Observatory of Strategic Developments Impacting Urban
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Observatory of Strategic Developments Impacting Urban Logistics (2017 version) Laetitia Dablanc, Zeting Liu, Martin Koning, Jens Klauenberg, Leise Kelli de Oliveira, Corinne Blanquart, François Combes, Nicolas Coulombel, Mathieu Gardrat, Adeline Heitz, et al. To cite this version: Laetitia Dablanc, Zeting Liu, Martin Koning, Jens Klauenberg, Leise Kelli de Oliveira, et al.. Ob- servatory of Strategic Developments Impacting Urban Logistics (2017 version). [Research Report] IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l’Aménagement et des Réseaux. 2017, 221p. hal-01627824 HAL Id: hal-01627824 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01627824 Submitted on 2 Nov 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. EUROPEAN COMMISSION INNOVATION and NETWORKS EXECUTIVE AGENCY HORIZON 2020 PROGRAMME for RESEARCH and INNOVATION Reducing impacts and costs of freight and service trips in urban areas (Topic: MG-5.2-2014) Grant agreement no: 635898 Deliverable 2.1 CITYLAB Observatory of Strategic Developments Impacting Urban Logistics (2017 version) D.2.1 – CITYLAB Observatory of Strategic Developments Impacting Urban Logistics (2017) 1 CITYLAB – City Logistics in Living Laboratories Disclaimer This document reflects the views of the author(s) and does not necessarily reflect the views or policy of the European Commission. Whilst efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy and completeness of this document, the CITYLAB consortium shall not be liable for any errors or omissions, however caused. This Deliverable is the second one of three: one more will update the current version, in February 2018. 2 D.2.1 – CITYLAB Observatory of Strategic Developments Impacting Urban Logistics (2017) CITYLAB – City Logistics in Living Laboratories Document Control Sheet Project no.: 635898 Acronym CITYLAB Project Title City Logistics in Living Laboratories Work Package WP 2 Title: Knowledge development and data management Deliverable no.: D2.1 Title: Observatory of Strategic Developments (version 2) Impacting Urban Logistics Version 1 Revision 0 Issue Date February 28, 2017 Dissemination Level Public CITYLAB Deliverable D 2.1 version 2 (2017). Observatory of Strategic Future references Developments Impacting Urban Logistics. www.citylab-project.eu. Author(s) Laetitia Dablanc & Zeting Liu Martin Koning Jens Klauenberg Leise Kelli de Oliveira Corinne Blanquart Co-author(s) François Combes Nicolas Coulombel Mathieu Gardrat Adeline Heitz Saskia Seidel WP Leader Michael Browne, University of Gothenburg Internal Reviewers Nina Nesterova, Hans Quak, Fraser Mcleod, Jardar Andersen Project Manager Walter Mauritsch (INEA) CITYLAB consortium by Living Lab Living lab Municipal partner(s) Industrypartner(s) Researchpartner(s) Brussels Brussels Mobility Procter &Gamble Services Vrije Universiteit Brussel London Transport for London TNT University of Westminster Gnewt Cargo Oslo Oslo commune Steen &Strøm TOI Paris Mairie de Paris IFSTTAR DLR Randstat Gemeente Rotterdam PostNL TNO Rome Roma Capitale Poste Italiane Università degli studi Roma Tre MeWare SRL Southampton Southampton City Council Meachers Global Logistics University of Southampton Networking and outreachpartner POLIS 3 D.2.1 – CITYLAB Observatory of Strategic Developments Impacting Urban Logistics (2017) CITYLAB – City Logistics in Living Laboratories Table of Contents Executive summary ............................................................................................................... 6 Full Summary of Findings ...................................................................................................... 8 Initial objectives of Deliverable 2.1 and degree of completion ...............................................15 Initial objectives ................................................................................................................15 Degree of completion of objectives ...................................................................................16 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................17 What and whom is this Observatory for? ..........................................................................17 What is in the Observatory? .............................................................................................18 What is in the 2017 version of the Observatory? ..............................................................18 I. Logistics sprawl .................................................................................................................19 I.1. What is logistics sprawl? Spatial patterns related to warehouses ...................................19 I. 1.1 The development of warehouses in large metropolitan areas ..................................19 I. 1.2 Megaregions and logistics facilities ..........................................................................20 I. 1.3 Logistics sprawl: comparative indicators for 25 case studies and main findings .......21 I. 1.4 Impacts of logistics sprawl on freight vehicle-kms ....................................................28 I. 1.5 Would moving logistics facilities “back to the city” bring benefits? ............................31 I. 2. Key conceptual relationships .........................................................................................35 I. 2.1 Increase in the number of warehouses ....................................................................35 I. 2.2 Logistics sprawl .......................................................................................................35 I. 3. Focus 1: A theoretical exploration of the cost structure of urban logistics ......................36 I. 3.1 A simplified representation of freight transport .........................................................36 I. 3.2 The cost structure of the supply chain ......................................................................37 I. 3.3 Optimal location of the warehouse ...........................................................................40 I. 3.4 Analysis of the cost structure of the supply chain .....................................................42 I. 3.5 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................43 I.4 Focus 2: The environmental impact of urban freight ........................................................44 I. 4.1. Research strategy ...................................................................................................46 I.4.2. Data .........................................................................................................................52 I.4.3. Results ....................................................................................................................62 I.4.4. Conclusion ...............................................................................................................68 I.4.5. Bibliography .............................................................................................................69 I.5 Conclusion on logistics sprawl .........................................................................................72 II. E-commerce and urban freight .........................................................................................74 II.1 E-commerce and challenges for urban freight: state of the art ........................................74 II.1.1 Definition of e-commerce, structure and actors ........................................................74 II.1.2. E-commerce and urban traffic .................................................................................77 II.1.3 E-commerce and urban logistics ..............................................................................80 II.1.4 New trends in e-commerce and urban logistics ........................................................87 II.1.5. The special issue of instant deliveries .....................................................................89 II.1.6 E-commerce and new trend in urban warehousing ..................................................92 II.2 E-commerce indicators ...................................................................................................97 II.3 Elements for urban planning and public decision-making ...............................................99 4 D.2.1 – CITYLAB Observatory of Strategic Developments Impacting Urban Logistics (2017) CITYLAB – City Logistics in Living Laboratories II.3.1 E-commerce and urbantraffic ...................................................................................99 II.3.2 Substitution between shopping trips and deliveries ................................................ 102 II.3.3 E-commerce, logistics facilities and urban freight................................................... 103 II. 3.4 Delivery options in urban, suburban and rural areas ............................................. 107 II.4 Conclusion on e-commerce .........................................................................................