BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

Most of the sources on German history from 1890 to the end of the Republic are of use in a study of Maximilian Har• den. In the following paragraphs are noted, besides the un• published sources, only the published materials that deal directly with Harden, and the general works or monographs on the period that have been used most extensively. Many works cited in the text are not listed here; a complete reference to each one is found in its first citation. The indispensable source of information on Harden is the magazine he edited from 1892 until 1922. The one hundred and eighteen volumes of the Zukunft contain the bulk of his essays, commentaries, and trial records, as well as many private letters to and from him. The Zukunft was the inspiration or the source for Harden's principal pamphlets and books, namely Kampfge• nosse Sudermann (, 1903); KopJe (4 vols., Berlin, 1911-1924); Krieg und Friede (2 vols., Berlin, 1918); and Von Versailles nach Versailles (Hellerau, 1927). Even Deutschland, Frankreich und England (Berlin, 1923), written after the Zukun}t had ceased publication, was in large a repetition of Zukunft articles. Harden's earliest work, Berlin als Theaterhauptstadt (Berlin, 1889), consisted in part of pieces he had written for Die Nation. Apostata (Berlin, 1892), Apostata, neue Folge (Berlin, 1892), andLiteraturund Theater (Berlin, 1896), were collections of his essays from Die Gegenwart. The Gegenwart and the other magazines for which he wrote before 1892 - Die Nation, Die Kunstwart, and M agazin fur Litteratur - are also indispensable sources. Harden's published writings also include articles in other German and foreign newspapers and magazines. Harden did not keep a diary nor write memoirs, but he did save almost every letter that he had received from the time he BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 275 began making his living as a writer. These letters, and various other miscellaneous materials including court records, newspaper articles, and manuscripts, were found among Harden's papers when he died. His heirs increased this material by collecting originals or copies ofletters that Harden had written to certain correspondents. A good part of these papers survived the Nazi period and the war, and in 1953 they were acquired by the (West) German Federal Archives in Koblenz. These papers, "Nachlass Maximilian Har• den" (Bundesarchiv, Koblenz), are the largest source of unpub• lished material on Harden. A guide to the "Nachlass" can be found in Wolfgang Mommsen, Die schrijtlichen .Nachliisse in den zentralen deutschen und preussischen Archiven (Koblenz, 1955). By law the Bundesarchiv must restrict public use of the letters to those written before 1919. By agreement with Harden's daughter, family letters and letters from Carl Furstenberg and are closed to research until 1965. Numerous letters from Friedrich von Holstein could not be made available to the author. The second largest collection of material on Harden is in the personal papers ofE.S., Berlin, . This collection suffered from bombings during the war, and many letters and manuscripts exist here only in copy. In these papers are nearly 500 letters from Harden to E.S. in the period from 1908 to 1927, letters from other persons to Harden, copies of Harden manuscripts, newspaper articles on or by Harden in the period following the Eulenburg-Moltke trials, and a variety of other vital documents. E.S. is the editor of Harden Brevier (Berlin, 1947), a small collection of excerpts from the Zukunfl and other Harden materials. E.S. also gave the author the benefit of her unequalled knowledge of Harden in many discussions and letters. The author is also indebted to Dr. Ernst Jackh of New York City for the use of Harden letters from his personal papers and to Frau Mary Gerold-Tucholsky of Rottach-Egern, Bavaria, for copies of letters from Harden to her husband . The many published collections of letters, memoirs, and auto• biographies of Harden's contemporaries offer important back• ground material, but few of them contain extensive or reliable comment on Harden. One of the most useful memoirs is , Einmal und nie wieder: Lehenserinnerungen (, 1935), 276 BmLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

which, however, cannot be accepted at face value. The same is true of Lessing's chapter on Harden in Judischer Selbsthass (Berlin, 1930), which is largely a memoir. The sections on Harden in Emil Ludwig, Geschenke des Lebens (Berlin, 1931), are colorful but somewhat misleading. Avaluable impression ofHarden supported by several letters is found in Hans Fiirstenberg, ed., Carl Fursten• berg: Die Lebensgeschichte eines deutschen Bankiers (Berlin, 1931). The most useful works on the Eulenburg Affair were the two volumes by Johannes Haller, Aus flnfzig Jahren: Erinnerungen, Tagebucher und.BrieJe aus dem Nachlass des Fursten Philipp zu Eulenburg-HerteJeld (Berlin, 1923), and Aus dem Leben des Fursten Philipp zu Eulenburg• HerteJeld (Berlin, 1924); Friedrich von Holstein, Lebensbekenntnis in BrieJen an eine Frau, ed. Helmuth Rogge (Berlin, 1932); and, if treated with care, the somewhat gossipy Hans von Tresckow, Von Fursten und anderen Sterblichen: Erinnerungen eines Kriminalkom• missars (Berlin, 1922). Hetta Grafin Treuberg, Zwischen Politik und Diplomatie: Die Memoiren von Hetta Griifin Treuberg, ed. M. J. Bopp (Strasbourg, 1921), contains usable information on some of Harden's activities during the First World War. Many small recollections of Harden appeared in newspapers and magazines following his death. Of these the most important and reliable is Franz Pfemfert, "Mit wahrend der letzten Tage seines Lebens," Prager Presse, Nov. 27, 1927. Contemporary literature on Harden was extensive, despite the efforts of some large newspapers and periodicals to keep mention of him at a minimum. The most valuable contemporary periodical sources on Harden are Die Fackel (), the personal organ of ; Die SchaubUhne (later Die Weltbuhne), under the editorship of ; the Preussische JahrbUcher, especially under the editorship of the historian Hans Delbriick, and Die Neue Rundschau, a magazine that originated with the circle around the Freie Buhne. The newspapers most frequently consulted were the , , B.Z. am Mittag (Berliner Zeitung), and the Socialist Vorwiirts, all of which appeared in Berlin. Other newspapers have been used for specific articles or essays or by Harden. Many pamphlets appeared on Harden and his work during his lifetime. Most notable among these is the study by Karl Friedrich Sturm, Maximilian Harden: Beitriige zur Wurdigung eines BIBUOGRAPHICAL NOTE 277

deutschen Publizisten (Leipzig, 1908). Another pro-Harden study of limited value is Paul Wiegler, "Maximilian Harden," in Personlichkeiten: Illustrierte Essays aber fiihrende Geister unserer Zeit, Heft V, (Berlin, n.d.). Franz Mehring, Herm Hardens Fabeln: Eine notgedrungene Abwehr (Berlin, 1899), is the first anti-Harden pamphlet. It is valuable on Harden's early career in journalism in conjunction with Harden's replies in the Zukurift and the Mehring letters in the Harden papers. Another anti-Harden polemic based largely on Mehring's pamphlet is Ernst Friedegg, Harlekin als Erzieher: Eine Studie aber Maximilian Harden (Berlin, 1906). The Eulenburg affair caused a small pamphlet war about Har• den, ofwhich the above-mentioned work by Sturm was a part. Two other pamphlets favoring Harden were Johannes W. Harnisch, Harden, Eulenburg, Moltke (Berlin, 1908), and Frank Wedderkopp U. W. Harnisch], Harden im Recht (Berlin, 1908). Harnisch was a young writer close to the Pan-Germans. Anti-Harden pamphlets were Fedor Freund, Maximilian Harden: Der Vaterlandsretter (Ber• lin, 1907), and Karl Kraus, Maximilian Harden: Ein Nachruf (Vienna, Leipzig, 1908). Kraus's pamphlet was taken from the Fackel, as was the essay on Harden published in Die Chinesische Mauer (Vienna, Leipzig, 1910). The German defeat in the First World War again set off a series of anti-Harden polemics. Friedrich Thimme, Maximilian Harden am Pranger (Berlin, 1919), an attack on Harden's attitudes toward the war and the peace making, was seconded by Hans Delbriick, Kautsky und Harden (Berlin, 1920). A third post-war pamphlet, Dietrich Stiirmer, Maximilian Harden! Der "geheimnis• volle Gewaltige"?! (Berlin, 1920), was a violent anti-Harden political polemic. The two pamphlets by Franz Mehring, Der Fall Lindau (Berlin, 1890), and Kapital und Presse: Ein Nachspiel zum Fall Lindau (Berlin, 1891), are valuable on Harden's early career in Berlin journalism. The only general historical study of Harden is found in Walter Frank, "Hore Israel!" Studien zur Modernen Judenfrage (Hamburg, 1941). Frank was a talented historian, but his work was intended as propaganda and is of value largely as an expression of Nazi attitudes toward Harden. Edith Sokolowsky, Maximilian Harden 278 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

und die wilhelminische Zeit (Breslau, 1941), Diss. MUnich, is a thin presentation of Harden's public statements on Wilhelminian politics with a gratuitous discussion of Nazi racial theories. A second German dissertation, Erich Leupolt, Die Stellung der he• deutendsten politischen Zeitschriften zum neuen Kurs der deutschen Aussenpolitik his zum Racktritt Balows (Irpzig, 1932), Diss. Leipzig, contains a superficial digest of various attitudes on foreign affairs expressed in the Zukunft. Most of the essays written on Harden following his death were semi-belletristic memorials that rarely go beyond personal rec• ollections or impressions. The most useful of these are Kurt Tucholsky, "Maximilian Harden," Die Welthahne, Nov. 7, 1927; , "Harden," Die Welthahne, Oct. 20, 1931; Arthur Kahane, "Der Apostata," Berliner Tagehlatt, Nov. 7, 1927, perhaps the most original essay; and Paul Wiegler, "Maxi• milian Harden," Literaristhe Welt, Nov. 11, 1927. There are few single aspects of Harden's career that have been treated as problems in historical research. Karl Rosner, "Wie Maximilian Harden zu Bismarck kam," Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger, Dec. 14, 1927, is a limited study of Harden's introduction to Bismarck based on letters from Bismarck that Harden gave his first wife in the early 1890's. This study must be used mainly as a source ofBismarck letters to Harden. Ludwig Herz, "Holstein, Harden, Eulenburg," PreussischeJahrbUcher, CCXXIX,july-Sept., 1932, tries to refute the assumption that Holstein provided the information that Harden used against Eulenburg. The whole Eulenburg problem is treated in Maurice Baumont, L' Affaire Eulenhurg et l'Origine de la Guerre Mondiale (, 1933), a strained attempt to prove that Eulenburg's fall contributed to the outbreak of the First World War. Its survey of Eulenburg's position in the Empire is valuable, but it does not illumine the origins and course of the Eulenburg affair itself, and is of no value on Harden. Of the many books and articles used on the political background of Wilhelminian and Republican Germany, the following con• tributed most to setting the scene for Harden: Pauline R. Ander• son, The Background of Anti-English Feeling in Germany 1890-1902 (Washington, D.C., 1939), a sociological study of the influence of domestic interests on German foreign policy in the 1890's; Erich Eyck, Bismarck: Leben und Werk (3 vols., Zurich, 1944), the BIBLIOGRAPmCAL NOTE 279

most recent and best comprehensive treatment of Bismarck; Erich Eyck, Das Persiinliche Regiment Wilhelms II. (ZUrich, 1948), the most recent and reliable summary of the political events of the reign of the last Kaiser to the First World War; Hans W. Gatzke, Germany's Drive to the West (Drang nach Westen): A Study of Germany's Western War Aims during the First World War (Balti• more, 1950), a thorough analysis and account of the origins, course, and influence of the German annexationist movements; George Wolfgang Hallgarten, Imperialismus vor 1914 (2 vols., Munich, 1951), a thorough sociological analysis of the motive forces in the age ofimperialism with special emphasis on Germany; Rudolf Ibbeken, Das aussenpolitische Problem Staat und Wirtschaft in der deutschen Reichspolitik (Schleswig, 1928), a study of the influence of economic attitudes and growth on German foreign policy; Eckart Kehr, Schlachtflottenbau und Parteipolitik 1894-1901 (Berlin, 1930), an invaluable study on the domestic forces shaping foreign policy attitudes; Arthur Rosenberg, Die Entstehung der deutschen Republik (Berlin, 1928), an interpretive work on the origin of the , especially valuable on the First World War. Among the many secondary works covering the intellectual and literary currents of Harden's age, the following may be noted as most useful for the purposes of this study: Julius Bab, "Die Lebenden," Das deutsche Drama, ed. Robert Arnold (Munich, 1925), a helpful outline on the period in which Harden was active as a literary critic; Hanna Hafkesbrink, Unknown Germany: An Inner Chronicle of the First World War Based on Letters and Diaries (New Haven, 1948), a study of the effect of the Great War on German intellectual currents; and Georg Steinhausen, Deutsche Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte von 1870 bis zur Gegenwart (Halle, 1931), a standard, now somewhat outdated treatment of recent German intellectual history. Qtto Groth, Die Zeitung: Ein System der Zeitungskunde (Journalistik) (4 vols., Mannheim, Berlin, Leip• zig, 1930), is the most comprehensive treatment of the history of German journalism. INDEX

8-Uhr-Abendblatt (Berlin), 225 Beer-Hofmann, Richard, 25 Acosta, Gabriel, 13 Belgium, 95, 178, 197, 199, 259 Adler, Karl, 146 Benedikt, Moritz, 144, 145, 151 Aehrenthal, Alois Lexa Freiherr Berger, Alfred Freiherr von, 89-90, von,30 93-94, 98-99, 106, 114, 119, 147 Agadir crisis, 157 Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger, 26, 140-142 Agrarians, 55, 62, 63, 66, 67, 69-70 Berliner Tageblatt, 16, 34, 100, 101, Ahlwardt, Hermann, 15 140, 143, 195,202,250 Aktion, Die, (Berlin), 235, 264 Berliner Volkszeitung, 32, 34 Alexander III of , 79 B. Z. am Mittag (Berliner Zeilrmg), Algeciras conference, 95 143,230,252 Alsace - Lorraine, 159,200,209,213 Bernhard, Georg, 31, 75-78, 127- Altenberg, Peter, 146 128,261,265 "American danger," 172-173 Bernstein, Eduard, 75, 207 Anderson, Pauline R., 62 n., 68n., Bernstein, Herman, 152 n. 69 n., 72 n. Bernstein, Max, 10 1-103, 107, 108, Andreas, Willy, 41 n. 109, 110, 115, 116, 119 n., 120 n. Andreas-Salome, Lou, 173 Bernstorff, Johann Graf, 118 n., 137, Anglo-American entente, 173, 175 212,224 n. AngrifJ, Der, (Berlin), 4 Berthold, Arthur, 128 Ankermann, Lieutenant, 247-248, Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, 251 189, 194-196, 200, 201, 208, 231 Annexationism, 183, 189-191, 203, Bismarck, Herbert von, 42-43, 80 208-209 Bismarck, Otto von, 1, 11, 36-47, 48, Anti-Semitism, 10-15, 165,217,246, 51, 52, 54, 55, 58, 61, 62, 65, 69, 253-254, 272-273 73-74, 82, 85, 88, 101, 113, 114, Antoine, Andre, 18 154, 155, 159, 166, 169, 174, 187, Apostata, 34, 36, 38-39, 50 224,234,262,271,272 Appia, Adolf, 129 Bjornson, Bjornstjerne, 130, 152 Aretin, 2 Bleibtreu, Carl, 17 Aretino, Pietro; see Aretin Blucher, G. L. von, 239 Arnold, Robert, 17 n. Borne, Ludwig, 13 Austria-Hungary, 55, 64, 174, 178- Bolshevists, 208, 220, 229, 230 179, 198, 199 Bopp, M. J., 193 n. Averescu, Alexandru, 233 Borchardt, Moritz, 247 Boxer Rebellion, 60-61, 173 Bab, Julius, 17 n. Brahm, Otto, 18, 51 Bagdad railway, 86 Brand, Adolf, 105-107 Bahr, Hermann, 25 n., 31 n., 133, Brandes, Georg, 126, 152 145, 148-149, 151 Brauer, Arthur von, 46 n. Balkans, 156, 176, 178-179, 198 Braun, Heinrich, 75, 76, 133 Ballin, Albert, 114, 119, 120, 121, Braun, Lily, 75, 76 133, 134, 141, 188-189, 192, 194, Breitscheid, Rudolf, 258 203,208 n., 211, 212, 217 n., 254, Briand, Aristide, 260 256 Brinkmann, Carl, 57 Barnay, Ludwig, 16, 34 Brunhuber, Richard, 48 n. Bassermann, Albert, 24 Brod, Max, 130 Battle of the Marne, 183, 186 Brest-Litovsk, peace of, 208, 231 Baumont, Maurice, 82 n., 122 n. . Bucharest, Treaty of, 231 Bayard-Swope, Herbert, 198 Bucher, Lothar, 167 Bebel, August, 74, 75, 76, 77, 127 Buck, Otto, 33 n. Bedford, Sybille, 2 Bulow, Bernhard Furst von, 30, 57, INDEX 281

61,83-84,87,89,94,98,105-106, Deutschnationale Volkspartei; see 112, 115, 117-121, 122, 124, 162, German Nationalist People's 189, 193-194, 256 Party Bund dn Landwirte, 62, 63 Disconto-GesellschaJt, 141 BUT&f~dm, 187,203,206,207 Dohm, Hedwig, 32 Busch, Moritz, 43 Doyle, Sit Arthur Conan, 184 Byzantinism, 58, 59, 89 Dreyfus,Alfred,I3-14 Dryander, Gottfried Ernst Hermann, Cambon, Jules, 97 von, 248 Caprivi, Leo Grafvon, 44, 55, 64-66, Diihring, Eugen, II 67,89 Dubnow, Simon, to n. Caprivismus, 64- Caro, Max, 254 Ebert, Friedrich, 220, 223, 233, 234, Central Powers, 178 238-240, 267 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 129 Edison, Thomas Alva, 36 Chang, Kuei-Yung, 83 n. Edward VII of England, 95, 160-161 Christian Social Workers Party, II Ehrhardt Brigade, 237-238, 244 Chrysander, Rudolph, 40 n., 42, Ehrhardt, Hermann, 237-238, 244, 46 n., 74 n. 248,250 Clausewitz, Karl von, 187 Ehrlich, Paul, 128 CIemenceau, Georges, 1, 95, 188, Einkreisung, 156 n. 225,267 . Einstein, Albert, 238, 246, 249 Cohn, Emil, 34 Einziiunung, 156 n. Communism in Russia, 174-175, Eisenberg, Max, 46 n. 208,229-230,235,267 Eisner, Kurt, 76, 222-223, 241 Communist Party, 32, 234-235, 240, Elbe, Frau von, formerly Grafin 264 Moltke, 89-90, 102-104, 106, 116, Conradi, Heinrich Gottlieb 271 Hermann, 17 Ellmenreich, Franziska, 9 Conservatives, 45, 46, 62, 63, 71, 72, Eloesser, Arthur, 17 n. 170-171, 205, 234 Emin Pascha, 2 n. Consolidated Press Association, 228 Engel, Georg, 266 Corporativism, 234 England; see Great Britain Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard, 265 Ernst, Jakob, 109-110 Crown Prince; see Wilhelm, Crown Erzberger, Matthias, 209, 217 n., Prince 219,225,241 Daily Chronicle (), 1M Eulenberg, Herbert, 266 Daily Telegraph affair, 124, 168-169, Eulenburg affair, 1-2, 3, 79, 81, 82- 221 125, 126, 127, 134, 256 Dawes Plan, 259 Eulenburg, Albert, 128 Dehmel, Richard, 126 Eulenburg, August Grafvon, 79, 246 Delbriick, Clemens von, 214, 216 Eulenburg-Hertefeld, Flirst Philipp Delbriick, Hans, 75 n. zu, 1, 44, 82-125, 162, 256 Delle Grazie, Eugenie, 129 Evangelical Christian , 204, 205-206, 214-217, Movement, 71 220-221,235-236,258 Eyck, Erich, 41 n., 55 n., 58 n., 67 n., Denmark, 151 154 n. Dernburg, Bernhard, 133, 172 n., 236,265 Fackel, Die, (Vienna), 144-145, 146, "Desperanto," 147 273 Deutsche Demokratische Partei; see Fascism, 233 German Democratic Party Fastenrath, Johannes, 150 Deutsche GesellschaJt 1914, 214 Feme, 248, 251 Deutsche Tageszeitung (Berlin), 63 Figaro, Le, (Paris), 152 Deutsches Montags-Blatt (Berlin), 16 Fischer, M. H., 83 n., 118 n. Deutsches Theater, 25,26, 31, lSI Fleet bills, 68-70, 162-164- Deutsche Volkspartei; see German Flotow, H. von, 196 People's Party Forster, Friedrich Wilhelm, 239, 246, 282 INDEX

249, 257, 260, 261 n., 267 naturalism, 17-20, 3 I; Nordic Fontane, Theodor, 21, 63 influences, 20; revolution in, 17; Fourteen Points, 197-200, 209 see also special subjects France, 7, 24, 85, 95, 152, 155, 157- German Nationalist People's Party, 160, 165, 176-177, 178, 181, 182, 236,258,259 197, 230, 232, 259, 267 German People's Party, 236 France, Anatole, 126 German theater: decline in dramatic Franco-British Entente, 84,156,159, literature, 17; Deutsches Theater, 160, 174, 176 25-27; drama criticism, 17,23-24; Franco-German understanding, 232, Freie BUhne, 18-19; Gerhart Haupt• 260-261 mann, 21-22; naturalism in, 18- Franco-Russian Alliance, 156 20; , 25-27; Scan• Frank, Walter, 2, 14, 41 n., 46 n., dinavians, 20-21 ; Hermann Suder• 63 n., 204 n., 273 mann, 23 Franz Ferdinand of Austria, 177, 178 Gessler, Otto, 239, 258 Franzosisches Gymnasium, 6-7 ~bbeh,Joseph,4 Freie BUhne, 18-19, 21, 31 ~the, Johann Wolfgang von, 29 Freiheit, Die, (Berlin), 261 Gooch, G. P., 162 n. Freikorps, 237, 239, 244, 245 Gordon, Adolf von, 193 n. Freud, Sigmund, 29 Gortshakov,. Prince Alexander, 65 Freytag, Gustav, 32 Gravier, M., 21 n. Friedjung, Heinrich, 154 Great Britain, 55, 67-68, 155, 160- Friedrichsruh, 40, 44, 45, 46 164, 165, 176, 178, 181, 182, 197, Flirstenberg, Carl, 133-134,139,141, 232, 233, 259, 260 142, 156 n., 236 Grenz, Albert Wilhelm, 247-255 Grey, Sir Edward, 162 n. Galliffet, Gaston-Alexandre Auguste Gross, Jenny, 145 de, 29 Grossmann, Stefan, 151,264, 272 Gatzke, Hans W., 189 n., 201 n., Groth, Otto, 48 n. 209 n. Gum'e Sociale, La, (Paris), 184 Gegenwart, Die, (Berlin), 17, 34, 52, Guilbeaux, Henri, 152 n. 274 Gurian, Waldemar, 11 n. George, Henry, 127 George, Stefan, 180 Haase, Hugo, 207, 241 Gerard, Hon. James W., 198 Haber, Max, 254 Gerlach, Helmuth von, 246 Hackel, Ernst, 127, 128, 129 German Democratic Party, 236, 258 Haring, Oskar, 50 n. : creation, 54; ex- Hafkesbrink, Hanna, 180 n. pansion, 68-70, 95-97, 154-155, Hahn, Victor, 265, 266 182-184, 203; First World War, Hahnke, Wilhelm von, 99 VIII, passim; foreign policy, 55-56, Haldane, Lord, 163 64-69,84-87,95-97,123;govern. Halle, Ernst von, 72 ment, 58; 90-91, 167, 172, 202- Haller, Johannes, 3, 82 n., 83 n., 206; Inilitary influence, 54, 159, 89 n., 94, 98, 100 n., 107 n., 108 n., 166-167, 202-203; peace and 110 n., III n., 112 n., 118, 121-122, armistice negotiations, 211-218 ; 123 n. reform, 167, 173, 202-206; social Hallgarten, George Wolfgang, 55 n. structure, 52-54, 70-74, 171-172, 156 n., 157 n., 165 n. 202-203; se, also special subjects Hamburger Nachrithten, 39, 45, 73 German High Command, 203, 204, Hammann, Otto, 55 n., 79 n., 80 n., 208, 210, 211 83 n., 92, 112 n., 114 : drama criticism, Hammerstein, Wilhelm Freiherr von, 17, 21-24, 32; Harden's contem• 64 porary favorites in, 21; Harden'. Harden, Kathe, 40 n. dislike of Hauptmann and Suder• Harden, Maximilian Felix Ernst mann, 21-23; Harden's position (1861-1927) in, 31-32, 128-130, 271-272; Person and gmeral ,aTler: birth, 5; impressionism, 21 ; in, 11, 13; falnily, 5-6, 8, 133; youth, 6-8; INDEX 283

schooling, 6-7; appearance, 9, 183, 189-191; Pan-Germanism, 130-131; name changing, 8-9 ; 165-166; reform of Empire, 168- baptism, 8-10; anti-Semitism, 172; attitude toward England, 67- 10-15, 253-254; career on stage, 68, 160-164, 175; attitude toward 7-9, 16; beginning of career as France, 95-96, 157-160, 176-177, writer, 16-17,32-35; Apostata, 34- 232-234,260-261; attitude toward 38, 50; founding Zukunjt, 47-53; Russia, 65-68, 156-157, 173-175; style, 27-31; managing ZUkunjt, attitude toward the U.S.A., 172- 127-132; work habits, 131; charac• 173, 197-199, 201-202, 212-213, teristics, 17, 130-133, 161-162, 227-230; pessimism about German 269-272; associates, 132-133; Carl future, 175-177; war enthusiasm, Furstenberg, 133-134, Albert 179-182; annexationism, 182-184, Ballin, 133-134; Walther Rathe• 189-190; "IfI were Wilson," 197- nau, 134-139, 241-246; charac• 200, 212-214; peace efforts, 188- teristics as speaker, 150-151; at• 189, 196-202, 204-205, 211-218; tempted murder, 246-247, end of democracy, 204-206, 216-218; Zukunft, 255-256; death, 266-268 relations with Foreign Office, 194- 196, 213, 214; as forerunner of Literature, theater,journalism: prepa• Weimar Republic, 219-220; po• ration for criticism, 17; naturalism, sition in Republic, 221-222, 224- 17-20; Freie BUhne, 18-19; ap• 226; attitude toward republican proach to literature, 20, 24, 28-29; foreign policy, 225-226, 230-232, drama criticism, 19, 20, 21, 24, 259-261; attitude toward republi• 26-27; French influences, 24; can domestic policy, 222-223, limitations ofstyle, 27-30; relations 233-240,257-259; Treaty ofVer• with Max Reinhardt, 25-27,267 n., sailles, 225-227, 230-232; attitude conception of criticism, 23-24, 32, toward Communists, 222-223, 234 48-51; significance as critic, 30- -235; European unity, 232-233, 32 ; role of Zukunft 126-130; 260-261; regrets preoccupation relations with German press, 139- with politics, 271 144; relations with foreign press, 152, 198, 228, 257, 263; relations Writings: Apostata and Apostata, with Karl Kraus, 144-147; re• neue Folge, 50, 274; Berlin als lations with , 148-149; Theaterhauptstadt, 274; Deutschland, SiegfriedJ acobsohn and SchaubUhne, Frankreich, England, 232-233, 260, 149-150; position in journalism 274; Kampfgenosse Sudermann, 23, and letters, 271-273 274; Kopje (including Pro;:me) , 17 n., 88, 147, 274; Krieg und Politics: aesthetic approach, 36-38; Friede, 274; Literatur und Theater, 21, relations with Bismarck, 38-47, 274; Von Versailles nach Versailles, 73; controversy with Franz Meh• 261, 266, 274 ring, 51, 75-77; attacks on Wil• Hardenberg, Karl August Freiherr helm II, 38, 56-62, 95-97, 155- von, 8 156, 168-172, 215-218; New Harding, Warren G., 228 Course, 62-73; agtarianism, 62~ Harnisch, Johannes, 100 n., 123 n. 73; attitude toward Conservatives, Hart, Heinrich, 17 62-66, 70-72, 170-172, 205; Hart, Julius, 17 German fleet increases, 68-72, "Hartenau, W." [Walther Rathe- 162-163, 166; relations with Social naul, 135 Democrats, 73-78, 207-208, 238- Hauptmann, Gerhart, 18,21-22 240; Tausch affair, 79-81; sources Hauschner, Auguste, 201 n., 202 of information about Eulenburg, Hearst paper

Herz, Ludwig, 83 n., 118 n. 69 n., 72 n. Heuss, Theodor, 71 n. Keller, Gottfried, 21 Heyse, Paul, 21 Kemal, Ataturk, 233 Hibernia-Aktion, 133 Kerr, Alfred, 31, 131, 147, 148-149, Hindenburg, Paul von Benecken- 265,267, 272 dorffund, 203, 216, 258,263 Kersten, Kurt, 33 n. Hintze, Paul von, 211 Kessel, Gustav von, 199 Hirschfeld, Magnus, 104, 106 Kessler, Harry Graf, 25 n. Hirth, Georg, 150 Keyserling, Graf Hermann, 129 Hitler, Adolf, 2, 3 Kiaochow, occupation of, 173 Hoffmann von Fallersleben, August Kiderlen-Wachter, Alfred von, 79, Heinrich, 48 123,214 Hofmann, Hermann, 45, 56, 73 Kirdorf, Emil, 142 Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 24 n., 25 Kladderadatsch Affair, 78-79, 94 Hohenau, G. A. Wilhelm Graf von, Klante, Max, 254, 255 98, 116 n. Kleist, Heinrich von, 27 Hohenlohe-SchiIIingsfurst, Furst Koch, Robert, 129 Chlodwig zu, 44, 45 n., 56 n., Krakau, Ernestine; see Witkowski, 80 n., 90-91, 115 Ernestine Hollander, Felix, 26 Kraus, Karl, 29, 30, 44, 75, 143, Holland, 152, 260, 262 144--147, 148, 151, 166, 264, 267, Holstein, Friedrich Baron von, I, 79, 272,273 82-89, 100, 115-119, 122, 123, Krausnick, Helmuth, 83 143, 152,271 Krell, Max, 264 Horthy, Nicholas von, 233, 238, 239 Kreu;:;;:;eitung (Berlin), 64, 78 Holz, Arno, 17-18, 130,266 Krojanker, Gustav, 11 n. Hugenberg, Alfred, 142, 189 Kruger telegram, 86 Buret, Jules, 95, 152 Krupp affair, 76 Hutten-Czapski, Bogdan Graf von, Krupp, Alfred, 76 5 n., 115 Kuczynski, Jurgen, 165 n. Huxley, Thomas, 127 Kuhlmann, Richard von, 116-117, Hyperion (Munich), 139 189,208 n. Kurschner, Josef, 127 n. Ibbeken, Rudolf, 55 n., 65 n., 67 n. Kunstwart, Die, (Berlin), 17, 274 Ibsen, Henrik, 18,20,31 "Isidor Witkowsky," 4--5 Laboulaye, Edouard-Rene de, 60 Italy, 55, 64--65, 177, 233, 259 Lamprecht, Karl, 75, 126, 128 Landauer, Gustav, 241 Jacob, Berthold, 264 Langer, William L., 55 n. Jacobsohn, Siegfried, 149-150, 252, Lanterne. La, (Paris), 60 264--265 La-Plata-Zeitung, Die, (Buenos Jackh, Ernst, 123 n., 212 n., 214, Aires), 252 215 n., 216, 270 Las'alle, Ferdinand, 11, 13,265,271- Jentsch, Carl, 128 272 Julianus Apostata, 37 League of Nations, 199, 227, 228, Judische Rundschau (Berlin), 63 259,260 Junkers, 54, 62 Leckert, Heinrich, 80 n. Lecomte, Raymond, 96, 116-118, Kafka, Franz, 131 119, 122-123 Kahane, Arthur, 25 n., 26, 270 Leeuwen, Storm van, 262 Kainz, Josef, 9 Legal. Ernst, 31 n. Kapital und Presse, 34 Leip;:;iger Volks;:;eitung, 77 Kapp, Wolfgang, 237, 245 Lenin, V. I., 229-230, 235 Kapp-putsch, 237-238, 244 Leninism, 234 Kathederso;:;ialismus, 73 Lenz, Curt, 217 n. Katkov, Michael, 65 Lequis, General, 239 Kautsky, Karl, 249 Lerchenfeld-Kofering, Hugo Graf, Kehr, Eckart, 55 n., 66 n., 67 n., 85 n. INDEX 285

Use mqjeste: Harden's trials for, 59-60 Mencken, Henry L., 271 Lessing, Theodor, 7 n., 12,50 n., 126, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Albrecht, 130, 181, 259 n., 263, 272 122n. Leszczynski, Paul von, 117 Mendelssohn, Moses, 10 Levi, Paul, 235 Minority Socialists, 207, 220 Levysohn, Arthur, 16 Miquel, Johannes, 14 Lichnowsky, Karl Max Furst, 192- Misch, Robert, 8 n., 265 193 Moellendorf, Wichard von, 234 n., Liebermann, Max, 133, 265 250 Liebknecht, Karl, 207, 219, 220, 223, Moissi, Alexander, 24 240 Moliere (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), 29 Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 75 Moltke, Helmuth, Graf von (the Lindau, Paul, 32-34, 51 younger), 181 Liszt, Franz von, 128 Moltke, Helmuth, Graf von, 187 Locarno Pact, 259, 260 Moltke, Graf Kuno von, 89-93, 97- Loebell, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 120, 107, 112-113, 116 n., 12-121, 121 n. 123,256 Loewe, negotiator, 141 Moltke, Graf Otto, 99 Lohmann, Gertrud, 71 Mommsen, Wolfgang, 275 London Ultimatum, 231 Monts, Graf Anton, 87, 164 n. Loos, Adolf, 146 "Moritz und Rina," 63 Lothar, Ernestine, 144 n., 145 n. Moroccan crisis; see Morocco Ludendorff, Erich von, 203, 211, Morocco, 84, 87, 95-96, 117, 157- 216,260 158, 166 Ludwig, Emil, 9 n., 25 n., 136-137, Mosse, Rudolph, 34, 64, 237 221-222,225,265 Muckle, Dr., 222, 241 Ludwig, Maximilian, 8-9,47 Muller, Karl A. von, 45 n. LUttwitz, Walther Freiherr von, 238 Munchner Neuesle Nachrichten, 93 LUtzow, Karl von, 80 n. MUnz, Sigmund, 41 n., 118 n. Lustige Bliitter (Berlin), 124 Musil, Robert, 135 n. Luther, Hans, 259, 260 Mussolini, Benito, 233, 267 Luxemburg, Rosa, 207, 240 Mustapha Kemal, see Kemal AtatUrk Lynar, Graf, 98 Nation, Die, (Berlin). 17,274 Manner, Ludwig, 55 n. N alionalbank jilrDeutschland, 5 Marcker, Ludwig, 239 National Liberal Party, 205 Maeterlinck, Maurice, 31, 126 N ational-Zeitung ( B-Uhr-Abendblatt) Mahler, Gustav. 162 (Berlin), 225 Majority Socialists, 207, 220 Naumann, Friedrich, 71 Malik Verlag, 264, 267 Naval race, 68-70, 162-164 Mann, Heinrich, 2, 57, 130,249,267 Nazis, 2, 4, 165, 166, 258, 272, 273 Mann, Thomas, 1, 265 Neue Bayerische Landeszeitung (WUrz- Marschall von Bieberstein, Hermann burg), 108 n. Freiherr, 79, 80, 83, 140, 184 Neue Freie Presse (Vienna), 45, 144, Martersteig, Max, 128 151,233,259 Marx, Karl, 11, 13, 51, 174- Neue Freie Volkszeitung (Munich), Marxism, 234, 238 107-108 Masaryk, Thomas, 267 Neue Zurcher Zeitung, 16 Matin, Le, (Paris), 159 Neven-Du Mont, Alfred, 237 Mauthner, Fritz, 129, 133, 149 New Course, 55-56, 64-66, 67, 83 Max, Prinz von Baden, 211, 212, Newmark, Maxim, 18 n. 217,220 New rork American, 228 Mayer, Paul, lIn., 15 New rork Timer, 263 Mehring, Franz, 32-34, 49, 50-52, Nicholas II of Russia, 79 73,75-78 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 36, 51 Mehring, Walter, 150-151 Normann-Schuhmann (Schuhmann, Meiningen, Princess of, 116 n. Ernst), 80 n. Meisner, Heinrich Otto, 44 Norway, 151, 188 286 INDlU

Noske, Gustav, 234, 239-240 Rodin, Auguste, 126 Rogge, Helmuth, 46 n., 83 n. Ojfiziose Presse, 78 Root, Winthrop H. 31 n. Oldenburg-Januschau, Elard von, Rosegger , Peter, 130 246 Rosenberg, Alfred, 257 n. Organisation Consul, 244, 248 Rosenberg, Arthur, 55n., 203 n., Ossietzky, Carl von, 272 204 n., 211 n., 219 Rosner, Karl, 40 Paine, Tom, 220 Rossi, Ernesto, 7 Pallenberg, Max, 24 Rostand, Edmond, 29 Pan (Munich), 148 Rote Fahne, Die, (Berlin), 261 Pan-German League, 165-166 Rothe, Hans, 25 n. Peace Resolution, July, 1917, 209 Russia, 55, 65-67, 96, 155, 156, 159. People's Marine Division, 221 173-175, 178-179, 198,200,229- Petersen, Carl Wilhelm, 236 230,267 Pfemfert, Franz, 147 n., 235, 259 n., Russian revolution, 174-175, 208, 264,266-268.272 222,229 Philippi, Fritz, 23 Pilsudski, Jozef, 233 Slinger, Samuel, 128 Pinson, Koppel S., II n. Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin de, Pirandello, Luigi, 1 23,24 Pius IX, Pope, 61 Salten, Felix, 9 n., 17,30-31,151 Plan, Der, (Vienna), 273 Sarnunhmg, 69-70, 154 Plotz, B. F. A. von, 63 n. Sandrock, Adele, 24 "Pluto," 127, 172 Sarcey, Francisque, 24 "Plutus," 127 Schabelsky, Elsa von, 32-34, 66 n. Poincare, Raymond, 230, 257 ScMffle, Albert, 128 , 200, 209, 210 Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David Poschinger, H. von, 41 n. von, 233 Preysing, Graf Max Emanuel, 108 n. Schaubilhne, Die, (Berlin), 149, 150, Prussia, 54, 166-168, 169, 202, 204, 264 206 Scheer, Reinhard von, 216 Prussian electoral law, 204, 206 Scheffler, Karl, 128,265 Scheidemann, Philipp, 220, 245 Radek, Karl, 235 Scherl, August, 140-142 Rapallo, Treaty of, 244 Schick, Paul, 147 n. Rathenau, Walther, 2 n.,98 n., 133, Schickele, Rene, 130 134-139, 148, 171, 192,236,241- Schlaf, Johannes, 17, 130 246,249,254,265,267 Schlenther, Paul, 18 n. Rechberg, Arnold, 265 Schlesinger, Paul, 265 "Reinhardt, Ernst" (Walther Ra• Schlieffen Plan, 178 thenau], 136 Schnitzer, Eduard; see Emin Pascha Reinhardt, Max, 1, 24, 25-27, 151, Schnitzler, Arthur, 20, 22, 149 n. 267 n. Schulze, Heinz, 11 n., 41 n., 56 n. Reinsurance Treaty, 55-56 Schweninger, Ernst Moritz, 43, 44, Reiss, Erich, 26, 150 89, 106, 116 n., 133 Reparations, 230-231, 259 Seeckt, Hans von, 239 Reventlow, Ernst Grafzu, 63 n., 106, Sello, Erich, 90 114,165,215 Shakespeare, William, 20, 25, 27 Rich, Norman, 83 n., 118 n. , 176, 178-179, 198, 199 Richter, Eugen, 73 Seton-Watson, R. W., 161 Riedel, witness, 109-110 Shaw, George Bernard, 126, 271 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 130, 180 Siegfrieden, 189, 190,205,207, 211 Rivera y Orbaneja, Miguel Primo Simplicissimus (Munich), 124 de, 233 Six Economic Associations, 190, 201 Robespierre, Maximilien, 8 Social Democrats, 11,55,73-78,189, Rochefort-Lu~ay, Henri de, 2, 60, 206, 207, 219, 220, 238-240 271 Sokolowsky, Edith, 2 n., 273 n. INDEX 287

Solf, Wilhelm, 217 n. Ullstein Verlag, 141, 143, 151, 237 Sombart, Werner, 129 265 Spartac~u,207,220,239 United States of America, 172-173, Spartakus; see Spartacists 196-202, 204, 212, 224, 227-229, Spinoza, Baruch, 13 232 Ssuworin, A. S., 33 n., 66 n. Stalin, J. V., 233, 235 Sternberg, Adalbert Graf, 266 Vaihinger, Wilhelm, 129 Sternheim, Carl, 22 Valery, Paul, 1 Stilke, Georg, 50, 52 Velde, Henry van de, 129 Stinnes, Hugo, 189, 192, 237 Verein Berliner Presse, 33-35, 39 Stocker, Adolf, 10 Versailles, Treaty of, 227-228, 230- Stocker,Jakob, 131 n. 232; Art. 231, 230-231, 259 Stresemann, Gustav, 258, 259-260 Verstiindigungsfrieden, 189, 208 Strindberg, August, 20-21, 27, 31, Viereck, George S., 41 n. 126, 130, 152 VogUe, Eugene-Melchior vicomte Stumm-Halberg, Karl Ferdinand de, 24 von, 73 Vollmar, Georg von, 75, 76 Submarine warfare, 194-196, 199, Voltaire, 220, 271 200,201 Vorwiirts (Berlin), 51,76,78, 105,222 Sudermann, Hermann, 21, 23-24 Vossische Zeitung (Berlin), 31, 100, "Sussex Note," 196 127,265 Switzerland, 264, 266 Wagner, Richard, 36 Tag, Der, (Berlin), 140-141 Waldersee, Alfred Graf von, 44, Tagebuch,Das, 151,257,259,264,272 56 n., 81, 162 Taine, Hippolyte, 24, 127 Warburg, Max, 133 Tausch, Kriminalkommissar von, Wassermann, Jakob, 2 80-81 "Wedderkopp, Frank" [Johannes Tausch affair, 79-81,85,90 Harn~ch], 106 n., 107 n., III n. Tekgraf, De, (Amsterdam), 257 Wedekind, Frank, 22-23, 126 Temperly, Harold, 162 n. Wedel, Graf Edgar, 110 Temps, Le, (Paris), 247 Weichardt, Herbert, 247-255 Theater; see German theater Weimar Republic, 3; creation, 219- Theatre Libre, 18 220; foreign policy, 224-226, 230- Thieme, Karl, 55 n., 71 n. 233, 258-261; governments, 233- Thimme, Friedrich, 185 n., 246 234,258-260; National Assembly, Third Reich, 2, 272, 273 225; negotiations with victors, Tirpitz, Alfred von, 72, 163, 184, 230-232, 258-261; political 194-195, 260 murders, 240-241, 244-255; repa• Tocqueville, Alexis de, 15 rations, 231-232; revolution, 220- Tolstoy, Leo, 127 223; see also special subjecu Trebiuch, Arthur, 12 Weininger, Otto, 12 Treiuchke, Heinrich von, 75 n., 184 Wels, Otto, 258 Tresckow, Hans von, 80 n., 96 n.- Welt am Montag, Die, (Berlin), 79-80 98n .. 103, 105 n., 110 n., 118, 256 Weltbiihne, Die, (Berlin), 150, 252, Treuberg, Hetta Grafin, 193, 1'94- 264-265, 272, 273 196,207 Weltpolitik, 68-70, 72, 154-156 Triple Alliance, 55, 64-66, 67, 177 Werner, L., 165 n. Triple Entente, 96, 155-156, 158, Wiegler, Paul, 9 n., 139,219,220 159, 160, 174, 177 Wilde, Oscar, 27 Trotha, Thilo von, 257 n. Wile, Frederic W., 9 n., 153 n. Trouky, Leon, 267, 268 Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany, Tschirschky und Bogendorff, Hein• 98, 237, 256 rich von, 97 Wilhelm II, German Emperor, I, Tucholsky, Kurt, 247 n., 249, 250 n., 38, 44, 55, 56-62, 82-84, 94 98, 252,253,265.269,272 113, 122, 123, 124, 125, 155, 158, , 173, 200 160, 168-170,202,211,214,216- 288 INDEX

218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, World War, First, 178-218 239, 260, 262, 267 Wilson, Woodrow, 173, 196-200, Yorck von Wartenburg, Graf Hans, 202, 204, 209, 212, 213, 214, 228 248 Wirth, joseph, 242, 243, 245, 265 Witkowski, Arnold, 5, 6, 8 Zabern incident, 167 Witkowski, Ernestine, 5, 8 Zedlitz-Triitzschler, Graf Robert, Witkowski, Felix Ernst (Maximilian 110 n., 123 n., 124 n. Harden), 5, 8 Ziekursch, johannes, 73 n., 74- n. Witkowski, Ludwig, 6, 8 Zimmermann, Eugen, 119, 120, 142 Witte, Count Sergei, 66, 123, 174- Zola, Emile, 18, 19, 31, 36, 127 Witting, Carl Sigismund, 5-6, 8, 52 Zuchthausvorlage, 74- Witting, Ernestine; see Witkowski, Zukunft, Die, (Berlin): collaborators, Ernestine 127-130; confiscation and sup• Witting, Henriette, 6, 8 pression, 62, 185, 191-192, 198- Witting, Henry, 6, 8 199,207,208, 210-211, 213, 217; Witting, julian Max, 6, 8 description, 53; editing, 131-132; Witting, Richard, 5-6, 8, 265 end of 255-256; financing, 52; Wittke, Carl F., 198 n. naming, 51; position in Germany, Wolff. Theodor, 18, 133, 140, 143, 126-127, 144, 151, 161, 162 n., 194, 195, 236, 250, 261, 265, 267, 191-192, 271, 272-273; purpose, 272 49-50; subscribers, 127; suggested World, The, (New York), 198, 225, renewal, 263-267 228,268