Evaluation of Nama Opportunities in Colombia's
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EVALUATION OF NAMA OPPORTUNITIES IN COLOMBIA’S SOLID WASTE SECTOR WRITTEN BY: Leo Larochelle Michael Turner Michael LaGiglia CCAP RESEARCH SUPPORT: CENTER FOR CLEAN AIR POLICY Hill Consulting (Bogotá) OCTOBER 2012 Dialogue. Insight. Solutions. Acknowledgements This paper is a product of CCAP’s Mitigation Action Implementation Network (MAIN) and was written by Leo Larochelle, Michael Turner, and Michael LaGiglia of CCAP. This project was undertaken with the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Federal Department of the Environment. Special thanks are due to the individuals and organizations in Colombia who offered their time and assistance, through phone interviews or in-person discussions to help inform this work. The support of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible was essential to the success of this report as well as help from the Steering Committee (made up of the Ministerio de Ambiente Vivienda Y Desarrollo Territorial, the Departamento Nacional de Planeación, the Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, and the Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios), representatives from Santiago de Cali (Empresa Pública de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos de Cali, Departamento Administrativo para la Gestión del Medio Ambiente), Medellín (Area Metropolitana del Valle de Aburra Unidad Ambiental), Ibagué (Corporación Autónoma Regional del Tolima-Cortolima and Interaseo) and Sogamoso (Secretario de Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente and Coservicios). The views expressed in this paper represent those of CCAP and not necessarily those of any of the other institutions or individuals mentioned above. For further information, please contact Michael LaGiglia at ([email protected]). Evaluation of NAMA Opportunities in Colombia’s Solid Waste Sector 1 List of Acronyms CARs - Regional Autonomous Corporations (Regional Environmental Authorities) CCAP - Center for Clean Air Policy CDM - Clean Development Mechanism CEMPRE - Corporal Commitment on recycling - www.cempre.org.co CPC - Colombian Politic Constitution of 1991 CRA - Regulatory Commission for Water and Sanitation - www.cra.gov.co DANE - National Department of Statistics - www.dane.gov.co DNA - Designed National Authority EICE - Industrial and Commercial State´s companies EPR - Extended Product Responsibility EU - European Union GHG - Greenhouse Gas HDPE - High Density Polyethylene ICA - Colombian Institute of Agriculture IDEAM - Colombian Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies - www.ideam.gov.co IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISWM - Integrated Solid Waste Management LFG - Landfill Gas LFGTE - Landfill Gas to Energy MADS - Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development - www.minambiente.gov.co MBT - Mechanical Biological Treatment MDL - Clean Development Mechanism MRV - Measurable, Reportable and Verifiable MSW - Municipal Solid Waste NAMA - Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action PGIRS - Integrated Solid Waste Management Plans RAS - Technical Regulation for drinking water and sanitation RDF - Refuse Derived Fuel RUPS - Public Services Providers Registry SINA - National Environmental System SSPD - Superintendence for Household Public Services - www.superservicios.gov.co SUI - Unique Information System of domiciliary public services providers - www.superservicios.gov.co SWM - Solid Waste Management UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USEPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency Evaluation of NAMA Opportunities in Colombia’s Solid Waste Sector 2 USTDA - United States Trade and Development Agency WTE - Waste to Energy Evaluation of NAMA Opportunities in Colombia’s Solid Waste Sector 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 Economic Model ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 Analysis of Technologies ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Cost Prohibitive Technologies ................................................................................................................................... 9 Potentially Viable Technologies ............................................................................................................................... 10 Recommended Colombia Integrated Waste NAMA .................................................................................................... 12 Assessment Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Assessment Recommendations ................................................................................................................................... 15 Section 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 17 Background on Canadian Waste Initiative .......................................................................................................... 17 Colombian Waste Assessment Report ................................................................................................................ 17 Section 2: Solid Waste Management and GHG Emission Fundamentals .................................................................... 26 Section 3: Waste NAMA Fundamentals ....................................................................................................................... 30 Section 4: Solid Waste Management in Colombia....................................................................................................... 35 4.1 Solid Waste Generation and Disposal ................................................................................................................ 35 4.2 Solid Waste Composition ................................................................................................................................... 37 4.3 Recycling and Recovery in Colombia ................................................................................................................. 39 4.4 Solid Waste Disposal in Colombia ...................................................................................................................... 44 4.5 Institutional Framework .................................................................................................................................... 46 4.6 Municipal Integrated Solid Waste Management Plans (PGIRS) ......................................................................... 50 4.7 Target Community Solid Waste Management Conditions ................................................................................ 52 a. Santiago de Cali ............................................................................................................................................... 52 b. Medellin .......................................................................................................................................................... 60 c. Ibagué .............................................................................................................................................................. 69 d. Sogamoso ........................................................................................................................................................ 71 Section 5: Climate Change Activities in Colombia ....................................................................................................... 75 5.1 Climate Change Policy and Initiatives in Colombia ............................................................................................ 75 5.2 Colombia CDM Projects Overview and Experience ........................................................................................... 77 Section 6: Alternative ISWM Scenarios – Viability and GHG Mitigation Potential ...................................................... 81 Evaluation of NAMA Opportunities in Colombia’s Solid Waste Sector 4 6.1 Waste Reduction ............................................................................................................................................... 88 6.2 Collection and Transport ................................................................................................................................... 88 6.3 Recycling, Processing and Recovery .................................................................................................................. 89 6.4. Disposal ............................................................................................................................................................. 93 6.5 Integrated Solid Waste Management Processes ............................................................................................... 95 6.6 Net GHG Mitigation Effects ..............................................................................................................................