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Travis Hnidan Domestic water use in Samson Cree Nation by Travis Hnidan A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Water Resources Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta © Travis Hnidan, 2014 Abstract Samson Cree Nation partnered with researchers at the University of Al- berta to conduct a water resources analysis of their water systems. This thesis describes a community-based research approach used to explore domestic water use in Samson Cree Nation, the variables that effect do- mestic water use in Samson Cree Nation, and the design of system dy- namics models of Samson Cree Nation’s water systems. Domestic water use in Samson Cree Nation averages 221 litres per capita per day alt- hough rural residents use 31 percent less water (195 litres per capita per day) than municipal residents (283 litres per capita per day). Outdoor water use is very low in Samson Cree Nation and no seasonal or climatic patterns were found. Average water use in Samson Cree Nation depends on water system type, drinking water source, household size, household occupancy during the day, leakage, and clothes washer use frequency. The system dynamics models highlight the importance of community- based work and community-lead initiatives to managing water resources. ii Preface This thesis is an original work by Travis Hnidan. The research project, of which this thesis is a part, received research ethics approval from the University of Alberta Research Ethics Board, Project Name “Developing a Strategy for Ensuring Confidence in Drinking Water Quality and Quan- tity for the Samson Cree Nation”, Study ID Pro00032380, October 18, 2012. While this thesis is my original work, the discussed research and stated conclusions are based partially on a collaboration with Fraser Mah, a fel- low graduate student in environmental engineering. Fraser entered into this research relationship with Samson Cree Nation with me. We divided the work between water quality (Fraser) and water quantity (me). How- ever, we assisted one another greatly beyond our respective scopes of research and these two fields of study are therefore not easily separated. Fraser and I come from similar backgrounds: we both were born and raised in Alberta cities, completed undergraduate degrees in engineering at the University of Alberta, and volunteered with Engineers Without Borders Canada. Our knowledge of and experience with Indigenous peo- ples was limited, so beginning this shared research project was exciting but also wholly unfamiliar. As we progressed in our research, living in Samson Cree Nation and in- terviewing community members, we discussed exhaustively our thoughts, feelings, confusions and questions, and how we could best support this community. Certainly we shared some of these discussions with members of Samson Cree Nation, friends, and other researchers but most were tested, filtered, or influenced by each other first. We tried to hold each other accountable to how we understood our research and rela- tionships with folks in Samson Cree Nation, meaning challenging one another to think and work in ways which are more supportive of the community and its goals. As a result, despite the fact that we have pro- duced separate theses, they represent very much a collaborative effort. Our process of working together has been mutually enriching and I am grateful for Fraser’s support. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I thank everyone who has taken the time to speak to me about this research. In one way or another, you have influenced my thinking and the content of this thesis. Members of Samson Cree Nation, whether you participated in formal interviews or simply asked what I was doing in your community, I hope you can see the impact you have had in this work. Thanks to you and your families, especially those who welcomed me into their homes. For teaching me how to research and manage the joys that come with it, thank you to my supervisors and professors at the university. The lessons I have learned should be evident and the ones I have not in no way re- flect your abilities as instructors. For working with me, or letting me work with you, in Samson Cree terri- tory, thank you to Samson Cree Nation Chief & Council, and staff at the Band Office, Maskwacîs Health Services, and the Trades Centre for making this research a reality. For providing me with a productive work environment and an optimism for consulting, thank you to the employees of Urban Systems; the work you all do and the way you do it is inspiring. For keeping me fed and providing a research budget, thank you to those who financially supported this research: Health Canada, First Nations University, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Can- ada, and Urban Systems Ltd. Finally, to my friends and family for tolerating and supporting me through the ups and downs of research and life, thank you all. It has been a blast. iv Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................... ii Preface ..................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................. iv Table of Contents ...................................................................................... v List of Tables ......................................................................................... viii List of Figures ........................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE Studying domestic water use in Samson Cree Nation: Project background and research objectives ............................................................................. 1 1.1 Research context ............................................................................. 2 1.2 Research questions .......................................................................... 4 CHAPTER TWO Just add water: Engineering, Indigenous, and community-based research methodologies in Samson Cree Nation ..................................................... 6 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Positionality ............................................................................. 7 2.2 Engineering ..................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Engineering Philosophy ........................................................... 8 2.2.2 Engineering Practice ................................................................ 9 2.2.3 Engineering and Water Research ........................................... 10 2.3 Community-based research ........................................................... 12 2.4 Methodology ................................................................................. 15 2.4.1 Interviews ............................................................................... 16 2.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER THREE Domestic water consumption in Samson Cree Nation: Water metering program, resident interviews, water use patterns, and residential end purposes .................................................................................................. 21 3.1 Samson Cree Nation and domestic water use ............................... 22 3.2 Domestic water use ....................................................................... 27 3.2.1 Water use metering ................................................................ 27 3.2.2 Water surveys and questionnaires .......................................... 36 3.2.3 Rural water use ...................................................................... 37 v 3.3 Methods used to measure domestic water use in Samson Cree Nation.................................................................................................. 38 3.4 Discussion of average water consumption in Samson Cree Nation and other results .................................................................................. 44 3.5 Conclusions ................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER FOUR Factors that affect domestic water consumption in Samson Cree Nation: Water source, household demographics, and perceptions of drinking water health risk ...................................................................................... 60 4.1 Water knowledge and resulting behaviours in Samson Cree Nation ............................................................................................................ 61 4.2 Variables affecting water use ........................................................ 64 4.2.1 Drivers of water consumption ................................................ 64 4.2.2 Water quality and perceptions of water quality ..................... 70 4.3 Determining relationships between water use and variables ........ 73 4.4 Analysis and results of variables affecting domestic water use .... 74 4.5 Conclusions ................................................................................... 91 CHAPTER FIVE Domestic water use and forecasting in Samson Cree Nation: A system dynamics approach ................................................................................. 93 5.1 Domestic water demand forecasts, system dynamics modeling, and Samson Cree Nation’s
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