Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control for the Municipal Water Cycle in a River Basin Context Validation of the Three-Step Strategic Approach
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Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control for the Municipal Water Cycle in a River Basin Context Validation of the Three-Step Strategic Approach Alberto Galvis - Castaño INTEGRATED POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL FOR THE MUNICIPAL WATER CYCLE IN A RIVER BASIN CONTEXT VALIDATION OF THE THREE-STEP STRATEGIC APPROACH ALBERTO GALVIS CASTAÑO Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr H.J. Gijzen Professor of Environmental Biotechnology IHE Delft Institute for Water Education Regional Director and Representative UNESCO Regional Office for Southern Africa Harare, Zimbabwe Co-promotor Dr N. P. van der Steen Associate Professor of Environmental Technology IHE Delft Institute for Water Education Other members Prof. Dr C. Kroeze, Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr C.J. van Leeuwen, Utrecht University Prof. Dr M. von Sperling, Federal University of Mina Gerais, Brazil Prof. Dr P. van der Zaag, IHE Delft, TU Delft Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control for the Municipal Water Cycle in a River Basin Context Validation of the Three-Step Strategic Approach Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Academic Board of Wageningen University and the Academic Board of the IHE Delft Institute for Water Education for the degree of doctor to be defended in public on Tuesday, 3 September 3, 2019 at 3:00 p.m. in Delft, the Netherlands by Alberto Galvis Castaño Born in Sevilla-Valle del Cauca, Colombia CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019, Alberto Galvis Castaño Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers, the author nor IHE Delft for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. A pdf version of this work will be made available as Open Access via http://repository.tudelft.nl/ihe. This version is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Published by: CRC Press/Balkema Schipholweg 107C, 2316 XC, Leiden, the Netherlands [email protected] www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com ISBN: 978-0-367-37527-0 (Taylor & Francis Group) ISBN: 978-94-6343-951-0 (Wageningen University & Research) DOI: https://doi.org/10.18174/475836 v To my wife Nohelia and to my sons Juan Manuel and Juan José vi vii Acknowledgements The idea of developing this research started with the beginning of the new millennium, when I was fortunate to work together with my promotor, Professor Huub Gijzen. This occurred within the framework of the cooperation between IHE and Universidad del Valle, with support of the Netherlands Government. During this cooperation, we had the opportunity to learn about some experiences in Colombia and Latin America in urban water management related to water quality recovery of rivers for their different uses. Many of these experiences were associated with significant investments and, paradoxically, with low impact, as the quality of water resources kept deteriorating. In this context, Professor Gijzen encouraged me to get involved in a doctoral program that would allow me to explore the problem in more depth and to try to contribute to finding solutions. I wish to thank my promotor Professor Huub Gijzen from UNESCO and my co-promotor Dr. Peter van der Steen, from IHE-Delft, for their guidance, coaching, support and patience through the development of doctoral research. I am grateful to them for their rigor in reviewing all the chapters in this document. This process has been very important in my academic training, my role as a lecturer at the Universidad del Valle and as Director of the Research Group on Integrated Water Resource Management. I am also grateful for the valuable support of colleagues at the Cinara Institute of the Faculty of Engineering of the Universidad del Valle, especially its Director Luis Darío Sánchez. I also thank the support of my five students from Universidad del Valle: Diana Alexandra Zambrano, María Fernanda Jaramillo, Isabel Cristina Hurtado, Faber Montaña and Juan Gabriel Urrego. This research would not have been possible without the support of different institutions among others in providing access to information. These include: Corporación Autónoma Regional del Valle del Cauca (CVC); Empresas Municipales de Cali (Emcali) and Regional Cleaner Production Center (CRPML). I also want acknowledge my colleagues and friends: Manfred Schütze, Amparo Duque, Gloria Almario, Ana Dorly Jaramillo, Luis German Delgado, Javier Ernesto Holguín and Carlos Arturo Martínez. With these colleagues I had the opportunity to analyse and discuss several of the key topics of this research, both personally and through projects in which we had the opportunity to work together. I would like to extend my gratitude to my friend and colleague Rubén Dario Pinzon, expert designer, builder and operator of wastewater treatment plants both in Colombia and in other Latin American countries who helped me in the process of analysing the aspects of my PhD research related to wastewater treatment plant. I would also like to thank Jan Teun Visccher, who has had a close relationship with the Cinara Institute since its inception. With Jan Teun, I had the opportunity to work on the SWITCH project, on the Learning Alliances topic, having Cali as a demonstration city. I am very grateful to Jan Teun for his support and hospitality during my visits to Delft, in the development of my PhD. viii A special thanks to my brother and colleague Gerardo Galvis, founder of Cinara Institute. During the 1980s and 1990s he led a process of change in the Universidad del Valle, related to postgraduate academic programs and the research and development projects in the Sanitary and Environmental Engineering field. This change contributed to the consolidation of research groups and the training at the doctoral level of its members. Last but not least a very special thanks to my lovely family: my wife Nohelia, my sons Juan Manuel and Juan Jose, for their love, motivation and unconditional support during my research. ix Summary The trend towards more urbanized societies and the growing number of people has significant implications for freshwater use and wastewater management. Factors such as climate change are making the problems related to water even more critical. At the same time, water resources are also being substantially affected by human activities such as dam building, deforestation, erosion, mining activities, land use changes and pollutant load discharges. In many cases, especially in developing countries, the protection of water resources from quality deterioration by point and non-point source pollution has been based on ‘end-of-pipe’ solutions. That strategy only considers, in terms of infrastructure, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Often this is accompanied by adjustments to the regulations, including the application of economic instruments, such as taxes for wastewater discharge. However, this strategy has not completely fulfilled the objective of recovering the quality of the water resource for its different uses. Continuing the urban water practice in a ‘business-as-usual’ manner is unsustainable, considering its implications for public health, environment and, thus, the economy. Water should be administrated as a limited resource with multiple uses, and any solutions should be formulated with appropriate distribution and protection criteria, considering the basin as a planning unit. To face this situation and the challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a systematic vision is necessary to guarantee the effectiveness of investments in water and sanitation. The 2030 Agenda recognizes the centrality of water resources for sustainable development and the vital role that improved drinking water, sanitation and hygiene play in progress in other areas, including health, education and poverty reduction. The research described in this thesis intends to contribute to the solution of the previously outlined problem. In this research a technology-selection approach to control pollution by domestic wastewater was investigated. The technology selection involved multi-criteria analysis (MCA), the application of mathematical modelling of water quality in rivers, and cost- benefit analysis (CBA). The basin was used as a unit of analysis and the technical, environmental, social, cultural, economic, policy and regulatory aspects were considered integrally. This research was oriented towards the validation of a strategy of technology selection based on the Three-Step Strategic Approach concept (3-SSA). In this context, ‘technology selection’ will not be understood as merely the treatment technology, but it includes such aspects as minimisation and prevention, both in the urban water cycle (housing and urban drainage system) and interventions at the basin level, WWTPs, reuse of effluents, and the natural and/or stimulated self-purification capacity of the water bodies. In this doctoral research each step of the 3-SSA was studied independently. The results and conclusions of the study of each step were an input to perform the comprehensive analysis of the sequential implementation (chronological order) of the three steps. The 3-SSA (Unconventional strategy) was validated by applying it to the Upper Cauca river basin (La Balsa-Anacaro Stretch: 389 km) in Colombia. This study included the comparison