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Planning for Shared Mobility PAS REPORTPAS 583 P LANNING FOR SHARED MOBILITY American Planning Association 205 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1200 Chicago, IL 60601-5927 planning.org | Cohen and Shaheen and Cohen PAS REPORT 5 8 3 A MERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION PLANNING FOR SHARED MOBILITY Adam Cohen and Susan Shaheen POWER TOOLS ABOUT THE AUTHORS APA RESEARCH MISSION Adam Cohen is a shared mobility researcher at the Transporta- tion Sustainability Research Center at the University of California, APA conducts applied, policy-relevant research Berkeley. Since joining the group in 2004, his research has focused that advances the state of the art in planning on shared mobility and emerging technologies. He has coauthored practice. APA’s National Centers for Plan- numerous articles and reports on shared mobility in peer-reviewed ning—the Green Community Research Center, journals and conference proceedings. His academic background is the Hazards Planning Research Center, and the in city and regional planning and international affairs. Planning and Community Health Research PAS SUBSCRIBERS GET EVERY NEW PAS REPORT, PLUS Center—guide and advance a research direc- Susan Shaheen is an adjunct professor in the Department of Civil THESE RESOURCES FOR EVERYONE IN THE OFFICE TO SHARE tive that addresses important societal issues. and Environmental Engineering and a research engineer with the APA’s research, education, and advocacy pro- Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, grams help planners create communities of Berkeley. She is also co-director of the Transportation Sustainabil- PAS Reports Archive PAS QuickNotes lasting value by developing and disseminating ity Research Center at UC Berkeley. She was the policy and behav- Free online access for subscribers Bite-size backgrounders on planning basics information, tools, and applications for built ioral research program leader at California Partners for Advanced and natural environments. Transit and Highways, a special assistant to the director’s office of Inquiry Answer Service PAS Essential Info Packets the California Department of Transportation, and the first Honda A crack research team on call Resource roundup on a single topic Distinguished Scholar in Transportation at the Institute of Trans- portation Studies at UC Davis, where she served as the endowed PAS Memo Learn more about PAS subscriptions chair until 2012. Bimonthly shoptalk on hot planning issues at planning.org/pas Fiscal Impact Analysis The Planning Advisory Service is a subscription service offered by the Assessing Sustainability Fiscal Impact Analysis: Assessing Sustainability: Research Department of the American Planning Association. Four reports are Transportation Infrastructure: The Challenges of Rebuilding America Methodologies for Planners A Guide for Local Governments produced each year. Subscribers also receive PAS Memo and PAS QuickNotes, American Planning Association and they have access to the Inquiry Answer Service and other valuable benefits. American Planning Association To learn more, visit www.planning.org/pas/index.htm. PAS REPORT 5 7 9 PAS 557 PAS 561 Report Number 565 PAS PAS 565 PAS 579 PAS Report Number 561 PAS Marlon G. Boarnet, Editor 2009 L. Carson Bise II 2010 Wayne M. Feiden, FAICP, with Elisabeth Hamin 2011 PLANNING 2015 James M. Drinan, jd, Executive Director; David Rouse, aicp, Director of AGING-SUPPORTIVE www.planning.org American Planning Association American Planning Association 124 pp. American Planning Association 68 pp. Planning Advisory Service 108 pp. COMMUNITIES 100 pp. Report Number 565 Research; Camille Fink, phd, Senior Editor. Planning Advisory Service Planning Advisory Service Report Number 557 Report Number 561 $60 $40 $48 Bradley H. Winick, AICP, LEED, and Martin Jaffe $48 PAS Reports are produced in the Research Department of APA. Transportation Infrastructure Fiscal Impact Analysis Assessing Sustainability Planning Aging-Supportive Marlon G. Boarnet, ed. L. Carlton Bise II Wayne Feiden, FAICP, Communities For missing and damaged print issues, contact Customer Service, Ameri- and Elisabeth Hamin Bradley H. Winick, AICP, LEED, can Planning Association, 205 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1200, Chicago, IL Transportation infrastructure is Fiscal impact analysis is a critical and Martin Jaffe 60601 (312-431-9100 or [email protected]) within 90 days one of the most pressing issues tool for communities of all sizes. This report tackles two of the of the publication date. Include the name of the publication, year, volume, for planners and communities This report, written by the lead- biggest questions facing plan- America is aging fast. How can and issue number or month, and your name, mailing address, and mem- today. This report looks at the ing national practitioner of fiscal ners today: What is sustainable communities rise to the chal- bership number, if applicable. urgency and severity of the chal- impact analyses, gives planners development, and how do we lenge? In clear, concrete terms, lenges, with leading researchers, a complete understanding of know when it’s working? It strips this new report shows how to © July 2016 by the American Planning Association scholars, and practitioners in why fiscal impact analyses are away the rhetoric to show how use the resources already in APA’s publications office is at 205 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1200, transportation planning putting so important and how they can local communities can bench- place, and what features to add, Chicago, IL 60601–5927. forth fresh best practices and better design and execute them mark sustainability and make it a to create communities that sup- APA’s headquarters office is at 1030 15th St., NW, Suite 750 West, ON THE COVER visionary ideas. in their communities. measurable goal. port full, fulfilling, and long lives. Washington, DC 20005–1503. E-mail: [email protected] Citi Bike docking station in New York (Patti McConville/Alamy) Order back issues of these and other PAS Reports at planning.org/books. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 CHAPTER 1 SHARED MOBILITY: AN INTRODUCTION 8 What Is Shared Mobility? 9 History and Evolution of Shared Mobility 9 Shared Mobility and Planning 19 CHAPTER 2 THE IMPACTS OF SHARED MOBILITY 22 Data Challenges in Understanding Shared Mobility 23 Impacts of Ridesharing 23 Impacts of Carsharing 26 Impacts of Bikesharing 31 Impacts of Ridesourcing/Transportation Network Companies and Taxi Sharing 35 Overview: Impacts of Shared Mobility on Planning 37 CHAPTER 3 SHARED MOBILITY POLICIES 38 Policies Involving Public Rights-of-Way 40 Incentive Zoning 44 Transportation Demand Management 46 Insurance and On-Demand Ride Service Policies 46 Taxation 53 Developing Shared Mobility Policies 55 CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPING A SHARED MOBILITY PLANNING AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 56 Shared Mobility and Planning Processes 57 Policy Planning for Shared Mobility 62 Planning and Policy Making for Shared Mobility 65 CHAPTER 5 SUPPORTING SHARED MOBILITY 70 Becoming Partners of Shared Modes 71 Allocating Funds for Shared Mobility 72 Forming Risk-Sharing Partnerships 72 Giving Developer Incentives for the Inclusion of Shared Mobility 72 Supplying Access to Public Rights-of-Way 72 Issuing Requests for Proposals 72 Incorporating Shared Mobility into Plans and Planning Processes 73 Addressing Key Public Policy Issues Affecting Shared Mobility 73 Shared Mobility: Looking Forward 73 APPENDIX A SELECTED CITY PROFILES OF SHARED MOBILITY 76 APPENDIX B SHARED MOBILITY RESOURCES FOR PLANNERS 88 APPENDIX C UNWEIGHTED AGGREGATE SHIFT IN PUBLIC TRANSIT, SHARED, AND NON-MOTORIZED MODES (FREE-FLOATING ONE-WAY CARSHARING) 93 APPENDIX D RIDESOURCING/TRANSPORTATION NETWORK COMPANY INSURANCE LEGISLATION 96 GLOSSARY 97 REFERENCES 99 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 106 PLANNING FOR SHARED MOBILITY PAS 583, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In recent years, economic, environmental, and social forces have quickly given rise to the “sharing economy,” a collective of entrepreneurs and consumers leveraging technology to share resources, save money, and generate capital. Homesharing services, such as Airbnb, and peer-to-peer carsharing services, such as Getaround, have become part of a sociodemographic trend that has pushed the sharing economy from the fringe and more to the mainstream. The role of shared mobility in the broader landscape of urban mobility has become a frequent topic of discussion. Major shared transportation modes—such as bikesharing, carsharing, ridesourcing, and alternative transit services—are changing how people travel and are having a transformative effect on mobility and local planning. WHAT IS SHARED MOBILITY? • Environmental policy, conservation, and climate action: Shared mobility has the potential to reduce negative im- Shared mobility—the shared use of a vehicle, bicycle, or pacts commonly associated with surface transportation, other low-speed travel mode—is an innovative transporta- such as greenhouse gas emissions. tion strategy that enables users to have short-term access to a mode of transportation on an as-needed basis. Shared mobil- Because of the wide range of impacts, this report examines ity includes various service models and transportation modes the interdependencies, synergies, opportunities, and chal- that meet the diverse needs of travelers. Shared mobility can lenges associated with shared mobility. include roundtrip services (vehicle, bicycle, or other low- speed mode is returned to its origin); one-way station-based services (vehicle, bicycle, or low-speed mode is returned to IMPACTS OF SHARED MOBILITY
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