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Does Pheromone Biology of Spring Hemlock Looper, Lambdina

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Does Pheromone Biology of Spring Hemlock Looper, Lambdina Does Pheromone Biology Of Spring Hemlock Looper, Lambdina aihasaria, and Pitch Pine Looper, Lambdina peliucidaria (Lepidoptera : Geometridae) Contribute To Their Reproductive Isolation? by Cameron M. Duff Diploma of Technology in Agricultural Management British Columbia Institiute of Technology, Burnaby, B.C. THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PEST MANAGEMENT in the Department of Biological Sciences @ Cameron M. Duff 1998 Simon Fraser University August 1998 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. National Library Bibliothèque nationale (*lof Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 OttawaON KlAON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, disbniute or sell reproduire, prêter, distn'buer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfichelnlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in tbs thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thése. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thése ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Recently. 7 - methylheptadecane (7) and 7, 1 1 - dimethylheptadecane (7,11) have been reported as sex pheromone components of both spring hernlock looper (SHL), Lambdina arhosaria, and pitch pine looper (PPL), Lambdinopellucidmin. My objective was to test the hypothesis that SHL and PPL are reproductively isolated, in part, through species - specificity in: 1) absolute configuration of pheromone components; 2) die1 penodicity of pheromonal communications; andior 3) seasonal £light penod. In coupled gas chrornatographic - electroantennographic detection (GC - EAD) analyses of stereoselectively synthesized (7s) - and (7R) - 7 - methylheptadecane [(7S); (7R)],as well as (7S, 1159 - (7R, 1 1R) and (meso 7, 11) - 7,11-dimethylheptadecane [(7S, 11s); (7R, 1IR); (meso 7, 1 l)] oniy (79 and (meso 7, 11) eiicited responses by male SHL and PPL antennae. in field experirnents, male SHL and PPL were attracted only to lues containing (7s) plus (meso 7, 11). In hourly rccordings of trap-captured males, SHL and PPL in their respective habitats were trapped between 2400 h and 0300 h. Capture of both SHL and PPL in pheromone-baited traps throughout June, indicated overlapping seasonal fiïght periods. These findings of identical sex pheromone, identicai diel periodicity of pheromone communication and overlap of seasonal flight periods do not support taxonomie separation of SHL and PPL. Udess essential pre- or post-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanimis are identified, synonymy of SHL and PPL should be considered. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 thank Regine Gries for GC - EAD analyses, Chris Maier and Gale Ridge O' Corner of the Connecticut Agricultural Research Station in New Haven Connecticut, for assistance in locatùig field sites and CO-ordinating field experiments, Austin Mason and staffat Myles Standish State Forest, Plymouth MA for kindly permittïng my work in the forest, and to Paul Froese and Al Oliver, fomedy of Agriculture and Agi-Food Canada, for allowing me to carry out my work with the Plant Protection Division of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, now the Canadian Food Inspection Agency in a reduced capacity. Special th& go to Emma, who despite valiant atternpts to delay her arriva1 into the world was born during my absence on location in the field and to rny wife, Maureen for her tolerance and support. Careful review of this thesis was done by John Borden. Gerhard Gnes initiated this project, provided invaluable advice in experimental design and assisted me fiom beginning to end, for that 1am trdy thankfùl. This research was suppoaed, in part, by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Naturd Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, TABLE OF CONTENTS FRONTISPIECE .. APPROVAL .............................................................................................................. 11 ... ABSTRACT................ ......... .................................................................................. 111 ACrCNOWLEDGEMENTS.. ............. .................................................................... iv TMLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ............... ........- ......................................................................... vi . LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... w. 1. 0. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1 2.0. METHODS AND MATERIALS ....................................................................... IO 2.1 . Syntheses......... ..,....... ......................................... 10 2.2. Laboratory Analyses ..*.......... .,. .................................................................... 10 2.3. ExperUnental Sites....................................................................................... 15 2.4. Determination of absolute configuration of pheromone components........... 15 2.5. Height-dependent trap captures of male SHL and PPL ................................. 16 2.6. Die1 periodicity and seasonality of trap captures..................................... 16 2.7. Statistical Analyses ..................................................................................... 17 3.0. RESULTS ............................... .. ........................................................................... 17 4.0. DISCUSSION..................................................................................................... 41 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 44 LIST' OF TABLES TABLES PAGES TABLE 1. Cornparison, with references, of life history traits and distribution of spring hemlock looper (SHL), pitch pine looper ( PPL), western hemlock looper (WKL), and eastern hemlock looper (EHL). Where no references cited, data are derived fiom personal observation. .............................................................................. 6-8 TABLE 2. Description, with references, of experimental sites. Where no references cited, data are derived fiom personal observation. .................. 9 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGES FIG. 1. Colouration of maIe spring hemlock looper (SHI,), Lambdina athasaria (Iefi) and male pitch phe looper (PPL), Lambdina pellucidaria (right). .. ....... ...... ...................................................................... 2-3 FIG. 2. Pheromone components of eastem hemlock looper (EHL), Larnbdina fiscellariafiscelZaria, western hemlock looper (WHL), Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa, sp~ghemlock looper (SHL), Lambdina athasmia, and pitch pine looper PPL), Lambdina pellucidaria (Gries et al. 1991 a, b, 1993, 1994; Li et al. 1993 a, b; Maier et al. 1998). Astensks indicate that absolute configuration of pheromone components are not yet determined. ............................................................ 4-5 FIG. 3. Optical isomers of pheromone components of female spring hemlock looper (SHI.,), Lambdina athasaria and the female pitch pine looper (PPL), Lambdina pellucidaria. (7R)- 7 - methylheptadecane; (7S) - 7 - methylheptadecane; (7S, 11S) - 7, 1 1-dimethylheptadecane; (meso 7, 11) - 7,ll- dimethylheptadecane ande (7R, 1IR) - 7,11 - dimethylheptadrcane. ........................................................................ 11 - 12 vii FIG. 4. Map depicting geo graphie location of experirnental sites (stars)for spring hemlock looper (SHI,) (Peoples State Forest, Barkhamsted, CT) and pitch pine looper (PPL) (Myles Standish State Forest, Plymouth, MA). Sites stocked mainly with eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, and pitch pine, PNncr rigida, respec tively (Table 2). ........... 13- 14 FIG. 5. Representative GC - EAD recordings fiom male spring hemlock looper (Sm)and f?om male pitch pine looper (PPL) antennae, responding to 1000 pg of 2,s - dimethylheptadecane [intemal standard (IS)] and to 2 pg of optical isomers of 7 - methylheptadecane and 7,11 - dimethylheptadecane. fhte~d recordings conducted in consecutive order (top to bottom) ernploying the same antennae. Flarne ionization detector (FID) recordings not presented. Note ImV Ievel indicated on top right EAD recording. ................... ..,, ........................................................... 19-20 FIG. 6. Captures of male spring hemlock loopers (SHI,)(Exp. 1; June 10 - 12, 1997; n = 10) and pitch pine loopers (PPL) (Exp. 2; May 30 - June 3, 1997; n = 1O), in Unitraps baited with stereoisomeric (7, 11) alone and in combination with (7S), (7R)or both. For each experiment, bars with the same letter are not significantly different, P < 0.05. .................................................................................. .S. Vlll FIG. 7. Captures of male sp~ghemiock loopers (SHI,) (Exp.
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