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Reproductive Biology of Etroplus Suratensis (Bloch) from the Vembanad Wetland System, Kerala

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Reproductive Biology of Etroplus Suratensis (Bloch) from the Vembanad Wetland System, Kerala Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 43(4), April 2014, pp. 646-654 Reproductive biology of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) from the Vembanad wetland system, Kerala 1,2L Bindu* & 2K G Padmakumar 1,2Kerala Agricultural University, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kumarakom Kerala, India - 686 566 1M S M College, Kayamkulam, Alappuzha, Pin – 686 566, Kerala, India *[E-mail: [email protected]] Received 16 July 2012; revised 15 November 2012 In the present study, data on sex ratio, maturity, Gonadosomatic index, fecundity and oocyte distribution of the pearlspot, Etroplus suratensis, were evaluated. Samples were collected from the landings of Vembanad lake during 2002 - 2004. Male-female ratio was found to be 1:0.8. Maximum GSI in male and female was 1.45 and 4.43 respectively. L50 was 19.5 cm in case of males and 20.0 cm in case of females. Absolute fecundity, varied between 874 and 7554 with an average of 2748. Fish is an asynchronous spawner with different clutches of ova, varied between 0.25 to 2.75 mm. [Keywords: Etroplus suratensis, Biology, Fecundity, Asynchronous spawner] Introduction not only for evolving captive breeding protocols but Popularly known as Karimeen, E. suratensis is also for formulating sustainable conservation widely distributed in almost all the brackish and programs. freshwaters of peninsular India. It is essentially a brackish water fish that has become naturally Materials and Methods acclimatized to freshwaters. It is an economically Monthly samples were collected from gill nets and important food fish and is a delicacy that fetch a very scare line fishing during 2002-2004 from the landings high price. Owing to its omnivorous feeding habit, it of Vembanad lake (Lat. 09°31´ & 09°41´N and Long. is much suited to aquaculture (Bindu and 76°21´ & 76°26´E), on the south west coast of India. Padmakumar, 2008). The fish breeds naturally in Total length LT (cm) and total weight WT (g) were confined conditions and is ideally compatible for recorded. Gonads were separated and subsequently polyculture with both freshwater and brackish water weighed to 0.1g and macroscopically analyzed for sex fish and prawn species (Thampy, 1980). determination and maturity stages. In the absence of Information on the biological features of specific sexual dimorphism, sexes were determined E.suratensis is indispensable for devising valid by examining the gonads. A total of 626 fishes, programs for its conservation. Biological comprising 351 males (LT 10-34 cm) and 275 females characterization will also be of immense use for (L 8-30 cm), were examined. Difference in sex ratio identifying the characteristic of the species that T between reproductive and non-reproductive period qualify them as candidates for aquaculture. Critical were compared by applying Pearson χ2 test. On the life history parameters linked to artificial breeding basis of the maturity stages observed, the ovarian and culture, such as sex ratio, size at maturity, gonadosomatic index, fecundity and oocyte cyclicity of E. suratensis could be divided into size-frequency profiles were monitored and biological multiplication, growth, differentiation, maturity and information quantified. Rather than working on a hit depletion phases commonly identified as stage and trial basis, these information were found essential I- immature, stage II- maturing, stage III- mature and ________ ripening, stage IV- ripe and ‘stage V- spent’. In *Present address of the corresponding author: females, the maturity stages could be demarcated on BINDU & PADMAKUMAR: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF ETROPLUS SURATENSIS 647 the basis of colour and relative size of the gonads with iridescence and pearly white spots. The rayed reference to the body size, ova diameter and the portions of the dorsal and anal fin also become extent of yolk formation, whereas in males, it was slightly reddish. based on the external appearance of the testis. The Male-female ratio in the whole population was size at which 50% of the fishes reach maturity (L50), found to be 1:0.8. A perceptible preponderance of was determined by grouping fishes in stages III and males over females was noticed in the exploited IV separately, into 2.5 cm size groups and their catches. Males, the outnumbered sex, indicated a frequencies were scaled into percentages. In order to higher average size (LT 19.9 cm, WT 211g) than the determine the prime spawning season of the species, females (LT 18.7 cm, WT 170 g). The sex ratio was gonadosomatic index (G.S.I.) was monitored round found to fluctuate widely and in most of the months, the year (n=610) and was estimated by using the males dominated the females (Table 1). In gill netting formula GSI = (weight of the gonad/weight of the ratio was 1:0.5 where as in scare line fishing, it the fish) × 100. was found to be 1:1.1. Chi-square(χ2) analysis indicated significant differences in sex ratio during Preserved ovaries were used to estimate fecundity January and October. (F) and oocyte distribution. Fecundity was estimated Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in E. suratensis varied by using the formula, F = (No. of oocyte in the between 0 and 1.45 in male and 0.01 and 4.43 in sample/weight of the sample) × weight of the ovary. female. Fluctuations in GSI showed a bimodal For this, a total of 61 ovaries in the stage III and IV pattern, high values during February-April and were collected from fishes ranging between 15.3 and June-October indicating the occurrence of fully ripe 26.7 cm L and 80 to 380 g W . Simple regression T T fishes during these months (Table 2). Apparently, the analysis of the L , W and ovary weight on fecundity T T trend was almost similar for both the sexes. Ovarian were carried out (Bailey, 1995). A small portion of weight shows perceptible and rapid increase during the ovary was taken and the diameters of the April and June and this coincided with the increased intraovarian eggs were measured to the nearest incidence of fully ripe individuals. In males, GSI 0.01mm using an ocular micrometer fitted to a CETI values were however, highest during June, followed trinocular microscope. Oocyte diameter frequency of by February and November. different stages of maturity, pattern of progression of In E.suratensis, all the four stages of maturity were ova during different months and the modes in size represented in varying proportions through out the frequency distribution were also monitored. A total of year and the minimum size of mature specimen was 1940 ova from 86 ovaries were examined. The 14.5 cm invariably, among both males and females. maximum oocyte diameter for mature females was L was 19.5 cm in case of males and 20.0 cm in case obtained by averaging the measurements of at least 50 50 of the largest oocytes (Wu et al., 2001). Table 1—Sex ratio of Etroplus suratensis in collections from Vembanad lake For histological observations, small pieces of ovaries were fixed in Bouin’s solution for 24 h and then Month n Percentage of Ratio χ2 immersed in 80% ethanol. After dehydration with a Male Female Male: series of ethanol and benzene, they were embedded Female in paraffin and were serially sectioned at 3-4 µm January 69 65 35 1:0.5 6.39 thickness and stained with haematoxylin-eosin. February 55 62 38 1:0.6 3.07 March 45 49 51 1:1.0 0.02 Results April 42 43 57 1:1.3 0.86 E.suratensis is monogamous and identification of May 45 56 44 1:0.8 0.56 June 40 50 50 1:1.0 0.00 sexes is possible only during the breeding season. July 49 53 47 1:0.9 0.18 Ovaries were bilobed, left lobe was slightly smaller August 59 53 47 1:0.9 0.15 than the right. Testis was thin and tubular. Genital September 31 52 48 1:0.9 0.03 papillae of the female became reddish and broader October 63 67 33 1:0.5 7.00* and modified into an ovipositor while in male it November 72 58 42 1:0.7 2.00 December 56 54 46 1:0.9 0.29 became thin and pointed. Just prior to spawning, the Total 626 56 44 1:0.8 9.23* males become deeply coloured and the colour bands become strongly marked with a greenish blue n= number of fishes, * Significant (P<0.05) 648 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 43, NO. 4, APRIL 2014 Table 2—Gonadosomatic Index of Etroplus suratensis from Vembanad lake Male Female Month n = 610 Range Mean + SD Range Mean + SD January 0.01 - 0.07 0.03 +0.017 0.01 - 2.40 0.76 + 0.628 69 February 0.00 - 1.11 0.06 + 0.187 0.08 - 4.34 0.95 + 1.123 55 March 0.01 - 0.11 0.04 + 0.026 0.21 - 4.38 1.23 + 1.022 41 April 0.01 - 0.08 0.03 + 0.017 0.19 - 4.27 1.35 + 1.274 42 May 0.01 - 0.09 0.03 + 0.020 0.07 - 1.74 0.7 + 0.505 44 June 0.01 - 0.57 0.04 + 0.130 0.20 - 4.41 1.32 + 1.243 33 July 0.02 - 0.18 0.07 + 0.039 0.06 - 3.58 0.97 + 0.885 49 August 0.01 - 0.12 0.05 + 0.041 0.01 - 4.43 1.22 + 1.091 55 September 0.01 - 0.05 0.03 + 0.011 0.05 - 2.96 1.16 + 1.045 31 October 0.01 - 0.70 0.06 + 0.106 0.11 - 3.80 1.08 + 0.904 63 November 0.01 - 1.45 0.06 + 0.221 0.02 - 2.20 0.54 + 0.607 72 December 0.00 - 0.06 0.02 + 0.015 0.04 - 3.98 1.07 + 0.985 56 n = total number of fishes of females.
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