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Government Arts College. Coimbatore-641 018 Department of Zoology. III B.Sc., Zoology Skill Based Subject III Ornamental Culture Dr. M. Muthusamy Unit. I. Introduction and Scope of Ornamental Fish Culture, of - Marine-, Water Tolerance in fishes. Ornamental Fish Culture

Fishes that are keep in home or for aesthetic purposes are considered ornamental fish. These fishes encompass a wide variety of , of many shapes, sizes, and colors. Ornamental fish are usually kept in tanks or other aquarium systems. Ornamental Fish Culture : SCOPE • The sale of the fishes and aquarium related articles is easy as it does not require a special transportation infrastructure. • The village women learn and do this job more efficiently than men. The learner does not require any special formal education. I have got this done from totally illiterate ladies. • The sale of the fishes and aquarium related articles is easy as it does not require a special transportation infrastructure. • Nowadays ornamental fish keeping is one of the most popular hobbies in the world. Ornamental Fish Culture : SCOPE

The making of the aquarium fish food from the locally available ingredients, fabrication of different sizes of glass aquaria, small dip-nets, sale of the bottom material in the form of small round stones, coloured gravel, marble chips, plastic toys and even the air diffusers and aerators can be collected and stored or manufactured at the cottage level. Ornamental Fish Culture : SCOPE

• Ornamental fish trade is a multi million rupees industry in and virtually multi billion dollar industry in the world. Financial institutions like NABARD, and National Board support this industry as a cottage venture.

• Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Kochi are the main business centres for this industry who get their supplies from the small entrepreneurs. Ornamental Fish Culture.

The fishes are fascinating organisms, Abundantly distributed In freshwater, brackishwater and shore marine ecosystem around us.

In recent years, ornamental fishes are receiving increased attention due to local and global demand and the consequent growth of the export market and trade.

More than 100 varieties of indigenous freshwater ornamental fish species are known in Indian waters. Ornamental Fish Culture. Ornamental fish keeping and its propagation has been an interesting activity for many, which provide not only aesthetic pleasure but also financial openings.

About 600 ornamental fish species have been reported worldwide from various aquatic environments. India’s overall ornamental fish trade was about 1.06 million US$ during year 2009. Ornamental fishes have a good potential due to enormous geographical spread, extensive species diversity and intensive research and development effort that are already put in by the associated institutions Ornamental Fish Culture In Indian ornamental fishes are exported to , US, UK, Belgium, Italy, Japan, China, Australia and South . The internal ornamental fish trade of India is estimated to be of the of Rs. 15 corers and the export trade in the line is in the vicinity of US $ 1.0 million. The annual growth rate of this trade is 14%.

At present the ornamental fish has created a big market

Indian aquarium fish exports from Kolkata, followed by 8% from Mumbai and 2% from Chennai. The global trade in the ornamental fish is estimated at Rs 5,000 crores, of which India has in the year of 2003-04, Rs.7 lakes. Ornamental Fish Culture: Marine ornamental fish culture

The marine ornamental fish industry has been expanding in recent years and the global marine ornamental fish trade is estimated at US $ 200-330 million

The ornamental resources of India and their territories are greater than those of SirLanka, Africa, Singapore, and Maldives put together. India has a vast coastline of 8,129 km with around 400 species of ornamental fishes belonging to 175 genera, coming under 50 families occurring in the Indian seas. Ornamental Fish Cult fish species Potential marine ornamental fish species resources are clown fish, damsel fish, moorish idol, lion fish, parrot fishes, box fishes or trunk fishes, marine angels, butter f ish, cleaner wrasse,cardinal fishes, surgent fishes/unicon fish, hawk fishes, bat fishes, puffer fishes, trigger fish , rabbit fish, squirrel fish, scorpion fish, blennies fish, sand smelt fish and sea horse fly.

Very little works have been made on the acclimatization and culture of marine ornamental fishes in captivity. At present studies on the breeding of marine ornamental fishes in India is in its infant stage . Ornamental Fish Culture: Water tolerance Ornamental Fish Culture: Water tolerance Ornamental Fish Culture: Water tolerance Ornamental Fish Culture: Water tolerance Ornamental Fish Culture: Water tolerance Dissolved solids • Dissolved solids" refer to any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water. Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water. • In general, the total dissolved solids concentration is the sum of the cations (positively charged) and anions (negatively charged) ions in the water. Therefore, the total dissolved solids test provides a qualitative measure of the amount of dissolved ions but does not tell us the nature or ion relationships. Dissolved solids • TDS in drinking-water originate from natural sources, sewage, urban run-off, industrial wastewater, and chemicals used in the water treatment process, and the nature of the piping or hardware used to convey the water. • The concentration of the dissolved ions may cause the water to be corrosive, salty or brackish taste, result in scale formation, and interfere and decrease efficiency of hot water heaters Dissolved solids • Spawning fishes and juveniles appear to be more sensitive to high TDS levels. For example, it was found that concentrations of 350 mg/l TDS reduced spawning of Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in the San Francisco Bay-Delta region, and that concentrations below 200 mg/l promoted even healthier spawning conditions. In the Truckee River, EPA found that juvenile Lahontan cutthroat trout were subject to higher mortality when exposed to thermal pollution stress combined with high total dissolved solids concentrations. optimum temperature • The goldfish can also be kept in heated aquariums. The optimum temperature for fancy goldfish is 68° to 74° F, while comets and shubunkins should be kept between 60° and 70°F. pH is not critical, but ideally should be between 7.0 and 8.4. • Flowerhorn have a lifespan of 10–12 years. They are usually kept at a water temperature of 80–85 °F, and a pH of 7.4–8.0. They require a tank of a minimum of 40 gallons, with 75 gallons optimal. optimum temperature • The Oscar fish ,Because these fish come from a tropical habitat, they require warm water, generally within the 77° to 80°F range. To achieve this, you will need to equip your tank with a quality aquarium heater. Ornamental Fish Culture: Water tolerance • members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class or subclass of the bony fishes. • The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines ("rays"), as opposed to the fleshy, lobed fins that characterize the class (lobe-finned fish). These actinopterygian fin rays attach directly to the proximal or skeletal elements, the radials, which represent the link or connection between these fins and the internal skeleton (e.g., pelvic and pectoral girdles). • Numerically, actinopterygians are the dominant class of vertebrates, comprising nearly 99% of the over 30,000 species of fish. They are ubiquitous throughout freshwater and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams. Extant species can range in size from Paedocypris, at 8 mm (0.3 in), to the massive sunfish, at 2,300 kg (5,070 lb), and the long-bodied oarfish, at 11 m (36 ft). • Ray-finned fishes occur in many variant forms. The main features of a typical ray-finned fish are shown in the adjacent diagram. • Ray-finned fishes have many different types of scales; but all , the most advanced actinopterygians, have leptoid scales. The outer part of these scales fan out with bony ridges while the inner part is crossed with fibrous connective tissue. Leptoid scales are thinner and more transparent than other types of scales, and lack the hardened enamel or dentine-like layers found in the scales of many other fish. Unlike ganoid scales, which are found in non- actinopterygians, new scales are added in concentric layers as the fish grows. • Fin • is an order of ray-finned fish, including the , minnows, , and relatives. This order contains 11-12, although some authorities have designated as many as 23, families over 400 genera, and more than 4,250 species, with new species being described every few months or so, and new genera being recognized frequently. They are most diverse in southeastern , and are entirely absent from Australia and . At 112 years old, the longest-lived cypriniform fish documented is the bigmouth buffalo. • Their closest living relatives are the (characins and allies), the Gymnotiformes (electric and American knifefishes), and the Siluriformes (). • The are the family of , collectively called cyprinids, that includes the carps, the true minnows, and their relatives (for example, the barbs and barbels). Also commonly called the " family", or "minnow family", Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family and the largest vertebrate family in general, with about 3,000 species of which only 1,270 remain extant, divided into about 370 genera They range from about 12 mm to the 3- m Catlocarpio siamensis. The family belongs to the ostariophysian order Cypriniformes, of whose genera and species the cyprinids make up more than two-thirds The family name is derived from the Ancient corp. • Kingdom:AnimaliaPhylum:ChordataClass:Actin opterygiiOrder:CypriniformesSuperfamily:Cypr inoideaFamily:Cyprinidae • Kingdom:AnimaliaPhylum:ChordataClass:Actin opterygii(unranked):CypriniphysaeOrder:Cypri niformes Bleeker, 1859Type speciesCyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)

Ornamental Fish Culture: Water tolerance

• Angelfish‘ scalare • Altum AngelfishPterophyllum altum • Spotted AngelfishPterophyllum leopoldi • several color varieties; this species is the common angelfish in the aquarium trade. Angelfish can grow up to fifteen centimetres (six inches), and therefore should be housed in a large aquarium. Angelfish should be kept alone, or kept with three or more. This is because that if two are kept together, the larger fish will pick on the smaller fish. Angelfish are not as hardy as other cichlids and should not be kept with small fish such as neon tetras. However, just the opposite is true: Angelfish should not be kept with fish that may nip and annoy it such as some large tetras. They are good fish for beginners but only if you pay attention to their tankmates and temperaments. They work well with other fish but should be kept in a school of 3 or more if you want more than 1. • Evelyn's coryCorydoras evelynae • Loxozonus coryCorydoras loxozonus • False spotted catfishCorydoras leucomelas • False network catfishCorydoras sodalis • Gold Zebra catfishBrachyplatystoma juruense • Zebra shovelnoseBrachyplatystoma tigrinum • Iridescent sharkPangasianodon hypophthalmus • Colombian catfishAriopsis seemanni • Red zebra cichlidMetriaclima estherae • Frontosa cichildCyphotilapia frontosa • Lemon cichlidNeolamprologus leleupi • Green chromideEtroplus suratensis • Orange chromideEtroplus maculatus GoldfishCarassius auratus • common carpCyprinus carpio • European minnowPhoxinus phoxinus • Southern platyXiphophorus maculatus • Variable platyXiphophorus variatus Paradise fishMacropodus opercularis • Moonlight gouramiTrichopodus microlepis • Snakeskin gouramiTrichopodus pectoralis • Pearl gouramiTrichopodus leerii • Giant gouramiOsphronemus goramy • Red rainbowfishGlossolepis incisus • Threadfin rainbowfishIriatherina werneri • gobyBrachygobius doriae • Black toraja gobyMugilogobius sarasinoru • Bumblebee gobyBrachygobius doriae • Marbled gobyOxyeleotris marmorata • Aba abaGymnarchus niloticus • Clown knifefishChitala ornata • Asian arowanaScleropages formosus • Silver arowanaOsteoglossum bicirrhosum • Amazon pufferColomesus asellus • Spotted lungfishProtopterus dolloi • Fire eel erythrotaenia • African butterflyfishPantodon buchholzi • PumpkinseedLepomis gibbosus • Crescent bettaBetta imbellis • Scarlet bettaBetta coccina • Moonlight gouramiTrichopodus microlepis • Black mollyPoecilia sphenops • Sailfin mollyPoecilia latipinna • Tiger hillstream loachSewellia lineolata • Skunk loachYasuhikotakia morleti • Zebra loachBotia striata • angetic loachBotia rostrata • Black sharkLabeo chrysophekadio • Bala sharkBalantiocheilus melanopterus • Tiger barb, barbPuntius tetrazona • barbPuntius chola • OscarAstronotus ocellatus • One-lined PencilfishNannostomus unifasciatus • Three-lined pencilfishNannostomus trifasciatus Goldfish • Kingdom:Animalia Phylum:Chordata Class:Actinopterygii Order:Cypriniformes Family:Cyprinidae Subfamily:Cyprininae • :Carassius Species:C. auratus • Binomial name Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) Goldfish • The goldfish (Carassius auratus) is a freshwater fish inthe family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniforme s. It is one of the most commonly kept aquarium fish. • A relatively small member of the carp family (which also includes the Prussian carp and the crucian carp), the goldfish is native to East Asia. It was first selectively bred in ancient China more than 1,000 years ago, and several distinct breeds have since been developed. • Goldfish breeds vary greatly in size, body shape, fin configuration and coloration (various combinations of white, yellow, orange, red, brown, and black are known). • Kingdom:Animalia Phylum: Chordata • Class: Actinopterygii • Order: Cyprinodontiformes • Family: Poeciliidae • Genus:Poecilia • Species:P. reticulata • Binomial name • Poecilia reticulata W. Peters, 1859 Guppy • The guppy (Poecilia reticulata), also known as millionfish and rainbow fish, is one of the world's most widely distributed and one of the most popular freshwater aquarium fish species. It is a member of the family Poeciliidae and, like almost all American members of the family, is live-bearing. originate from northeast South America, but have been introduced to many habitats and are now found all over the world. They are highly adaptable and thrive in many different environmental and ecological conditions. Male guppies, which are smaller than females, have ornamental caudal and dorsal fins. Wild guppies generally feed on a variety of food sources, including benthic algae and aquatic larvae. Guppies are used as a organism in the fields of ecology, evolution, and behavioural studies. Angelfish

• Kingdom:Animalia • Phylum:Chordata • Class:Actinopterygii • Order: • Family:Cichlidae • Tribe: • Genus:Pterophyllum Heckel, 1840 Angelfish • Several groups of fish: – Freshwater angelfish, tropical cichlids of the genus Pterophyllum – Marine angelfish of the family – Atlantic ( brama), sold by fishmongers as "angelfish" in South Africa (where it is a bycatch of the hake fishery) – Angelshark of the family Squatinidae – Atlantic spadefish (Chaetodipterus faber) – Cave angelfish, a karst-dwelling member of the family Balitoridae, found only in • Angelfish (band), a short-lived Scottish band, former band of Garbage's Shirley Manson – Angelfish (album), a 1994 album by the band Angelfish • Angelfish charity, a UK charity that helps disabled and deprived children in • Mark Twain's angelfish, a group of young women who served as surrogate granddaughters to author Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) during the last years of his life Angelfish

• Pterophyllum is a small genus of freshwater fish from the family Cichlidae known to most aquarists as angelfish. All Pterophyllum species originate from the , Basin and various rivers in the Guiana Shield in tropical South America. The three species of Pterophyllum are unusually shaped for cichlids being greatly laterally compressed, with round bodies and elongated triangular dorsal and anal fins. This body shape allows them to hide among roots and , often on a vertical surface. Naturally occurring angelfish are frequently striped transversely, colouration which provides additional camouflage. Angelfish are ambush predators and prey on small fish and macroinvertebrates. All Pterophyllum species form monogamous pairs. Eggs are generally laid on a submerged log or a flattened leaf. As is the case for other cichlids, brood care is highly developed. • Pterophyllum should not be confused with marine angelfish, perciform fish found on shallow ocean reefs Black molly • Kingdom:Animalia • Phylum:Chordata • Class: Actinopterygii • Order: Cyprinodontiformes • Family: Poeciliidae • Genus: Poecilia • Species:P. sphenops • Binomial name Poecilia sphenops (Valenciennes, 1846) Black molly • This species of fish is actually a freshwater species, spending little time in brackish water before swimming back to their freshwater biotope. However, fish of the same species have been found in coastal sea waters, brackish and freshwater streams, living and breeding. Mollies appear to be a hardy and highly adaptable species (this has been diluted over years of interbreeding in tank-bred specimens). • Mollies are similar in appearance to their livebearer cousins, the platy, swordtail and guppies; the molly tends to be slightly larger and more energetic. Many aquarists note the stronger individuality and aggression in keeping mollies versus platies, who appear much more docile. Siamese fighting fish • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Class: Actinopterygii • Order: • Family: Osphronemidae • Genus: • Species: B. splendens • Binomial name Betta splendens Regan, 1910 Siamese fighting fish

• The Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens), also known as the betta, is a popular fish in the aquarium trade. are a member of the family and are known to be highly territorial. Males in particular are prone to high levels of aggression and will attack each other if housed in the same tank. If there is no means of escape, this will usually result in the death of one or both of the fish. Female bettas can also become territorial towards each other if they are placed in too small an aquarium. It is typically not recommended to keep male and female bettas together, except temporarily for breeding purposes which should always be undertaken with caution.

• This species is native to the basin of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and and is mostly concentrated in the in Thailand. The fish can be found in standing waters of canals, rice paddies and floodplains.It is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN. On 5 February 2019, Thailand's council of ministers confirmed "Siamese fighting fish" as Thailand's national aquatic animal. • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Class: Actinopterygii • Order: • Suborder: Osteoglossoidei • Family: Osteoglossidae Bonaparte, 1831 • GeneraOsteoglossum • † • Arowana • are freshwater bony fish of the family Osteoglossidae, also known as bony tongues (the latter name is now often reserved for ). In this family of fish, the head is bony and the elongated body is covered by large, heavy scales, with a mosaic pattern of canals. The dorsal and anal fins have soft rays and are long based, while the pectoral and ventral fins are small. The name "bonytongues" is derived from a toothed bone on the floor of the mouth, the "tongue", equipped with teeth that bite against teeth on the roof of the mouth. The arowana is a facultative air breather and can obtain oxygen from air by sucking it into its , which is lined with capillaries like lung tissue. Flower horn • Kingdom:Animalia • Phylum:Chordata • Class:Actinopterygii • Clade:Percomorpha(unranked):Ovalentaria • Order:Cichliformes • Family:Cichlidae Bonaparte, 1835 • SubfamiliesCichlinae Heterochromidinae Flower horn • Cichlids are fish from the family Cichlidae in the order Cichliformes. Cichlids were traditionally classed in a suborder, , along with the wrasses (Labridae), in the order but molecular studies have contradicted this grouping. • The closest living relatives of cichlids are probably the convict blennies and both families are classified in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World as the two families in the Cichliformes, part of the subseries Ovalentaria.This family is both large and diverse. • At least 1,650 species have been scientifically described,making it one of the largest vertebrate families. New species are discovered annually, and many species remain undescribed. The actual number of species is therefore unknown, with estimates varying between 2,000 and 3,000. Zebrafish • Kingdom:Animalia • Phylum:Chordata • Class:Actinopterygii • Order:Cypriniformes • Family:Cyprinidae • Subfamily:Danioninae • Genus:Danio • pecies:D. rerio • Binomial nameDanio rerio (F. Hamilton, 1822) Zebrafish • The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a freshwater fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae) of the order Cypriniformes. Native to South Asia, it is a popular aquarium fish, frequently sold under the trade name zebra danio (and thus often called a "tropical fish" although both tropical and subtropical). • The zebrafish is an important and widely used vertebrate model organism in scientific research, for example in drug development, in particular pre-clinical development. It is also notable for its regenerative abilities,and has been modified by researchers to produce many transgenic strains.