welcker, Hans, 61 Wust, Friedrich, 46–51 Werl prison, 158 What Is History? (Carr), 204 Yugoslavia, 12, 76, 128, 130 Wheeler-Bennett, John, 38 Wiener-Neudorf, 78 Zenkl, Peter, 73 Wiesenthal, Simon, 119, 129, 140 Zentrale Stelle Ludwigsburg, 28, 90, 117, Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 3–4, 7 156, 163–4, 171, 172 Williams, Thomas, 47 Zisch, Hermann, 71–2, 81 Willig, Karl, 55–61 Zundel,¨ Ernst, 197–205 Wilson, Woodrow, 4 Zwiahel, 102