Karem Sánchez De Roldán

LAND OF CONTRAST, CONTEXT OF EXCLUSION Social Capital in Policy Formulation: Valle Del Cauca – Colombia, 1998-2008 Karem Sánchez de Roldán 510191-L-bw-de Roldan Processed on: 10-5-2017 PDF page: 1 The research was funded by Universidad del Valle, Colombia and COLFUTURO © Karem Sánchez de Roldán 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission by the author. ISBN 978-90-6490-074-7 510191-L-bw-de Roldan Processed on: 10-5-2017 PDF page: 2 LAND OF CONTRACT, CONTEXT OF EXCLUSION Social Capital in Policy Formulation: Valle Del Cauca – Colombia, 1998-2008 LAND VAN CONTRACT, CONTEXT VAN UITSLUITING Sociaal kapitaal bij beleidsvorming: Valle del Cauca – Colombia, 1998-2008 Thesis to obtain the degree of Doctor from the Erasmus University Rotterdam by command of the Rector Magnificus Professor dr. H.A.P. Pols and in accordance with the decision of the Doctorate Board The public defence shall be held on Monday 12 June 2017 at 16.00 hrs by Karem Sánchez de Roldán born in Bogotá, Colombia 510191-L-bw-de Roldan Processed on: 10-5-2017 PDF page: 3 Doctoral Committee Doctoral Dissertation Supervisors Prof. I.P. van Staveren Prof. R.E. van der Hoeven Other members Prof. P. Dekker, Tilburg University Prof. J.M. Baud, University of Amsterdam Prof. A.H.J. Helmsing 510191-L-bw-de Roldan Processed on: 10-5-2017 PDF page: 4 To Isabella and all my grandchildren to come because theirs is the future 510191-L-bw-de Roldan Processed on: 10-5-2017 PDF page: 5 Contents List of Tables, Figures and Maps xi Acronyms xv Acknowledgements xvii Abstract xxiii Samenvatting xxv 1 Contexts and Contrast: The Research 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Colombian context, 1998–2008 4 1.2.1 La Apertura 5 1.2.2 A new political constitution 7 1.2.3 Violence and conflict 8 1.2.4 Society and the institutional crisis 10 1.3 Research questions 11 1.3.1 Research question 13 1.3.2 Sub-research questions 13 1.4 Study objective 14 1.5 The analytical framework: theories and concepts 14 1.6 Methodology 17 1.6.1 Research location 18 1.6.2 Time period 19 1.6.3 Data collection 20 1.6.4 Data analysis 26 1.6.5 Challenges and limitations 27 1.7 Importance of the study and contribution of this research 29 1.8 Overview of the Chapters 31 Notes 33 vi 510191-L-bw-de Roldan Processed on: 10-5-2017 PDF page: 6 Contents vii 2 Social: Exclusion, Capital, Policy: A Theoretical Framework 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 ‘Social exclusion-social capital’: A dyadic conceptual device 38 2.2.1 Foucault’s definition 39 2.2.2 Dispositif: Meanings and connotations 41 2.2.3 The normative connotation 42 2.2.4 ‘Social exclusion–social capital’ – a dyadic (conceptual) device 43 2.3 Social exclusion 45 2.3.1 Theoretical approaches to social exclusion 46 2.3.2 Social exclusion, social order, and power structures 49 2.4 Social capital 50 2.4.1 Origins and the explicit emergence of social capital 50 2.4.2 Definitions and theoretical issues in social capital: Toward a conceptual network 55 2.4.3 Measurements and assessment 65 2.4.4 Flourishing of social capital discourse 72 2.4.5 Whither social capital? 79 2.5 Social Policy 82 2.6 Social: exclusion, capital, policy: An analytical framework 84 Notes 86 3 Land of Contrasts: Valle del Cauca 1998–2008 88 3.1 Introduction 88 3.2 The geographic, historic, and demographic background 89 3.2.1 Geography 89 3.2.2 Historical Background 90 3.2.3 Demography 92 3.3 Economy 96 3.3.1 Macro-economic variables 96 3.3.2 Employment and labour force 98 3.3.3 Formal and informal labour markets 106 3.4 Society 108 3.4.1 Poverty and income inequality 109 3.4.2 Education 112 510191-L-bw-de Roldan Processed on: 10-5-2017 PDF page: 7 viii LAND OF CONTRAST, CONTEXT OF EXCLUSION 3.4.3 Health Care System’s coverage of Colombia and Valle del Cauca 114 3.4.4 Social security 116 3.4.5 The Human Development Index (HDI) 119 3.5 Land of contrast: Contexts of exclusion? 120 3.5.1 Five municipalities, diversity, and heterogeneity 121 3.5.2 Demography 124 3.5.3 Economy 129 3.5.4 Society 130 3.6 The institutional crisis 138 3.7 Concluding remarks 139 Notes 140 4 Grounds for Social Policy Formulation: 1998–2008 143 4.1 Introduction 143 4.2 Internal processes 145 4.2.1 The 1991 Colombian Constitutional Chart 145 4.2.2 Decentralization and social policy 146 4.2.3 Development Plan (DP), context and compass for social policy formulation 150 4.3 External influences 159 4.3.1 International Financial institutions and Development Organizations 159 4.3.2 Approaches, ideas, and concepts for a social development agenda 164 4.4 Power relationships in social policy formulations: Concluding remarks 170 Notes 172 5 A Decade of Social Policy Formulation (1998–2008) 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Social policy in National Development Plans: 1998–2010 176 5.2.1 NDPs: The strategy structure and content 177 5.2.2 Social policy in NDPs 183 5.3 Social policy in Valle del Cauca and five municipality development plans (1998–2008) 192 5.3.1 Development plans: Structure and content 194 510191-L-bw-de Roldan Processed on: 10-5-2017 PDF page: 8 Contents ix 5.3.2 Social policy in DDPs and MDPs 198 5.3.3 Content of social policy 201 5.4. Concluding remarks 206 Notes 210 6 A Dyadic Conceptual Device at Work: ‘Social Exclusion-Social Capital’ 212 6.1 Introduction 212 6.2 Social exclusion in the ‘social exclusion–social capital’ dyad 213 6.2.1 Exclusion-inclusion 213 6.2.2 Exclusion–poverty 214 6.2.3 Exclusion and vulnerability 215 6.2.4 Exclusion and the lack of social and political resources 216 6.3 Social capital in development plans: The government’s approach 217 6.3.1 Social capital in development plans: The conceptual network 218 6.3.2 Convergences and divergences 224 6.4 Concluding remarks 225 Notes 225 7 Social Capital: Experiences and Perceptions 227 7.1 Introduction 227 7.2 Structural social capital 228 7.2.1 Organizations 229 7.2.2 Organizations, a proxy of structural social capital? 263 7.2.3 Associativity in Valle del Cauca and the four selected municipalities 264 7.2.4 Bonding, bridging, linking 274 7.3 Cognitive social capital 276 7.3.1 Solidarity 276 7.3.2 Trust 277 7.2.3 Cooperation 281 Notes 282 8 Conclusions 283 8.1 Introduction 283 8.2 The contribution 283 510191-L-bw-de Roldan Processed on: 10-5-2017 PDF page: 9 x LAND OF CONTRAST, CONTEXT OF EXCLUSION 8.3 Answers to the research question 284 8.4 The power of words, the words of power 286 8.4.1 The development debate, a heterogeneous ensemble 286 8.4.2 Illuminating and concealing dimensions of social arrangements 288 8.4.3 The normative and prescriptive power 289 8.5 A future research agenda 289 Appendices 293 References 301 Curriculum Vitae 343 510191-L-bw-de Roldan Processed on: 10-5-2017 PDF page: 10 List of Tables, Figures, Maps and Appendices Tables 1.1 Contacted and interviewed people 22 1.2 Household survey Valle del Cauca 2007 Socio-demographic characteristics (n = 2050) 24 1.3 Sub-research questions, methods, and information sources 25 2.1 Apparatus/Device: the meanings 41 2.2 Three Paradigms of Social Exclusion 47 2.3 Key Arenas in Social Exclusion 48 2.2 Social Capital Definitions 57 2.3 The SOCAT: Topics and questions 68 2.4 The Social Capital Integrated Questionnaire 71 2.5 Social capital in the scholarly literature 80 3.1 Population (1985–2005) 93 3.2 Demographic indicators (1985–2005) 93 3.3 Urban–Rural population (1985–2005) 95 3.4 GDP growth rate (1998–2008) 97 3.5 Employment indicators (1998–2008) 99 3.6 Employment by economy sectors (2001–2008) 101 3.7 Employment by status in employment (2001–2008) 104 3.8 Employment by status in employment (2001–2006) 105 3.9 Informal and formal employment (2001–2007) 107 3.10 Informal labor market by sex (2001–2007) 108 3.11 Unmet Basic Needs (2005) 109 3.12 Poverty, extreme poverty, and income inequality (2002–2008) 110 xi 510191-L-bw-de Roldan Processed on: 10-5-2017 PDF page: 11 xii LAND OF CONTRAST, CONTEXT OF EXCLUSION 3.13 Multidimensional Poverty Index by indicators (2005) 111 3.14 Education (2002–2008) 113 3.15 Health Care Contributive System (2005–2008) 114 3.16 Health Care subsidized system (1998–2004) 115 3.17 Health Care subsidized system (2005–2008) 115 3.17 Human Development Index (2000–2008) 119 3.18 Human Development Index by indicators (2005) 120 3.19 Municipality’s categories, Act 617 of 2000 121 3.20 Population in the Selected Municipalities 124 3.21 Socio-demographic Indicators (2005) 126 3.22 Infant mortality rate (2005–2008) 126 3.23 Deaths by firearm (2001–2007) 127 3.24 Deaths by firearm (2001–2007)) 128 3.25 GDP per capita (2005) 129 3.26 Total Dependency Ratio (1993–2005) 130 3.27 Other social indicators (2009) 131 3.28 Enrollment per education level (% of total enrollment) 132 3.29 Health Care Contributive and Subsidized System (2005–2008) 134 3.30 Kidnaps (1998–2007) 135 3.31 Forced Displacement (1996–2011) 136 4.1 Principles in Colombian planning system 152 4.2 National and Sub-national Development Plan (DP): General structure 156 4.3 WB loans to Colombia 1998–2008: Total and sectorial distribution 162 5.1 Development Plans (DP) 1998-2008 175 5.2 National Development Plans (1998–2010): General Structure 177 5.3 Social policy approaches in NDPs (1998–2002) 184 5.4 Social policy in NDPs (1998–2010) 189 5.5 Social Policy formulation in NDP 190 5.6 Valle del Cauca DDP (2001–2011) 194 5.7 MDP 5 selected municipalities in Valle del Cauca (1998–2011) 195 5.8 Development plan’s general structure (1998–2011)

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