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Versailles (Hellerau, 1927). Even Deutschland, Frankreich Und BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE Most of the sources on German history from 1890 to the end of the Weimar Republic are of use in a study of Maximilian Har­ den. In the following paragraphs are noted, besides the un­ published sources, only the published materials that deal directly with Harden, and the general works or monographs on the period that have been used most extensively. Many works cited in the text are not listed here; a complete reference to each one is found in its first citation. The indispensable source of information on Harden is the magazine he edited from 1892 until 1922. The one hundred and eighteen volumes of the Zukunft contain the bulk of his essays, commentaries, and trial records, as well as many private letters to and from him. The Zukunft was the inspiration or the source for Harden's principal pamphlets and books, namely Kampfge­ nosse Sudermann (Berlin, 1903); KopJe (4 vols., Berlin, 1911-1924); Krieg und Friede (2 vols., Berlin, 1918); and Von Versailles nach Versailles (Hellerau, 1927). Even Deutschland, Frankreich und England (Berlin, 1923), written after the Zukun}t had ceased publication, was in large a repetition of Zukunft articles. Harden's earliest work, Berlin als Theaterhauptstadt (Berlin, 1889), consisted in part of pieces he had written for Die Nation. Apostata (Berlin, 1892), Apostata, neue Folge (Berlin, 1892), andLiteraturund Theater (Berlin, 1896), were collections of his essays from Die Gegenwart. The Gegenwart and the other magazines for which he wrote before 1892 - Die Nation, Die Kunstwart, and M agazin fur Litteratur - are also indispensable sources. Harden's published writings also include articles in other German and foreign newspapers and magazines. Harden did not keep a diary nor write memoirs, but he did save almost every letter that he had received from the time he BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 275 began making his living as a writer. These letters, and various other miscellaneous materials including court records, newspaper articles, and manuscripts, were found among Harden's papers when he died. His heirs increased this material by collecting originals or copies ofletters that Harden had written to certain correspondents. A good part of these papers survived the Nazi period and the war, and in 1953 they were acquired by the (West) German Federal Archives in Koblenz. These papers, "Nachlass Maximilian Har­ den" (Bundesarchiv, Koblenz), are the largest source of unpub­ lished material on Harden. A guide to the "Nachlass" can be found in Wolfgang Mommsen, Die schrijtlichen .Nachliisse in den zentralen deutschen und preussischen Archiven (Koblenz, 1955). By law the Bundesarchiv must restrict public use of the letters to those written before 1919. By agreement with Harden's daughter, family letters and letters from Carl Furstenberg and Walther Rathenau are closed to research until 1965. Numerous letters from Friedrich von Holstein could not be made available to the author. The second largest collection of material on Harden is in the personal papers ofE.S., Berlin, Germany. This collection suffered from bombings during the war, and many letters and manuscripts exist here only in copy. In these papers are nearly 500 letters from Harden to E.S. in the period from 1908 to 1927, letters from other persons to Harden, copies of Harden manuscripts, newspaper articles on or by Harden in the period following the Eulenburg-Moltke trials, and a variety of other vital documents. E.S. is the editor of Harden Brevier (Berlin, 1947), a small collection of excerpts from the Zukunfl and other Harden materials. E.S. also gave the author the benefit of her unequalled knowledge of Harden in many discussions and letters. The author is also indebted to Dr. Ernst Jackh of New York City for the use of Harden letters from his personal papers and to Frau Mary Gerold-Tucholsky of Rottach-Egern, Bavaria, for copies of letters from Harden to her husband Kurt Tucholsky. The many published collections of letters, memoirs, and auto­ biographies of Harden's contemporaries offer important back­ ground material, but few of them contain extensive or reliable comment on Harden. One of the most useful memoirs is Theodor Lessing, Einmal und nie wieder: Lehenserinnerungen (Prague, 1935), 276 BmLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE which, however, cannot be accepted at face value. The same is true of Lessing's chapter on Harden in Judischer Selbsthass (Berlin, 1930), which is largely a memoir. The sections on Harden in Emil Ludwig, Geschenke des Lebens (Berlin, 1931), are colorful but somewhat misleading. Avaluable impression ofHarden supported by several letters is found in Hans Fiirstenberg, ed., Carl Fursten­ berg: Die Lebensgeschichte eines deutschen Bankiers (Berlin, 1931). The most useful works on the Eulenburg Affair were the two volumes by Johannes Haller, Aus flnfzig Jahren: Erinnerungen, Tagebucher und.BrieJe aus dem Nachlass des Fursten Philipp zu Eulenburg-HerteJeld (Berlin, 1923), and Aus dem Leben des Fursten Philipp zu Eulenburg­ HerteJeld (Berlin, 1924); Friedrich von Holstein, Lebensbekenntnis in BrieJen an eine Frau, ed. Helmuth Rogge (Berlin, 1932); and, if treated with care, the somewhat gossipy Hans von Tresckow, Von Fursten und anderen Sterblichen: Erinnerungen eines Kriminalkom­ missars (Berlin, 1922). Hetta Grafin Treuberg, Zwischen Politik und Diplomatie: Die Memoiren von Hetta Griifin Treuberg, ed. M. J. Bopp (Strasbourg, 1921), contains usable information on some of Harden's activities during the First World War. Many small recollections of Harden appeared in newspapers and magazines following his death. Of these the most important and reliable is Franz Pfemfert, "Mit Maximilian Harden wahrend der letzten Tage seines Lebens," Prager Presse, Nov. 27, 1927. Contemporary literature on Harden was extensive, despite the efforts of some large newspapers and periodicals to keep mention of him at a minimum. The most valuable contemporary periodical sources on Harden are Die Fackel (Vienna), the personal organ of Karl Kraus; Die SchaubUhne (later Die Weltbuhne), under the editorship of Siegfried Jacobsohn; the Preussische JahrbUcher, especially under the editorship of the historian Hans Delbriick, and Die Neue Rundschau, a magazine that originated with the circle around the Freie Buhne. The newspapers most frequently consulted were the Vossische Zeitung, Berliner Tageblatt, B.Z. am Mittag (Berliner Zeitung), and the Socialist Vorwiirts, all of which appeared in Berlin. Other newspapers have been used for specific articles or essays or by Harden. Many pamphlets appeared on Harden and his work during his lifetime. Most notable among these is the study by Karl Friedrich Sturm, Maximilian Harden: Beitriige zur Wurdigung eines BIBUOGRAPHICAL NOTE 277 deutschen Publizisten (Leipzig, 1908). Another pro-Harden study of limited value is Paul Wiegler, "Maximilian Harden," in Personlichkeiten: Illustrierte Essays aber fiihrende Geister unserer Zeit, Heft V, (Berlin, n.d.). Franz Mehring, Herm Hardens Fabeln: Eine notgedrungene Abwehr (Berlin, 1899), is the first anti-Harden pamphlet. It is valuable on Harden's early career in journalism in conjunction with Harden's replies in the Zukurift and the Mehring letters in the Harden papers. Another anti-Harden polemic based largely on Mehring's pamphlet is Ernst Friedegg, Harlekin als Erzieher: Eine Studie aber Maximilian Harden (Berlin, 1906). The Eulenburg affair caused a small pamphlet war about Har­ den, ofwhich the above-mentioned work by Sturm was a part. Two other pamphlets favoring Harden were Johannes W. Harnisch, Harden, Eulenburg, Moltke (Berlin, 1908), and Frank Wedderkopp U. W. Harnisch], Harden im Recht (Berlin, 1908). Harnisch was a young writer close to the Pan-Germans. Anti-Harden pamphlets were Fedor Freund, Maximilian Harden: Der Vaterlandsretter (Ber­ lin, 1907), and Karl Kraus, Maximilian Harden: Ein Nachruf (Vienna, Leipzig, 1908). Kraus's pamphlet was taken from the Fackel, as was the essay on Harden published in Die Chinesische Mauer (Vienna, Leipzig, 1910). The German defeat in the First World War again set off a series of anti-Harden polemics. Friedrich Thimme, Maximilian Harden am Pranger (Berlin, 1919), an attack on Harden's attitudes toward the war and the peace making, was seconded by Hans Delbriick, Kautsky und Harden (Berlin, 1920). A third post-war pamphlet, Dietrich Stiirmer, Maximilian Harden! Der "geheimnis­ volle Gewaltige"?! (Berlin, 1920), was a violent anti-Harden political polemic. The two pamphlets by Franz Mehring, Der Fall Lindau (Berlin, 1890), and Kapital und Presse: Ein Nachspiel zum Fall Lindau (Berlin, 1891), are valuable on Harden's early career in Berlin journalism. The only general historical study of Harden is found in Walter Frank, "Hore Israel!" Studien zur Modernen Judenfrage (Hamburg, 1941). Frank was a talented historian, but his work was intended as propaganda and is of value largely as an expression of Nazi attitudes toward Harden. Edith Sokolowsky, Maximilian Harden 278 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE und die wilhelminische Zeit (Breslau, 1941), Diss. MUnich, is a thin presentation of Harden's public statements on Wilhelminian politics with a gratuitous discussion of Nazi racial theories. A second German dissertation, Erich Leupolt, Die Stellung der he­ deutendsten politischen Zeitschriften zum neuen Kurs der deutschen Aussenpolitik his zum Racktritt Balows (Irpzig, 1932), Diss. Leipzig, contains a superficial digest of various attitudes on foreign affairs expressed in the Zukunft. Most of the essays written on Harden following his death were semi-belletristic
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