Performance of Public and Private Television in Iceland 1993–1999 an Assessment1

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Performance of Public and Private Television in Iceland 1993–1999 an Assessment1 Performance of Public and Private Television in Iceland 1993–1999 An Assessment1 RAGNAR KARLSSON, HILMAR THOR BJARNASON, THORBJÖRN BRODDASON & MARGRET LILJA GUDMUNDSDOTTIR Introduction rameters of the military base. The programmes on A Short Overview of Television offer consisted largely of popular American enter- Broadcasting in Iceland tainment series and children’s programmes. Partly in response to this ‘cultural invasion’ the The 279 thousand Icelanders that occupy their Icelandic National Broadcasting Service (Rikis- North-Western island outpost of Europe are relat- utvarpid – RUV) started television transmissions in ively small players when compared to most of their September 1966. Its programming consisted of just European neighbours in terms of the media. At first a few hours, three days a week. Shortly, it was in- glance, one can easily assume that the media and creased to six days a week, and within six years, broadcasting landscape in a country like Iceland the signals were reached by over 98 percent of the would be one lacking in diversity due to diseco- population. Until 1983, the month of July was tele- nomics of scale (e.g. Noam, 1991: 233). Such a de- vision-free, and until 1987 RUV-TV sent no televi- scription could have applied to Iceland once, but sion broadcasts on Thursdays (for an overview of with the process of deregulation that swept Euro- the origin and development of television in Iceland, pean broadcasting in the 1980s, the broadcasting see Bjarnason et al., 1997, Broddason, 1996a, market in Iceland has acquired all the main char- 1996b, 1998). acteristics and features of any other broadcasting Until 1986, the Icelandic National Broadcasting market in Europe. Service had a monopoly over broadcasting for both Iceland was one of the last nations in Europe to radio and television. The Broadcasting Act of 1985 introduce television broadcasting in 1966 – only paved the way for private interests to enter the Albania and the European microstates Andorra, field of broadcasting. Some months after the new Liechtenstein and San Marino commenced broad- law came into effect on January 1, 1986, the first casting later. The origins of television broadcasting private commercial radio station was in business in Iceland can be traced to the mid–1950s, when and a few months later the first private commercial the American NATO forces, stationed at the Kefla- television station was in the air. vik military air base in Southwest Iceland com- Today, Iceland has nine domestic national, re- menced a television service in 1955. This tele- gional and local television channels. Only three of vision station was, first and foremost, intended for these are of interest for this study, all of them hav- the service members and their families. However, ing almost a universal technical penetration. De- the signal could also be enjoyed by a considerable spite the television market in Iceland can be con- number of the Icelandic population outside the pa- sidered a thriving one, as measured in terms of sup- ply of channels and output, it is highly concen- trated. This applies equally as dependence of im- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Iceland, ports of programmes, market share of viewers, rev- IS-101 Reykjavik, [email protected] enue and ownership are concerned. The Icelandic 101 broadcasting market is probably among one the • RUV-TV – a publicly owned television station, most deregulated markets in Europe, with almost founded in 1966. none restrictions on ownership and cross-media • Channel 2 (Stod 2) – a privately owned televi- ownership, whatsoever, and little regulation on pro- sion station, founded in 1986. gramming of the private television actors. • Vision TV (Syn) – a privately owned television Disposition of the Work station, effectively in operation since 1995. The following study is concerned with general-in- A concise description of the major television actors terest, nationwide, television companies in Iceland. in Iceland is presented in the following sub-chap- It adresses questions of public service vs. private ters and in Table 1. enterprise; ownership structure and concentration; differing sources of revenue; the companies’ share RUV-TV of advertising; comparisons of programme contents RUV-TV is a state owned organisation and oper- in terms of origins and costs; and market analysis. ates along the principles of public service broad- The period of study primarily spans the years 1993 casting. In accord to the Broadcasting Act, RUV- to 1999 with occasional references to other periods. TV is required to transmit to the Icelandic nation as a whole, i.e. the requirement of universal penetra- Actors in Icelandic Television tion. Since the 1970s, RUV-TV has had almost a Broadcasting universal technical coverage. Already in 1970, four years after the foundation of RUV-TV, some 85 Major Television Actors percent of the population had access to television Drawing the line between major and minor actors (Berg, 1971). At the end-of-year 1999, its transmis- in the case of Iceland is relatively unproblematic. sions reached 98 percent of all homes in the coun- There are at present three television stations that try, equivalent to some 96.000 homes out of a total provide a full programme service with a general of 98–99 thousand (see Table 2).2 The license fee appeal as well as a potential reach of a majority of for RUV-TV, including license for radio, in 1999 the population. As will be demonstrated below, the was 25,200 ISK per annum (346 EUR).3 Besides of financial scope of these stations corresponds to being financed by license fees, which in 1999 did these engagements. These three stations will be the make up 69 percent of total turnover of the station, prime focus of this study. They are: the other receipts of the station derive mainly from Table 1. The Three Major Television Actors in Iceland RUV-TV Channel 2 Vision TV Owner The State Icelandic Broadcasting Icelandic Broadcasting Corporation Corporation Transmission area Whole country Whole country Whole country Financing License fees, commercials Subscriptions, commercials Subscriptions, commercials & sponsoring & sponsoring & sponsoring Technical coverage of households % ≈100 ≈100 ≈95 Tex t T V Ye s Ye s Ye s Distribution Terrestrial & cable Terrestrial Terrestrial Encryption Clear Encrypted1 Encrypted Statutory Public Private Private Programming format General-interest General-interest Sports and fiction Average weekly broadcast hours 65 109 64 Year of regular transmissions started 1966 1986 1995 1 Practically the entire programme schedule of Channel 2 is encrypted, apart from its news and current affairs programmes, breakfast TV and occasional other program items. Sources: Karlsson (ed.), 1999a; Statistics Iceland, unpublished information. 102 advertisements, and to a much lesser extent spon- scription share among the population is of course soring (RUV, 1998). much lower. Information on development of the In 1999, RUV-TV transmitted television pro- subscription base of the station is not available. grammes for a total of 3.369 hours or just over 9 However, media rating surveys give a crude indica- hours per day on average. In accord to the Broad- tion of the penetration of the station (see Table 2). casting Act, RUV-TV is an open-for-all television Only a year after the station commenced broadcast- station that offers a varied menu of programmes, ing, in 1987, some 33 percent of the population such as news, news analysis, documentaries, enter- claimed to have access to the station through sub- tainment, drama, feature films, sports, music, scription at home. This can roughly be translated to children’s and youth programmes, etc. some 28.000 households of a total of 84.000 in that respective year.4 Surveys seem to affirm that the Channel 2 number of subscribers to the station has reached Channel 2 was the first television station to take the point of saturation. Since in the early–1990s, advantage of the new opportunities provided by the the percentage of subscribing population to Chan- Broadcasting Act of 1985. Channel 2 began nel 2 has remained stable, or between 50 and 60 transmitting television programmes in November percent of all homes. In October 1999, 55 percent 1986. It is owned by the Icelandic Broadcasting of the population had access to the station (Gallup, Corporation Ltd. – IBC (Islenska utvarpsfelagid), 1999b), which roughly translates to 54.000 house- which is a subsidiary company of the multi-media holds. Thus, the key to further growth of the IBC, company Northern Lights Corporation Ltd. (Nor- in the field of television seems to be based on niche durljos). The mother company has vested interests markets, instead of that of the general viewer as its in television and radio broadcasting and in most recent launch of a special movie channel would other sectors of audio-visual media, as well as hav- seem to indicate (Karlsson, 1999b: 183). ing interests in cellular telephone services and as- Except for its news broadcasts and breakfast TV sorted information and communication technology and occasional other programs, Channel 2 scram- activities (ICT), either directly or through its bles its programme schedule and all subscribers daughter companies (see page 116 for chapter on need a decoder (Tudi Nicam RTP 200) to receive a ownership). Channel 2 derives its income from a clear signal. The annual subscription rate for Chan- subscription fee, advertising revenue and the spon- nel 2 in 1999 was 43.389 ISK (596 EUR) per an- sorship of individual programmes. num. According to the Broadcasting Act, there are no The programme profile of Channel 2 can be de- legal obligations for private television stations to scribed as a ‘general-interest’ format. It is to a adhere to the principle of universal penetration. large extent based on imported material of Anglo- However, Channel 2 has almost a universal tech- American origin.
Recommended publications
  • Humans and Animals in the Norse North Atlantic
    Humans and Animals in the Norse North Atlantic Lara M. Hogg This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. School of History, Archaeology and Religion. Cardiff University. 2015 SUMMARY It is a well-established fact that all human societies have coexisted with and are dependent upon animals and it is increasingly recognized that the study of human-animal relationships provides vital insights into past human societies. Still this is yet to be widely embraced in archaeology. This thesis has examined human-animal interdependencies to explore the social identities and structure of society in the Norse North Atlantic. Benefitting from recent research advances in animal studies and the ever increasing volume of archaeological reports from Norse period archaeological excavations the North Atlantic this thesis was able to develop previous scholarship and define directions for future research. The thesis explored the role of animals in human society in the North Atlantic to reveal the complex Norse societies that existed. It revealed through human interdependencies with animals that these societies were far from homogeneous and had their own distinct identities with the individual islands as well as across the North Atlantic. The thesis achieved this by examining several important discrete but interlinked themes. These themes were divided into four chapters that focused on the individual aspects. This included an examination of previous North Atlantic Viking Age scholarship, consideration of human construction and perception of landscape through archaeological excavations, investigation of the role of domestic animals in human social activities, and an exploration of the role of domesticated animals in beliefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Ritaskrá Háskóla Íslands 2006 Efnisyfirlit Contents
    Ritaskrá Háskóla Íslands 2006 Efnisyfirlit Contents Formáli . .5 Preface . .5 Félagsvísindadeild . .7 Faculty of Social Sciences . .7 Bókasafns- og upplýsingafræði . .7 Library- and Information Science . .7 Félagsfræði . .8 Sociology . .8 Félagsráðgjöf . .10 Social work . .10 Kynjafræði . .12 Gender Studies . .12 Mannfræði . .13 Anthropology . .13 Sálarfræði . .15 Psychology . .15 Stjórnmálafræði . .19 Political Science . .19 Uppeldis- og menntunarfræði . .22 Education . .22 Þjóðfræði . .26 Folkloristics . .26 Guðfræðideild . .28 Faculty of Theology . .28 Hjúkrunarfræðideild . .32 Faculty of Nursing . .32 Hjúkrunarfræði . .32 Nursing . .32 Ljósmóðurfræði . .39 Midwifery . .39 Hugvísindadeild . .41 Faculty of Humanities . .41 Bókmenntafræði og málvísindi . .41 Comparative Literature and Linguistics . .41 Enska . .44 English . .44 Heimspeki . .46 Philosophy . .46 Íslenska . .48 Icelandic Language and Literature . .48 Rómönsk og klassísk mál . .53 Roman and Classicical Languages . .53 Sagnfræði . .55 History . .55 Þýska og norðurlandamál . .61 German and Nordic Languages . .61 Hugvísindastofnun . .62 Centre for Research in the Humanities . .62 Stofnun Árna Magnússonar í íslenskum fræðum . .64 The Árni Magnússon Institute in Iceland . .64 Lagadeild . .71 Faculty of Law . .71 Lyfjafræðideild . .76 Faculty of Pharmacy . .76 Læknadeild . .80 Faculty of Medicine . .80 Augnsjúkdómafræði . .80 Ophthalmology . .80 Barnalæknisfræði . .82 Paediatrics . .82 Erfðafræði . .83 Genetics . .83 Frumulíffræði . .83 Cell Biology . .83 Fæðinga- og kvensjúkdómafræði
    [Show full text]
  • Þingvellir National Park
    World Heritage Scanned Nomination File Name: 1152.pdf UNESCO Region: EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA __________________________________________________________________________________________________ SITE NAME: Þingvellir National Park DATE OF INSCRIPTION: 7th July 2004 STATE PARTY: ICELAND CRITERIA: C (iii) (vi) CL DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: Excerpt from the Report of the 28th Session of the World Heritage Committee Criterion (iii): The Althing and its hinterland, the Þingvellir National Park, represent, through the remains of the assembly ground, the booths for those who attended, and through landscape evidence of settlement extending back possibly to the time the assembly was established, a unique reflection of mediaeval Norse/Germanic culture and one that persisted in essence from its foundation in 980 AD until the 18th century. Criterion (vi): Pride in the strong association of the Althing to mediaeval Germanic/Norse governance, known through the 12th century Icelandic sagas, and reinforced during the fight for independence in the 19th century, have, together with the powerful natural setting of the assembly grounds, given the site iconic status as a shrine for the national. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS Þingvellir (Thingvellir) is the National Park where the Althing - an open-air assembly, which represented the whole of Iceland - was established in 930 and continued to meet until 1798. Over two weeks a year, the assembly set laws - seen as a covenant between free men - and settled disputes. The Althing has deep historical and symbolic associations for the people of Iceland. Located on an active volcanic site, the property includes the Þingvellir National Park and the remains of the Althing itself: fragments of around 50 booths built of turf and stone.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Cross-Cultural Mass Media in Iceland, Northern Minnesota, and Francophone Canada in Retrospect
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 369 111 CS 508 548 AUTHOR Payne, David E. TITLE Impacts of Cross-Cultural Mass Media in Iceland, Northern Minnesota, and Francophone Canada in Retrospect. PUB DATE Nov 93 NOTE 15p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association (79th, Miami Beach, FL, November 18-21, 1993). PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) Information Analyses (070) Viewpoints (Opinion/Position Papers, Essays, etc.) (120) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Comparative Analysis; Cross Cultural Studies; *Cultural Context; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Literature Reviews; *Mass Media Effects; Mass Media Use; Research Methodology; *Research Problems; *Television Research; *Television Viewing IDENTIFIERS Iceland; Minnesota; Quebec ABSTRACT Comparison of data gathened in the late 1970s to deta gathered in the early 1990s indicates that while communication researchers remain convinced that effects of intercultural mass media exist, they also.acknowledge that no clear, useful theoretical framework exists. Data were analyzed, compared, and reported in the late 1970s from three sites--Iceland, northern Minnesota, and Quebec. Data were gathered concerning television viewing habits, source of television broadcasts (from Canada, the United States, Iceland), or no television at all and the perceived effects of television viewing. Comparison of these studies indicated that:(1) even using the same measures, different cultural settings resulted in different outcomes; (2) the effects of media, interpersonal, and sociolinguistic variables were not uniform for different categories of dependent variables; and (3) changes in attitudes, agendas, and information levels had complex causes with many contributing factors. Comparisons of these studies to those done in the early 1990s indicated that not much had changed.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Receiving End the Role of Scholarship, Memory, and Genre in Constructing Ljósvetninga Saga
    On the Receiving End The Role of Scholarship, Memory, and Genre in Constructing Ljósvetninga saga Yoav Tirosh Dissertation towards the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Iceland School of Humanities Faculty of Icelandic and Comparative Cultural Studies October 2019 Íslensku- og menningardeild Háskóla Íslands hefur metið ritgerð þessa hæfa til varnar við doktorspróf í íslenskum bókmenntum Reykjavík, 21. ágúst 2019 Torfi Tulinius deildarforseti The Faculty of Icelandic and Comparative Cultural Studies at the University of Iceland has declared this dissertation eligible for a defence leading to a Ph.D. degree in Icelandic Literature Doctoral Committee: Ármann Jakobsson, supervisor Pernille Hermann Svanhildur Óskarsdóttir On the Receiving End © Yoav Tirosh Reykjavik 2019 Dissertation for a doctoral degree at the University of Iceland. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the author. ISBN 978-9935-9491-2-7 Printing: Háskólaprent Contents Abstract v Útdráttur vii Acknowledgements ix Prologue: Lentils and Lenses—Intent, Audience, and Genre 1 1. Introduction 5 1.1 Ljósvetninga saga’s Plot in the A-redaction and C-redaction 6 1.2 How to Approach Ljósvetninga saga 8 1.2.1 How to Approach This Thesis 9 1.2.2 Material Philology 13 1.2.3 Authorship and Intentionality 16 1.3 The Manuscripts 20 1.3.1 AM 561 4to 21 1.3.2 AM 162 C fol. 26 2. The Part About the Critics 51 2.1 The Debate on Ljósvetninga saga’s Origins in Nineteenth- and Twentieth- Century Scholarship 52 2.1.1 Early Discussion of Ljósvetninga saga: A Compilation of Loosely Connected Episodes 52 2.1.2 Þáttr theory 54 2.1.3 Freeprose and Ljósvetninga saga as a “Unique” Example of Oral Variance: The Primacy of the C-redaction 57 2.1.4 Bookprose and Ljósvetninga saga as a Misrepresented and Authored Text: The Primacy of the A-redaction 62 2.1.5 The Oral vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Media and Politics in Iceland
    Chapter 3 Media and politics in Iceland Jón Gunnar Ólafsson & Valgerður Jóhannsdóttir Abstract This chapter outlines the political and media landscapes in Iceland in compari- son to the other four Nordic countries. The political communication literature routinely groups the Nordic countries together and defines them in terms of a Nordic model. Iceland has, however, seldom been included in this literature, and research on political communication in the country is scarce. The chapter shows that the Icelandic media and political systems differ in significant ways from those in the other Nordic countries. Corporatism is less developed in Iceland, as is journalistic professionalism, and remnants of political parallelism have carried over to a highly commercial media system. This has operated without the public service requirements or support for private media that characterise the other Nordic countries. Iceland was particularly impacted by the 2008 financial crisis, and the years following have seen various changes regarding media and politics. Recent developments indicate that the Icelandic system might be becoming more similar to the other Nordic countries. Keywords: Iceland, Nordic model, media system, political communication, journalism Introduction This chapter introduces developments and changes in the media structure in Iceland in recent years and examines the relationship between media and pol- itics in the small country. First, we introduce the main actors and institutions in the political and media systems in Iceland. We illustrate how the established four-party system has recently given way to a more fragmented and fluid political system following the 2008 financial crisis. We also show how rapid economic, political, and technological changes have impacted the Icelandic media landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • DIPLOMATIC LIST and List of Honorary Consuls in Iceland
    DIPLOMATIC LIST and List of Honorary Consuls in Iceland REYKJAVÍK December 2009 MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS 2 MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS Raudarárstígur 25 IS-150 Reykjavík ICELAND Open: 08:30-16:00 (Mon-Fri) (GMT all year around) Tel.: (+354) 545 9900 Tel.: (+354) 545 9925 (Emergency No. - outside office hours) Fax: (+354) 562 2373 / 562 2386 e-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Website: www.mfa.is / www.utn.stjr.is PROTOCOL DEPARTMENT Dir. Tel.: (+354) 545 9920 Dir. Fax: (+354) 552 6247 e-mail: [email protected] 3 CONTENTS Ambassadors in order of Precedence .................................................................4 Diplomatic Missions...........................................................................................12 Other Missions ................................................................................................135 Honorary Consuls ...........................................................................................141 Icelandic Flag Days 2009-2012.......................................................................160 Icelandic National Holidays 2009-2012 ...........................................................161 4 Order of precedence of Heads of Missions *Russian Federation His Excellency Mr. Victor I. Tatarintsev (*Dean of the Diplomatic Corps*) 17.05.2006 - - - - - - - - - - - - Cape Verde His Excellency Mr. Olívio Melício Pires 11.02.2003 Nicaragua His Excellency Mr. Alvaro Montenegro Mallona 31.10.2003 Mexico Her Excellency Mrs. Martha Bárcena Coqui 16.06.2005 Slovakia His Excellency Mr. Dusan Rozbora 18.10.2005 Guinea His Excellency Mr. Lansana Keita 18.10.2005 El Salvador His Excellency Mr. Martin Rivera Gómez 26.10.2005 Botswana Her Excellency Mrs. Bernadette Sebage Rathedi 23.11.2005 Morocco His Excellency Mr. Yahdih Bouchaab 22.03.2006 Italy Her Excellency Mrs. Rosa Anna Coniglio 22.03.2006 Argentina His Excellency Mr. Juan Manuel Ortiz de Rozas 11.10.2006 * Resident Heads of Missions 5 Mozambique His Excellency Mr. Pedro Comissário Afonso 11.10.2006 Serbia His Excellency Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Pagãos Fictícios, Feiticeiros Imaginários, Alteridades Literárias: As Sagas Islandesas Como Fonte Historiográfica E
    Diálogos - Revista do Departamento de História e do Programa de Pós- Graduação em História ISSN: 1415-9945 [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brasil Barreiro, Santiago Pagãos fictícios, feiticeiros imaginários, alteridades literárias: As sagas islandesas como fonte historiográfica e sua representação do mundo pré-cristão Diálogos - Revista do Departamento de História e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, vol. 20, núm. 3, 2016, pp. 97-115 Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brasil Disponível em: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=305549840009 Como citar este artigo Número completo Sistema de Informação Científica Mais artigos Rede de Revistas Científicas da América Latina, Caribe , Espanha e Portugal Home da revista no Redalyc Projeto acadêmico sem fins lucrativos desenvolvido no âmbito da iniciativa Acesso Aberto Diálogos v. 20 n. 3 (2016), 97-115 ISSN 2177-2940 (Online) Diálogos ISSN 1415-9945 (Impresso) http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/dialogos.v20i3 Pagãos fictícios, feiticeiros imaginários, alteridades literárias: As sagas islandesas como fonte historiográfica e sua representação do mundo pré-cristão1 http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/dialogos.v20i3.33659 Santiago Barreiro IMHICIHU CONICET – Argentina, [email protected] __________________________________________________________________________________________ Resumo Meu objetivo aqui é indagar como devemos entender a literatura das sagas, textos em prosa islandeses da Idade Média; O ápice da produção de sagas ocorreu entre a segunda Palavras Chave: metade do século XIII e a primeira metade do XIV. Estou interessado de modo geral Sagas; pagãos; feiticeiros; na representação que essas sagas produziram a respeito do período alto-medieval dos alteridade; historiografia “vikings” (ou anterior), onde frequentemente sucede a ação contida em seus relatos; e pontualmente, na figura dos pagãos e dos magos do período pré-cristão ali apresentada.
    [Show full text]
  • — Textual Production and Status Contests in Rising and Unstable Societies Edited by Massimiliano Bampi and Marina Buzzoni
    Filologie medievali e moderne 2 Serie occidentale 2 — Textual production and status contests in rising and unstable societies edited by Massimiliano Bampi and Marina Buzzoni Edizioni Ca’Foscari filologie medievali e moderne Filologie medievali e moderne Serie occidentale Editor Eugenio Burgio Comitato di lettura Massimiliano Bampi, Saverio Bellomo, Marina Buz- zoni, Serena Fornasiero, Lorenzo Tomasin, Tiziano Zanato Serie orientale Editor Antonella Ghersetti Comitato di lettura Attilio Andreini, Giampiero Bellingeri, Paolo Calvet- ti, Marco Ceresa, Daniela Meneghini, Antonio Rigopoulos, Bonaventura Ruperti Questo volume è pubblicato dopo il parere favorevole di un revisore scelto all’interno del Comitato di lettura, e di un revisore esterno scelto per la sua specifica competenza sull’argomento. La valutazione si è svolta secondo i criteri della peer review, e nel rispetto del reciproco anonimato tra revisori e autore. Textual Production and Status Contests in Rising and Unstable Societies edited by Massimiliano Bampi and Marina Buzzoni © 2013 Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Dorsoduro 1686 30123 Venezia edizionicafoscari.unive.it isbn 978-88-97735-32-8 7 Introduction Massimiliano Bampi, Marina Buzzoni 11 Textual Efflorescence and Social Resources Notes on Mediaeval Iceland Itamar Even-Zohar 33 Writing Strategies Romance and the Creation of a New Genre in Medieval Iceland Torfi H. Tulinius 43 The Change in Position of Translated Riddarasögur within Old Norse Literary Polysystems A Case Study of Elíss
    [Show full text]
  • Signature on Behalf of the State Party
    Signature On Behalf of the State Party SIGNATURE ON BEHALF OF THE STATE PARTY Signed on behalf of the State Party Mr. Davíð Oddsson Mr. Björn Bjarnason Prime Minister Chairman of the Þingvellir Commission Date Date i Contributors CONTRIBUTORS Consultative committee on the 1972 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the World’s Cultural and Natural Heritage Margrét Hallgrímsdóttir, General Director of the National Museum of Iceland, chairman. Árni Bragason, Director of Division of Nature Conservation, Environment and Food Agency of Iceland. Sigurður A. Þráinsson, Head of Division, Ministry for the Environment. Þorgeir Ólafsson, Head of Division of Arts and Museums, Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. Nomination committee Þorgeir Ólafsson, Head of Division of Arts and Museums, Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, chairman. Margrét Hallgrímsdóttir, General Director of the National Museum of Iceland. Sigurður K. Oddsson, Director of Þingvellir National Park. Sólrún Jensdóttir, Director of Office of International Relations, Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. Project management and editors Halldóra Hreggviðsdóttir, Economic Engineer, Geologist, Alta Ltd., project manager. Anna Guðný Ásgeirsdóttir, Biologist, Business Administration Dipl., Alta Ltd. Sigurborg Kr. Hannesdóttir, Tourism Planning and Development, Sociology, Alta Ltd. Authors, cartographers and advisors Anna Guðný Ásgeirsdóttir, Biologist, Business Administration, Alta Ltd. Árni Björnsson, Ethnologist, National Museum of Iceland. Einar Á. Sæmundsen, Interpretative Manager, Þingvellir National Park. Eydís Líndal, Geologist, National Land Survey of Iceland. Guðmundur Ólafsson, Archaeologist, National Museum of Iceland. Gunnar Karlsson, Professor of History, University of Iceland. Gunnar Kristjánsson, Theologian. Halldóra Hreggviðsdóttir, Economic Engineer, Geologist, Alta Ltd. Hrefna Róbertsdóttir, Historian, National Museum of Iceland. Kristján Sæmundsson, Geologist, National Energy Authority.
    [Show full text]
  • Iceidaannualreport4.Pdf
    ANNUAL REPORT 2006 1 Annual Report 2006 Icelandic bilateral development assistance from 1 January to 31 December 2006 Published by ICEIDA, P.O. Box 5330, IS-125 Reykjavík, Iceland © Icelandic International Development Agency 2007 Editor: Mr. Gunnar Salvarsson Co-editor: Ms. Gunnhildur Guðbrandsdóttir Contributors: Ms. Ágústa Gísladóttir, Mr. Árni Helgason, Mr. Árni Ragnarsson, Mr. Benedikt Steingrímsson, Ms. Drífa Hrönn Kristjánsdóttir. Ms. Erla Sigurlaug Sigurðardóttir, Mr. Francis Maguza-Tembo, Mr. Franklín Georgsson, Mr. Gestur Hrólfsson -IRC, Mr. Gísli Pálsson, Mr. Guðmundur Valur Stefánsson, Mr. Gunnar Haraldsson, Mr. Hannes Hauksson, Ms. Harpa E. Haraldsdóttir, Ms. Hólmfríður Garðarsdóttir, Ms. Inga Dóra Pétursdóttir, Mr. Jóhann Pálsson, Mr. Jóhann Þorsteinsson, Mr. Levi Graham Soko, Mr. Levison G. Fulundewe, Ms. Lilja Dóra Kolbeinsdóttir, Ms. Margrét Einarsdóttir, Ms. Marta Einarsdóttir, Ms. Nína Helgadóttir - IRC, Mr. Sighvatur Björgvinsson, Mr. Sigurður Guðmundsson, Mr. Skafti Jónsson, Ms. Stella Samúelsdóttir, Mr. Sverrir Þórhallsson, Ms. Þóra Kristín Ásgeirsdóttir, Ms. Þórdís Sigurðardóttir, Mr. Þráinn Friðriksson, Mr. Vilhjálmur Wiium. Proofreading: Ms. Hildur Pétursdóttir Front page photo: Mr. Gunnar Salvarsson Back page photo: Mr. Gunnar Salvarsson Graphic design: Vatikanið ehf. Printed in Iceland by: Prentmet ISSN 1670-7672 2 Contents Foreword by the Minister for Foreign Affairs 5 Highlights from the Home Office 6 Malawi 15 ICEIDA’s Development Co-operation 17 Support to the Health Sector 17 Support to the Social Sector
    [Show full text]
  • Iceland Times
    Description of more than 300 places all around Iceland With High-quality photos and maps With Contact information and QR-code to use with your smartphone With Colour-coded sections for easy reference and reading Additional online content and updates at ISBN 978-9979-72-292-2 www.icelandictimes.com Iceland celandic Times Extra is an extensive and informative book about the Icelandic Tourist Industry. It contains articles from the first 16 issues of Icelandic Times magazine as well as a number of brand new articles onI nature, natural wonders, birds and wildlife, towns and villages, museums and galleries, swimming pools, activities, curiosities, accommodation, restaurants, design and handicraft – and the endless exciting possibilities available to our guests. The winter wonders with the Nordic Lights, the summer season with the Midnight Sun. Whether it is fising, sailing, horse-riding, skiing, snow-mobiling, adventure tours, hiking, mountaineering, river-rafting, glacier-tours, hang-gliding, or just plain relaxation in the tranquil nature, here you will find the best possibilities on offer in Iceland. The book travels clock-wise around Iceland, starting in Reykjavík – at 08.00 – with maps for villages and towns, as well as greater areas. There is vast information on each of the ten main areas, their specialities and interest points; Reykjavík, West Coast, Westfjords, North-West, North-East, East, South-East, South, South-West and, of course, the Highlands. The tourist industry is an ever-growing field and thus we do not claim to give a complete account of the possibilities – but we are close. You can be pretty sure you‘ll fid everything you need in this book.
    [Show full text]