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worldheritage_79_pub.indd 1 01/04/2016 15:50 editorial kea kea and ā naumoku ā No. 79 No. HERITAGE WORLD , , reflecting this year’s WCC theme World World Heritage Mechtild Rössler Director of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre rom 1 to 10 September thousands2016, of leaders and decision-makers from gather will academia and peoples,businessindigenous society, civil government, together in Honolulu (Hawaii) to share ideas on how to improve the ways we World Heritage first became an important element of conservation and sustainability and conservation of elementimportant an becamefirst Heritage World World Heritage sites not only provide models of excellence and best practice in The World Conservation Congress is not only a meeting place for many World At At the same time, growing threats to the 1,000-plus World Heritage sites force us of of Planet at the Crossroads, highlights progress made through synergies managers site with among work collaborative as the well as Conventions, biodiversity-related seven and national authorities, and enhanced links between and natural heritage. cultural In applying (Norway); Vegaøyan at tourism sustainable ingenious the at look we particular, conservation cover also economic We days. valuation four tools over held to be to natural events World 1,500 the Heritage of taste a sites; including and the WCC agenda – management at the two Hawaiian World Heritage sites, Papah to to work differently. This issue of F manage the environment natural for socialhuman, and economic development. Held every four years, the IUCN World Conservation Congress progress (WCC) in ways focuses to on protect biodiversity, joint a crucial security. foodfactor achieving and change in climate tackling as addressing such today, somechallenges greatest of our plans at the 2003 World Parks Congress in Durban (South Africa), participantswill and Hawaii, has in Congress beenthe At an since. ever congresses WCC of part integral Close-upThe ‘Journeys’. thematic through eventsForum many the navigate to able be in this issue describes events that will be part of the includes a list additional of events the for Nature–Culture World Journey. Heritage Journey, and management to be shared with others, preservation but also the aim stakeholders to in achieve World the Heritage management tourism change, and sustainable climate including highest development. standards in addressing key issues, Heritage site managers and national agencies, civil society organizations; and it non-governmental is a forum for exchange, conservation networking tools and and training technologies. We on look the forward latest to many and fruitfuloutcomes that exchanges will further help us to adapt and orient our efforts for effective conservation work amid a multitude of threats and challenges, in order to confront and them overcome as effectively as possible. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and interview Aroha Te Pareake Mead, Chair of IUCN’s IUCN’s of Chair Mead, Pareake Te Aroha interview and Park, National Volcanoes Hawaii Policy. Social and Economic Environmental, on Commission PLANET THE AT CROSSROADS A CRITICAL TIME FOR CONSERVATION Hawaii Volcanoes National Park of sustainability years One hundred Vega Archipelago and innovation Tradition Papahanaumokuakea one are culture and nature Where green turtles in Hawaii nest and breed on and around the tiny islets of French Frigate Shoals. at French Frigate Shoals. More than 95% of the Cover: Two masked boobies enjoy an afternoon ISSN 1020-4202

chat astride two threatened Hawaiian green turtles 3 059630 101790

No. 79 • April 2016 2016 April • 79 No. Heritage World US$9 £6 ¥850 £6 US$9 7,50 € 16 12:22 Page1 WHC cover 79_WHC 14/04/ Papahanaumokuakea,Hawaii (United States of America).

Contents Quarterly magazine published jointly in English, French and Spanish, by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris, France and Publishing For Development Ltd., London, United Kingdom.

Editorial Director Mechtild Rössler Director, UNESCO World Heritage Centre

Managing Editor Vesna Vujicic-Lugassy In Focus Editors Planet at the Crossroads Helen Aprile, Gina Doubleday 4 Publisher Richard Forster In Focus 4 Today defines tomorrow: World Heritage as Production Editor Caroline Fort litmus test for action on agreements 4 IUCN is committed to harnessing the support Copy Editors needed to achieve excellence in World Heritage Caroline Lawrence (English), Brigitte Strauss conservation. The IUCN World Conservation (French), Luisa Futoransky (Spanish) Congress in Hawaii will provide the opportunity Editorial Board to take action together. ICCROM: Joseph King, ICOMOS: Regina Durighello, IUCN: Tim Badman, Célia Zwahlen; UNESCO Hawaii Volcanoes National Park World Heritage Centre: Nada Al Hassan, Feng Jing, 16 One hundred years of sustainability 12 Edmond Moukala, Mauro Rosi, Petya Totcharova, Isabelle Anatole Gabriel Vinson, Like many other national parks, visitation has UNESCO Publishing: Ian Denison increased, visitor and resource protection has become more challenging, and visitor use and Editorial Assistant enjoyment are more reliant on our partners than Barbara Blanchard before. Advertising Efrén Calatrava, Fernando Ortiz, Papahānaumokuākea Fadela Seddini, Peter Warren 23 Where nature and culture are one 18 Cover When Papahānaumokuākea was established in Photo: Mark Sullivan, NOAA Hawaii 2006, it became the first marine monument in Monk Seal Research Program the United States created expressly to protect Design: Recto Verso both natural and cultural heritage.

Editorial Staff World Heritage Centre, UNESCO Sustainable tourism in the Vega 7, Place de Fontenoy, 75007 Paris Archipelago 26 Tel. (33.1) 45 68 16 60 – Fax (33.1) 45 68 55 70 An important target area for the Vega World E-mail: [email protected] 29 Heritage Foundation is a unique information and INTERNET: http://whc.unesco.org interpretation project for children and young Advertisements, production people, who are given the chance to experience PFD Publications Ltd Vega’s natural and cultural heritage in new ways. Chester House, Fulham Green 81-83 Fulham High Street, London SW6 3JA Tel: +44 2032 866610 - Fax:+44 2075 262173 Valuing the invaluable E-mail: [email protected] Applying economic valuation tools to natural World Heritage sites 32 Subscriptions DL Services sprl, Jean De Lannoy Estimating the total value of a World Heritage c/o Entrepôts Michot - Bergense steenweg 77 site is impossible, but it can be useful to assess B 1600 St Pieters Leeuw - Belgium and quantify the benefits it provides. This Tel: +32 477 455 329 requires a careful approach to ensure economic E-mail: [email protected] 36 information is balanced by non-monetary values. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in the articles and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published by Publishing for Development Ltd., London, United Kingdom. ISSN: 1020-4202. Printed in Spain © UNESCO – Publishing for Development Ltd. 2016 WORLD HERITAGE No. 79 Close-Up 40

What to expect at the 2016 IUCN World Conservation Congress The IUCN 2016 Congress, on the theme Planet at the Crossroads, will take place in Hawaii from 1 to 10 September 2016.

Forum 46 53 Interview 48 Interview with Aroha Te Pareake Mead, Chair of the IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy.

Advisory Bodies 52 ICOMOS: World Heritage cultural landscapes – conservation and sustainability challenges. 55 Conventions 54 IUCN: at the forefront of the conservation movement; Message from biodiversity- related conventions: UN Sustainable Development Goals and the CBD Aichi Biodiversity Targets.

News 57 Preservation 58–67 Arab States tackle natural heritage protection and management; Impetus for World 62 63 Heritage in the Netherlands; Luang Prabang: model for the future; Heritage impact assessments discussed on sidelines of General Assembly; French Agency for Marine Protected Areas partners with World Heritage Marine Programme; Tunnel scheme at Stonehenge; Periodic Reporting Reflection Survey; Modern heritage in the Arab States; Pacific World Heritage adopts Draft Action Plan 2016–2020; Prince Albert II Foundation joins marine World Heritage; Responsibility to Protect; UNESCO at COP21; New policy on sustainable development; Nomination workshop in Ethiopia.

In Danger 68–71 Belize bans offshore oil exploration; Efforts to remove East Rennell from Danger 70 List; 900-year-old consecration of Timbuktu mausoleums; Mtskheta: technical assistance needs.

Outreach 72–77 #Unite4Heritage photo and story contest winner; First World Heritage Youth Forum in Asia urges action; New Patrimonito episode; Youth Volunteers in Palestine; 5th and 70th anniversary celebrations in Viet Nam; Swiss watch manufacturer Jaeger-LeCoultre: a driving force behind the World Heritage Marine Programme’s successes; Youths gather to protect marine biodiversity; The Case of the Lost World Heritage, 17th episode. 72 Download the World Heritage app Available for iPad, Android and Kindle In Print and Online 80 Fire tablets. With the app, not only can you read Calendar 81 exclusive articles written by experts on the ground, but see videos of the world’s most Subscription Form 83 spectacular sites. Download the World Heritage magazine app from Next Issue 85 iTunes, Amazon and Google Play.

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United Nations World Educational, Scientiﬁc and Heritage UNESCO Publishing Cultural Organization Convention In Focus Planet at the Crossroads Today defines tomorrow World Heritage as litmus test for action on agreements

Inger Andersen Director General International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex, with its high annual rainfall, acts as a critically important watershed for Thailand.

4 World Heritage No. 79 In Focus

World Heritage No. 79 5 In Focus Planet at the Crossroads

fter the historic agreements World Heritage: a unique as the benefits and life-supporting services on climate change and leadership role they provide, are too frequently jeopardized sustainable development The global recognition granted to natural by overexploitation of resources and achieved in 2015 at the World Heritage sites represents a clear unsustainable changes in landscapes. Paris Climate Conference opportunity for this Convention to take a We must change the dynamics for World (COP21) and the United Nations Sustainable leadership role in conservation practice. Heritage. Development Summit, few will deny that The exceptional places it protects should IUCN’s World Heritage Outlook – the first we are witnessing an extraordinary era. be models of excellence, showcasing global assessment of natural World Heritage More than ever, we need – shows that, whereas two- courage and vision so together thirds of natural sites are likely we can secure a future that to be well conserved over time, conserves nature while one-third face serious threats respecting people’s rights – such as invasive species, impacts and we cannot overlook the of tourism, poaching, dams and enormous potential of World logging. This cannot continue Heritage in furthering this – all sites with Outstanding Agoal. Universal Value deserve the very The planet is at a crossroads, best care. and the Paris Climate The IUCN World Heritage Agreement and the new Outlook also shows that climate 2030 Agenda for Sustainable change is already affecting Development show that thirty-five natural sites and we decision-makers are realizing predict it will become the most this. widespread threat to World Key decisions by the World Heritage sites in the future. As Heritage Committee in 2015 the World Heritage Committee are part of this unprecedented has recognized, this means we momentum, recognizing the must act on existing threats in rights of indigenous peoples order to increase the resilience and embracing the principle of sites most at risk. This implies of sustainable development. Threats to the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (Indonesia) putting Outstanding Universal To stay relevant in the face of include illegal logging, encroachment and poaching. Value first and investing effort global challenges, the World © Christian Haugen into effective management. Heritage Convention must In short, successful protection not only fulfil its crucial role World Heritage sites must lead with of World Heritage sites needs in safeguarding our most the best of equitable management and to be unquestionable if the precious sites, but go beyond sustainable development, showing Convention is to maintain its this to demonstrate and inspire the intimate links between culture credibility. excellence in conservation and nature, between respect for It is precisely the Convention’s practice. rights and nature conservation. credibility that IUCN members In a world affected by climate called into question at the change, excessive demands 2012 IUCN World Conservation for resources, disconnection Congress, and asked for it to from nature and growing conflict, World solutions to today’s complex challenges be strengthened. Recent years have seen Heritage sites must deliver results or risk and demonstrating the value of protected increasing concern regarding decisions losing their value. They must lead with areas as one of the best investments for undermining the technical advice provided the best of equitable management and the planet and for people. These sites have by the Advisory Bodies to the World sustainable development, showing the an extraordinary potential to demonstrate Heritage Committee, ICCROM, ICOMOS intimate links between culture and nature, the successes of conservation to a global and IUCN, in collaboration with the World between respect for rights and nature community that will increasingly expect Heritage Centre. How long can the World conservation. concrete results. Heritage List grow before it loses the special For World Heritage too is at a crossroads. And yet, despite their international status status that comes from exclusivity? How Its success or failure will be a litmus test and high visibility, natural World Heritage well can it represent our common heritage to determine whether we are meeting sites are subject to the same threats when an overwhelming majority of sites are the challenges identified in these global and pressures faced by protected areas from the wealthiest regions? A founding agreements. worldwide. Their exceptional values, as well principle of World Heritage is that only the

6 World Heritage No. 79 The intrepid adventurer Alexandra David Néel In Focus (1868–1969) was the first Western woman to enter Lhasa and record her impressions of the Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace.

According to the IUCN World Heritage Outlook, the overall level of threat on the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) is very high at present, but should begin to lower when efforts to lower impacts of visitors and address biosecurity, invasive species and ecosystem restoration will begin to take effect.

World Heritage No. 79 7 In Focus Planet at the Crossroads

The cultural and spiritual values of the Altai (Russian Federation) are much more than a heritage of the past or benefits offered by a natural environment, they are central to the lives of many of the local people today.

8 World Heritage No. 79 most deserving places, from all regions, is the recognition that rights are a central civilizations. The Russian Federation’s should be listed. issue, as well as gender. Golden Mountains of Altai, for example, To maintain credibility, a shift in focus The 229 sites currently listed as natural are home to one of the world’s oldest from quantity to quality must take place. World Heritage are not just superb living shamanistic traditions, which shapes This means that sites put forward for scenic areas; they support people and people’s relationships with each other nomination should be clearly identified economies by providing jobs and sources and with the landscapes they inhabit. In In Focus as gaps in the World Heritage List and of livelihoods. Two-thirds of these sites are Australia’s Kakadu National Park, World receive advice from the earliest stages essential water sources and about half help Heritage values recognize 65,000 years of on how to meet the standards of the to prevent natural disasters such as floods living Aboriginal culture that has sustained Convention. It also means that the the park’s globally important management of existing World landscape and wildlife. Heritage sites should be central to The interaction between culture the Convention’s focus. and nature underpins the whole of the World Heritage Convention. New foundations for a Conserving nature may seem an credible Convention obvious point in natural World The leadership potential of the Heritage sites; but it is also relevant World Heritage Convention will in cultural sites where traditional only be realized if we make the land use coexists with biodiversity conservation of these extraordinary and urban green spaces contribute places a global, joint responsibility to human health. Equally, in shared by States Parties, civil society, conserving nature, our work needs local communities and indigenous to embrace people’s needs, their peoples, and the private sector. cultures and their rights. In 2015, the formal recognition of Time and again World Heritage the rights of indigenous peoples, sites have pioneered conservation and in particular the importance practice, with inspiring success. of their free, prior and informed Last year, we saw a remarkable consent in the World Heritage achievement with the removal of nomination process, was included Colombia’s Los Katíos National Park in the Operational Guidelines for from the List of World Heritage the Implementation of the World Significant improvements in the management of Los in Danger. Such an example Heritage Convention – a point that Katíos National Park (Colombia) have allowed the site to demonstrates the effectiveness of IUCN has strongly advocated for be removed from the List of World Heritage in Danger. the Convention’s mechanisms in years. © Agencia Prensa Rural stimulating necessary action, when As noted in the Promise of there is political will to use them for Sydney – the outcome document of the and landslides. And many of them play a their intended purposes. 2014 IUCN World Parks Congress – civil crucial role in helping species to survive society and other non-state partners need the effects of climate change by providing Hawaii 2016: moving to be recognized as full actors in the way refuge or enabling dispersal into large, agreements into action the Convention works. Only through this interconnected landscapes. These values To harness this potential, we must now engagement will World Heritage achieve need to be recognized and protected. move 2015’s historic agreements into lasting conservation, and contribute fully For example, the total value of action. to society, to the realization of rights, to ecosystem services provided by Spain’s The 2016 IUCN World Conservation poverty eradication and to achieving the Doñana National Park is estimated at Congress (Hawaii, 1–10 September 2016) Sustainable Development Goals. €570 million annually. With its high annual will open the path to making the global A newly adopted policy that integrates a rainfall, Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest climate agreement and Sustainable sustainable development perspective into Complex is a vitally important watershed Development Goals reality. IUCN is in a World Heritage processes is also crucial, as for Thailand, feeding five of the country’s strong position to deliver a Congress that it ensures that the Convention has a lasting major rivers. will help to translate these commitments into positive impact on human well-being. This World Heritage sites reflect our action, as well as the new World Heritage policy sets the fundamental need for the relationship with nature, the inter- policies on sustainable development and protection of World Heritage in a wider connections between humanity and the indigenous rights. This will be the main social context. It offers the means for the environment. They are a part of who legacy of Hawaii. The cultural and spiritual values of the Altai (Russian Federation) are much more than a heritage of the past or benefits Convention to increase its relevance and we are, carrying a cultural and, often, IUCN has a duty to show the whole world offered by a natural environment, they are central to the lives of many of the local people today. address existing gaps. Particularly welcome spiritual dimension through ages and that nature is key to finding solutions to

World Heritage No. 79 9 In Focus Planet at the Crossroads

the fundamental challenges we face: that Over the years, some 1,200 IUCN IUCN went on to prepare the first draft for the ambitious promises made in 2015 resolutions and recommendations have of the World Heritage Convention, which to become reality, nature must be at the helped to shape global conservation served as the basis for discussions and heart of the answer. In performing this policy as well as action on the ground. was redrafted in 1972 in collaboration duty, IUCN speaks as the world’s largest The IUCN Congress has now grown to be with UNESCO. We can proudly say that conservation union, uniquely composed the world’s largest and most democratic this is now one of the world’s most widely of government and civil society member regular conservation event. And with the adopted conventions. organizations, and counting thousands of importance of nature securing unpre- As an international conservation leading scientists, specialists and global cedented recognition in 2015, it takes on a instrument endorsed by almost every leaders across continents and cultures. new level of global significance in 2016. country, the World Heritage Convention With our diverse membership and the IUCN’s landmark achievements include is in a privileged position to connect the depth our science and knowledge, we the World Heritage Convention. 2016 decisions of the international community speak for nature, and we must speak for marks fifty years since the phrase ‘World with conservation work on the ground. It the most vulnerable, for communities, and Heritage’ was first articulated at what was has the power to inspire action that the for their rights. The participation of people then known as IUCN’s General Assembly world can look up to.

Joint management of Kakadu National Park (Australia) involves a continuing process of defining and sharing responsibility for looking after the land and the ecosystem services and benefits it provides.

© NeilsPhotography of different backgrounds from around the – coincidentally by a member organization World Heritage is at a crossroads: the world lends credibility and weight to the from the United States, host of this year’s path we choose is a collective responsibility outcomes of the IUCN Congress. Congress. In an address entitled ‘New we all share. As a union of governmental Throughout its sixty-eight-year history, Perspectives on Conservation for the Years and non-governmental members, IUCN IUCN has brought the expertise and Ahead’, Joseph L. Fisher, then President is committed to harnessing the support influence of its members to bear on the of Resources for the Future (US non-profit needed to achieve excellence in World most pressing conservation issues, often research organization), spoke of Heritage conservation. The IUCN World ahead of their time and with results that ‘a Trust for the World Heritage that would Conservation Congress in Hawaii will steer the course of humanity’s relationship be responsible to the world community for provide the opportunity to take action with this planet for generations. The issue of the stimulation of international cooperative together. climate change, for example, was raised by efforts to identify, establish, develop, Fifty years after the idea of a World IUCN members in the 1960s, and in 1980, and manage the world’s superb natural Heritage Trust was born, an idea put into they pioneered discussion on ‘sustainable and scenic areas and historic sites for the action and supported by a tremendous sense development’, introducing the phrase into present and future benefit of the entire of collective commitment and responsibility, the conservation discourse years before it world citizenry. Here is another magnificent we cannot lower our expectations. became mainstream. opportunity for IUCN to lead the way.’

10 World Heritage No. 79 The total value of ecosystem services In Focus provided by Spain’s Doñana National Park is estimated at €570 million annually.

Doñana National Park supports important populations of threatened species and is the main wintering site for waterfowl in Spain. © Nacho Pintos

World Heritage No. 79 11 In Focus Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii Volcanoes National Park One hundred years of sustainability

Cynthia Orlando Superintendent

Kilauea volcano from Halemaumau crater. Hawaiians believe that Halemaumau is the home of Pelehonuamea (Pele for short), the Hawaiian goddess of volcanoes.

12 World Heritage No. 79 In Focus

World Heritage No. 79 13 In Focus Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

Ranger Dean Gallagher talks about the current eruptions from Kilauea volcano to a group of interested visitors at the Jaggar Museum observation deck. Nearly 2 million visitors a year come to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, which was inscribed as a World Heritage site in 1987, and is the most popular destination on Hawaii island. © NPS photo/J.Ferracane

awaii Volcanoes is truly one threatened, endangered and candidate partners than before. As protected area of the wonders of the world. species, ninety species of concern, rare managers, we must be ever more vigilant It is internationally significant species; and a host culture, an indigenous and look to opportunities to work with with the Biosphere Reserve people forever linked to this land. Here in partners to share the stewardship message. and World Heritage this whai kapu (sacred place) the drumbeat designations; it is nationally significant and chant remind us that the culture of Native Hawaiian values as one of the oldest national parks in the Hawaii is very much alive. When the state of Hawaii began to United States, established in 1916, and the develop its sustainable tourism plan we only one that continuously creates new land Connecting place and public (the National Park Service) were there – – wherever lava spills into the sea the island World Heritage sites face many issues, not helping to craft a core set of values and grows; and it is locally significant because only in the United States but internationally. create a common vision, encouraging all it is the home of the volcano goddess Pele, Tourism has put stress on ecosystems, organizations to incorporate them into and the heartbeat of Hawaiian culture. beaches, coral reefs, watersheds, forests their operating systems. These guiding The park is located in the state of Hawaii, and cultural and archaeological sites. principles included sustainability, quality, home to two World Heritage sites (the World Heritage designation alone does collaboration and accountability. other being Papahānaumokuākea), and not attract interest in the conservation of Additionally, the characteristics that on the island of Hawaii. Today visitors can the area, and at Hawaii Volcanoes we build make Hawaii unique as a place to live and a Hview two eruptions at two different sites support for the park by getting people into place to visit were also identified as Native and witness at both the thirty-three-year parks. Our goal is to connect the place to Hawaiian Values to be respected: continuous eruption of Kilauea volcano. our public in a way that they understand • lokahi (harmony) – the literal They are afforded a rare glimpse of a that our management and conservation translation of lokahi means agreement, mesmerizing volcanic landscape that tells is for their benefit, that we steward on unity, harmony or accord. The figurative the story of unique biological and cultural behalf of indigenous cultures, not in spite translation, however, refers to a group adaptations to that landscape. Some parts of them, and invite them to participate in a working together towards a common goal of the landscape are too hot for life – sustainable way. with that common goal having a positive plants, animals and us – but in other parts Like many other national parks, visitation benefit for all. life flourishes: the largest tropical rain forest has increased, visitor and resource protection • malama aina (nourishing the land) system in the US National Park Service; the has become more challenging, and visitor – the elders viewed themselves as stewards highest number of species at risk (fifty-six), use and enjoyment more reliant on our of the land and ocean which sustained all

14 World Heritage No. 79 In Focus

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park protects and preserves Hawaiian culture so closely tied to the landscape. These ancient petroglyphs were carved into lava rock by Native Hawaiians, and are found throughout the park. © NPS Photo/Jadelyn Moniz-Nakamura

The federally endangered Hawaiian goose walks on hardened black lava near the coast in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. called nene, this goose is the largest native animal in Hawaii, and the state bird. The nene population once dwindled down to just thirty birds, but conservation efforts have saved The endemic ohia tree usually has red lehua (blooms), but the occasional it from the brink of extinction. Nearly 2,500 thrive statewide today. rarer yellow lehua is seen in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. © NPS Photo/Janice Wei © NPS Photo/Michael Szoenyi

World Heritage No. 79 15 In Focus Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

Today visitors can view two eruptions at two different sites and witness at both the thirty-three-year continuous eruption of Kilauea volcano.

Amau fern in front of the Halemaumau crater eruption, Kilauea volcano. © Ourplace – The World Heritage Collection

16 World Heritage No. 79 In Focus

Keiki (children) of the hula troupe Hālau o Kekuhi, dancing in the park’s annual Hawaiian Cultural Festival. © NPS Photo/Jay Robinson life. It is critical that Hawaii’s fragile natural conserving the sites through responsible have developed a number of stewardship environment and resources are nurtured, tourism practices, while supporting local campaigns with the Friends of Hawaii protected and preserved to sustain future community initiatives, is also an important Volcanoes National Park Institute, which generations of residents and visitors. means of site conservation and sustainable has included programmes on cultural • ho’okipa (hospitality) – to properly development. awareness, along with the message that we host visitors, whether invited or unexpected, So what are we doing locally to protect protect the integrity of the park by leaving is an important value in Hawaiian culture. and preserve 70 million years of volcanism, everything in its rightful place, meaning Hawaiians take great pride in hosting, some 134,000 ha of protected area, the that coral belongs in the ocean, not on the welcoming or entertaining visitors. world’s largest and most active volcanoes, landscape as graffiti, and inappropriate • kuleana (responsibility) – all visitor over 14,000 archaeological sites, and the offerings are culturally offensive; sharing industry stakeholders have a role to play in sounds of this nature and this culture? the concept of Leave No Trace; and allowing the future well-being of Hawaii as a place to As organizations that are all invested Native Hawaiian practitioners their privacy live and a place to visit. in promoting and preserving Hawaii to conduct ceremonial practice as part • aloha (welcome) – alo – to face, to Volcanoes, we have committed heavily of their rich cultural heritage. All these join, to be one with – and ha – the breath to helping the tourism industry to define are ways in which visitors can help us to of life. what it can do to have a positive impact preserve this special place. on the park and local communities and to Integrating all of the partnerships is Partners in a dynamic strategy catalyse a collective commitment, share a dynamic strategy, like the park itself. When Hawaii’s visitor industry stake- best practices and identify ways in which Volcanoes, and the lava and ash that erupt holders signed on to achieve this vision for we can all work together. from the Earth, have their own language the state, the park had a seat at the table. Building a voluntourism programme and mesmerizing beauty, and Pele is As a unit of the US National Park Service has been a significant accomplishment volcanism in all its forms. The molten lava we have both an international and national of this partnership, actively incorporating represents her birth, the craters her home. responsibility to set the world standard for volunteer stewardship activities within the As Pele creates new land she shares the sustainability. Among others, our partners context of the travelling public and creating birth with us. Extending that stewardship to include UNESCO and the UN, sister volcanic citizen stewards. the world is a great gift from the Hawaiian parks in the Republic of Korea (Jeju), To additionally support our awareness people, and the threads that weave all of China (Wudalianchi) and France (Réunion). efforts for travellers, we have developed this together are the power of lokahi, or Together we have committed to promoting a flyer specifically about Hawaii’s first harmony; ho’okipa, or hospitality; and sustainable tourism around the world, to World Heritage site that complements the the aloha spirit of Pele, the breath of life educate travellers about the importance National Geographic brochure, 12 Things at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park World of protected areas and responsible To Know About Your World Heritage. Heritage site. visitation to these sites. Their role in In terms of World Heritage education, we

World Heritage No. 79 17 In Focus Papahānaumokuākea Papahānaumokuākea Where nature and culture are one

Athline Clark Superintendent Office of National Marine Sanctuaries National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Article submitted on behalf of the Monument Management Board, Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.

Milletseed butterfl yfi shes and snorkeler near surface in Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument (United States).

18 World Heritage No. 79 Papahānaumokuākea In Focus Where nature and culture are one

World Heritage No. 79 19 In Focus Papahānaumokuākea

The first two islands of Nihoa and Mokumanamana in Papahānaumokuākea are used to train new navigators in the Polynesian art of wayfinding and celestial navigation, passing on a tradition that was nearly lost. © Na’alehu Anthony

n 15 June 2016, Papa- Today there are sixteen large-scale marine The coral reefs of Papahānaumokuākea are hānaumokuākea Marine protected areas (as defined by the IUCN) among the most pristine on Earth. Large apex National Monument will around the globe, totalling over 8.8 million predators such as sharks, giant trevally and celebrate its 10th anniver- km2, around the size of Brazil. large groupers dominate the shallow reefs, sary since designation as indicating a thriving and intact ecosystem. a monument under the US Antiquities Act. A living seascape In explorations of the ‘coral reef twilight When Papahānaumokuākea was established, The Outstanding Universal Value of zone’ (reefs between 85 m and 100 m) using it became the first marine monument in the the site includes both a living cultural advanced diving technology, scientists return United States created expressly to protect seascape and a rich biological diversity in with species of marine life never before seen, both natural and cultural heritage. As such, it the ten islands and atolls of the monument. including coral reef fishes, sponges, and over was a bold new experiment in conservation. Papahānaumokuākea provides habitat, seventy species of algae that are completely On 30 July 2010, it was inscribed as the first resting and nesting grounds for millions new to science. On deep reefs between 85 m (and still only) mixed World Heritage site of seabirds and several thousand other and 100 m at Kure Atoll, the northernmost in the United States and the second World species, including the threatened Hawaiian of the Hawaiian islands, scientists have Heritage site in Hawaii. green sea turtle, the critically endangered discovered fish communities where 100 Encompassing 362,073 km2 of the Pacific Hawaiian monk seal and several species per cent of the residents are endemic to OOcean, Papahānaumokuākea remains one of rare and endemic (found nowhere else Hawaii. This is the highest level of endemism of the largest fully protected conservation in the world) plants and land birds. The recorded from any marine ecosystem on areas under the US flag, and one of the world’s largest populations of Bonin petrel, Earth. Mapping of the deeper regions of largest marine protected areas in the Laysan and black-footed albatrosses nest the monument has revealed twelve new world, vaster than Cuba, Greece and the here. The region is also a sacred place to seamounts and extensive submerged island United Arab Emirates combined. When Native Hawaiians, as evidenced by the many shelves. Scientists using remotely operated Papahānaumokuākea was first created, less ancestral sites on the islands of Nihoa and vehicles (ROVs) have encountered new than 1 per cent of the ocean was protected. Mokumanamana. species at depths up to 4,300 m.

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Rare fishes at a depth of 90 m at Kure Atoll in Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument.

This ghostlike octopod discovered by the NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer is almost certainly an undescribed species and may not The oldest known wild bird, Wisdom, at age 63 in 2014, incubates her egg on Midway belong to any described genus. The image was taken on a deep Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in Papahanaumokuakea. Wisdom hatched another chick at sea feature south of Mokumanamana at a depth of 4.3 km. age 65 two years later. Scientists still do not know how long Laysan albatrosses can live.

World Heritage No. 79 21 In Focus Papahānaumokuākea

Papahānaumokuākea provides habitat, resting and nesting grounds for millions of seabirds and several thousand other species.

A white tern eating a puffer fish in Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge within Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument. © Kiah Walker/USFWS

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A juvenile critically endangered Hawaiian monk seal watches a threatened green turtle hatchling find its way to the ocean. © Mark Sullivan/NOAA Hawaii Monk Seal Research Program

Collaborative management capacity and strength by combining the future for us all,’ states Dr Kamanaʻopono Papahānaumokuākea was also a bold best of what each agency has to offer,’ Crabbe, Chief Executive Officer for the experiment in conservation governance, adds Matt Brown, Pacific Marine National Office of Hawaiian Affairs. creating a co-trustee management Monuments Superintendent of Policy and The journey to reach the ten-year structure under which all associated Partners for the US Fish and Wildlife Service. anniversary of Papahānaumokuākea has agencies, both state and federal, were According to Maria Carnevale, State Co- navigated along a path of discovery of new tasked to work together to create seamless Manager, Papahānaumokuākea Marine habitats, geological features, new species marine and terrestrial management for the National Monument, ‘The co-management and new management challenges. It has region. At inception the management of structure of this remote, biologically also been a journey of rediscovery and this site merged the previous management diverse and culturally significant area is reconnection for Native Hawaiians. Soon functions of two federal agencies (the unique among protected areas worldwide, after designation, a group of Hawaiian National Oceanic and Atmospheric as it brings together national and local cultural practitioners were the first in Administration and the US Fish and Wildlife jurisdictional management through an several hundred years to return aboard a Service) with the State of Hawaii and in indigenous cultural lens, where nature traditional double-hulled sailing canoe collaboration with the Office of Hawaiian and culture are considered as one in all using wayfinding navigation techniques Affairs for a co-management regime. management actions.’ to spiritually reconnect their people and ‘As you can imagine, the experiment in ‘Because of our collaboration with the populated islands where they live collaborative conservation has not always federal, state and Native Hawaiian agencies, to this ancestral place. Access to the been easy, but it has matured, become the co-managers of Papahānaumokuākea monument has continued and grown since highly functional, and continues to break have all learned the invaluable lessons of that initial voyage. Managers’ efforts to new ground,’ says Athline Clark, current listening to the wisdom of kūpuna (elders), engage and involve Native Hawaiians, local Chair of the Monument Management respecting the experience of our ancestors, communities and their perspectives have Board. and pursuing the quest for additional helped to mainstream conservation beyond ‘By bringing all the various jurisdictions traditional knowledge that may be science, species and habitat and have been together as one monument, it builds rediscovered and can always be reapplied to recognized as a global model, where nature research and conservation management current management decisions for a better and culture are one.

World Heritage No. 79 23 Sponsored Statement Sponsored KAVANGO ZAMBEZI TRANSFRONTIER CONSERVATION AREA (KAZA TFCA):

KAZA TFCA, funded by KAZA Partner Countries, in partnership with Kredietanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) (The German Development Bank), is a conservation and development initiative of the Governments of Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe approved by the Southern African Development Community. The birth of the TFCA dates back to 2003 when the Tourism Ministers of the five countries agreed to establish a TFCA in the Okavango and Upper Zambezi river basins, aimed at transboundary natural resources conservation and tourism development. Hence, the rationale for establishment of the TFCA was to open up man-made barriers and facilitate the natural movement of flora and fauna through wildlife dispersal areas. The TFCA was formalized through the signing of a treaty by the Heads of States of the five countries in 2011.

The vision of the KAZA TFCA is: “To establish a world- class transfrontier conservation and tourism destination area in the Okavango and Zambezi river basins, supporting sustainable development in this region by 2030”.

Measuring over 444, 000 km2, the area is home to two World Heritage sites (Okavango Delta in Botswana and Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe). It comprises 36 proclaimed protected areas in the form of national parks; wildlife management areas/game management areas; forest reserves; conservancies and sits in the river basins of the iconic river systems of the Okavango River, the Chobe River, and the Zambezi River. The TFCA Elephants along the Chobe River. Photo: Pietro Sutera

Map of the Kavango Zambezi transfrontier Conservation Area THE WORLD’S LARGEST INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION AREA

Victoria Falls Zimbabwe. Photo: Pietro Sutera supports a variety of flora and fauna and is home to the Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbh; last remaining contiguous populations of African elephants, the Dutch Ministry Of Foreign Affairs; FUTOURIS; Peace estimated at 250,000, and nearly one quarter of the African Parks Foundation; World Wide Fund for Nature; World continent’s wild dog population. Bank; and Wildlife Conservation Society on a number of development initiatives in the KAZA. These partners have KAZA TFCA was set up taking into consideration its provided financial and technical support to the development environmental, tourism and socio-economic significance. and establishment of the TFCA. The continued support by The TFCA is endowed with multiple conservation and partners and collaborators for this initiative will contribute business opportunities with a great potential to contribute immensely to the realization of the vision of this noble to the socio-economic development of the communities conservation initiative for the benefit of the world over. living in and along the TFCA. Partner countries recognize inhabitants of the TFCA as major stakeholders and key players towards the attainment of the objectives of the CONTACTS: Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Areas-Secretariat: TFCA, therefore sustainable rural development and P. O. Box 821, Kasane, Botswana livelihood improvement through benefits derived from Tel: +267 625 1269. Fax: + 267 625 1400. Email: [email protected] natural resources and cultural resources, is one of the www.kavangozambezi.org envisaged outcomes of this initiative.

Successful conservation of this large TFCA, inevitably calls for collaboration with several stakeholders that share the same vision as KAZA partner countries. KAZA TFCA has therefore over the years formed alliances and worked implemented by with organizations such as: the African Wildlife Foundation; In Focus Vega Archipelago Sustainable tourism in the Vega Archipelago

Rita Johansen Managing Director, Vega World Heritage Foundation

The Vega Archipelago (Norway) consists of 6,500 islands, islets and skerries that together make up a cultural landscape of 107,210 ha, 6,930 ha of which are land.

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World Heritage No. 79 27 In Focus Vega Archipelago

egaøyan – The Vega Archipelago site was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2004 as Norway’s first cultural landscape. The archipelago is a shallow-water area just south of the Arctic Circle on the west coast of Norway - an open seascape and coastal landscape made up of a myriad of 6,500 islands, islets and skerries. A cluster of low, treeless islands centred on the more mountainous island of Vega is a testimony to the everyday life and labour of people who developed a distinctive and frugal way of life in an extremely exposed seascape. The cultural landscape covers 103,710 ha, only 6,930 ha of which is land. VFishermen and hunters have lived on the island of Vega for more than 11,000 years. As numerous new islands gradually rose from the sea, the characteristic landscape became shaped in interplay between fishermen-farmers and bountiful nature in an exposed area. The UNESCO nomination dossier emphasizes this sustainable way of life and the interaction between people and nature. The tending of eider ducks is a central part of a unique way of life. The people built shelters (‘houses’) and nests for the wild eiders, which came to the islands each spring. The birds were protected from any kind of disturbance throughout the breeding season. In return, the people could gather the valuable eider down Hiking is popular in the World Heritage site where there are different when the birds left their nests with their trails,xxx both along the shores and in the mountains. chicks. Afterwards, the islanders cleaned © Kaja Skjefstad the down and made exclusive eiderdowns and other products linked to the down and trails, arranging guided boat trips part of Norway that has been suffering tradition. around the site, hiking in the mountains, depopulation for several decades. The tradition remains alive today, albeit and hiring out kayaks and bicycles so Almost the entire site is privately owned to a smaller extent. But both on the internet that tourism can take place in a safe and and many people feel they are an integral and on the island itself you can order an controlled manner. There are also hands-on part of it and hence expect to be included in exclusive duvet from the World Heritage activities for children and young people. its work and decision-making. Furthermore, site. Price? 4,000–6,000 euros! And there other stakeholders who have a strong is a waiting list for the chance to buy one of Local initiative and ownership connection to the area also want to be the twenty to twenty-five duvets produced The nomination process started as a an active part of its management. Good each year. local initiative based on the report World communication between the management People no longer live all year round on Heritage List in the Nordic Countries, authorities, coordinating bodies and those the small islands of the archipelago. The which proposed these islands in northern with local interests at stake is therefore approximately 1,240 residents of the Norway as one of four Norwegian areas for important. After the Vega Archipelago borough of Vega live in the buffer zone consideration. received World Heritage status, the on the main island, gateway to the World The local community viewed World work has been characterized by close Heritage site. The majority of undertakings Heritage status as an opportunity to cooperation and active dialogue between concerned with tourism infrastructure, safeguard the unique traditions and values the local community and the management providing information and excursions take of the area as well as lead to new activities, authorities. Such dialogue also helps to place in this zone, as well as making paths jobs and more inhabitants in a remote engender awareness and understanding

28 World Heritage No. 79 In Focus

The Vega Archipelago is ideal for kayaking.

© Rita Johansen of why the area must be preserved for challenges associated with sustainable tour- Almost all of these visitors will stay in the posterity through sustainable development ism and safeguarding the universal values buffer zone. Only a few hundred visit the and tourism. It also promotes value creation. of the archipelago. A visitor management actual site in the archipelago in the course plan has now been developed and Vega of the summer. Vulnerable nature and tourism Municipality is working on the recertifica- The birdlife and natural environment in tion of the tourist destination, three years Sustainable economy the Vega Archipelago are in general vulner- after the first certification. The Vega Archipelago site is located able. The infertile landscape cannot tolerate The local community has collaborated far from the large concentrations of much trampling by visitors. The practice of with the regional and national authorities population in Norway. No one lives in the tending the eiders and the birdlife requires to develop a holistic strategy for tourism area throughout the year and there are no peaceful conditions in the breeding season. whose keywords are target development, scheduled sailings. It is difficult to make the The small local community is also vulner- orderly traffic and local value creation. small-scale tourism activities on the islands able to major changes. Together with the Nevertheless, it is important to increase the profitable. Vega Municipality has therefore national and regional authorities, it is striv- number of visitors. When the archipelago been cooperating with the Norwegian ing to ensure sustainable development in was listed in 2004, Vega had some 5,000 Directorate for Cultural Heritage and the World Heritage site based on its culture visitors each year. This figure has now risen regional authorities on the programme and nature. Management and action plans, to 35,000 and efforts are being made to Creating New Assets in the Cultural as well as an impact assessment for control- increase the number to about 50,000 to Heritage Sphere, which has restored much led traffic, have been drawn up to meet the make the tourist industry more profitable. of the built vernacular heritage and brought

World Heritage No. 79 29 In Focus Vega Archipelago

The Vega World Heritage Foundation is developing a communication strategy to create an understanding for World Heritage values in Vegaøyan, to contribute to broad local value creation and involvement, and to create meaningful experiences for guests. © Rita Johansen

The local community viewed World Heritage status as an opportunity to safeguard the unique traditions and values of the area as well as lead to new activities, jobs and more inhabitants in a remote part of Norway. Girl cleaning down. © Torhild Wika

Vega World Heritage Foundation’s unique information and interpretation project for children and young people gives them the chance to actively experience Vega’s natural and cultural heritage through assignments, competitions and reflection via a network of interactive trails. © Photo collage: Sven Prim

30 World Heritage No. 79 it into use in connection World Heritage in with tourism. An important Young Hands objective for the years ahead is Articles 4 and 27 of the World to establish new projects based Heritage Convention emphasize on the cultural heritage, in the duty of each State Party to cooperation with landowners ensure the identification, protection, In Focus and public authorities. conservation, presentation and Vega also participated in the transmission to future generations Nordic pilot project following of the cultural and natural heritage up the UNESCO Sustainable through educational and information Tourism Strategy and is now programmes. The UNESCO Special involved in a Nordic–Baltic Project, Young People’s Participation project on sustainable tourism, in World Heritage Preservation and again in collaboration with Promotion, gives young people a UNESCO. chance to voice their concerns and Vega is, moreover, one become involved in protecting their of four Norwegian pilot The wild eider ducks become half-domestic during the breeding season. natural and cultural heritage. destinations for sustainable © Arne Nevra In Vega, local and regional tourism, the development of schools play an active role in World which requires the informed participation is key to success in making it sustainable, Heritage work. The local school has a World of all relevant stakeholders. The strategy in economically, socially and culturally. Heritage plan, including several hands-on Vega has been to have a political debate and The Vega World Heritage Foundation projects. Pupils participate in the down to ensure wide participation and consensus- was established in 2005 by the city council tradition, assisting the bird tenders to building. The goal is to follow up strategies of Vega to promote the World Heritage construct shelters and nests for the eiders. and activities for sustainable tourism and area and coordinate local work related Others make hay on overgrown islands and preservation of the cultural heritage and to the implementation of the World experience how the biodiversity increases, nature through awareness, development Heritage Convention. The Foundation has or help to clear the rubbish that drifts ashore and enhancement of the historic heritage, a council composed of representatives of on the ocean currents. authentic culture, traditions and character national, regional and local governments, An important target area for the Vega of the community. and a cooperative board made up of World Heritage Foundation is a unique The strategy is also intended to help to representatives from local NGOs and information and interpretation project for improve social and economic values. An asssociations, all of which regard themselves children and young people, who are given effort is being made locally to develop as stakeholders in the local World Heritage the chance to experience Vega’s natural and new activities and provide accommodation activity. cultural heritage in new ways through active and food under the management of local We are now working very hard in participation using assignments, competitions owners and using local resources. collaboration with local people, NGOs, and reflection via a network of interactive universities, research institutions and trails. Three features are focused upon: a trail World Heritage interpretation tourism organizations to develop the on land, an underwater trail and an internet and education centre interpretive and innovative activities in the trail. To enrich the experience, these are linked In an extremely exposed seascape with World Heritage centre – a very interesting together into an entity which is tested as the no scheduled sailings and vulnerable nature process tackled with great enthusiasm and first location in a pilot project. For this project, and traditions, there is no easy access to engagement. At the workshops about professional experts have been working with the World Heritage site, therefore Vega thirty locals are cooperating to develop a reference group of children and young has given priority to developing different the communication strategy; education, people. The story has been created together ways of disseminating its values – including exhibitions, a menu proposing local with members of the target group, not just an interpretation and educational centre. foods for the centre, marketing and sales, focusing on them. To experience World And after many years of work, Vega is now cooperation with the local society, and of Heritage must be a right for everyone and not one of three Norwegian sites planning to course sustainable tourism. be limited by physical capacity or geographical build the first authorized World Heritage An important goal is the meaningful distance. Stories are meant for everyone! You centres. During late 2015 and early 2016 development of the interpretation and can find out more at www.verdensvega.no. the Vega World Heritage Foundation has activities in collaboration with stakeholders Together we hope that our holistic been developing a communication strategy in the area and with tourism organizations. work of management, information on World Heritage in the centre, the site, Another area of commitment is to develop and interpretation brings respect and the buffer zone, and at national and the centre as a ‘motor’ in World Heritage engagement in World Heritage values and international levels. Local involvement in the work and as an arena for broad local values makes a contribution to fulfilling the goals development and ownership of the centre creation. of the World Heritage Convention.

World Heritage No. 79 31 In Focus Economic valuation tools Valuing the invaluable Applying economic valuation tools to natural World Heritage sites

Elena Osipova Monitoring Officer IUCN World Heritage Programme

Lucy Wilson Programme Officer Ecosystem Assessment Programme, United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)

Ralph Blaney Environmental Economist Water Resources Centre (WRc)

The Pantanal Conservation Area (Brazil) is one of the world’s largest freshwater wetland ecosystems. Benefi ciaries of this ecosystem include tourists as well as local cattle farmers and fi shermen.

32 World Heritage No. 79 In Focus

World Heritage No. 79 33 In Focus Economic valuation tools

A study undertaken on Virunga National Park (Democratic Republic of the Congo) was largely a desk-based approach, with very limited collation of data in the field.

©MONUSCO/Abel Kavanagh

utstanding Universal Value, the wonderful places. The global recognition While a broad range of tools and methods concept lying at the heart of they are granted through the World Heritage should be applied in order to assess the full the World Heritage Convention, Convention means that the preservation of range of ecosystem services that natural cannot be measured or these values is our joint responsibility, for the World Heritage sites provide to local and quantified. The uniqueness benefit of present and future generations. global communities, and therefore contribute and global relevance of World Heritage to the goals of sustainable development, sites must be collectively preserved as Benefits to local communities economic valuation techniques can also invaluable treasures to humanity. In addition But beyond Outstanding Universal be used to highlight certain aspects of this to Outstanding Universal Value, these Value, natural World Heritage sites, like all complex matter. sites provide benefits locally and globally, protected areas, can provide significant A number of economic valuation studies therefore contributing to the achievement benefits to local communities such as jobs have been undertaken in natural World of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. and tourism-generated income, as well as Heritage sites, aiming to estimate these And of course, natural World Heritage sites provision of ecosystem services, such as benefits in monetary terms. Because of provide important ecosystem services. The water and food provision, coastal protection the high visibility that comes with World assessment, quantification and monetary and many more. Heritage status, many sites gain notoriety valuation of these benefits and services can Shortly before the adoption of the 2030 as tourism destinations almost instantly Obe used to support decision-making and site Agenda for Sustainable Development and when they are inscribed. While most of the management. its seventeen goals, the World Heritage economic valuation studies have focused on Natural World Heritage sites are the Committee at its 39th session in June 2015 the socio-economic benefits that tourism most precious natural areas on Earth, with endorsed the Draft Policy for the Integration brings, a number of studies have also Outstanding Universal Value including of a Sustainable Development Perspective attempted to address a range of different the scale of natural habitats, intactness of into the processes of the World Heritage ecosystem services and benefits that these ecological processes, viability of populations Convention, underlining that the ‘States sites provide, such as water provision and air of rare species and unique geological Parties should recognize and promote the quality regulation. features, as well as the aesthetic appeal properties’ inherent potential to contribute to Putting a figure on the value of natural which almost always accompanies these all dimensions of sustainable development’. World Heritage sites is both impossible and

34 World Heritage No. 79 In Focus

The World Heritage listing of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (Philippines) has helped the reef to become a famous tourist destination and a number of boat operators directly benefit from this. © Q Phia

It becomes clear that applying valuation techniques have been used to estimate the monetary to ecosystem services and socio-economic benefits values of the benefits provided by natural provided by natural World Heritage sites can support World Heritage sites. However it also conservation activities and site management. acknowledges a number of both technical challenges and ethical questions that need to be considered when undertaking monetary valuation at World Heritage inappropriate. The core concept of the World Is economic valuation sites. Heritage Convention is that some places are ethical? To date, only a few World Heritage so precious that they are of immeasurable It thus becomes clear that applying site-specific valuation studies have been value. Nevertheless, the quantification valuation techniques to ecosystem services undertaken and most of them were or monetary valuation of the ecosystem and socio-economic benefits provided focused on estimating the economic value services these sites provide can be useful. by natural World Heritage sites can of tourism. This is not surprising given On the one hand, it helps to demonstrate support conservation activities and site that tourism is one of the main economic the relevance of World Heritage sites to management. However, this requires a activities taking place in most World humanity as a whole and to the local careful approach to ensure such valuation Heritage sites. However, a number of communities whose livelihoods often tools can by no means be used to estimate studies have attempted to evaluate a set depend on the ecosystems contained the total value of any World Heritage site, of different ecosystem services provided within these areas. On the other hand, since this is by definition impossible. by a certain site. Assessing the benefits the assessment and economic valuation of The Benefits of Natural World Heritage provided by natural sites beyond tourism, ecosystem services can help to explain the report, prepared in 2014 by IUCN, in such as for example flood protection or exact ways in which local communities are collaboration with UNEP-WCMC, explores disaster risk reduction, is often a more benefiting from natural sites and therefore approaches to identify and assess difficult but important task, and IUCN’s inform management decisions, so that these ecosystem services and benefits provided Benefits report highlights various methods benefits can be sustained in an equitable by natural sites. The report demonstrates that can be applied to different ecosystem manner. that different economic valuation methods services.

World Heritage No. 79 35 In Focus Economic valuation tools

In the case of Škocjan Caves (Slovenia), the total value of ecosystem services (including its wider buffer zone) was estimated in 2011 at €12.85 million for that year.

The park is considered the main tourist attraction in the area and provides opportunities for sustainable development. © Vicente Villamón

36 World Heritage No. 79 Case studies The report includes a compilation of case studies on economic valuation of ecosystem services within natural World Heritage sites. Six detailed case studies demonstrate a number of different methods that have been In Focus used. Some of these methods estimate the value of a wide range of benefits, whereas others are based on selected benefits provided by natural World Heritage sites. In the case of Škocjan Caves (Slovenia), the total value of ecosystem services (including its wider buffer zone) was estimated in 2011 at €12.85 million for that year and at around €216 million over thirty years by consulting firm Actum, in the framework of the Protected Areas for a Living Planet – Dinaric Arc Eco-region Project. However, A study at Lagoons of New Caledonia (France) shows that coral reefs and associated ecosystems tourism accounts for almost 90 per cent of absorb wave energy and prevent or minimize damage due to fl ooding during cyclones. the total value estimated by the study and, This corresponds to an annual value of €7 million. © Dodd Lu since for many other ecosystem services it was not possible to determine an accurate monetary value, these figures should be for the park’s management and more than of the importance of a site among budget- considered as a low estimate. the required sum estimated for an expanded holders, or demonstrating the level of Another case study in Tubbataha Reefs conservation programme for the site. financial support a population is willing Natural Park (Philippines) discusses a These two case studies give examples to see government and donors commit method measuring the willingness to pay of different methods that can be used for to a World Heritage site. However, as of residents of three nearby cities towards valuing ecosystem services in monetary scope for using the economic information a conservation trust for the park. The terms. The choice of specific methodology obtained through such valuation is limited, study, undertaken in 2005 and 2007 by depends on the scope of the study, as it should be balanced by an assessment R. F. Subade, an associate professor at the well as the audience. A combination of and quantification of benefits provided by University of the Philippines, found that 41 different methods can also be used. For World Heritage sites in non-monetary ways, per cent of all respondents were willing example, methods based on market data particularly cultural and spiritual values. to financially support Tubbataha Reef’s can be applied to benefits associated with Using a balanced approach as well as a conservation, stating ‘non-use’ values as the tourism where a lot of recorded data exist, combination of different tools and methods main motivation – for example concern for such as entrance fees, visitor numbers, or can help to broaden our understanding future generations, knowing that the reefs accommodation costs. These methods of the importance of these sites, beyond are being preserved, and altruistic motives. can be complemented by non-market their unquestionable Outstanding Universal A small percentage of respondents also approaches, such as surveys, as in the case Value. It can also support management indicated that they would be motivated by of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park described and decision-making by providing both direct use, such as fishing or recreation. The above. monetary and non-monetary information aggregate willingness to pay was calculated on the full range of benefits provided in 2002 at 141–269 million Philippine pesos, Non-monetary benefits by natural World Heritage sites. This in or between US$3.2 million and US$6.1 Applying economic valuation tools turn will help World Heritage sites to fully million approximately if uprated to 2013 to World Heritage sites can be used for realize their potential in contributing to all values. This is over ten times the core costs specific purposes, such as raising awareness dimensions of sustainable development.

Sources Actum. 2011. Ecosystem Services Evaluation in the Škocjan Caves Regional Park. Rome, World Wide Fund for Nature. Osipova, E., Wilson, L., Blaney, R., Shi, Y., Fancourt, M., Strubel, M., Salvaterra, T., Brown, C. and Verschuuren, B. 2014. The Benefits of Natural World Heritage: Identifying and assessing ecosystem services and benefits provided by the world’s most iconic natural places. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN. Subade, R. F. 2005. Valuing Biodiversity Conservation in a World Heritage Site: Citizens’ Non-Use Values for Tubbataha Reefs National Marine Park, Philippines. Singapore, Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA). (Research Report No. 2005-RR4.) Subade, R. F. 2007. Mechanisms to capture economic values of marine biodiversity: the case of Tubbataha Reefs UNESCO World Heritage Site, Philippines. Marine Policy, Vol. 31, pp. 135–42.

World Heritage No. 79 37 SPONSORED STATEMENT SPONSORED

Historic City Of Ahmedabad, India

Ahmedabad, located at lati tude 23°00’, longitude 72°35’,, is a in this region as the planning adopted compact sett lements with busy city situated in the cott on-growing hinterland north of the Gulf narrow streets becoming venti lati on channels within the built of Cambay in India, about 100 km upstream of the mouth of the environment. The uniformity in the materials used for building Sabarmati river. This texti le city, the largest houses and their concepti on and adornment in of the State of Gujarat, has a veneer of was viewed as an eff ort to enrich the overall modernity, which has all but hidden the six environment and refl ect the people’s cultural centuries of eventf ul history it has experienced identi ty in an urban sett lement. and to which many magnifi cent mosques Ahmedabad’s Muslim Sultanate rulers and ornate medieval tombs bear testi mony. appreciated this local culture, and Well connected by road, rail and air to other wholeheartedly promoted the communiti es towns, the city is a curious mix of conservati ve behind it to enrich the city. In their eff orts traditi on and cosmopolitan trends. to build new insti tuti ons, they adopted The architecture of the historic walled the best of the indigenous Hindu-Jain city’s monuments from the Sultanate period traditi ons of architecture. The synthesis of of the fi ft eenth and sixteenth centuries, and these two cultures – Islamic and regional its community sett lements with temples and Hindu-Jain – along with scores of other mosques, exhibit a unique fusion of the multi - cultural communiti es, refl ects the combined cultural character of this historic sett lement expression of the Gujarat Sultanate in this part and this has bestowed the walled old city with a of the Indian subconti nent. priceless heritage. Its signifi cance is highlighted in the nominati on of Ahmedabad’s old city for Ahmedabad has passed through several inscripti on on the World Heritage List. stages of its growth, starti ng from a traditi onal merchant town situated on a trade route to A unique architecture becoming a wealthy industrial city.

Inside the historic old part of the city, the organizati on of houses, In terms of development of the sett lement, growth was contained the structure of streets and open places for community areas, and within individual units, which meant that the structure of the the allocati on of public faciliti es exhibit a refi ned sense of societal sett lement was seen as complete as far as the spati al limits were unity. It also expresses great sensiti vity towards climati c comforts concerned. Since all growth had to be on a verti cal scale, the extent of the settlement was not affected and this helped to retain the learning, and evolving development. It creates an emotional cohesiveness and proximity between parts of the old city. connect, and generates historic pride in addition to providing use Because of this, the pol (residential main streets) were normally value. Its conservation is an important safeguard in ensuring the between one and two kilometres in length continuation of local traditions, including and in the smallest communities, only about the preservation of building practices and of twenty or thirty metres. indigenous skills and craft involving building materials like stone and wood. In this sense, In most instances, houses shared common and with full relevance to Ahmedabad, the walls, which gave a unified and distinct philosophy and practice of conservation and compact structure to a whole block. The the development evolving from the cultural facade became an important addition to the context, support communities in general and house, its design being characterised by the become a resource for their economic and use of timber in its construction, which made social development. it lighter, ornate and exquisite. Ahmedabad’s heritage, which needs to Culture reflected in the be preserved and safeguarded, is of great physical environment national and international importance in so far as it embodies traditions in the Ahmedabad is a good example of how construction of its religious buildings and in lifestyles and living patterns govern a the wooden architecture of its houses, which settlement’s physical environment. Human is an inspiration for all of humanity. activities follow patterns, which become the format for town planning and organizing the physical environment. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Thus, the culture of a society is governed by human relationships Sardar Patel Bhavan Dana Pith and the settlement patterns reflect this. This is the ‘use value’ Ahmedabad 380001 Gujarat, India of the historic heritage of the old city. Cultural heritage is an www.ahmedabadcity.gov.in important architectural resource behind a city’s identity, historic Close-Up 2016 IUCN World Conservation Congress What to expect at the 2016 IUCN World Conservation Congress

The last IUCN World Conservation Congress took place in Jeju (Republic of Korea) in 2012.

40 World Heritage No. 79 Close-Up

World Heritage No. 79 41 Close-Up 2016 IUCN World Conservation Congress

he International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) convenes the World Conservation Congress every four years in different parts of the world. The 2016 Congress, on the theme Planet at the Crossroads, will take place in Hawaii from 1 to 10 September. It has two components: the Forum – a hub of public debate – and the Members’ Assembly, IUCN’s highest decision-making body. With over 1,000 events in four days, the Forum is an open platform to showcase developments in conservation. It covers the latest scientific, political and social aspects of environmental issues across the spectrum, from wildlife and protected areas to environmental economics, climate change and human rights. The Forum informs the Members’ Assembly, where IUCN’s more than 1,300 government and civil society Member organizations spend the final four days of the event debating and deciding a course of action for the most pressing and often controversial Tglobal conservation issues. With the broad diversity and far- reaching influence of IUCN’s membership, the decisions taken at the Congress define not only IUCN’s work plan for the subsequent four years but also the global conservation agenda. Congress participants will be able to navigate the many Forum events through thematic ‘Journeys’. Below are descriptions of confirmed events that are part of the World Heritage Journey, as well as a list of additional events for the Nature–Culture Journey. To see the full programme and motions to be discussed, visit www. iucn.org/congress. The 2012 Members’ Assembly. © IUCN World Heritage Journey the scene for an interactive discussion on new ways of building A brighter outlook for World Heritage partnerships around World Heritage sites and other protected areas. This event will set the stage for the World Heritage journey at the Congress. It will report on the implementation of the 2012 Scaling up partnerships on rights-based and equitable World IUCN Resolution on Strengthening the World Heritage Convention, Heritage conservation including IUCN’s World Heritage Outlook, the first global assessment This event aims to build partnerships and scale up efforts to of natural World Heritage launched in 2014, and the commitments mainstream rights concerns into World Heritage conservation, made at the 2014 IUCN World Parks Congress. The event will be leading to effective and equitable governance of World Heritage convened jointly by all the Convention’s Advisory Bodies (ICCROM, and better conservation outcomes. It will report on the progress of ICOMOS and IUCN), and UNESCO. It will focus on the need for the implementation of IUCN’s 2012 Resolution 047 on implementing securing a good conservation outlook for all natural World the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the World Heritage sites; policy and procedures to assure the rights of people Heritage Convention. There is an immediate need and opportunity are respected within the Convention, and that it can effectively to develop and adopt conservation policy and good practice that contribute to sustainable development; leadership on recognizing effectively address longstanding issues on engagement and rights the inseparable connections between nature and culture; cultivating of communities and indigenous peoples. Global policy frameworks a leading edge in quality standards and innovation that can deliver are increasingly responsive to these concerns. On the other hand, results and have wider application across IUCN’s programme. the challenges on the ground are complex, and the situation at some World Heritage sites remains contentious. Mobilizing IUCN to strengthen the World Heritage Convention and improve the conservation outlook of natural sites Heritage Heroes Award Aimed at all delegates interested or involved in the World Heritage Beyond conservation science, World Heritage is driven by human Convention, and in protected area conservation and management in motivations such as pride, passion, and a sense of belonging. The general, this session will explore the ways in which the IUCN World Heritage Heroes Award is designed as a communications campaign Heritage Outlook is being used to build partnerships for improving to tell the stories of individuals who devotedly take action to the conservation outlook of the world’s most iconic natural places. It protect a site against imminent threats. Around the world, a few will demonstrate the leadership that the World Heritage Convention brave people relentlessly invest efforts to make a difference in the can play in setting new standards for protected area management way natural World Heritage sites are conserved, sometimes despite and developing new approaches to their conservation. This will set life-threatening situations. The Heritage Heroes Award aims to

42 World Heritage No. 79 designations bring to natural areas, and discuss solutions towards an integrated management of such sites. Guidance on harmonizing the management of overlapping Internationally Designated Areas, jointly developed by IUCN, Ramsar and UNESCO, will be launched.

Using the Statement of Outstanding Universal Value as a Close-Up tool for integrated management of a World Heritage site When a site is inscribed on the World Heritage List, a Statement of Outstanding Universal Value (SOUV) is adopted, providing a description of the site, its conditions of integrity and authenticity, and requirements for protection and management. This should function as a reference for management, monitoring and environmental impact assessments, yet it remains underused and often poorly understood. This event aims to improve understanding of SOUV and introduce a methodology for breaking up the Statement into its components to help to inform integrated site management, targeted monitoring programmes, impact assessment, and state of conservation reporting. A further objective is to convene a working group to develop a set of guidelines after the Congress.

The World Heritage Upstream Processes and beyond Promoting creative approaches to strengthen the implementation of the World Heritage Convention: IUCN has accumulated valuable experience in the World Heritage Upstream Process aimed at improving the nomination process and reducing the number of The 2012 Members’ Assembly. properties that encounter difficulties during nomination. The workshop will provide insights into upstream dialogue between the recognize these outstanding efforts. This event is both a celebration Advisory Bodies and States Parties, including a pilot project on a of the places and people that inspire us, and a wake-up call to the mixed nomination that requires close coordination between IUCN reality of threats on the ground. and ICOMOS. The workshop will comprise a presentation of case studies, reviewing first-hand experience from different regions, The Congress How-to Guide to World Heritage followed by a discussion on the state and future of upstream How to support conservation of culture and nature in World dialogue. The major outcomes of the session include a set of Heritage nomination and monitoring processes? This event will recommendations on how to improve the Upstream Process. give access to the support of UNESCO and IUCN, as the World Heritage Convention’s Advisory Body on nature, as well as ICCROM Authenticity as part of the Outstanding Universal Value for and ICOMOS, the Advisory Bodies on culture. Representatives of natural World Heritage properties previous successful nominations will also share their experiences. Before 2005, cultural sites nominated for the World Heritage The focus will be to build capacity on how to use the Convention List needed to meet the test of authenticity, while natural sites to support conservation. Topics include what makes a successful needed to fill the condition of integrity. In 2005, the World Heritage nomination and what are the alternatives; how to get advice from Committee decided to unite both these criteria. It was recognized the Convention’s ‘Upstream Process’ to provide early support to that the concepts underpinning integrity could be useful to nominations; how the monitoring process works; how to make cultural heritage, and the Operational Guidelines were changed nature–culture connections; how to engage directly with the accordingly. On the natural heritage side, however, there has been Convention and get your voice heard. no corresponding attempt to develop the concept of authenticity. The aim of this session is to discuss the feasibility of developing the Harmonizing the management of sites with multiple authenticity concept further for natural heritage. international designations Many natural areas listed under the Ramsar and World Heritage World Heritage and remote sensing Conventions, the World Network of Biosphere Reserves and the Natural World Heritage faces chronic and complex threats in Global Geoparks Network overlap. While the accumulation of many places. Responses to address such issues are often slow due different recognitions can benefit these areas by enhancing their to the lack of information and monitoring needs an overhaul to be prestige and fundraising opportunities, a number of challenges more proactive. As an emerging and maturing technology, remote tend to occur, such as resistance of local communities or an sensing presents a very powerful, timely and cost-effective way to overload of reporting. In this event, panellists and participants achieve a greater understanding of World Heritage and potentially will voice their views on the benefits and challenges that multiple provide innovative solutions.

World Heritage No. 79 43 Close-Up 2016 IUCN World Conservation Congress

The IUCN Congress includes one excursion day for delegates. © IUCN

This event will bring together technical expertise and experiences participation. It is about addressing a core component of heritage across a wide spectrum of partners, providing a unique opportunity management – the relationship of people to their heritage. Topics for participants to tell stories, exchange ideas and engage such as traditional knowledge systems and benefits to communities collaborations in the context of World Heritage and remote sensing. will be explored, with attention also given to gender and youth.

Passing on the World Heritage baton from one generation Cultural and spiritual significance of nature in the to the next management and governance of protected areas and World At the centre of the World Heritage Convention lies the idea Heritage sites that some places are so valuable to humanity, it is our collective Building on a project initiated at the 2014 World Parks Congress, responsibility to protect and pass them on to future generations. This this workshop seeks to effectively incorporate the cultural and event will explore various perspectives on the notion of heritage. An spiritual significance of nature in the management and governance intergenerational conversation will bring seasoned World Heritage of all kinds of protected and conserved areas. Taking a broad, conservationists together with young professionals and people for inclusive approach, we consider what nature and natural features, whom nature is an abstract concept. A moderated panel will share as well as wider land and seascapes, mean spiritually, culturally their stories and experiences, exchanging generational viewpoints and aesthetically to people of different cultures and societies, both in an attempt to define what it means to pass the heritage baton traditional and modern. The workshop will strengthen and extend across the generations. an existing network of practitioners and professionals interested in this approach, bringing together protected area managers with People-centred approaches to conservation of natural and representatives of indigenous traditions, mainstream religions and cultural heritage the general public. Engaging communities is at the heart of a people-centred approach to conservation. Debate on this issue has been taking World Heritage, wilderness and large landscapes place for some time in both the cultural and natural heritage This session promotes an approach to the World Heritage sectors, however involving and empowering all community Convention focused on wilderness and large landscapes. Launching members is still a challenge in many sites. While there is no simple new IUCN guidelines, it will introduce a methodology for designing recipe, many examples can be explored to understand the range of World Heritage Wilderness Complexes. Climate change and possible approaches and inspire adaptive management systems. A fragmentation threaten many World Heritage sites; expanding people-centred approach is not simply a suggestion for increasing these sites and connecting them to other World Heritage sites and

44 World Heritage No. 79 protected areas is crucial. Ensuring that the World Heritage List Convention should ensure respect for the rights of indigenous has better coverage of the planet’s remaining wilderness areas is peoples. This event aims to explore ways to achieve consensus on also key. The indissoluble links between nature and culture in these recognizing the indigenous value while protecting the scientific landscapes must also be recognized, along with the stewardship value of astronomical sites. of indigenous peoples and traditional communities who have

maintained these areas intact. Large-scale landscapes: governance, rights and conservation Close-Up of African World Heritage sites The benefits of natural World Heritage – how to assess eco- The World Heritage Convention recognizes the importance of system services provided by nature’s iconic sites ‘Community’ as part of the equation for sustainable conservation Natural World Heritage sites not only have exceptional values, and addressing culture and livelihoods. IUCN has worked with they also provide benefits that contribute to economies, climate UNESCO’s World Heritage Centre and cultural Advisory Bodies stability and human well-being. Building on the results of the 2014 ICCROM and ICOMOS to elaborate a ‘rights-based approach’ to IUCN study on the benefits of natural World Heritage, this workshop nomination, inscription and post-inscription. Involving indigenous will explore how ecosystem services can be assessed and integrated peoples, and tools such as participatory GIS, in the conceptualization into decision-making to ensure better involvement of communities, of the site will contribute to long-term conservation goals and equitable governance and benefits sharing, while improving the address issues of rights and poverty. This event will contribute to conservation of Outstanding Universal Value. Case studies will be harmonizing World Heritage with international norms, proposing presented and participants will be invited in small group discussions an integrated approach to large-scale landscape conservation, facilitated by specialists in ecosystem services. The outcomes of the management and governance. African case studies include Air and session will help to inform the second phase of the benefits and Ténéré Natural Reserves (Niger), Okavango Delta (Botswana) and ecosystem services project. Sangha Trinational (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo).

World Heritage and astronomy: modern and traditional World Heritage speed networking interpretations illustrated through the case of Hawaiian Great ideas sometimes get off the ground simply by talking to the observatories right people. Bringing together people who share an interest in World Across generations and cultures, communities have interpreted Heritage conservation, this speed networking session will create the the night sky in different ways. Ancient cosmologies live on through right conditions to accelerate contacts and discover common areas of indigenous peoples, whereas the modern take on astronomy is interest in a short space of time. This can act as a basis for developing anchored in science. Both interpretations are valuable to humanity. ongoing relationships, with a view to exploring avenues for projects, Hawaii’s volcanoes are among the world’s best sites for astronomical generating commitments and catalysing action in support of World observation, but are also sacred places for Native Hawaiians. New Heritage. By connecting with people from different backgrounds observatory projects are now bringing unresolved issues to the fore. and various levels of involvement in World Heritage, participants can Given its focus both on culture and nature, the World Heritage access new audiences and bring a strategic edge to their work.

Nature–Culture Journey IUCN and ICOMOS (supported by US/ICOMOS) are partnering on a joint Nature-Culture Journey at the 2016 IUCN World Conservation Congress. The Journey will consist of a dedicated track of programming at the Congress Forum focusing on connecting natural and cultural heritage practice. Experience demonstrates that in many landscapes, natural and cultural heritage are inextricably bound together and that conservation of these places depends upon better integration. Natural and cultural heritage experts face similar conservation challenges for places with complex biocultural systems and each brings a body of complementary knowledge and capacities. The Nature-Culture Journey will bring together these experts to explore these synergies to advance good practice. The Nature-Culture Journey features over twenty-five sessions planned by IUCN & ICOMOS constituencies, ICCROM, the UNESCO World Heritage Centre and many others, on a range of themes such as: • Implementing the new UN Sustainable Development Goals • Indigenous voices on nature-culture • Integrating social & cultural dimensions into large-scale ocean conservation • The ‘nature’ and ‘culture’ of food cultivation in land and seascapes • How to form new partnerships across natural and cultural heritage • People-centred approaches to conserving natural & cultural heritage • Governance issues & the natural-cultural heritage distinction • Cultural and spiritual significance of nature in protected area management • Historic urban landscapes: integrating culture and nature in urban conservation • Cultural tourism management planning to sustain biodiversity and communities • Lessons from ancestors about adapting to climate change

World Heritage No. 79 45

Forum Forum The resilient land management system of the Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces in China demonstrates extraordinary harmony between people and their environment, both visually and ecologically, based on exceptional and long-standing social and religious structures. Local authorities are interested in developing ecotourism opportunities, utilizing the obvious aesthetic appeal and cultural interest of the terraced landscape for visitors to the region, but there are challenges in developing and implementing culturally appropriate and sustainable strategies that will sustain the distinctive cultural and land-use systems of Hani communities.

See page 53 Interview Page 48

Advisory Bodies Page 52

Conventions Page 54

The Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces (China) was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2013.

World Heritage No. 79 47 Forum Interview

Interview with Aroha Te Pareake Mead, IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy

Aroha Te Pareake Mead is from the Ngati Awa and Ngati Porou Maori tribes of Aotearoa/New Zealand. She is a researcher and scholar best known for her work on indigenous cultural and intellectual property and environmental issues, and brings significant expertise and experience to the role of Chair of the IUCN © Aroha Mead Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (CEESP).

World Heritage: values and conserves nature. This in itself is a contribution because The World Heritage Convention is the only international it reinforces the message of the right thing to do, and there is a lot legal instrument that explicitly links humans and nature. of support. But in a more substantial, technical way, the Congress In your eyes, why it is important to consider culture and can certainly progress the World Heritage Convention through nature together? resolutions – the mechanism with which IUCN members influence its programme, through workshops, and through the experts Aroha Mead (AM): Because many of the areas that have been who come to speak and share experience of this area of work. considered, or have already been included on the World Heritage So I see the Congress as important in the overall implementation List, have been able to be preserved because of their link with of the Convention. It is one contribution, but because it comes culture. Culture does not exist by itself; it is a body of knowledge from governments as well as NGOs, and indigenous and local and practices of the peoples, of the communities who are living communities, it is a particularly powerful contribution. there and who are taking care of the spaces, whether buildings or natural areas. They are keeping the traditions alive but also taking care of the environment. . The IUCN Congress is one contribution to the implementation of the WH: Is the CEESP involved in IUCN’s advisory role under Convention, but because it comes from the World Heritage Convention? And if so, what kind of governments as well as NGOs, and expertise does it bring? indigenous and local communities, it is a particularly powerful contribution. AM: Within the CEESP we have a dedicated team of experts from all around the world who assist in the technical reviews of any of the nominations, but also reviews of the conservation of a World Heritage site. This is actually one of the more exciting aspects of WH: Where are the opportunities for engaging indigenous the commission’s work, where a lot of people are very eager to peoples’ cultures in the way World Heritage sites are participate because they believe strongly in keeping the integrity managed, particularly natural sites? of World Heritage sites that have these dual natural and cultural components. AM: It would be fair to say that this area needs more dedicated time and focus. Site management is one of the weak links of the WH: In your opinion, can the IUCN World Conservation implementation of the World Heritage Convention at this stage, Congress influence the way in which the World Heritage and a number of reports authored by indigenous representatives Convention is implemented, or World Heritage processes in as well as by NGOs have pointed out some gaps in outreach to the future? indigenous and local communities to assist in the management of their own areas. So, it is certainly a priority for CEESP to try to get AM: I will respond to that in two ways. In general, one of the most some traction to work with indigenous and local communities. powerful achievements of the Congress is that it brings together But this requires the Convention itself and the World Heritage this critical mass of people from all over the world, in their Committee to open up their processes more, to provide stronger thousands, and shows the absolute commitment and dedication of guidelines for implementation at the national and site levels, a number of people in many organizations and many governments stressing that this is an important value that should not be seen as who are committed to the same vision as IUCN: a just world that optional – it should be seen as best practice.

48 World Heritage No. 79 WH: How do you see IUCN’s role as an organization in promoted through all thematic areas of work within IUCN, and ensuring indigenous peoples’ rights are better respected, through its six expert commissions. The opportunity is there for and nature conservation in general? indigenous peoples and local communities to become directly involved on a day-to-day basis in the work of the commissions and AM: IUCN has gone a long way in the last decade towards to make contributions to IUCN policy.

promoting the realization of indigenous rights in conservation We also have an initiative called the Whakatane Mechanism, Interview policy, and we have done that through quite specific actions which is a specific conflict resolution mechanism to assist in those as well as through dialogue. In specific ways, we have been spaces where there is conflict between indigenous peoples and able to use the IUCN policy process to put in place indigenous others, which might be government but could be NGOs as well; community-conserved areas, which is a great innovation. IUCN and we use the convening role of IUCN to bring all the parties members have adopted resolutions on the implementation of together in a neutral and facilitated space to work through some the 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of these issues. This has proved to be really effective for indigenous (UNDRIP). We have been asking IUCN members to implement peoples because they often cannot access park managers or the Declaration, but there is also a programme within IUCN to government agencies responsible for policy, and having this see how we are implementing it ourselves. We have developed external independent mechanism is very successful. So I think we a rights-based approach to conservation which has been widely have a lot to do, and we can always do more.

The Amazonian region of Manu National Park (Peru) is also the ancestral territory of at least five different indigenous peoples, for whom its rivers and forests are not only a haven for biodiversity but also their home. © Funkz SPONSORED STATEMENT SPONSORED Talayotic Menorca

Menorca (Spain), the most distant back to 1600 BC: these are habitati on or naviform Mediterranean island from conti nental chambers. The human communiti es that built coastlines, extends over just 700 km2. Yet its these constructi ons were small, with a simple small size is host to amazing archaeological social organizati on and economy based on wealth: more than 1,500 archaeological sites, agriculture and catt le farming, yet their members 1,200 of them dati ng back to the prehistoric age. managed to pool eff orts in order to build dwellings whose walls have remained standing Prehistory of the island is not parti cularly to this day. long either, because early humans colonized it a litt le over 4,000 years ago, yet the two millennia All this shows that a litt le before 1000 BC that have elapsed since establishment of the major changes were to take place in the heart of fi rst colonies and the Roman conquest allowed the island’s society. In earlier-stage villages no a culture to develop with characteristi cs that buildings were more monumental than others, are unique in the world. Use of stone to erect neither have any signs been found of diff erences monumental constructi ons was to be one of the in the social status of their inhabitants. Yet at this constants during Menorca’s prehistory. Isolati on ti me, a new type of constructi on appeared, the would allow diff erent constructi ons to develop, talayot, which would lend its name to the most such as burial chambers or taulas, which are signifi cant stage of Menorcan prehistory: the found nowhere else in the world. Talayoti c period.

Among other know-how the fi rst inhabitants Talayots are large cone-shaped towers, built brought to the island, from their place of using cyclopean masonry techniques. Yet, contrary origin on conti nental coasts, was the idea of to what might be assumed at fi rst sight, their role building tombs using large stones. At the ti me, was not primarily defensive: in many cases, their megalithism was standard practi ce across a large part of Europe and North locati on and inclinati on of their outer walls would make them somewhat Africa. The fi rst Menorcans built megalithic sepulchres in this way at several impracti cal for this purpose. It is known that they were not dwellings nor locati ons on the island. burial monuments either. So, what was the purpose of these impressive stone megaliths, some of them over 10 m tall and 25 m wide? It is possible Yet as opposed to what took place in conti nental areas, where megalithism that talayots were a symbol of power and cohesion of the communiti es that disappeared during the following centuries, this constructi on technique built them; a challenge aimed at neighbouring communiti es. Built to be survived and was perfected in Menorca. Burial chambers, exclusive to the visible from afar they are, even today, one of the most characteristi c features island and in use approximately since 1300 BC, are an evolved version of of the Menorcan landscape. Numerous talayots can be visited, though the megalithic sepulchres. The most famous, though not the only one, is Es most impressive are perhaps Cornia Nou or Torelló. Tudons. The burial grounds during the Talayoti c period is also extraordinarily Constructi ons made from large stones are not restricted to the burial complex. While in the early stages, natural caves were used, over ti me grounds. Early evidence of dwellings built using cyclopean masonry date genuine necropoli were carved out of the rocky walls of some coves and Talayotic Menorca

ravines, such as Calascoves o Cala Morell. The that there are currently six archaeological deceased, collecti vely placed inside the openings, projects under-way on the island. This density were buried with weapons, utensils and personal of research is producing very valuable data to ornaments, doubtless relati ng to the belief in the allow an understanding of the unique character aft erlife. of Talayoti c culture. In parallel, there has been signifi cant work on raising awareness and It seems that from 500 BC some of the educati on, aimed at Menorcans and visitors, on most characteristi c buildings of the Talayoti c the importance of the island’s prehistoric legacy. culture were in use: the taula enclosures. These constructi ons, doubtless with a religious purpose, The proposal for inclusion on the World are characterized by a central T-shaped feature, Heritage List in 2017 is a challenge and something the taula itself, formed by two large stone slabs. to be proud of, but it is also a responsibility In the villages of Torelló and Trepucó, the taula is shared by all Menorcans, who are willing to over 5 m tall! The dwellings at this ti me, almost conserve their archaeological heritage for future as impressive as the religious buildings, were also generati ons. built using huge blocks of stone.

This enti re world was to change rapidly from 123 BC with the Roman conquest. The new Dirección Insular de Cultura i Patrimoni arrivals were to impose their customs, building Departament de Cultura i Educació techniques and social organizati on: it was to spell Plaça Biosfera, 5 - 07703 Maó (Spain) the ulti mate demise of the Talayoti c culture. But www.cime.es not of its constructi ons, which conti nued to defy the passage of ti me and now allow us to connect with the people who built them. Perhaps for the Talayoti c people, who were so concerned with transcendence beyond death, the knowledge that we conti nue to admire their works would be a source of pride.

The Consell Insular de Menorca (Island Council), which is the agency responsible for protecti on and conservati on of the island’s historic heritage, has nominated Talayoti c Culture of Minorca for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In this nominati on, thirty-two of the most representati ve sites of the island’s prehistory have been chosen, most of them open to the public.

In recent decades, the Island Council has supported archaeological www.biosferamenorca.org digs, as well as restorati on and consolidati on work on structures, meaning Forum Advisory Bodies

World Heritage cultural landscapes – conservation and sustainability challenges

Kristal Buckley, Deakin University Australia, Former Vice-President, International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), www.icomos.org

ncreasingly, World Heritage processes recognize the inseparable relationships between nature conservation and cultural practices, particularly in the face of the challenges of climate change, interrelated losses of cultural and biological diversity, water scarcity, food security and extreme natural events. The 2016 World Conservation Congress, Planet at the Crossroads, to be hosted in the Pacific region, reflects more than ever Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of before the importance of ‘connected-up’ the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy: Pura Ulun Danu Batur (Indonesia). thinking and approaches that work with © Mecheke Mora nature and culture, recognizing that the Outstanding Universal Value of World languages, food production and land/ The following examples demonstrate IHeritage areas and landscapes is embedded water management. Despite more than the importance of local community in local traditions, ecosystems and cultural twenty years of work on World Heritage stewardship, and some of the ways in processes. cultural landscapes, these are still perceived which cultural landscapes are driving new as a ‘gap’ in many respects, leading the approaches to heritage management. The Changing conservation practices ICOMOS/IFLA International Scientific Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the World Heritage cultural landscapes – Committee on Cultural Landscape to initiate Subak System as a Manifestation of the particularly those in complex and organically new work on the identification and valuing Tri Hita Karana Philosophy (Indonesia) was evolving urban and rural settings – stand of world rural landscapes. At the same inscribed on the World Heritage List in at the forefront of changing conservation time, studies by the International Union for 2012. The cooperative subak system has practices. This category of World Heritage Conservation of Nature (IUCN) have found for centuries operated throughout central property was introduced in 1992, with a high degree of overlap between World Bali to allocate scarce water resources the aim of improving the inclusiveness Heritage cultural landscapes and IUCN’s to terraced rice fields, supporting high of the World Heritage List by overcoming protected area management categories, population densities. The interconnected the divide between ‘nature’ and ‘culture’ particularly Category V (Protected fields, terraces, temples, canals and weirs and between the tangible and intangible Landscape/Seascape). comprise the system, underpinned by the dimensions of heritage. Since that time, the expressions and spatial logic of the Balinese World Heritage List has been enriched by Traditional community philosophy of Tri Hita Karana, which means many different kinds of cultural landscape – custodians ‘three causes of goodness’ and emphasizes including those that explicitly demonstrate In the Pacific Islands, possibilities have the need for harmony between the realms the cultural, ancestral and sacred meanings been identified for future World Heritage of the spirit, the human world and nature. of ‘nature’ such as Tongariro National nominations that illustrate the traditional The water temples, springs and cycles Park (New Zealand), Uluru-Kata Tjuta seascapes and settlements and continuing of Balinese rituals, offerings and artistic National Park (Australia), and Hawaii’s traditional horticultural and agricultural traditions that recognize the life-sustaining Papahānaumokuākea (United States). landscapes of the Pacific. However, such forces of nature are no less central to the Relatively less attention from natural nominations can be challenging to prepare, resilience and sustainability of this system heritage specialists has been given to the and raise difficult questions about what than are the ecological and geological broad category of ‘organically evolved/ management and protection actually mean resources that ensure the flows of water, continuing cultural landscapes’ – the in these large-scale and dynamic settings – and underpin environmental management distinctive and diverse landscapes of and whether ‘heritage’ helps communities on a landscape scale. Management and everyday life, cultural practices, local to meet their needs. protection of the cultural landscape must

52 World Heritage No. 79 shrines, stone steles and distinctive wooden statues. These components illustrate the environmental engineering accomplishments and cultural practices of the Konso people over more than twenty generations. Following inscription on the World Heritage List, documenting this very large and complex area has proved difficult. However, as one of the initial case studies in the IUCN/ICOMOS joint programme Connecting Practice, the project team found Advisory Bodies that by tracing the ecological resources and cultural processes in the landscape, the entangled relationships between the natural and cultural components of the landscape could be more readily appreciated and documented. For example, the availability or scarcity of specific natural resources directly influences the continuation and/or adaptation of vernacular building traditions. ‘Wild’ biodiversity provides vital support to continuing agricultural practices, and the Konso Cultural Landscape (Ethiopia). diversity of wild, semi-wild and agricultural © Mecheke Mora plants used for food, materials and medicines challenge the conceptual divide take account of the interconnectedness of for visitors to the region, but there are between ‘nature’ and ‘culture’. This example natural, human and spiritual well-being, challenges in developing and implementing underscores the need for consideration of and is challenged by economic pressures culturally appropriate and sustainable nature in all its guises, and the immense for land conversion, management of water strategies that will maintain the distinctive value of agro-biodiversity found in the resources and catchments, agricultural cultural and land-use systems of Hani world’s agricultural heritage systems. policy outcomes and the need to ensure communities. The challenges of managing World that farmers receive an adequate share of Located in the arid Konso Highlands of Heritage cultural landscapes are the benefits that could arise from World Ethiopia, the Konso Cultural Landscape strengthening the need for the use of Heritage status. (Ethiopia), listed in 2011, is a vast complex participatory methods, and creating continuing landscape of drystone- possibilities for new encounters between Nature in all its guises walled, irrigated agricultural terraces with the rich traditional knowledge of local Many of the same challenges are shared fields of millet and corn, walled towns, communities and natural heritage specialists. with the Cultural Landscape of Honghe villages, sacred forests, water reservoirs, Hani Rice Terraces (China), listed in 2013. This large area of steep mountains and narrow valleys in Southern Yunnan has Further information been farmed for centuries by the Hani Connecting Practice: linking nature and culture (IUCN/ICOMOS joint programme). people. Farming has been made possible http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/connecting_practice_report_iucn_icomos_.pdf by the intricately engineered water Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita management systems that irrigate rice Karana Philosophy (Indonesia). http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1194 terraces, integrated with use of buffalos, Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces (China). http://whc.unesco.org/en/ ducks, chickens, pigs, cattle, fish and eels. list/1111 This resilient land-management system is Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (FAO). http://www.fao.org/giahs/en/ based on distinctive vernacular traditions, IUCN World Conservation Congress 2016, Planet at the Crossroads (1–10 September, communal obligations, spiritual respect Hawaii). http://www.iucnworldconservationcongress.org/ for nature, and religious beliefs about Konso Cultural Landscape (Ethiopia). http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1333 the dual interdependence of humans and World Heritage in a Sea of Islands: Pacific 2009 Programme (World Heritage Papers gods. Local authorities are interested in 34, UNESCO, 2012). http://whc.unesco.org/en/series/34/ developing ecotourism opportunities, World Rural Landscapes: a worldwide initiative for global conservation and management utilizing the obvious aesthetic appeal and (ICOMOS/IFLA International Scientific Committee on Cultural Landscapes). http://www. cultural interest of the terraced landscape worldrurallandscapes.org/

World Heritage No. 79 53 Forum Conventions

IUCN: at the forefront of the conservation movement

Sonia Peña Moreno IUCN Senior Policy Officer for Biodiversity

Elephants at the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy part of Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest (Kenya) World Heritage site. © Lewa House

UCN, International Union for international environmental agreements does not happen in isolation but is firmly Conservation of Nature, is a and fostering their implementation. rooted in development and human membership union uniquely The foundations for such well-known conditions. A key message stemming from composed of both government and agreements as the Convention on its policy is that biodiversity conservation can civil society organizations. Created International Trade in Endangered Species and should contribute to poverty eradication. in 1948, it is now the world’s largest and of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the As a conservation organization with strong most diverse environmental network. In Convention on Wetlands of International ethical values, IUCN should aim to contribute 1958, IUCN Members called the United Importance (Ramsar Convention) and to eradicating poverty. At the very minimum, Nations to create a worldwide list of nature the Convention on Biological Diversity approaches applied in the name of nature parks, and in 1966 they identified the need to (CBD) were respectively laid at the World conservation that might end up exacerbating recognize and protect exceptional areas with Conservation Congresses of Warsaw (1960), poverty should not be supported. value to the whole of humanity. The basic Banff (1972) and Christchurch (1981). This is a message IUCN carried elements of what was to become the World Indeed, IUCN’s general policy, as shown forward during the negotiations that Heritage Convention were thus introduced by some 1,200 decisions taken by IUCN led to the adoption of the 2030 Agenda through IUCN’s decisions. Since then, IUCN members at General Assemblies and World for Sustainable Development and the has ceaselessly supported the workings of Conservation Congresses since 1948, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Ithis Convention and plays an important role reflects the enormous influence it has had in September 2015. With the SDGs there in advising the World Heritage Committee in advancing the legal and conceptual pillars is now a clear universal framework for on issues relating to natural World Heritage, for nature conservation worldwide. These international cooperation to reach ‘a just including conservation monitoring of listed decisions also demonstrate the progress in world that values and conserves nature’. It sites and the evaluation of sites proposed for IUCN’s thinking, which in turn underpins its is in this context that IUCN will continue to inclusion on the World Heritage List. action on the ground. play a leading role in paving the way to find The World Heritage Convention is not the Especially in recent years, IUCN has evolved nature-based solutions to the world’s most only example of IUCN’s influence in shaping in a way that recognizes that conservation pressing challenges.

54 World Heritage No. 79 Message from biodiversity-related conventions: UN Sustainable Development Goals and the CBD Aichi Biodiversity Targets

his is a crucial time for decisions The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011– of Wild Animals (CMS), the International that affect humanity’s relationship 2020 and its twenty Aichi Biodiversity Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food

with the biodiversity that sustains Targets is a holistic framework that will and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), the CBD and Conventions life. There are two paths before contribute to the realization of the SDGs. its Nagoya Protocol on access to genetic us – to work for biodiversity, Governments that are parties to the resources, and the IPPC, deal with species or to work against it. Only one of these different biodiversity-related conventions and their sustainability; as well as the paths can secure a sustainable future for have agreed on measures which will help to genetic diversity within them and their place humanity. achieve the objectives of each convention within ecosystems; It is now recognized that the natural while contributing to the attainment of the • the CBD, the Ramsar Convention, world is not an optional ‘luxury’ but an Aichi Biodiversity Targets and in turn, of the the IPPC and ITPGRFA contribute to essential foundation for human well- SDGs. food security, improved livelihoods and being and sustainable development. The The biodiversity-related conventions sustainable plant production through the preservation and sustainable use of the collectively address each of the components protection of biodiversity in both natural natural world and its components is not a of biological diversity – genetic, species and and agricultural production systems. problem to be solved but an integral part ecosystems – and each contributes to major As governments and other members of a number of solutions, such as water sectoral and development objectives and and stakeholders meet at the IUCN World Tsecurity and sanitation, ending hunger human well-being. Conservation Congress to address our and assuring food security, improved To this end: ‘Planet at the Crossroads’, it is important livelihoods, disaster risk reduction, • the World Heritage Convention, to view the work of the biodiversity-related mitigation and adaptation to climate the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, the conventions, including their contributions to change, and ending poverty. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the 2030 Therefore, actions to ensure the and the International Plant Protection Agenda for Sustainable Development, as conservation and sustainable use of Convention (IPPC) provide for the clear examples of globally transformative biodiversity have to be integrated and conservation or protection of natural and innovative conservation initiatives mainstreamed into development schemes heritage of ecosystems; to respond to the crucial challenges and across all sectors to realize the UN • the Convention on International opportunities of our time, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a Trade in Endangered Species of Wild urgent need to scale up actions that strive global overarching integrated strategy for Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Convention to achieve biodiversity and the Sustainable human well-being this century. on the Conservation of Migratory Species Development Goals.

NIO M O UN IM D R T IA

A L

Mr Jingyuan Xia Ms Mechtild Rössler •

•

A I

D L D N

H O E M Secretary, International Plant Protection Director, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, R E I TA IN G O E • PATRIM Convention (IPPC) (1951) Convention Concerning the Protection of the United Nations World Educational, Scientiﬁc and Heritage World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) Cultural Organization Convention

Mr John Scanlon Secretary General, Convention on International Mr Bradnee Chambers Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Executive Secretary, Convention on the Conservation of Flora (CITES) (1963) Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) (1979)

Ms Ania Grobicki Mr Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias Acting Secretary General, Convention on Wetlands Executive Secretary, Convention on of International Importance (Ramsar Convention) Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992) (1971)

Mr Shakeel Bhatti Secretary, International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) (2001)

World Heritage No. 79 55 SPONSORED STATEMENT SPONSORED

The Blue and John Crow Mountains: ‘Treasured Peaks for the World’

Black-billed streamer-tail hummingbird © JCDT

A country with a keen afﬁ nity for ‘ﬁ rsts’, Jamaica proudly embraced the 3 July 2015 inscription of the Blue and John Crow Mountains (BJCM) on the UNESCO World Heritage List, making it the only World Heritage mixed site in the Caribbean.

Enviable natural assets The natural values of the BJCM are staggering. The two mountains feature an extensive rugged terrain with highest ranges of 1,140 m in the John Crow Mountains, while the Blue Mountains, stand tall at 2,256 m. Found at their highest and lowest points, are ecosystems which produce a level of endemism that has made this the Caribbean’s key Biodiversity Hotspot. The mountains contain 32 bird species, 12 amphibians, 18 reptiles and 44 molluscs which include the giant swallowtail butterﬂ y along with 388 plant species endemic only to the site. The cloud forests located within the site are tropical montane forests found between 850 m and 2,256 m, providing an exceptional hub for developing habitats and communities. Nanny Falls © JCDT Distinctive cultural landscape The Blue and John Crow Mountains World Heritage site stands majestic as a sacred symbol to the Windward Maroons, and their revered spiritual and military leader, Queen Nanny, who was named Jamaica’s sole female National Hero. The property provided the perfect backdrop to the strategically crafted feats shaped by Nanny and her followers. It is within these mountains that these men and women battled the colonial powers of the 18th century to maintain their right to freedom. Today, the intersecting secret trails, sacred burial grounds, waterfalls and battle sites such as Cunha Cunha Pass, Nanny Town, Nanny Falls and Pumpkin Hill, form the Nanny Town Cultural Heritage Route.

Far-reaching legal protection The signiﬁ cant value of the site was recognized as early as 1889, when the colonial government enacted, the Mountain and River Reserves Law, to ensure its protection. In 1927, the Blue and John Crow Mountains site was named a forest reserve and a National Park in 1993. The park is managed by the Jamaica Conservation and Development Trust, with an expansive oversight structure and implementation of three Maroon draped in ‘ambush’ and blowing the abeng © JNHT major pieces of legislation.

The inscription of the site on the UNESCO World Heritage List allows for even greater legislative security of the property, however, the ultimate protection of the site sits with the thirty communities within the Blue and John Crow Mountains. For these individuals who call the area home, it is hallowed ground that deserves to be safeguarded at all costs.

Contributed by Debra Kay Palmer, Ministry of Culture, Gender, Entertainment and Sport..

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( 0 9 Entertainment and Sport + 3 + 5 / 6 , 4 9 , 4-6 Trafalgar Road 0 ;( 05 . 6 Aerial view of mountains © JCDT , 7(;904 Kingston 5 8QLWHG1DWLRQV Blue:R UOandG John Crow Mountains Jamaica, West Indies (GXFDWLRQDO6FLHQWL¿FDQG Inscribed+HULWDJH on the &XOWXUDO2UJDQL]DWLRQ World&RQYHQWLRQ Heritage List in 2015 Tel: 876-978-7654 Fax: 876-978-7072 News News IUCN, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, is partnering with the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation and the New York-based Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC) to explore the potential for new World Heritage sites in the Arctic. The aim of this new cooperation is to inform States Parties to the 1972 World Heritage Convention about places of Outstanding Universal Value that might be located in their territories.

See page 64

Preservation Page 58

In Danger Page 68

Outreach Page 72

Ilulissat Icefjord (Denmark).

World Heritage No. 79 57 News Preservation

Arab States of Nature (IUCN), Regional Organization for and its increased contribution to global the Conservation of the Environment of the challenges such as Agenda 2030 and the tackle natural Red Sea & Gulf of Aden (PERSGA), Regional COP21 roadmap. Arab Centre for World Heritage, non- Participants highlighted the need heritage governmental organizations, international to sensitize and mobilize decision- protection and and regional experts, members of the World makers and local communities through Heritage Committee, as well as members of the development of empirical data, management UNESCO delegations from the Arab States, management and protection tools, and explored ways to sensitize decision-makers links between environmental protection, An international meeting, The to the richness of natural heritage in the economic benefits and job creation. The Management of Natural Heritage in region and to the necessity to step up its crucial importance of reinforcing sustainable Support of Sustainable Development: management and protection, to build on development knowledge in the education An Institutional Challenge in the Arab international cooperation for achieving curricula was also discussed. States, organized by the World Heritage better results and to identify priorities The meeting called for better cooperation Centre and co-chaired by Mechtild Rössler, for action, in particular for achieving and synergies between existing mechanisms Director of UNESCO’s Heritage Division sustainable development. and programmes within UNESCO and and World Heritage Centre, and Qunli The meeting showcased the diversity globally, so that the World Heritage Han, Director of the Division of Ecological and richness of natural heritage in the Arab Convention can contribute effectively to the and Earth Sciences, in the Natural Sciences States, presented various case studies of management and conservation of natural Sector, was held at the Organization’s Paris sites inscribed or proposed for inscription heritage in the Arab States. headquarters on 21 December 2015. on the World Heritage List, explored Finally, it was agreed to seize the The gathering, which brought together international cooperation opportunities and opportunity of COP22, to be held in Arab national institutions (ministries, allowed reflection on priority actions and a Morocco, in November 2016, in order to national agencies, site managers, etc.), way forward for the protection of natural develop this agenda further and build the international organizations and partners heritage in the Arab States, its better ground for a regional ministerial meeting such as International Union for Conservation representation on the World Heritage List, on natural heritage.

The Khor Al-Adaid area, also known regionally as the ‘Inland Sea’, is on the Tentative List of Qatar. © Mohamod Fasil

58 World Heritage No. 79 Impetus for and pedestrians, cars and buses. A new The Kinderdijk spatial planning project observation point was also required, as is only one example of the policy impetus World Heritage in well as a visitor centre, meant to provide Vision for Heritage and Spatial Planning a solid economic basis for maintaining undertaken by the Netherlands Government the Netherlands Kinderdijk. In short, the idea was to offer between 2012 and 2016. This policy a larger number of visitors a convenient, programme focuses on three objectives. Think of the Netherlands and you are likely safe welcome without detracting from The first is to publicize the country’s to think of windmills. Think of windmills, and the Outstanding Universal Value of the World Heritage sites and make them more Preservation you are likely to think of the Mill Network site – in other words, the 18th-century accessible. The second is to offer the sites at Kinderdijk-Elshout, the main icon of the windmill landscape as a complete ‘hydraulic better protection so that stakeholders history of Dutch hydraulic engineering since machine’. and, specifically, governing bodies come 1740. This magnificent set of windmills has The specialist jury received no less than to regard their preservation as an issue of welcomed an annual 300,000 Dutch and 132 submissions. In the end, it unanimously national and international significance. That foreign tourists since 1997, when it became a selected a well-balanced, modest design will in itself enhance cooperation between World Heritage property. The entrance zone entitled ‘Living landscape in the 21st all stakeholders, the third objective. to the site is not set up to accommodate all century’ by M&DB Architecten and ARUP More than forty-five projects have these visitors, however. It is cluttered and the Nederland. The jury said the following been launched since 2012, ranging from layout is illogical. The view of the windmills about this design in its report: ‘The plan big-budget, large-scale projects (e.g. the is partially obstructed by trees and buildings, is distinct in that it has a consistent line redevelopment of the Kinderdijk entrance adequate reception facilities are lacking, pattern coherent with the landscape. The zone) to small-scale ones (e.g. a Heritage and visitors are reluctant to venture into architects have given much thought to Impact Assessment, an archaeological the area. Visits are therefore too brief to be materialization and routing. The jury is core survey, or an education plan). The informative, leading to missed opportunities especially impressed by the positioning government has thus far invested €8 million to generate revenue. of the bridge close to the visitor centre, in World Heritage properties. Other In response to these issues, the site which encourages visitors to circulate and authorities and partners have contributed manager of Kinderdijk held a competition enhances the entrance zone. The design of to the success of these projects by providing in 2014 to design a new, attractive, quality the visitor centre is architecturally sleek and co-financing. The projects also help site entrance zone. The challenge was highly deferential to the verticality of the windmill managers to improve their knowledge and complex and involved incorporating a landscape without competing with it.’ networks and increase engagement and broadly supported strategic vision for the Before redevelopment begins, the effect enthusiasm among local residents. area adopted in 2013. The design was of the design on the site’s Outstanding Contributed by Dré van Marrewijk, Focal meant to solve the site’s parking problems, Universal Value will be tested by means of Point for World Heritage, and Ben de Vries, create new mooring areas for tour boats, a Heritage Impact Assessment, which will World Heritage Programme Manager, and plot separate infrastructures for cyclists be submitted to the World Heritage Centre. Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands.

World Heritage No. 79 59 News Preservation

Luang Prabang: and 20th centuries. Its unique, remarkably continuum between the past, present well-preserved townscape illustrates a key and future. A holistic approach is likely model for stage in the blending of these two distinct to improve citizens’ welfare, quality of cultural traditions. life and urban preservation. Cities must the future The anniversary was an opportunity for utilize their built and intangible heritage the country to valorize the enhancement, as drivers of cultural creativity, innovation From 7 to 9 December 2015 the Town of conservation work and sustainable and urban regeneration. Luang Prabang Luang Prabang (Lao People’s Democratic development strategy implemented in the is an exceptional example of this kind of Republic) World Heritage site celebrated past twenty years. The work undertaken at approach, in use here long before the the 20th anniversary of its inscription on the the site is a remarkable example of integrated Recommendation on the Historic Urban World Heritage List. Among those attending planning, based on local development Landscape was unanimously adopted by the festivities were the Deputy Prime support for cultural and heritage values in a UNESCO Member States in 2011, showing Minister of the Lao People’s Democratic tripartite cooperation between the Lao PDR, how a balance between preservation and Republic, H.E. Dr Phankham Vipavanh France and the World Heritage Centre, as new development is not only necessary but and H.E. Mr Khankham Chanthabisouk, well as a flagship pilot project of the France- feasible. Governor of Prabang Province. UNESCO Cooperation Agreement. The site has undergone profound During the course of the celebration the What is unique about this form of changes since its inscription. Well beyond spectacular Elephant’s Caravan, a project cooperation is that it took a city-to-city the work of restoration, a new city has aimed at protecting and preserving the approach when the programme to protect been created around a shared notion of elephant population of Lao PDR through and develop the site was established in the features that make it valuable: its use education and conservation activities, 1996, as part of a decentralized cooperation value and heritage value are unavoidably ended its long trek with a march through between the site and the City of Chinon and linked. The development of tourism in the Luang Prabang after having crossed rural the Région Centre (France). It was based city since its inscription, as well as strong and urban areas all over the country. on sharing resources and coordination economic and demographic growth, have The Town of Luang Prabang was between bilateral and multilateral aid. encouraged work on a wider scale than inscribed on the World Heritage List in This allowed for the testing of operational the site itself, addressing social, economic 1995 as an outstanding example of the methods as well as innovative forms of and environmental issues as well as the fusion of traditional architecture and Lao partnership and cooperation. wider landscape, in order to support urban structures with those built by the Developing a sustainable urban environ- development. European colonial authorities in the 19th ment implies striving for a harmonious

60 World Heritage No. 79 Heritage impact More than eighty representatives of French Agency States Parties to the Convention gathered assessments to learn, discuss and share experiences for Marine concerning these key tools in achieving a discussed on balance between conservation of heritage Protected sidelines of and development activities. Areas partners They discussed such issues as managing sustainable change; building heritage into General Assembly with World Preservation the mainstream of impact assessments; and the courses that have been developed by Heritage Marine During the 20th session of the General the Advisory Bodies to aid in HIA. Programme Assembly of States Parties, the World Following the decision on HIAs and EIAs Heritage Centre, with the participation of adopted by the World Heritage Committee In December 2015 the Agence des Aires ICCROM, ICOMOS and IUCN, organized at its 39th session (Bonn, 2015), the World Marines Protégées (AAMP) partnered with a side event on 20 November 2015 to Heritage Centre and the Advisory Bodies the World Heritage Marine Programme to discuss Heritage Impact Assessments (HIAs) have endeavoured to further develop the strengthen its work toward peer-to-peer and Environmental Impact Assessments existing ICOMOS and IUCN guidance notes, learning platforms for managers and aid (EIAs), with the goal of ‘heritage-conscious and complement them with a tool focused in the growth of the programmes on-the- development’. on good practices for implementing impact ground capacity for marine conservation One of the fundamental reasons for assessments for development projects around the world. the establishment of the World Heritage within the boundaries or in the vicinity of AAMP’s mission is to support public Convention was in response to threats World Heritage properties. policy relating to protection of the marine to heritage from development projects. Feedback from the meeting is to be used environment. It was a core co-organizer Today, one of the main challenges to World to inform this globally useful tool, which of the third International Marine Protected Heritage is still to manage change and at will provide supplementary guidance on Area Congress (IMPAC3) held at Marseilles the same time protect a site’s Outstanding HIAs and EIAs to property managers, in October 2013 and has also supported the Universal Value, making HIAs and EIAs national and local decision-makers and all exchange of management solutions and best ever important tools for States Parties and concerned stakeholders, as more and more practices among marine World Heritage site site managers, as well as planners and development agencies and banks consider managers at the second tri-annual managers developers. heritage to be an important component. conference in Scandola (France) the same year. ‘This new cooperation,’ said Christopher Lefebvre, AAMP Head of European and International Affairs, ‘follows the Ajaccio Declaration, launched in October 2013, which has determined the main guidelines set by the French Government for marine conservation in the coming years.’ This partnership will add to the World Heritage Marine Programme’s ability to apply the 1972 World Heritage Convention to ocean areas of Outstanding Universal Value, and will continue the fruitful relationship with AAMP that dates back to 2010.

World Heritage No. 79 61 News Preservation

Tunnel scheme of information and advice as the tunnel Periodic proposal emerges over the next few years. at Stonehenge This consultation and upstream dialogue Reporting was planned as an early stage visit in order At the request of the United Kingdom to familiarize the international advisors with Reflection Survey Government, a joint World Heritage Centre the property and the scope of the potential and ICOMOS Advisory Mission was carried road improvements. At the end of the Second Cycle of Periodic out to the Stonehenge, Avebury and The aim of this first advisory mission was Reporting (2008–2015), the World Heritage Associated Sites World Heritage property to identify a sound process that should Committee decided at its 39th session from 27 to 30 October 2015 to help ensure enable the Stonehenge tunnel project (Bonn, 2015) to enact a two-year reflection that a tunnel scheme under the Stonehenge to become a success in terms of impact period on Periodic Reporting. As a first landscape would achieve enhancement of assessment, project design, phasing, quality step, the World Heritage Centre initiated the site and not have an adverse impact on control and implementation. a Periodic Reporting Reflection Survey in its Outstanding Universal Value. The removal of the surface of the road order to give States Parties the opportunity Following the December 2014 from within the World Heritage site has to comment on various elements in the announcement by the government been a long-running ambition of the UK Periodic Reporting exercise. Seventy-five that it would invest in a tunnel at least Government, due to the serious harm the States Parties participated in this survey over 2.9 km long to solve long-standing traffic current road is causing to the Outstanding the course of two months during which problems along a trunk road within the Universal Value, not only through the noise, the World Heritage Centre received very site, the UK authorities have begun an pollution and distraction of heavy traffic, useful feedback regarding the process and extensive programme of assessment but also due to the effective severance of format, use and analysis of data, relevance and consultation to successfully deliver a the bulk of the property to the south of and efficiency of the Periodic Reporting scheme that will both resolve the traffic the road from the northern part containing exercise. issues and protect and conserve the site’s Stonehenge and the other major ceremonial Feedback from States Parties in these Outstanding Universal Value and enhance sites and monuments. key areas provides valuable information to the Stonehenge archaeological landscape. The challenge for the site is to reconnect guide the working group and reflection The main objective of the advisory the landscape and enhance a very complex meetings in developing revisions to the mission was to provide technical assistance property, which includes several features, overall process. at the beginning of an ongoing and pro- such as the world renowned Stonehenge, Although a number of issues surrounding active relationship between ICOMOS- as well as the Avenue and the Cursuses the process and format of Periodic Reporting International and the World Heritage Centre and the all-important barrows which are have been identified by different World on the one hand and the UK authorities on dispersed in a wider, hilly landscape. the other, and to allow an open exchange

Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites (United Kingdom). World Heritage Committee in Bonn (Germany). © Neil Howard © Valentino Etowar/ UNESCO

62 World Heritage No. 79 Heritage stakeholders, national Focal Points Modern heritage The importance of identification and have noted in general their satisfaction with documentation of this heritage was the process. in the Arab States highlighted in an effort to show that it is ‘Data derived from Periodic Reporting are essential to know what we want to protect being used to develop the monitoring and and promote. Awareness and capacity- evaluation system for our World Heritage An international conference, On building, notably through the sensitizing of properties: Borobudur, Prambanan and Urban Conservation: The Role of the stakeholders in urban development in the Sangiran’, reported the Focal Point for Recommendation on the Historic Urban Arab States, was also discussed. Participants Preservation World Heritage, Indonesia. Landscape in Safeguarding the Modern pointed out the importance of integrating The Focal Point for World Heritage, Heritage in the Arab States, was held in the teaching of urban heritage conservation Albania, noted that ‘data derived from the Kuwait City from 1 to 3 December 2015. in universities and schools of urban Periodic Report are being used for improving The conference, organized by the World planning and architecture. The conference the management system of World Heritage Heritage Centre in cooperation with also discussed the definition of operational properties and for setting up priorities’. the National Council for Culture, Arts frameworks for the implementation of pilot During the two-year reflection period and Letters (NCCAL), brought together projects. from 2015 to 2017, an expert working experts from Algeria, Argentina, Australia, The meeting recommended that group will propose improvements to the Eritrea, France, Jordan, Egypt, India, Iraq, information be made available to all process. In addition, Periodic Reporting Italy, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, potential actors and interested users. It also Reflection Meetings are to be held with Palestine, Portugal, Spain, Syrian Arab called for the launching of a mechanism the participation of the expert group, Republic, Tunisia, Turkey and United Arab of ‘appropriation’ of this heritage of representatives of States Parties, the World Emirates. modernities, especially by civil society. Heritage Centre, Advisory Bodies, UNESCO In keeping with the Recommendation The meeting further recommended the Field Offices, UNESCO Institute for Statistics on the Historic Urban Landscape, adopted adoption of a clear awareness-raising and Category 2 Centres, depending on by the General Conference in 2011, which strategy, which would also target decision- extrabudgetary funding. addresses urban heritage as the result makers, as well as the integration of the Key recommendations and the proposals of a stratification of values and physical safeguarding of the MUAMA heritage into for the Periodic Reporting process and attributes that make up the urban space, urban planning strategies. questionnaire by the expert group are to be this conference tackled subjects relating to Finally, the meeting highlighted the discussed and adopted by the World Heritage the conservation of urban heritage in the importance of mobilizing actors while Committee at its 41st session in 2017. context of development. It also dealt with linking top-down and bottom-up the issue of safeguarding the Heritage of approaches, as well as the need to convince Urban and Architectural Modernities in the decision-makers and investors that heritage Arab World (MUAMA). can become a source of income.

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Pacific World stakeholders on the value of cultural and Prince Albert II natural heritage, the encouragement of Heritage adopts collaboration between UNESCO and States Foundation Parties to achieve the Desired State of Draft Action Conservation of World Heritage in Danger, joins marine Plan 2016–2020 and the enhancement of youth and World Heritage women’s inclusion in the work of heritage conservation. The regional meeting on the Pacific It was also agreed to promote working World Heritage Action Plan 2016–2020, among institutions, universities and The Prince Albert II of Monaco which took place in Suva (Fiji) from 1 to 4 Category 2 Centres on risk management, Foundation, IUCN and the New York-based December 2015, adopted the draft Pacific as well as studies relating to the impact Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) World Heritage Action Plan 2016–2020, of climate change on the conservation of have partnered in an important new project the final version of which will be sent to all natural and cultural heritage in the Pacific. to explore the potential for new World Pacific States Parties and participants and The meeting, jointly organized by the Heritage sites in the Arctic. uploaded at the World Heritage Centre’s World Heritage Centre, UNESCO Apia The aim of this new cooperation is to website. office, the Fiji Museum and the Pacific inform States Parties to the 1972 World During the meeting participants Heritage Hub, brought together some Heritage Convention about places of presented country reports on activities forty participants from eleven Pacific possible Outstanding Universal Value that achieved between 2010 and 2015. They also Member States, as well as representatives might be located in their Arctic territories. outlined priority areas and projects for the from France and Australia, two regional A first expert meeting was scheduled at next five years. Many participants indicated institutions (Secretariat of the Pacific the World Heritage Centre on 25 and 26 that the key areas to be strengthened Community – SPC; Secretariat of the Pacific February 2016. include communication, awareness-raising Regional Environment Programme – SPREP), The Arctic region, spanning 5.5 million and capacity-building. two Category 2 Centres (World Heritage square miles (1.5 million km2), is The experts made presentations on Institute of Training and Research for the underrepresented on the World Heritage conservation and management, climate Asia and the Pacific Region – WHITRAP; List, although it is ground zero for climate change and risk management, sustainable International Centre on Space Technologies change. Rising temperatures and melting tourism, capacity-building, and networks for Natural and Cultural Heritage – HIST) sea ice are opening up new shipping routes and partnerships. and the World Heritage Advisory Bodies and potential oil and gas developments. After intensive debate the draft Pacific ICCROM, ICOMOS and IUCN, and was World Heritage Action Plan 2016–2020 financially supported by the UNESCO/ was adopted, to include actions such as Netherlands Funds-in-Trust and the World the sensitizing and training of various Heritage Fund.

Participants at the regional meeting in Fiji in December 2015. Ilulissat Icefjord (Denmark). © UNESCO © United Nations Photo

64 World Heritage No. 79 Currently, there are just two World Responsibility The first day of the Paris meeting was Heritage sites in the Arctic. The Russian devoted to general discussion of the R2P Federation’s Natural System of Wrangel to Protect concept and its possible extension to the Island Reserve, inscribed in 2004, boasts the protection of cultural heritage, while the world’s largest population of Pacific walrus, second day focused on the possibilities of with up to 100,000 animals congregating Following a decision of the Director- establishing ‘safe havens’ and ‘protected in the island’s rookeries, and the highest General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, to hold cultural zones’ in an effort to improve the density of ancestral polar bear dens. The an expert meeting on the concept of the safeguarding of cultural heritage. These areas Preservation spectacular tidal icefjords of Ilulissat Icefjord Responsibility to Protect (R2P) as applied to would be established through agreements in Greenland (Denmark) were also listed in the protection of cultural heritage, UNESCO’s among parties to the conflict, including 2004 for the Outstanding Universal Value Section for the Protection of Cultural non-state actors. The object of setting of their polar coastal areas. Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and up ‘safe havens’ would be to temporarily While the Arctic region is governed by the Emergency Preparedness and Response protect movable cultural property that eight nations – Canada, Denmark, Finland, Unit held a conference on 26–27 November has been endangered by armed conflict, Iceland, Norway, Russian Federation, 2015 at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris. natural disasters, illegal excavation or other Sweden, United States – stewarding the The meeting was attended by twenty-one insecurity and has therefore been removed region’s cultural and natural heritage in eminent specialists and representatives from the territory of the source state to the the face of 21st-century challenges such as of governmental and non-governmental territory of another state or to a place of climate change and economic development organizations, including Adama Dieng, safety within the source state. will require joint action. UN Under-Secretary-General and Special The meeting recommended that UNESCO Led by IUCN and implemented in Advisor to the UN Secretary-General on the Member States take all appropriate partnership with NRDC, the new initiative Prevention of Genocide. The conference was measures to exercise their responsibility to would not be possible without the support moderated by Roger O’Keefe, professor of protect their populations against genocide, and leadership of the Prince Albert II of public international law. war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes Monaco Foundation, which previously The 2005 UN General Assembly against humanity through protecting supported World Heritage Centre for an Resolution 60/1 provides that the cultural heritage situated within their international meeting to discuss World Responsibility to Protect lies with territory, and called on Member States to Heritage in the Arctic. The work on new governments and the international encourage and help other states to do so potential Arctic marine World Heritage sites community to protect populations against as well. will build on the results from this discussion. genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and The group further recommended that crimes against humanity. This responsibility UNESCO Member States and Secretariat rests first and foremost with the state, but give due consideration to the idea of ‘safe the international community must step in havens’ for cultural heritage as well as to where the state is unwilling or unable to act the idea of ‘cultural protected zones’. adequately.

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UNESCO at COP21

At a series of side events, organized at the UNESCO Pavilion in the Climate Generations Area, during COP21 in December 2015, guest speakers and the audience explored the ways in which climate change is impacting and being managed at World Heritage sites, Biosphere Reserves and Global Geoparks. The World Heritage Centre contributed to the organization of a first side event by US-ICOMOS, ICOMOS France and the American Planning Association on Cultural Heritage & Assessment Report No. 6 (AR6): Improving the treatment of cultural heritage in the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report. This event examined how to improve the treatment of cultural heritage in the AR6 through new collaboration among interested organizations within the framework of expanding engagement by the heritage community on climate issues. It also created a major opportunity for UNESCO to strengthen its cooperation and contributions to IPCC, leveraging on its leading role and networks in the culture sector. Phoenix Islands Protected Area (Kiribati). © Naomi A panel of experts headed an underwater cultural heritage event: Understanding the History of Climate Change and Sea Level Rise, audience to explore how the impacts of UNESCO in Beijing, China). Another topic in which they discussed how underwater climate change are being evidenced and was the use of UNESCO Sites as Climate cultural heritage can provide vital evidence managed at UNESCO-designated sites, Change Observatories and the contributions on how human populations have adapted including World Heritage sites, Biosphere of World Heritage Sites, Biosphere Reserves to, or been affected by, climate changes Reserves and Global Geoparks. This event and Global Geoparks to climate knowledge in the past. For over 90 per cent of the also sought to increase understanding on and action. existence of humanity, the sea was between how these sites may help to find solutions The World Heritage Marine Programme 40 m and 130 m lower than today’s level. to and raise awareness of the impacts of also organized a discussion on the impacts A substantial amount of prehistoric and climate change on human societies and of climate change on our common ocean historic evidence of the life of our ancestors cultural diversity, biodiversity and ecosystem heritage. The highlight of this event is now submerged. Experts noted that these services, and on the world’s natural and was the lively address by H.E. Mr Tong, remains are now underwater heritage, and cultural heritage. President of Kiribati, who advocated the provide an extremely important source This thematic day was a key opportunity absolute necessity for all leaders to act of information about the first human to raise awareness of UNESCO’s work on now on climate change, and spoke of his civilizations, human origins, and also about climate change at these sites as well as to strong commitment to World Heritage climate change and its impact. Today, they liaise with key partners on climate change, conservation. This country indeed owns said, as we face sea-level changes again, providing an opportunity to explore ideas the largest site on the World Heritage List this heritage can help us to put current for new partnerships and projects. (Phoenix Islands Protected Area). challenges into a wider context. Among the topics discussed were the use Other discussions centred on renewable The World Heritage Centre, the Man and of UNESCO sites as experimental areas for energy and UNESCO sites, and in partnership the Biosphere Programme and the UNESCO green growth and low carbon development with the Pôles Action association and the International Geoscience and Geoparks (in partnership with the International Cousteau Society, on the theme of the Programme jointly organized a thematic Centre on Space Technologies for Natural Arctic and climate change. day and invited expert speakers and the and Cultural Heritage under the auspices of

66 World Heritage No. 79 New policy on implementation of the Convention and an Nomination important step in its history. sustainable Fundamental considerations such as workshop in respect for human rights, gender equality, development poverty alleviation, resilience, the rights of Ethiopia indigenous peoples and the reduction of On 19 November 2015 the 20th General the environmental footprint, among others, The African World Heritage Fund, a Assembly of the States Parties to the will now be integrated in conservation and UNESCO Category 2 Centre, organized Preservation World Heritage Convention adopted a management approaches and, hopefully, a nomination training workshop in Robe policy on the integration of a sustainable in the monitoring mechanisms of the and Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) from 16 to development perspective into the processes Convention. Of particular significance 27 November 2015, in partnership with the of the Convention. is the section of the policy dealing with Ethiopian Ministry of Culture and Tourism The overall goal of the policy is to assist peace and security, aimed at ensuring that and in collaboration with the UNESCO States Parties, practitioners, institutions, the nomination, inscription, interpretation Office in Addis Ababa. The training, carried communities and networks, through and conservation of World Heritage out within the framework of the Global appropriate guidance, to harness the sites contribute to promoting mutual Strategy for a Representative, Balanced potential of World Heritage properties understanding and fostering dialogue. and Credible World Heritage List, brought and heritage in general, to contribute to The process leading to the elaboration together twenty-one participants, resource sustainable development and therefore of a sustainable development policy, which persons and coordinators from a total of increase the effectiveness and relevance extended over several years and involved ten countries in English-speaking Africa, of the Convention, while respecting its extensive consultations, also reflected the including Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, primary purpose and mandate of protecting will of States Parties to make the World Nigeria, Seychelles, South Africa, Sudan, the Outstanding Universal Value of World Heritage Convention more relevant to the Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Heritage properties. challenges of the 21st century, with a view The overall goal of the nomination training In doing so, the new policy will apply to ensuring policy coherence with concurrent programme is to build the capacity of States Article 5(a) of the Convention, which calls UN policy frameworks, existing international Parties in the preparation of nomination files on States Parties to give the cultural and humanitarian standards and other multilateral in order to increase the representation of natural heritage a function in the life of the environmental agreements (MEAs). African sites on the World Heritage List. community and to integrate the protection Following the adoption of the policy, The course aims at giving competence of that heritage into comprehensive relevant changes will have to be introduced to African natural and cultural heritage planning programmes. In line with the within the Operational Guidelines so as to practitioners in order to improve the quality of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, translate its principles into actual procedures. their nominations for submission to the World adopted in September 2015 by the UN The necessary tools and programmes will Heritage Committee. It also works towards General Assembly, this new policy revolves have to be developed, and appropriate increasing the number and diversity of African around the three dimensions of sustainable indicators defined, to monitor progress in heritage properties with World Heritage development – environmental sustainability, the implementation of the policy. Ongoing status. The training reinforces the network inclusive social development and inclusive consultation with States Parties and other of African heritage professionals working on economic development – complemented relevant stakeholders will also be established World Heritage properties as well as setting by fostering peace and security. Its with a view to enriching the policy in the up a support and follow-up mechanism to adoption represents a significant shift in the future. facilitate delivery of credible nomination files.

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Belize bans offshore oil exploration

In December 2015 the Government of Belize approved a policy to ban offshore exploration in all seven areas that make up the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System World Heritage site. The decision will effectively exclude the entire site from any future oil exploration and is consistent with the World Heritage Committee’s position that oil exploration is incompatible with World Heritage status. The decision is a major step forward in the government’s efforts to remove Belize Barrier Reef from the List of World Heritage in Danger, on which it has been included since 2009. Following a World Heritage Centre/International Union for Conservation of Nature mission to Belize in January 2015, the government agreed on an ambitious three-year roadmap that sets out a Desired State of Conservation for removal of the site from the Danger List. Oil exploration will be banned in the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System World Heritage site. © UNESCO / Fanny Douvere The Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System is the second-largest reef system in the world and the largest in the Northern Hemisphere. species, including marine turtles, manatees Committee expressed serious concern about The coastal area of Belize is an outstanding and the American marine crocodile. the potential for oil development within and natural system consisting of offshore atolls, In 2009 the site was Danger listed because immediately adjacent to the site. several hundred sand cays, mangrove of concerns about the sale, lease and The Committee has taken a very clear forests, coastal lagoons and estuaries. development of mangrove islands and the position that oil and mining exploration and The site’s seven components illustrate the absence of a solid regulatory framework that exploitation are incompatible with World evolutionary history of reef development can ensure the conservation of its exceptional Heritage status. In recent years, a growing and are a significant habitat for threatened values. In 2010, the World Heritage number of companies in the extractive sector have recognized their shared responsibility in conserving the world’s most iconic places and have subscribed to a no-go commitment at World Heritage sites. For instance, Shell’s decision last September to cease operations in the Chukchi Sea is a significant step towards removing oil threats to the World Heritage site Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve (Russian Federation), home to the world’s largest population of Pacific walrus. The World Heritage Centre and IUCN are stepping up technical advice to Belize, with the aim of helping the country to remove the site from the List of World Heritage in Danger, a key priority of the World Heritage Marine Programme which is working closely together with IUCN and the State Party to Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System. accomplish this. © F. Ermert

68 World Heritage No. 79 Efforts to remove of the Solomon Island group in the western on in the western part of Rennell Island, Pacific. A major feature of Rennell Island, posing a potential threat to the forest East Rennell from the largest raised coral atoll in the world, is ecosystem of the entire island, including Lake Tegano, the former lagoon on the atoll. the World Heritage site. Because of recent Danger List The lake, the largest in the insular Pacific, drought, local communities have been is brackish and contains many rugged tempted to sell their land to loggers for In Danger The World Heritage Marine Programme limestone islands and endemic species. cash in order to pay for imported food. It and IUCN undertook an advisory mission Rennell is mainly covered with dense forest, is therefore crucial to develop alternative to the East Rennell World Heritage property offering shelter for many species, especially income-generating activities for the local in November 2015 in order to assist the birds. Combined with the strong climatic communities living on the island and in the Solomon Islands Government to draw up a effects of frequent cyclones, the site is also World Heritage site in particular that derive Desired State of Conservation for Removal a true natural laboratory for scientific study. benefits from the conservation of the site’s (DSOCR) of the site from the List of World East Rennell was inscribed on the values. Heritage in Danger. Danger List in 2013 because of threats to The government of Solomon Islands is A draft DSOCR was developed together its Outstanding Universal Value posed by currently preparing an action plan for East with government representatives and local the possibility of commercial logging of its Rennell, which would focus on sustainable communities on the ground and proposes a forests and the introduction of invasive rats. socio-economic development, as well as a way forward to resolve the issues for which The site also suffers from over-exploitation plan to remove the threats for which the the site was danger-listed, so that the site of its marine resources, especially coconut site was inscribed on the Danger List. The can become eligible for removal from the crabs. joint WHC/IUCN advisory mission provided Danger List. Although it is on the Danger List, the assistance for both of these plans. The In 1998, East Rennell was the first natural forest in the World Heritage site is still intact, mission to East Rennell was part of an property with customary ownership and largely thanks to the traditional harvesting enhanced focus on assisting countries with management to be inscribed on the World mechanisms that have been applied by the the removal of their marine sites from the Heritage List. It makes up the eastern half local communities for generations. Logging Danger List, funded through a partnership of Rennell Island, the southernmost island and mining are currently being carried out with the Government of Flanders (Belgium).

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900-year-old have long been places of pilgrimage for for peace, cohesion and tranquillity. The the people of Mali and neighbouring ceremony concluded with a Fatiha (prayer) consecration West African countries. They were widely pronounced by the imam of the mosque. believed to protect the city from danger. These religious rites also express the of Timbuktu Although continually restored, these rejection of intolerance, violent extremism mausoleums monuments are today under threat from and religious fundamentalism, which in desertification. 2012, contributed to the destruction of Inscribed on the World Heritage List much of the city’s rich cultural heritage. A consecration ceremony of Mali’s in 1988, Timbuktu was added to the List ‘These mausoleums are now once again Timbuktu mausoleums, last held in the 11th of World Heritage in Danger in 2012, standing. This is irrefutable proof that unity century, took place on 4 February 2015 at following the destruction by armed groups is possible and peace is even stronger than the initiative of the local community to of fourteen of the sixteen mausoleums at before. We did it and we can do it again,’ mark the final phase of the cultural rebirth the site, a tragic loss for local communities. said the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina of the mausoleums after their destruction From May 2013 the Government of Mali Bokova, in a message addressed to the by the armed groups that occupied the city turned to outside partners for assistance, people of Mali. in 2012. including UNESCO. The preservation of The reconstruction of the mausoleums Home of the prestigious Koranic ancient manuscripts and rehabilitation of of Timbuktu was possible thanks to a University of Sankore and other madrasas, the fourteen mausoleums began in March programme put in place by UNESCO with the World Heritage site of Timbuktu 2014 and concluded in July 2015. the support of numerous financial and was an intellectual and spiritual capital The consecration ceremony, held at the technical partners, including the European and a centre for the propagation of Mosque of Djingareyber, began in the Union, France, Norway, Switzerland, and Islam throughout Africa in the 15th and early morning hours with the sacrifice of the United Nations Multidimensional 16th centuries. Its three great mosques, animals and reading of Koranic verses. Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahia, recall This was intended to invoke divine (MINUSMA). Timbuktu’s golden age. The mausoleums mercy, which would provide the basis

70 World Heritage No. 79 Mtskheta: and Cultural Heritage Promotion with The historic churches of Mtskheta, Sustainable Tourism. former capital of Georgia, are outstanding technical This cooperation agreement shows the examples of the medieval religious Georgian Government’s commitment to architecture of the Caucasus. They show assistance needs taking active steps for World Heritage the high artistic and cultural level attained and notably for the conservation of the by this ancient kingdom. In Danger Historical Monuments of Mtskheta World The mission stressed the importance of In October 2015 the Government of Heritage site, which was inscribed on the integrating conservation and sustainable Georgia signed an agreement, Cultural List of World Heritage in Danger in 2009. spatial planning into one approach and Heritage Advisory Service to the The current work, undertaken by the suggested that there be an appropriate National Agency for Cultural Heritage Ministry of Culture and its National Agency understanding of Outstanding Universal Preservation (NACHP) to be implemented for the Protection of Cultural Heritage with Value by all stakeholders. Further municipal under the Third Regional Development the support of the Municipal Development capacity-building to raise awareness Project (RDP III) between the Municipal Fund through World Bank funding, is very of and management and integrated Development Fund of Georgia and positive and quite exceptional in the sense urban development and management UNESCO, for assistance with four that the NACPH is the lead agency for the was also recommended. The use of components: the World Heritage property development of a protection mechanism UNESCO’s Historical Urban Landscape Historical Monuments of Mtskheta; included in a land use and master plan. Recommendation tools was also suggested. support for the implementation of the In view of starting the implementation of The mission underlined the need for Periodic Reporting Action Plan (including the technical assistance project and at the a participative validation process for the harmonization of the National Tentative request of the Government of Georgia, the development of the different phases of the List, nomination of underrepresented World Heritage Centre carried out a mission Land Use Master Plan, and took note of the categories of sites, development of from 23 to 28 November 2015 to the site important involvement of the Patriarchate capacity-building activities for appropriate to assess the technical assistance needs for in the project, notably for its contribution protection and management of the World the implementation of the master plan for to promoting religious landscape values. Heritage properties); capacity-building; its conservation and preservation.

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#Unite4Heritage the lives of local communities. According to New Patrimonito Mohamed Abd ElGawad: photo and story ‘A woman dances at Fatimah al- episode Nabawiya’s moulid in Al-Batiniya, Cairo, to contest winner the song of one of the local bands. Women The thirteenth episode of the cartoon frequently dance and sing during moulids. series Patrimonito’s World Heritage Moulid celebrations are one of the places Adventures is now available online and on The #Unite4Heritage Photo and Story in which traditions with a long legacy that DVD. The plot is set in the World Heritage contest was held in 2015 and attracted more dates back to Pharaonic times are practised, Site in Sundarbans National Park (India) and than 10,000 entries from all over the world. such as receiving the blessings of awliya, focuses on the theme of biodiversity. Through Instagram and Facebook, entrants henna and lighting candles. They are also Sundarbans contains the world’s were invited to post their most inspiring an important place for Egyptians, from largest mangrove forest and one of the photos of cultural heritage and explain why urban and rural areas, of different sects and most biologically productive of all natural they matter to them. The overwhelming ages, to gather, dance, celebrate and listen ecosystems. The mangrove habitat supports response of incredible entries made judging to chants and prayers.’ the world’s largest population of tigers, the contest very difficult, but the entries To view the full gallery of the which have adapted to an almost amphibious were narrowed down to the top twenty, top 20 photos, visit: http://www. life. They are also renowned for being ‘man- and from there the winner was selected. unite4heritage.org/ eaters’, most probably due to their relatively The winning photo (below), by Mohamed Also be sure to check out the full frequent encounters with local people. Abd ElGawad, shows traditional moulid Instagram feed, with thousands of amazing In this episode Patrimonito and young dancing in Egypt. The emotion on the face photos, at: people work together to foster cohabitation of the woman, dancing as others look on, https://www.instagram.com/explore/ between wildlife, particularly tigers, and showcases the powerful role of heritage in tags/unite4heritage/ human beings in order to preserve the

72 World Heritage No. 79 biodiversity of the Sundarbans and the First World International Coordinating Committee for survival of local communities. the Safeguarding and Development of the The episode is based on the winning Heritage Youth Historic Site of Angkor (ICC–Angkor), on storyboard submitted by Aditi Sinha, a 2 December. 14-year-old girl from Delhi, on the theme Forum in Asia At the presentation, participants expressed

World Heritage and Biodiversity, for the urges action their concern to the 300 attendees of Outreach Patrimonito Storyboard Competition the technical session that World Heritage 2010/2011, organized by the UNESCO conservation is not a priority at national World Heritage Centre. Delegates to the first World Heritage Youth level in some developing countries. They also The competition was designed to give Forum (WHYF) in Asia, held from 25 November pointed out the marked lack of interest and young people the opportunity to work to 3 December 2015 in Siem Reap (Cambodia), shared responsibility among young people creatively while raising their awareness called on young people to participate actively in the Asia-Pacific region, suggesting that to of World Heritage sites and sustainable in the preservation of World Heritage in address this situation young people need to development issues. At the same time, the Asia-Pacific region. The WHYF in Asia, take an active part in the process. it encouraged young people to propose organized by the UNESCO World Heritage In order to boost participation among their solutions for the preservation of these sites, Centre, the Cambodian National Commission peers, the group pointed to the importance making them aware of the importance of for UNESCO and APSARA National Authority, of youth empowerment programmes and the role they could play. brought together thirty-eight young people suggested the formation of a World Heritage ‘Although there is tough protection, tigers between ages 20 and 30 from twenty Youth Council at the regional, national and tend to stray into village areas. Therefore, countries in the region. university levels, which would ensure the these practical and simple methods can be The WHYF was held at a regional level hosting of event like the WHYF. implemented to tackle the problem,’ Aditi in response to requests by States Parties The young people also suggested that said. This latest episode was produced by in order to provide feedback to the World States Parties should support initiatives to the World Heritage Centre in collaboration Heritage Committee. foster social innovation for World Heritage, with the UNESCO Education for Sustainable Taking part in lively discussions with such as an annual World Heritage Day for Development unit and with the financial experts on the themes of monument Young People. They encouraged the private support of Japan Funds-in-Trust and the management, community and tourism, the sector to participate in conservation and World Heritage Fund. participants also visited Angkor, a World promotion of World Heritage sites through All episodes of the Patrimonito series Heritage site in Cambodia. They shared Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Their are accessible at http://whc.unesco.org/en/ issues relating to World Heritage sites in the declaration concluded with a call ‘to respect patrimonito/. region and explored the roles and challenges ancestral values not just within the Asia- of heritage preservation and promotion. Pacific region, but for the world’. During their encounters they engaged in It is anticipated that the regional forum role-playing, taking the part of States Parties results and the Youth Declaration will be in a Youth Model of the World Heritage shared during the 40th session of the World Committee plenary session. Heritage Committee in Istanbul (Turkey) in The highlight of the forum was the July 2016. And considering the success of presentation of the Youth Declaration the first regional forum, a second event is during the 25th technical session for the foreseen for the new biennium.

Patrimonito at Sundarbans National Park (India). Delegates to the first World Heritage Youth Forum in Asia.

World Heritage No. 79 73 News Outreach

Youth Volunteers The Battir summer camp involved 5th and 70th hands-on activities at the ancient in Palestine agricultural terraces, Roman irrigation anniversary canals and springs. The youths were also From 5 to 15 August 2015, the local involved in cultural activities and field trips celebrations community of Battir and the UNESCO to cultural and historical sites in the West in Viet Nam Ramallah Office organized an International Bank, including Jericho, Hebron and to Voluntary Camp at the World Heritage site the first Palestinian site to be accorded of Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines – World Heritage status – Birthplace of Jesus: Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Battir. The camp brought together more Route, Bethlehem. than seventy national and international Volunteers from the UNESCO Ramallah volunteers from across the world aged Office, the local NGO Battir 2020 initiative between 18 and 30. and Berziet University students joined the The project was one of fifty-two WHV camp and worked alongside the launched by the World Heritage Volunteers local community of Battir to renovate the (WHV) initiative 2015, on the theme terraces of the historical site, using natural Patrimonito Takes a Stand in a Changing materials and tools that would not harm Global Environment. The WHV initiative the environment or change the ancient was launched by UNESCO in 2008 to features. They also worked on cleaning mobilize and involve young people and tourist paths at the site, assisting the locals youth organizations in World Heritage in promoting it and raising awareness of its Director of UNESCO World Heritage Centre, preservation and promotion. cultural values. Mechtild Rössler, and other participants The Palestine site, a few kilometres south- During the camp, presentations were at the anniversary celebrations. west of Jerusalem, in the central highlands delivered by different stakeholders on © Viet Nam National Commission for UNESCO between Nablus and Hebron, was inscribed various topics. There was also an opportunity on both the World Heritage List and the to promote and raise awareness of the On the occasion of the 5th anniversary List of World Heritage in Danger in 2014. international campaign #Unite4Heritage, a of the inscription of the World Heritage The cultural landscape of Battir comprises a global movement powered by UNESCO that property Central Sector of the Imperial series of farmed valleys, with characteristic aims to celebrate and safeguard cultural Citadel of Thang Long – Hanoi on the World stone terraces, some of which are irrigated heritage and diversity around the world Heritage List, an international conference for market-garden production, while others through the celebration of the places, To Preserve and Promote the Value of are dry and planted with grapevines and objects and cultural traditions that make World Heritage: A View from Thang Long olive trees. The development of terrace the world so rich and vibrant. Citadel was held on 23 November 2015 at farming in such a mountainous region The action camp was implemented by the site. is supported by a network of irrigation the International Palestinian Youth League, More than 200 experts from both channels fed by underground sources. A with the support of the Palestinian Ministry Viet Nam and abroad (including experts traditional system of distribution is then of Tourism and Antiquities, the local from Australia, France, Japan and the used to share the water collected through community of Battir, the Battir Ecomuseum, Republic of Korea) attended. this network between families from the Battir 2020 working committee and the During the conference a number of papers nearby village of Battir. UNESCO Ramallah Office. were given on enhanced implementation of the Convention for various sites in Viet Nam. The papers have been collected and published in Vietnamese, with some abstracts in English. Mechtild Rössler, Director of the World Heritage Centre, gave a keynote speech at the meeting on conservation issues relating to the Vietnamese sites inscribed on the List. During the meeting a debate arose over the notions of restoration, rebuilding and reconstruction. After the workshop participants attended a celebration marking the 70th Voluntary camp at the Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir (Palestine). anniversary of UNESCO. © IPYL-CCIVS-UNESCO

74 World Heritage No. 79 Swiss watch in order to reduce threats from overfishing, The company also supported the World coastal development and polluted runoff Heritage Marine Programme’s efforts at manufacturer at these sites. In the day-to-day work the COP21 in Paris in November/December 2015 partnership concentrates on strengthening to raise awareness of the critical impacts Jaeger-LeCoultre: the resilience of fragile marine ecosystems, that climate change is causing in the forty- a driving force especially from the threats of fisheries, seven ocean sites that are protected by the Outreach so they can rebound more quickly when UNESCO World Heritage Convention for behind the World hit by the effects of climate change. their Outstanding Universal Value. Healthy ecosystems are better equipped to Most recently, with the help of Jaeger- Heritage Marine withstand bleaching events or recover from LeCoultre, Glacier Bay National Park Programme’s ever more frequent and powerful storms. and Preserve (United States) and the Jaeger-LeCoultre’s commitment to sustai- Norwegian Fjords are spearheading a successes nable development and the preservation twinning cooperation aimed at stepping of the unique natural setting of the World up environmentally friendly cruise shipping The Swiss watch manufacture Jaeger- Heritage marine sites, home to so many rare across the World Heritage marine network. LeCoultre has partnered with the World and endangered plant or animal species, As inscription on the World Heritage List Heritage Centre and its World Heritage has resulted in various success stories. Over is only one step towards safeguarding these Marine Programme for almost ten years the years the company has helped to step marine treasures for future generations, it is now in order to raise awareness of up the capacity of individual sites, such as a crucial to ensure that all marine sites have marine conservation and assist with the new radar system to fight illegal fisheries at an effective management system in place preservation of exceptional ocean sites. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (Philippines) that adequately protects their Outstanding Today, forty-seven sites are inscribed on and patrol boats to scale up surveillance at Universal Value. Apart from its long-term the World Heritage List specifically for their the Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de support for the World Heritage Centre and exceptional marine values. Considered as Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves, as its direct support of several marine sites, the Crown Jewels of the Ocean, they cover well as at Cocos Island National Park (Costa Jaeger-LeCoultre has been instrumental in about 10 per cent of all marine protected Rica). building a site manager community across areas on the planet. But multiple stressors Through its financial support to build- the forty-seven sites whose managers today are threatening the conservation of many ing marine expertise at the World Heritage share best practices and management exceptional marine sites throughout the Centre, Jaeger-LeCoultre has been instru- solutions. The next World Heritage Marine world. mental in helping to bring sustainable solu- Site Managers Conference, the third of its The partnership between UNESCO and tions to the future conservation of Australia’s kind, will be held in the Galápagos Islands Jaeger-LeCoultre provides help to both the Great Barrier Reef as it faces threats from (Ecuador) World Heritage site in 2016. World Heritage Centre and site managers water pollution and climate change.

Photographer Mark Kelley, Fanny Douvere, UNESCO World Heritage Marine Programme and Philippe Bonay, Jaeger-LeCoultre. © UNESCO

World Heritage No. 79 75 News Outreach

Youths gather to They immersed themselves in lectures from of encouraging the maintenance of local experts and researchers specializing in ecological balance and biodiversity through protect marine the themes of biodiversity and environmental coordinated action including education and management. They discussed the different outreach. They also encouraged the creation biodiversity management approaches, the impact of of area-specific assessments for vulnerability fishing activities, the issues of mitigation and risk resilience and called for forums and adaptation to climate change, and the and training opportunities on identifying The Caribbean World Heritage Youth management of Coiba National Park. the sources of waste and opportunities for Project on Marine Biodiversity & Climate The site manager introduced the waste reduction, increased efficiency, proper Change was held from 25 to 29 January participants to the park’s terrestrial and disposal, and opportunities for waste reuse. 2016 at Coiba National Park and its Special marine ecosystems. They then recorded In addition the participants drew up Zone of Marine Protection World Heritage the flora and fauna observed and created activity sheets, introducing concepts for site, located off the Pacific coast of Panama, tourist trail maps, which they presented to young people between the ages of 13 and in order to empower young people to the national park management. 18, which they are to finalize and promote create stronger links between Caribbean The young people also met the local through the World Heritage Centre website. Small Island Developing States and Central fisher communities to discuss local means By developing these sheets, they were American countries. of sustainable fishing. They then visited seeking to generate further interest among Fourteen participants between the ages Miraflores Centre at the western lock of young people through other innovative of 20 and 30 were selected from fourteen the Panama Canal, which provided a good educational approaches on marine countries (Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, example of human impact on the local biodiversity and climate change. Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El ecosystem. The Youth Project was organized by Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, During group work, they focused their the World Heritage Centre in cooperation Mexico, Panama, Saint Lucia and Suriname). discussion on the impact of climate change with the Mar Viva Foundation, and with Each had background experience in projects on the quality of life. They then presented the support of the Ministry of Education, relating to marine biodiversity and climate their draft recommendation and action Culture and Science of the Netherlands and change. plan in which they recalled the importance the World Heritage Fund.

76 World Heritage No. 79 The Case of the Lost World Heritage, 17th episode World Heritage is pleased to present a series of World Heritage comic strips featuring Rattus Holmes and Dr Felis Watson, the famous pet detectives of Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson. The sleuths save the World Heritage sites from evil Moriarty, who plans to steal them for an interplanetary theme park.

They are part of a series produced by UNESCO and Edge Group, UK, which includes other adventures of Holmes and Watson in Rattus Outreach Holmes in the Case of the Spoilsports (about doping in sports) and Rattus Holmes and the Case of the World Water Crisis. For more information about Edge Group and their work, write to [email protected].

World Heritage No. 79 77 Photography WORLD HERITAGE PHOTOGRAPHY & EXHIBITIONS for preservation and protection

SPECIALISTS IN WORLD HERITAGE SITE PROMOTION AND PRESERVATION THROUGH GREAT ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHY www.ourplaceworldheritage.com

CONTACT GEOFF STEVEN, CEO [email protected]

Singapore Botanical Gardens Photography WORLD HERITAGE PHOTOGRAPHY & EXHIBITIONS for preservation and protection

SPECIALISTS IN WORLD HERITAGE SITE PROMOTION AND PRESERVATION THROUGH GREAT ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHY www.ourplaceworldheritage.com

CONTACT GEOFF STEVEN, CEO [email protected]

Singapore Botanical Gardens In Print and Online books

Water & Heritage: Sites marins du patrimoine World Heritage in International Fund Material, conceptual and mondial: pour une Europe Today for Cultural Diversity: spiritual connections gestion efficace des aires UNESCO World Heritage Centre Walking the paths of Edited by Willem J.H. Willems marines protégées les English and French versions http://whc.unesco.org/en/eur-na/ sustainable development and Henk P.J. van Schaik plus emblematiques au UNESCO Sidestone Press Academics English and French versions monde / Sitios marinos This publication brings together the English only http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ experience, challenges and success https://www.sidestone.com/ del Patrimonio Mundial: images/0024/002429/242924E.pdf bookshop/water-heritage gestión eficaz de las zonas stories of the thousands of people who are directly involved with World Heritage The 4th edition of the International Fund marinas protegidas más in Europe – a region that accounts for This book deals with the heritage of for Cultural Diversity (IFCD) brochure emblemáticas del mundo close to half of the World Heritage List. water management and the use that demonstrates the tangible impact of UNESCO World Heritage Centre Beyond the prestige associated with this has been made of water, as well as the IFCD on the ground. It presents French and Spanish versions coveted status, the 1972 Convention the impact of water management on concrete evidence on how creativity drives (already published in English) on the Protection of the World Cultural heritage. Water is vital for life, and its sustainable development, through its availability has been a concern throughout and Natural Heritage comes with strict Originally published as World Heritage wellspring of best practices. At a time of the ages. The development of human requirements concerning the safeguarding Marine Sites: Managing effectively the unprecedented change, as the globalization society everywhere is connected with and management of World Heritage world’s most iconic Marine Protected Areas, process is rapidly transforming societies, various forms of water management. sites, explaining how these requirements this best practice guide is now available we must tap every source of innovative In the coming decades, the impact of are managed today to ensure that the in French and Spanish versions. It is a ideas, creative knowledge and inspiring climate change is expected to intensify common heritage of humanity can be primer on how to accomplish effective, experience to shape a better future for all. floods and droughts, affect groundwater passed on to future generations. pro-active management to ensure the In this spirit, the IFCD is at the forefront resources, raise sea levels, increase long-term conservation and sustainable of advocating for a stronger presence of pollution and enhance the frequency development of World Heritage marine culture and creativity in the international and magnitude of disasters. Societies sites. It also lays the groundwork towards Tombs of Buganda sustainable development agenda. around the world are challenged to establishing a common standard for adapt to these threats to ensure water Kings at Kasubi Tour effective management and pro-active security, economic prosperity and Guiding Manual 2015 decision-making for World Heritage marine Re-Shaping Cultural Policies: environmental and cultural sustainability. UNESCO Regional Office for site managers and site managers in other A decade promoting Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya marine protected areas (MPAs). There are English only the diversity of cultural two core tools at the heart of the approach Annual Report 2015 World PDF version available for download: expressions for development presented here. The first is to use each Heritage Marine Programme http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1452 UNESCO site’s Outstanding Universal Value – as UNESCO World Heritage English and French versions described at the time the site was listed – Marine Programme Produced by the guides themselves during http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ as the guiding star at the centre of each English only a two-day workshop at the site, with images/0024/002428/242866e.pdf site’s management system. The second is E-version only: http://whc. the technical assistance of Sebastien to focus on using area-based tools – such unesco.org/en/news/1447 Moriset, an expert from the French- The rise of Internet giants, the explosion of as marine spatial planning (MSP) – to based CRAterre-ENSAG International social networks, the digital revolution - all plan for and achieve environmental, With the support of global partners, great Research Centre on Earthen Architecture, are profoundly changing the methods of social and economic objectives to strides have been made in protecting the brochure includes photos and production and dissemination of cultural ensure that sustainable development some of the world’s most spectacular illustrations, maps and texts on the various goods such as music, film and books. Since is both tangible and operational and places. To name a few: in the Arctic, components of this World Heritage site in the adoption of the 2005 Convention safeguards a site’s exceptional values. the Russian Federation’s Natural System Uganda. Remigius Kigongo, conservator on the Protection and Promotion of the of Wrangel Island Reserve is now safe at Uganda Museums, also contributed Diversity of Cultural Expressions, the from drilling in the nearby Chukchi Sea. to the workshop and provided a great world’s cultural landscape has changed At Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, the number of archive photographs. The considerably. This publication, compiled Marine Programme helped to achieve a historical and cultural background on based on reports provided by seventy-one ban on dumping of dredged material, the Buganda Kingdom and its burial signatory countries and supplemented by major commitments to improve water traditions are highlighted along with the various studies, explores these changes quality and a thirty-year target-based rich collection of artefacts and traditional and the policy impact of the Convention management plan to guide its future costumes. The governance structure is in its first ten years. It examines the protection. In Belize, the government also explained, including the essential role impact of the Convention in the light of approved an ambitious three-year of women at this traditionally managed its four objectives: support sustainable roadmap to have the site removed from site. The publication goes into detail to cultural governance systems; achieve a the List of World Heritage in Danger and demonstrate and document the building balanced exchange of cultural goods and has already announced a permanent techniques used at this jewel of earthen services and increase mobility; include ban on offshore oil exploration in the architecture and also showcases the crafts culture within sustainable development Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System as a and cultural industries linked with the frameworks; and promote human key first step in its implementation.. traditional lifestyle of the communities. rights and fundamental freedoms.

80 World Heritage No. 79 Calendar

28 April to 4 May Regional Youth Forum for World Heritage in Africa. Robben Island, South Africa. Information: [email protected] Calendar 5 May African World Heritage Day. Information: [email protected]

12 to 31 May Exhibition: African World Heritage: A Pathway for Development. UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, France. Information: [email protected]

Ordering information: 23 May to 24 June International Course on First Aid to Cultural Heritage in Times of Crisis. For books and publications from publishers other than UNESCO, Washington DC, United States. please contact the publisher directly, Information: [email protected] or order from a bookstore.

To order from UNESCO 31 May to 4 June Publishing, visit the website International Conference ‘Safeguarding African World Heritage as a Driver of (http://publishing.unesco.org), or write to: Sustainable Development’. Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania. UNESCO Publishing Information: [email protected] UNESCO 7, Place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP 29 June to 12 July France Fax: +33 1 4568 5737 World Heritage Youth Forum 2016 at the Crossroads of Multi-layered Heritage. E-mail: Istanbul, Turkey. [email protected] Information: [email protected]

To request copies of the World Heritage Papers Series, 10 to 20 July contact the UNESCO World Heritage Centre via e-mail 40th session of the World Heritage Committee. ([email protected]) or at Istanbul, Turkey. the address below: Information: [email protected]

World Heritage Centre UNESCO 11 to 14 July 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP Terra 2016: XIIth World Congress on Earthen Architectures. France Lyon, France. http://whc.unesco.org/ Information: [email protected]

1 to 10 September IUCN World Conservation Congress 2016: Planet at the Crossroads. Hawaii, United-States. Information: [email protected]

World Heritage No. 79 81 UNESCO Publishing

United Nations Educational, Scientiﬁc and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France • www.unesco.org/publishing E-mail: [email protected] Re | Shaping Cultural Policies A Decade Promoting the Diversity of Cultural Expressions for Development n Have the countries that ratified the 2005 Convention, adopted at UNESCO ten years ago, stepped up their support for cultural creation, encouraged diversity for the media, opened their markets to cultural goods from developing countries? These are some of the questions addressed in the report Re | Shaping Cultural Policies. n UNESCO’s 2005 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions has been ratified by 141 States and by the European Union to date. This legal instrument has influenced a number of policies around the world, notably concerning the film industry, book publishing, the mobility of artists and the dissemination of local audiovisual productions. n Re | Shaping Cultural Policies, UNESCO’s first follow up on the implementation of the Convention worldwide, takes stock of developments in the cultural and creative industries. It also looks at the trade in the cultural products, notably between developed and developing countries. n The Report gives numerous examples of initiatives in different parts of the world: the establishment of a guaranteed

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WH 79 World Heritage No. 79 83 worldheritage_79_pub.indd 2 01/04/2016 15:50 OLD QUÉBEC

Québec City’s rich heritage is well known beyond its borders. On December 3, 1985, UNESCO declared the Historic District of Old Québec a World Heritage Site.

OUTSTANDING EXAMPLE OF A FORTIFIED COLONIAL CITY Québec is the only city in North America whose fortifications are virtually all intact.

CRADLE OF FRENCH CIVILIZATION IN NORTH AMERICA Francophone culture has been continuously present there since the 17th century.

The City of Québec is proud to celebrate this prestigious recognition.

ville.quebec.qc.ca

Next Issue Next Issue

Historic Areas of Istanbul.

The 40th session of the World Heritage Committee will be held The regulatory framework for managing World Heritage sites from 10 to 20 July 2016 in Istanbul (Turkey). This issue will be in Turkey, partnerships for the conservation of sites, strategies for dedicated to the country’s fifteen fascinating World Heritage sites, managing tourism and sites for potential inscription on the World from the Historic Areas of Istanbul to Pergamon with its acropolis. Heritage List will be presented. Other sites include the Archaeological Site of Troy and the mausoleum There will also be a message from UNESCO Director-General Irina of Nemrut Dağ, but also mixed sites in spectacular landscapes such Bokova, as well as an interview with Her Excellency Ambassador as Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, with its Ms Lale Ülker, Chair of the World Heritage Committee, and rock-hewn sanctuaries, and Hierapolis-Pamukkale with its ruins of messages from Kadir Topbaş, Mayor of Istanbul, and Mahir Ünal, baths, temples and Hellenistic monuments. Minister of Culture and Tourism.

World Heritage No.79 85 WH_unesco_plitvice 11. travnja 2016. 13:12:34