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ZANU PF LI I U RICA WHAT FUTURE? Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANIJ PF Department of lntormarion and Publicity. 144 Union Avenue. H.ar e Tel: 790148 Volume 28, No. 6 1997, Registered art Ihe GPO ts a Newspaper JUNE 1997 $2.50 (incl. sales tax)

Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF Contents Editorial: Cover Story: National News: Special Reports: Regional File: I write as I like: Address to Central Committe Africa File: International: World Population Special: Sport: Obituaries: OAU: Harare Summit Turning Point ...... 2 Kabila was the star at the Summit ...... 3 Council elections round the comer; tension growing ...... 4 O pen U niversity ...... 5 Quest for economic prosperity ...... 8 Environmental policies key to economic growth ...... 10 Land still contentious issue ...... 1.... 1 South Africa: Many nations in one ...... 12 Swelling refugee figures a concern ...... 15 Focus on decisions of the OAU Summit ...... 16 Let us defend and invigorate the Party ...... 19 From Zaire to Congo signals brightest future in 30 years ...... 21 No peace in process in Middle East ...... 23 Reproductive health programmes emphasise quality care ...... 24 Men take responsibility for reproductive health and family planning ...... 25 Founding of Pan-African Games ...... 28 Peter Musende (1960-1997) ...... 29 Stephen Kenneth Sesulelo Vuma (1936-1997) ...... 29 ON-W Zimbabwe News in the official organ of the Zimbabwe African National Union ZANU PF and is produced on the authority of the Central Commitee by the Department of Information and Publicity, Jongwe World Copyright, Central Committee (ZANU PF) Editorial Council: Cde. N.M. Shamuyarira, Cde.C.C. Chimutengwende, Cde. C. Ndlovu, Cde. S. Kachingwe, Cdt. A Sikhosana ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

EDITORIAL OAU: Harare Summit Turning Point The Harare Summit of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) was a truely historical gathering; it was a turning point on a number of very important issues. It was good to see such a large gathering of Heads of State and Government, and the deliberations spread over two full working days. The soldiers of Sierra Leone threw the challenge to the OAU by seizing power just as the Summit in Harare was convening. They seized power on Africa DayMay 25 and removed a civilian President who had been in power for only a year. The Constitution for Sierra Leone had been carefully prepared by a United Nations team over a period of 2 to 3 years, and free and fair elections supervised by independent observers had ~een conducted. But, the soldiers just threw away with contempt all that good work, and the will of the people with it. The Summit roundly condemned the coup, and supported ECOWAS, led by Nigeria, which were taking steps to oppose the coup. Ghanaian soldiers also joined forces with Nigeria. The act of taking steps to oppose the coup was a new feature in OAU politics. On the burning international issue of the stalled Middle East peace process, the OAU strongly suppported the representations of Chairman Yasser Arafat, and decided to freeze the relations with Israel at the present level. That was positive action., Elsewhere in this issue, we discuss the desperate situation in the Middle East in the face of the arrogance of Mr Benjamin Netanyau, the Prime Minister of Israel. On Libya, again the OAU decided that, if the dispute with the USA continued to be a festering sore, the member-states would ignore the sanctions regime. On the second day the Summit turned itself into an economic Summit, thereby inaugurating the long process of establishing the African Economic Community on the basis of the Abuja Treaty. That was a very important step. It places the emphasis of future meetings of the OAU where it should be on economic and trade issues. The political power that has now been won has got to be reinforced by economic power. Clearly the struggle for economic independence is going to be a long and arduous one, but the battle has begun. The area of regional and international trade has many intricate and diverse problems that require maximum unity among the developing countries. The rapid integration of African economies would create a strong economic bloc that can bargain with other regional blocs such as the European Union, the ASEAN, NAFTA etc. Without such a bloc Africa would be much weaker. E ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6 Kabila was the star of the Harare summit of the O.A.U. By Our Diplomatic Correspondent. DRC President, Cde Laurent Kabila he quite-spoken, unassuming, confident new head of state of the Diplomatic Republic of the Congo Comrade Laurent Kabila - was the star of the 33rd Summit of the Organisation of African Unity held in Harare on June 2-4, 1997. When his plane touched down at Harare airport there were thousands of people to welcome him, including the Congolese community living in Harare. He was met and greeted with open arms by Comrade Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe, who had supported him all the way during dificult times and days. The Congolese community was delighted to see their new head of state. Among them were Congolese diplomats who worked at the Zairean Embassy in Harare but had not been paid by the Mobutu dictatorship for years.There were also businessmen and women with no travel documents. In the last decade of the decaying dictactorship there was no paper , and no system to issue any documents, except forged ones. It was no surprise that there were enthusias- tic and keen to see the man pushed the decaying dictacto the dustbin of history in only of fighting. Even the last batt trol of the capital, Kinshasa, w people feared would be a bl gruelling affair, turned out to b ful take over of empty barr offices. No one was prepared Mobutu, a man whose 32had benefited nobody except himself and his immediate Good News From Aft In recent years only bad news coming out of Africa - star gees, fighting in Somalia, Libe Leone, Rwanda, Burundi et refreshing to get good news Congo (former Zaire) annou flight of the dictator, Mobutu and his family, and the rapid of the soldiers of the Alliance ties led by Laurent Kabila. Tha development sent the right iall those dictatorships on the that rule without the suppo will of the people. We also hope that the bitter lesson of Zaire has been learnt in AmericaParis, m Brussels, London and Bonn. Successive USA Governments and administrations brought Mobutu to power, and supported him for 32 years against the wishes of the people. Successive European Governments, especially those of Belgium, France, and Switzerland, supported Mobutu, and allowed him to take billions of dollars out of Zaire in order to buy large properties in Switzerland,Belgium, and France.That wealth must be returned to Kabila's government, and to its rightful owners - the people of Zaire (now the Congo). First things first The Kabila Goverment has many urgent problems to tackle. Firstly, it has no money. Mobutu and his relatives and soldiers looted every bank and every Government institution. He needs massive aid from friends, and wellwishers. Secondly, he has to orgqnise the S personnel for the task of administration : (the army, Police, and the civil service). Thirdly, he has to rehabilitate the infrastructure (roads, bridges, water-pipes, who had medicines for clinics, houses, transport, irship into etc). That is the huge task facing him 7 months and his government.To give the minile for con- mum of services to the Congolese peohich many pie, and to return Governmental institutions to normality. That is the first task oody and before any elections can be held.Those e a peace- who supported the Mobutu dictatorship racks, and ospotdt to fight for for 32 years, should be ashamed to beyear reign gin calling for democracy, and crying for t to enrich human rights violations. amily. Democracy in the Congo In Harare President Kabila spoke about ica the new policy of his government in the has been Congo. He said he wanted all tribes, and tving refu- ethnic groups to be represented in the eria, Sierra Government. More importantly, he is c. It was anxious that the people of the Congo from the participate fully in electing the central ncing the Government, the local (or Municipal) Sese Seko, governments, and, down to the wards advances and villages. The first participatory inof the Par- stitutions to be set up are the village at positive committees. Every elected official must nessage to first be elected by his village continent or his ward. The next layer rt and the *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

Council elections round the corner: Tension Growing By Our Bulawayo Reporter he Rural District Council elections are now going to take place in November this year. The Urban and District Councils Act which regulates, these elections will be amended in the current sitKabila was the star of the Harare summit of the O.A.U. * Continuedfrom previous page will be the district, then the provinces, and then national. in a country of twenty- five million people, and so widely spread, it will take at least two years to put these structures into place. But, Kabila is determined to do so on his own volition, as a logical consequence of his revolution. He also pooh-poohed and down-played the pressure from a few students in Kinshasa, supported by some foreign newspapers, to. appoint Mr Itienne Tshisekede to his government. He was presented as a popular figure in Kinsha'sa. But, the truth is that he was a man whose image was tarnished by the Mobutu brush. Twice he was appointed Prime Minister and served the decaying and corrupt regime of Mobutu Sese Seko. Asked why he had not appointed him to his government, Kabila said he was not concerned with individuals but with the people as a whole. Businessmen could help the Congo Businessmen and women could help the Congo by investing capital in its wide variety of rich natural resources, especially mining, and energy. It is one of the richest countries in Africa. The large multinational companies have already had discussions with President Kabila. It is in their own interest, and certainly in the interests of the Congolese people, if the big multinational companies could invest heavily in the dongo at this particular time.They can be assured of good returns, Furthermore, they can help Kabila's government to stabilise, as well as fulfill some of the basic needs of his people. ting of Parliament. For the first time in our history, the voters will be those registered on the national voters' roll. The municipal voters' roll will be abolished. In a nutshell, those are the important developments taking place in the field of local government. The rural district councils are elected once in four years; and in the fourth year, new elections take place in August. The district administrators are supposed to close the registration of municipal voters in March, and then prepare and print them in time for the elections in August. That is what the Act says. But, this year there were several problems. The rolls of certain Councils were not ready, notably Goromonzi and Masvingo (rural). In Masvingo, a District Administrator put the rolls under some bags of maize, and just forgot about them. The district then tried to reregister all the voters again, but the process was lonig and difficult to complete in the time set. But, it also turned out that even those Councils which reported to be ready were not really so. In order to give every person a chance to participate in Local Government, the Ministry of Local Government, Rural, and Urban Development, decided to postpone the elections in order to give time to the registrars and administrators to make thorough preparations. By October, all those who want to participate in voting should be able to do so freely and fairly. Rigging of Municipal Elections One disturbing feature in the way rural district councils and urban councils too conducted their elections was the persistent attempts by some opposition members (or the independents) to rig the elections. They corrupted officials of the Council and registrars of voters to put in voters who did not belong to that constituency. For example, in the current Chitungwiza Mayoral elections, registration forms have been found in places like Mayambara in Seke, Jonasi in Seke, Sunningdale in Harare, and in Mbare. This tendency for rigging and cheating willbe counteracted by the decision of the Government to use the national voters' roll for local government elections. The decision to use the national voters' roll has a further substantive political advantage. it will enable a large number of our people who could not vote to do so. workers on commercial farms, who form the largest'section of the work force, were not allowed to vote in local government elections, and yet they vote in national parliamentary elections. Under the old system that is being phased out, the only person allowed to vote on a farm was the white farmer himself. If he had four or five farms he would four or five votes. There is one white farmer and businessman who has*27 votes be-. cause he has that large number of properties. The Vote for the Priest Similarly, at Mission stations scattered throughout the'country, it was the Priest alone who could vote for himself and for his adherents. No one else could. This system was dearly unjust as wel as undemocratic. It had to go. The utlisation of the national register will have the effect of enfranchising thousands of Zimbabweans who could not vote in -local government elections before. More Women Councilors At the last meeting of the Central Committee, and the Consultative Assembly, held in Harare on June 12 and 13, members of the Women's League urged the Party to elect more women Councilors. They suggested a quota of say 25 percent or 30 percent of the Councillors in each district. It was argued that they would also be more conscientious about their work. The proposition has been referred to the Politburo. But, all members of the Central Committee stressed the need for a higher level of Councillors, both in terms of education, and commitment to administrative work. The present levels of some Councillors came in for heavy criticism from all sides. it pays to advertise in the. Zimbabwe News Magazine ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

Zimbabwe Open University *The theoretical basis of its policies and Practices Paper presented at the international council for Distance Education 18th world conference at Pennyslavania State University USA - June 1 - 6 1997 By Dr. Sikhanyiso D. Ndlovu MP, Deputy Minister of Higher Education, Republic of Zimbabwe. frica is a leader in distance communications. Africans used a talking drum to send messages at a distance and others used the kudu horn and others the gong. Africans have had an oral tradition for generations. In 1994 the Zimbabwe Government decided to work on establishing its own open University using modern communication technology. Currently Zimbabwe has 200 000 students graduating each year with 'A' and '0' Levels only from formal schools yet it has only 20,000 University places. Zimbabwe has 496 students in post Secondary Education for every 100,000 of population. The University of Zimbabwe in Harare is well established and regarded highly. A second University of Science and Technology is at Bulawayo. There are several small church-run Universities with plans to establish a number of others. My ministry's Council for Higher Education is responsible for the registration of new Universities. Zimbabwe was a British colony since 1893 but gained independence on April 18, 1980. It is a beautiful country with a warm climate, lovely tourist centres such as Victoria Falls and has 12 million people. Before independence, the country was beset by economic sanctions and the War of Liberation. These had adverse effects on the Education system. Schools were closed and millions sought refuge in the neighbouring contries of Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique. There they attended refugee schools. At Independence, school aged children and adults returned to Zimbabwe imbued with the quest to learn and to develop their country. Those who remained home also had hopes for learning raised with the flag of independence. New schools were built, old ones reopened and teachers trained through distance education under the ministry of Education and Cul- Dr. S.D. Ndlovu ture's Zimbabwe Integrated National Teachers Education Course (ZINTEC). The first Zimbabwe distance education college was established in 1980 first after independence by Dr Sikhanyiso Ndlovu a former political detainee and freedom fighter. This background is essential since national development stems from the political, educational and socio-economic conditions in the country. We cannot discuss distance education and National Development in the abstract. Before Independence, correspondence education was provided by three major colleges, the Rapid Results College, the International Correspondence School and the Central African Correspondence College. The Zimbabwe Distance Education College was new in the Zimbabwe Scene. All correspondence colleges were Gorvened by the correspondence colleges council of the ministry of Education and Culture and are now governed by the education advisory Council. Zimbabwe has 70 percent of her people in rural areas. Betore Independence, educational institutions were mainly located in the Urban centres widening the distance between the people and education servi- cies. The majority of education institutions were run by church missions. As the country works on Rural Development Schemes and provides primary education, a great number of people are unable to get further education in the urban areas. After Independence Governments had to establish more primary and secondary schools both in urban and rural areas. There was only one University with 3 000 students. Funds for building more schools are limited. One way of meeting the educational needs of people is to provide distance teaching. Important Considerations Developing a Distance Education University requires thorough consideration of important educational factors. The University system should be capable of reaching out to the students. The system cannot be operated if instituted only for political consideration rather than for the ictual need of the learner. Instructional communication such as written lectures, radio, television audio cassettes must be feasible. Emphasis should be placed on the distance learner whose needs are different from the full time student in a formal education system and utilise the concepts recommended for non-traditional adult study. 'Distance instructional media should be carefully selected and should be feasibly relevant, and affordable. The role of Distance Education in self reliance and national development Distance Education is internationally recognised as the most viable way to continuing education for self reliance and national development. If people continued their education through formal teaching only the nation could not afford schools of the size the city of Harare and city of Bulawayo or Johannesburg. This would need astronomical *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6 Zimbabwe Open University *Continuedfrom previous page building costs. The cost for teaching and administration would be impossible to maintain. Distance Education saves us from high building costs and large teaching staff who have to maintain the reasonable teacher/student ratio. Distance Education is the only cost effective means although initial costs may be high. For people who cannot attend full time formal education or training, because of no fault of their own or due to responsibilities such as family or employment, distance education strengthens self reliance.in distance education the learner does not leave the family or employment for training. Skills and knowledge are gained while on the job and with the family. These skills and knowledge are readily applied to the job, hence improvement to national development. This learning develops self reliance in the individual and the nation. Learners aim to apply their knowledge to problem solving and useful purposes in life. National Development is the provision of goods and services, Education, Health and Socio-Economic benefits to the majority of the people. National Development does not mean big edificies and programmes that have no relevance to the majority of the people. National Development does not continue if we just sit at home or simply do our routine work with the usual mistakes without continuing with our education. Distance education provides the answer. Distance education means life-long learning for self improvement and national transformation. Distance education is one of the most important factors in national development. Without education for the masses, ignorance prevails; Ignorance begets poverty and disease, and disease begets mortality. A country with a high illiteracy and mortality rate cannot be said to be developed. Distance education provides the acquisition of knowledge for self, family and community improvement. If an individual and family are developed so too is the nation. The need for many courses is great for example the rationale for a degree in agriculture is for the best utilisation of land in communal areas; Small scale and large scale farming in resettlement areas and at Growth Points (small development areas). Most people in these areas cannot leave their land for agricultural training in residential institutions. The Distance Agricultural Learners will readily apply the knowledge gained to their own work on the land. Potential students must be capable of taking up positions in the country's agricultural services such as Agritex at the level of extension assistants or just to become proficient farmers. Industries that deal with agricultural products, fertilisers and agricultural equipment are prospective employers of degree holders. The course is designed to give the student an all round appreciation of the problems and solutions in agriculture. In recognition of the major role Open and Distance Education can play in national development, the Zimbabwe Government in 1994 established a Ministerial Comrfiission to investigate the possibility of establishing the Zimbabwe Open University. A submission to the Ministry of Finance for $90 Million was presented. The President, who is a scholar in his own right and has several Degrees from open Universities is supportive of this activity to establish the ZOU. The then Pro-Vice Chancellor of the University of Zimbabwe, Professor Graham Hill, was responsible for the University Centre of Distance Education and responsible for the distance B.Ed. Programme. Professor Hill was recently appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University of Zimbabwe. Ministerial Commission Report The Ministerial Committee in February 1995 recommended: * That at the earliest opportunity an autonomous Open University be established in Zimbabwe to provide a national Distance learning institution which will satisfy the demand for education from well qualified school leavers, and address the manpower skills shortages and provide a continuing education faclity for the adult population. * The recommended name of the University is the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) and be established by an Act of Parliament. * A national coordinating machinery for Distance Education should be established in order to maximise the advantages of Distance Education in Manpower Development. * ZOU should be a single mode decentralised institution with the communication systems and infrastructure which are adequate to support the national University, and regional centre in each province. District study centres should be made available in the more remote areas of the country. Flexible entry requirements and study procedures should be priorities. * The present centre of Distance Education, University of Zimbabwe should be given University college status as soon as feasible and be relocated to become the nucleus of the new open University and there should be intergration of the two institutions during the planning and development phases of ZOU. * ZOU should have initially five faculties, a full complement of administrative and specialised production staff, but a small core of academic staff who have experience in Distance Education learning methods. " Distance Education programmes in applied sciences and technologies requiring practical teaching components should utilise laboratory facilities available and not being used during vacations at Conventional Universities. * Close links of collaboration should be established between ZOU and the University of South Africa (UNISA) and other open Universities in the SADC region of Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania and Zambia. 0 Since an increasing volume of excellent Distance Education learning material at University level is available worldwide it is recommended that in the short term when selecting programmes and learning materials for ZOU a careful appraisal is made of these materials for use in Zimbabwe, but in the long term ZOU should produce its own learning materials. S Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

Zimbabwe Open University $Continued from previous page * Three phases of development are envisaged for ZOU, planning, development and implementation phases; ZOU will admit its first students offering ten programmes and admitting 4,000 students and will have 8,000 students in its second year and will grow to 20,000 to 30,000 students within five years of becoming operational. * ZOU is deemed essential for sustainable national development and therefore requires a very real financial commitment from Government and the full support of all sectors of the community in Zimbabwe and the international community. The ministerial report was submitted to minister of Higher Education Dr. Ignatious Chombo three months after taking office and was accepted hence its current implementation. Distance Education is a higher form of correspondence teaching and is learnercentred, it utilises pedagogical nedia to motivate the learner. The principles of 'learning at the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains indicate that learning is behavioral, mental process, that needs positive reinforcement. Distance Education recognises that formal teaching cannot meet the educational needs of millions of people in developing nations who missed the formal education 'Bus' because of responsibilities to family, employment and finance. Open and distance education is based on pedagogical shirt for both teachers and students. It is aimed at mass education and is based on the theories of the structured industrialised process with many specialists contributing to the 'teaching' responsibility; and students are expected to take responsibility for their learning by using the stimulus materials to extend their current knowledge and belief system. This technology requires the know-how of processes and precedures to implement mediated teaching and to facilitate learning. Often it is seen as Audio,, Video, Computer conferencing and the interactive satelite distance teaching systems. In fact the technlogy of open and distance education has its own dynamic and is not dependent on these high tech components, although they should be used wherq appropriate. This technology of distance education requires a commitment to principles such as 0 Detailed design with the intergration of all pedagogical elements, instructional strategies and assessment through detailed planning and development; * Collaboration with the publication process; " Field testing and formative evaluation of instructional materials; * The provision of student support systems. * Effective communication with students. Pedagogical dialogue within the technology of distance Education requires an extension of intellectual dialogue for the isolated student. We look for dialogue within the study guide and materials provided, they are the tutorials in print and must promote a conversation between the writer and the reader. This dialogue should increase the commitment to act independently, to study the topic, to explore it to the fullest, to make it meaningful to each individual's personal and professinal context. The dialogue should motivate the students to master the essential cognitive and specialist skills that are basic, but also so that all grow as learners, that is that they are conscious of their own metacognitive development. This dialogue should extend as the student discusses topics with peers at work, with family and friends and colleagues, as the exprience of learning is taken from the narrow context of the desk and from the educational institution into the market place, into industry and into the community. There is a potential for a successor pity effect in further dialogue with the extensive resources and international content accessible through electronic databases on internet. All this fits very well the traditional theories of Distance Education, especially the guided didactic conversation, non contiguous learning linking the teacher and the learner psychological, the industrialisation of education and socio logical framework of the adult learner. The Zimbabwe Open University has a significant role in national development and national unity. The quest for education and training in Zimbabwe and world wide has been neccessited by socio-economic problems brought about by lack of access to education and training for the majority of our people. Develoment means; progress and prosperity and an improvement in the people's quality of life. Scholars and Scientists have come up with new ideas and methodologies for improving and access to education and training. There has been a progression towards open learning. Experience had been gained in Distance Education with the B.Ed programme that arose out of a report in 1991 to offer a distance education initiative for the Southern African region. This report emerged from a World Bank concern about education in the Sub-Saharan Africa: "Because of the invidious combination of rapid population growth and economic stagnation a gab between the*SubSaharan Africa and the rest of the world seems to be widening. Unless steps are taken to address their problem in education this gap will in time become a gulf." To strengthen the in-service teacher education programme in Zimbabwe the commonwealth of learning provided for 6 months a team of 2 consultants to work with the ministry and provide Z1 000,000 as seed money to develop a viable project for in service teacher education. The background for this project was Zimbabwe's rapid expansion since independence with enrolments rising from 1,7' to 5,3 million children in school. This led to the recruitment of a large number of staff who had no proffesssional qualifications. For example, at primary level 17,000 out of 58,000 have no qualifications. At the secondary level, 10,662 out of 25,204 are not qualified to teach at that level and 2,308 have primary qualifications only. Thus the total number of untrained and under-qualified teachers in the system stands at 39,000 or approximately 45 percent of the teaching force. The Commonwealth of learning has stressed that: *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

Smart partnership: Quest for economic prosperity By Munetsi Madakufamba Ghanaian and Ugandan leaders, Cdes J. Rawlings and Yoweri Museveni were special guests in Kasane ffOrts to develop economic cooperation between the private and public sectors drew to reality with the first successful conference of the Southern Africa International Dialogue (SAID) in the Botswana resort town of Kasane recently. The conference, whose theme was "Smart Partnership for the Generation of Wealth in Southern Africa", was initiated and co-organised by the governments of Botswana, Malawi, Namibia and Zimbabwe with assistance from the Commonwealth Partnership for Technology Management (CPTM) Ltd. More than 200 delagates including heads of state and government and captains of industry and commerce from Zimbabwe Open University *Continuedfrom previous page "The issue is no longer whether conventional education provision is better or whether Distance Education is a cheap alternative some sort of second rate offering to be taken only as a last resort. The fact is that no country today, even the most advanced, can any longer rely on conventional approaches alone to respond adequately to the burgeoning demand for increased access. Everywhere we turn well-qualified candidates are having to be rejected, their ambitions denied and their potential contribution to national and personal development frustrated. Such a situation cannot be sustained nor endured. Apart from the awful waste of human talent that it represents, it breeds instability, disillusionment and is a prescription for disaster. The development of the Zimbabwe Open University is a clear example of translating education theory and Distance Education conceptual framework to ac- tual practice. Association with Michael Parer, Bonjie Hoemberg Otto Peters, John Daniel and other distinguished scholars has greatly influenced intellectual base as well as the crystallization of the African perspective of distance pedagogical dialogue. Government established the University college of Distance Education as a nucleus for developing an independer't open university with its own council, Vice Chancellor, and Pro-Vice Chancellors Registrar, Bursar, and all faculty. While the Zimbabwe Government is committed and providing resources, the need to reduce government budget deficit limits the resources available hence the great need for collaboration with other Open Universities, and the international council for Distance Education. I would also like to request other world financial houses and organisations to come and support this noble cause for the establishment of the Zimbabwe Open University. Cde S. Nujoma was amongst the SADC leaders at the meeting the region and beyond attended the conference. President Ketumile Masire of Botswana, Bakili Muluzi of Malawi, Sam Nujoma of Namibia and Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, also the patrons and advisers of the initiative, as well as Presidents Benjamin Mkapa of Tanzania and Joaquim Chissano of Mozambique attended. Ghanaian President Jerry Rawlings, President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda and Malaysian Prime Minister Dr Mahathir Bin Mohammad were the special guests. The Smart Partnership forum is an effort to emulate the success story of the south east Asia's Langkawi International Dialogues convened in Malaysia over the past two years. The leaders of the four patron countries attended last year's conference in Malaysia where they agreed to develop a similar initiative in southern Africa with a view to making the region an economic giant. The purpose of SAID '97, now an annual event on a rotational basis with next year's scheduled for Namibia, is to "accelerate equitable economic growth in southern Africa and foster the relationships between governments and private sector so as to establish a new southern African identity in the global marketplace," said the organisers in a statement. With participants meeting in an interactive and relaxed atmosphere, SAID '97 *Continued on nextpage ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

Smart partnership '*-Lj~UVAiLU_a* At4 -J V .,;I, *ULL I- A -Li OContinuedfroml previous page provided a rare opportunity for busy political leaders and business executives to discuss how best to promote the Smart Partnership philosophy and practice to boost economic development in the region. The four-day conference took place under closed doors, initially the Smart Partneship philosophy which was followed by a dialogue forum with presidents of the patron countries serving as moderators. The dialogue forum, which was plenary throughout, was followed by an interactive session where participants mixed with government leaders infomally. Speaking during the conference, President Masire said the aim of the smart partnership initiative is to complement the various on-going efforts being undertaken by the Southern African Development Community (SADC). "We speak increasingly to develop person-to-person relationship and trust among people in our region to build a southern African co-perative team," he sas saying. which has emerged from the successful -~J~ * fU F5UV *U1--i A Masire said that southern Africa must become one of the strongest driving forces behind an emerging African economic community. He hailed the sucessful governent/business partnerships in south east Asia whose lessons SADC had a lot to learn from. Sharing the experiences of his country, Malaysian Prime Minister 'Dr Mathir, who is also the pioneer of the smart partnership concept, said his country's job creation strategy has been so successful that the industries were' now running short of workers. He added that his county's economic success story was a result of political stability, equitable distribution of weath among all ethnic groups and races, and the right kind of training that makes people dependent on their skills. Dr Mahathir underscored the need to forge closer links between SADC and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The two regions have a lot to share and SAID '97 was also an attempt to establish a southern African hub to ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6 The Editor and Staff of Zimbabwe News would like to convey their deepest sympathies to the Wenyimo family on the untimely death of Cde. Adam Wenyimo. May His Soul Rest In Peace. President Rawlings noted that southern Africa, with its diveise mineral endowment and Africa's most thriving indusrial and agricultural base, had the capacity to become the continent's economic giant. Participants said the Kasane dialogue. was a resounding success and called for commitment from all parties involved in implementing the resolutions of the conference. Some of the resolutions were that: the dialogue be an annual event; governments and private sector play a complementary role in development; and governments, private sector, trade unions, opposition parties, media and Qther.stakeholders be inclpded in local chapters of the Smart partnership movements. If translated from concerpt to practice, 'the smart partnership philosophy may go a long way in enhancing SADC's quest for establishing a giant economic bloc as well as marking Africa's renaissance. (SARDC) 0

Environmental policies: Key to economic growth By Tinashe Madava nvironmentalists at a regional conference on "Land, Labour and Food Security" held in Zimbabwe have expressed the need to implement strong national environmental policies and legislation to enhance productivity. Participants urged governments in the region to promote sustainable development through empowering the majority rural farmers with land as well as equipping them with land management skills to broaden the food security base while protecting the environment. The conference also pointed out that since food security is dependant on land and natural resources management, policy-makers in the region should work to redress the land distribution imbalance which is skewed in favour of minority commercial farmers, leaving the majority of rural farmers on small patches of overused land - a serious cause of land degradation. "Land reforms contribute to the reduction though not necessarily eradication of food insecurity in the rural areas... to redress food insecurity, especially in the rural areas, the land question has to be critically addressed," says Bandawe Banda, a member of the international South Group Network in Zambia. Parliamentarians in Zimbabwe met late last year to discuss the political economy of the environment and give it a legislative impetus and form a watchdog committee to look at policy implementation. The land question has been one of the region's most pressing issues affecting the poor. Professor Sam Moyo, in a research paper entitled Land and Democracy in Zimbabwe, says: "The current land acquisition programme is based more on the need to enhance capitalist accumulation, urban consumption and'exports as required by ESAP, rather than food security, internal agro-industrial linkages and the social reproduction of the majonty." Moyo is a lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe. In Namibia, programmes and projects should be subjected to Environment As- sessment. According to Namibia's Environmental Assessment Policy, sustainable development must underpin all policies, programmes and projects." Zimbabwe is expected to embark on a World Bank assisted National Environmental Action Plan this year to estab,lish institutions and technical capacity for planning and integration of development and environment. The plan may also boost food security.Some countries in the region have already implemented the plan. "Environmental policies can be designed to suit the structural adjustment programmes aimed at promoting more socially optimal management of Tanzania's natural resources and promote economic growth," says Dr. Ragnar Oygard, Research Deputy Director of the centre for International Environment and Development Studies at the Agricultural University of Norway, giving an overview of the management of natural resources in Zambia, Tanzania at an environmental workshop in Tanzania recently. Oygard's sentiments were echoed at another recent conference in Harare where participants suggested that land reform policy in Southern Africa needed to be implemented to benefit a cross section of society. In Malawi, the National Environment Action Plan was designed to focus on creating the policy, legislative and economic environment necessary for successful and sustainable local natural resource management programme. South Africa has taken the initiative by including the environmental policy in the Bill of Rights in its new Constitution making it a right for individuals to an environment which is not detrimental to health. The environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) policy and procedures which were introduced in South Africa included the Environment Conservation Act providing for the submission of environmental impact reports on activities which may affect the environment. Environmentalists have maintained that since policy formulation on environment is not legislation, there is need for turning policy into law to raise awareness on the importance of the environment in economic productivity. SADC itself has approved the Policy and Strategy proposals on environmental policy dubbed Toward, Equity-Led Growth and Sustainable Development in Southern Africa."Without equity-ledgrowth, poverty and the associated environmental degradation will increase," says the document. The recent Land, Labour and Food Security Conference has also pointed out that economic growth must become more energy and resource effecient so that it produces less wastes and harmful pollutants to reduce environmental degradation while promoting regional economic growth. "Poverty and environmental degradation are linked in a vicious circle in which people cannot afford to take proper care of the environment.A degraded environment produces less, so people become more vulnerable," says the report. Martin Khor, in Third World Resurgence, calls for strong environmental policies to curb the promotion of environmentally harmful technology models which contribute to over-logging of forests and depletion of fishery resources through trawl fishing. "The stopping of aid flows and technical support to destructive forestry and fishery projects should be one of the obvious aims of a review process," writes Khor. He maintains that "sustainable agriculture today remains at the level of anecdotes and case studies." Khor therefore urges policy-makers to stop chasing after new technology miracles to feed the world when elements for sustainability and productivity are already present, only needing rediscovery and utilisation of the indigenous knowledge of farming communities and the broad diversity of nature's resources. (SARDC) - 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

Land still contentious issue By Sandra Nyaira President Nelson Mandela faces a highly contentious land issue in S. he shortage of land for indigenous people, due to colonial deprivation, continues to be a contentious po litical and human rights issue in the entire southern Africa region where, in some instances, protracted liberation wars were fought. Post independent expectations for land redistribution have been dashed in most of the countries where non-indigenous people, who benefited from the colonial set- up, continue to ding to the most fertile soils while the indigenous eke out subsistence farming on communallyowned barren patches which recieve erratic rainfall. A similar situation prevails in urban areas where access to land is prohibitively costly for private ownership for the majority of low income workers who live in abject poverty in shanty and squalid conditions due to over-crowding. poverty and food insecurity worsened by the "new worl which allows international inve multi-nationals to re-enter Afr the guise of "development." These were the highlights of conference on land reforms, rity and labour politics in the Africa Development Communi countries, where research has that 90 million of the 140 p mostly women, live under th datum line due to poor po recurrent droughts. The conference was sponsore governmental organisations fr the region with a special focu development. The conference blamed gove from Mozambique, Namibia, ca, Zambia and Zimbabwe- I lip service to an issue which th to correct during the liberation This has spawned widespread squatting, Reconciliatory land policy ref ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6 ures to ensure equitable redistribution have not produced the desired results and efforts to redress the situation through legislation is being slowed down by legal minefields. In Zimbabwe, individuals who benefited from colonialism own up to 5 000 hectares of land each. The country was bound by the 1979 Lancaster House agreement which allowed it to acquire land on a willing-buyer-willing-seller basis ten years after independence in 1980. That did not materialise, forcing it to introduce the compulsory Land Acquisition Act in 1989 to compel land owners to sell land to government first. That failed also, prompting the government in 1993 to form a Land Tenure Commission to report on land distribution patterns and recommend an appropriate tenure system. Now the Government has approved the introduction of a hefty tax on farmers, who own vast tracts to force them to give up extra and under-utilised land for resettlement. A study carried out by the Commission identified viable tracts of land throughout the country which were underAfrica utilised by a small minority, justifying the need for the implementation of the which is tax. Id order" "Government will simply look at the estors and land that one has. Good luck for those ica under with money but I can assure you the tax will be heavy enough to let people surrender all extra land," says Lands and a recent Water Resources Minister Kumbirai ood secu- Kangai. Southern ity (SADC) "We are not saying people should give revealed up commercial farming, but that they opulation, should give up excess land to others e poverty who are living in squalid conditions." licies and Outspoken Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) secretary general Morgan d by non- Tsvangirai also blames African governorm within ments for adopting policies that only ens on rural rich small elite indigenous groups. He says there is an urgent need for an rnments - independent land reform movement to South Afri- spearhead acquisition and resettlement. for paying Research also singles out Zambia as the iey vowed "worst" of the SADC countries for wholewar eras. rm meas- * Continued on next page

South Africa: many nations in one , hree years after South Africa's first *F'democratic elections there are calls A for a more realistic revision of the goveinment's plans as the country gradually sheds the idealism that enveloped it after the 1994 elections. 'South AfriCa is classified as a middleincome country, but most of its people lead a life similar to that of the so-called least-developed countries. Overriding -problems include poverty, unemployment, homelessness and crime. The hopes of many South Africans will likely remain illusive if statistics that a third of the country's economically ac'tive population is unemployed are an indilation. Of the estimated 41.5 million SouthAfricans, a third cannot find jobs. Disillusionment prevails among the majority, who have painfully come to realise that democracy alone does not lead to jobs, better housing or adequate food. Perhaps it is in recognition of such feelings that President Nelson Mandela says: "The rights enshrined in our new *Continued from previous page sale transfer of land to foreigners under its privatisation programme backed by the World Bank. The international financier is also on record for promoting former remnants of South Africa's apartheid era, Afrikaner Agri-business, to establish a "food corridor" of white-owned large-scale farms and plantations stretching from Angola to Mozambique. The plan, expected to change the rural landscape of Sub-Saharan Africa, is being viewed by many as the second "Great Trek" by the Boers. However, analysts say the scheme will not guarantee "food for local people" but ensure loss of peasant farmers' land, turning them into farm labourers or tenants on large scale plantations. In South Africa, 80 percent of the land is owned by a tiny majority despite the government of President Nelson Mandeia vowing just after the transfer of power in 1994, to address the situation. By Virginia Muwanigwa Wielding both authority and responsibility, Cde. Thabo Mbeki constitution will be empty and our democracy will remain fragile if they do not bring with them improvements in people's lives, especially those who bear the burden of poverty and inequality." At the signing ceremony for the new Constitution which took place at Shar- Food security in the region is also reportedly being threatened by the continuous shift to produce goods that are European market oriented. Brendan Pearce of South Africa's National Land Commission blames high levels of poverty in the region on governments that "blindly" give foreign investment priority, resulting in the displacement of peasants in Lesotho, Mozambique and even Zimbabwe to pave way for multimillion dollar "development" projects. The conference on land reforms formed three task forces from the region's labour movement to lobby SADC governments and demand a participatory approach to decision making on matter of land determination of Wages, living conditions and food security. It remains to be seen how much influence the task force will have on the government to persuade them to pursue policies that redress the imbalances that have characterised post independence southern Africa. ZIANA El peville, site of one of the earliest massacres of blacks, Cyril Ramaphosa, former chairperson of the Constitutional Assembly, called on all South Africans to ensure- their hopes were "more than ,words on paper." ,While the 1997/98 budget showed that South Africa is well on its way to becoming a full-fledged member of the global economy, with its empasis on reducing the budget deficit; it was 'not well received in the context of the need to deliver "a. better life for all." Since his election, President Mandela 'has been dogged by allegations that he is more concerned about assuaging the fears of the minority whites than meeting the needs of the mojority who voted for him. Although President Mandela remains personally popular, there have been .,some muted calls for him to step down ahead of the 1999 elections spurred by the fact that his role as a model for reconciliation is not enough to satisfy the needs of ordinary people. The latter are calling for the government to deliver on its pre- election promises instead of blaming everything on apartheid. "What the country needs is a doer, a :technocrat, who will be at the forefront of channelling government resources toward the alleviation of poverty and creation of jobs," writes one local journalist. The feeling that President Mandela has played his ace and should be allowed to retire gracefully appears to be supported by the president himself and the party. Increasingly, authority and responsibility have been shifted to vice president Thabo Mbeki, already tipped to succeed Cde Nelson Mandela. Cabinet ministers have come under fire over their failure to deliver on campaign promises while allegations abound that the government has sold out on the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) which has been downgraded from a full ministry to a sector in Deputy President Mbeki's office. The Mail and Guardian, a local weekly paper, claims that while the cabinet and provincial premiers have been promot*Continued on nextpage ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

South Africa: many nations in one *Continued from previous page ing economic growth and extending influence overseas, there has been gradual loss of commitment to past ideals of 'creating jobs, providing electricity and ,redistributing wealth. In South Africa, public investment levels in public amenities have been halved since 1980, resulting in deficiencies in basic water supply, sanitation and electricity provision for the disadvantaged. This has been coupled with inadequate and inefficient urban transport system. About 75 percent of South Africans who need homes do not qualify for bank loans while the housing department is way of target. Only an estimated 12 000 new houses have been built since the elections despite promises that 300 000 would be constructed under RDP. Against this background is a housing backlog of between three and four million housing units. The Homeless People's Federation (HPF) has realised that "a vote is not a house. It is just an X on a piece of paper." The federation observes that very fewgovernment schemes for the poorest people anywhere in the world ever reach them. The only way they can get houses is through individual efforts, a fact supported by the informal sector which has been the most effective house-builder with an estimated 80 000 units constructed annually. The Welfare Ministry is also under fire 'for recommending tightening of state maintainance payments - granted only to whites during apartheid - to target only the "poorest of 'the poor." Apart from the obvious difficulty of determining who the latter are, there is a real danger of marginalising some deserving communities. * Several organisations including the Black Sash, the University of Witwatersrand's Gender Project and the Women on Farms Project have raised concerns about the cabinet's priorities. "The implication of these proposals is that vulnerable and disadvantaged women and children in South Africa will bear the costs of remedying past injustices. Sqcial assistance should be one of the priority areas of government spending," says Sandy Liebenberg of the Still the darling of poor S. Africans, Cde. Winnie Mandela Women and Human Rights Project at the University of the Western Cape. Within South Africa's advanced industrial development is a social environment of widespread poverty and underdevelopment which calls for some corporate sector responsibility for social investment. This investment could make a substantial difference in social development in South Africa. For this reason, the Development Resources Centre (DRC) has set up a Social and Ethical Auditing (ISEASA) unit to evaluate corporate performance in social investments. There is, however, increased cooperation between private sector and nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) with considerable progress, especially in the education sector as companies move beyond just commercial activity and "throwing money at problems" to a more development-orientated approach. Meanwhile, the prevailing dissent has provided fertile ground for other political parties to try and take advantage of the situation. The National Party (NP), which resigned from the Government of National Unity last year, says: "The NP's objective of providing a stronger alternative to the ANC is based on our con- viction that the ANC has abandoned the country's voters." The National Institute for Economic Policy, however says the government's poli:cies and expenditure may play a significant role in achieving the ultimate goals of the now abandoned RDP. One strategy, Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR), unveiled in June last year, is said to be more concerned with reducing the budget deficit. The last budget emphasised deficit reduction, removal of exchange control and reduction of tariff barriers. GEAR expects to eventually generate economic growth by cutting social expenditure, which conversely has an adverse effect on people's living standards through removal of subsidies. The South African Chamber of Business (SACOB), however says there is need to stick to the target set for deficit reduction to improve domestic and foreign confidence. However, James Heintz of the National Labour and Economic Development Institute (NALEDI) argues: "Our biggest concern is how the money is spent. We would like to see a greater emphasis on development spending - health, education, welfare and housing must take priority.", For example, the institute questions how ,the deficit reduction is reached and its implications. In real terms, budget expenditure is expected to decline from last year so as to ensure deficit reduction. "Cuts in the overall expenditure are mainly secured through significant reductions in capital expenditure," asserts the institute which said seven of the nine major government departments have had considerable cuts in their budgets, except for welfare and housing, which were increased by 12 and 133 percent respectively. Health was cut by 54.2 percent, land affairs 17.8 percent water affairs 17.1 percent, agriculture 15.2 percent, transport 9.3 percent and education 7.9 percent. These cuts, and their close links to deficit reduction have resulted in concern being raised that instead of expanding public investments to a desit'able level, GEAR has trimmed them. There is also *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

South Africa: many nations in one *Continued from previouspage widespread uncertainty wnetner government policies have shifted the economy toward job creation, poverty reduction and sustainable growth or worsened the situation. "Free markets consistently fail to provide adequate levels of education, health care, housing and physical infrastructure, causing unemployment and poverty," notes the institute. There seems to be a similarity between GEAR's objectives and those of the unpopular structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) that have been adopted in six other SADC countries. SAPs also advocate stringent budget controls to ensure economic growth. However, while there has been some economic growth in some countries, the gap between the rich and poor has substantially increased. Critics of GEAR, who see parallels between the two. point out that the failure to offset future economic benefits against high short term budgetary costs will have dire repercussions on the majority poor in South Africa. Economists argue that there is need for public investment levels to be protected by advance planning in conformity with macro-economic rather than shortterm budgetary limits. This year's budget cuts in social expenditure signify reduced government contribution to economic. growth and employment without adequate assurance of future growth., Cde. Cyril Ramaphosa celebrating victory in local government elections last year. But now is the time to shed off the idealism and get down to serious business The National Institute for Economic Policies emphasises that in South Africa, sustainable economic growth is not possible without redistribution of income which is still highly skewed, mainly along racial lines. The Constitution symbolises the entrenchment of democracy and human rights. However, with these changes have also come corruption and malad- ministration which need to be cleaned up if the majority people are to benefit from the country's wealth. In seeking some kind of effective budget reform, there have been proposals to shift from annual budgets to three year intervals to correlate government planning with available resources and allow for "closer alignment between policy and resources". (SARDC) El ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

AfiaFl Sweilng re uge he February issue of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Africa Fact Sheet has reported that there are 5.6 million refugees, two million returnees and 1.3 million internally displaced people. Africa accounts for the majority of the world's affected population. Arguably, the figure is reflective of the continent's political and economic instability - ethnical and civil dashes and, dire poverty largely precipitated by corrupt leaders. Of the over 15.8 million people who received material assistance from the UNHCR in 1995, Africa had 6.8 million, thus representing the biggest group of aid recipients. Africa has about only nine percent of the world's total population though. On the occasion of the June 20 Refugee Day, the UNHCR estimated that as of February this year (1997), there were 774 540 refugees in Zaire from Rwanda, Burundi, Angola, Sudan and Uganda while in Guinea, there were 600 000 refugees from Sierra Leone arid Liberia. In Tanzania, there were 257 000 refugees from Rwanda, Zaire and Burundi; 405 400 refugees in Sudan from Eritrea, Ethiopia and Chad and; 394. 000 in Ethiopia from Somalia, Sudan, Djibouti and Kenya. In Cote d'Ivoire, there were 327 500 Liberian refugees. Sudanese, Zairean and Rwandan refugees in Uganda were estimated at 264 000 in Kenya, there were 168 000 refugees from Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia and Uganda. There were many others from Togo and Mali housed in Burkina Faso, Algeria, Niger, Senegal, Ghana and Benin. Refugees are people fleeing a wellfounded fear of persecution including those forced to flee their country because of aggression, foreign occupation or domination or, events disturbing public order. This arrangement stemmed from the September 10, 1969 Summit Tribal and ethnic clashes in Africa have displaced millions and starved several more of the Organisation of African Unity which adopted the convention urging generosity for asylum seekers. However, the Convention came into effect five years later, on June 20, now celebrated as the Africa Refugee Day. The UNHCR aims to provide protection to refugees - from refoulement or forcible return to a country in which refugees have reason to fear persecution or attack. The organisation also provides material assistance - food, water, shelter, health, sanitation, education and community services to persons who cannot meet their basic needs. UNHCR promotes and encourages voluntary repatriation. It manages its affairs through funds collected from donor governments. LI ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

-_ i Focus on decisions of the OAU Summit President Robert G. Mugabe addressing the Summit in his new capacity as the OAU chairman he Organisation of African Unity (OAU) which conduded its 33rd OrTdinary Summit -in Harare on Wed nesday, the 4th of June, 1997, made some far reaching decisions which must have confounded its critics who had for long been dismissing this august body of 54 member states as little more than a talk shop. Of special interest to Africa generally and Zimbabwe in particular were the Summit's decisions with respect to among other issues the Palestinian, Libyan, Abuja Treaty and the contemptile military coup de-etat in Sierra Leone. Ever since Benjamin Netanyahu narrowly won the Premiership general elections in Israel in 1996, the Jewish state has been slowing down the process of expanding Palestinian self-rule as laid down in the Oslo accords. Efforts by the United States President Bill Clinton and the Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak to revive the peace process between Palestine and Israel have faced resistance from the Netanyahu Government in more ways than one. First, Israel has been evasive and the Netanyahu administration is reluctant to adopt .a more co-operative approach with Palestinians in preference to the expansionist and domineering posture that has become characteristic of the Jewish State. Secondly, reports from Hebron in the West Bank confirmed that as at mid June, 1996, Israel had rejected outright Palestinian argument for the former to freeze building settlements in the Arab/Palestinian lands of the Gaza, West Bank, East Jerusalem and at Jebel Abu Gheim. This retrogressive development forced President Yasser Arafat's Palestinian Authority to call, on the 13th June, 1997, for the stepping up of protests against Israeli settlement expansion with the warning that the Palestinian masses cannot be patient any more. It was against this background in IsraeliPalestinian relations that the OAU Heads of State and Government Summit chaired by the President and First Secretary of Zanu-PF, His Exellency, Cde Robert Gabriel Mugabe, correctly decided to safeguard future interests of peace in the Middle East by lending its voice to the current position of Arab states not to co-operate with Israel under those circumstances thereby freezing the peace process for the time being. This stance will persuade Israel not to take the Palestinian cause for granted and to realize that in order for the Jewish State to prosper it needs peace and a long lasting co-operation with Palestinians in particular and other Arab states in general. This would be the surest way of guaranteeing peace in Palestine and the 'Middle East. Apart from Israel's instistence to build houses for 30 000 Jews initially and for a further 100 000 later in disputed East Jerusalem, the Netanyahu Government has also fuelled the crisis by its policy of revoking residence permits of Arabs in East Jerusalem. The impasse has further been exarcerbated by Israel's continued confiscation of land in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and failure to carry out significant troop withdrawals from the West Bank. It is however, worth noting that despite Israel's belligerence a survey carried out in the period 5 to 7th June, 1997, by the Independent Centre for Palestine Research and Studies revealed that 60 percent of the 1 317 Palestinians over the age of 18 interviewed hoped that the peace process *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

Focus on decisions of the OAU *Continued from previous page Summit OAU Secretary-General, Cde. Salim Ahmed Salim (left) being congratulated by Cde. Robert Mugabe after retaining his post at the summit with Israel would be revived in the future.This is what the OAU and its new Chairman as well as the progressive community would wish to see. The only hitch is that pro-peace process forces are talking to deaf Government leaders. At the Summit under review, Tripoli was able to demonstrate that the econmic sanctions ordered by the United Nations (UN) at the persistent request of the United States, British and French Governments had indeed taken a heavy economic toll on Libya.The Heads of State and Government were further advised that Libya had in fact agreed to present its nationals who are required to stand trial for the bombing ot a PanAm Airliner in Lockerbie, Scotland, in 1989 if the trials is conducted in a neutral country. * The OAU Summit demonstrated wisdom and justice when it urged both the United States and Britain to co-operate with Libya's willingness to arrange for the trial of the bombing suspects in a neutral venue.Washington and London had insisted that the trial of the suspects should be held either in the U.K, U.S.A, or France although the French had since dropped this insistence. The demand by these two countries is ultra-vires. It has more of sour political connotations than the protection of justice. Viewed from this perspective, the Harare Summit Resolution is justified in its warning to the UN that if the world body cannot lift the economic embargo against Libya or cause the trial of the Libyan suspects to be heard in a neutral country. the OAU would boycott the economic embargo against Libya alter a year. It is important to appreciate that the OAU did not resolve to implement the boycott immediately. Rather, African leaders committed themselves to further dialogue with the world body to make it realise that measures against Libya had now been reduced to bullying tactics at the expense of the dignity and true respect for international law. It would not have escaped the Summit leaders to see the wide gap between what the "Mature democracies" preach to others, the emerging states from colonialism, and what they do. However, of greater significance has been collective strength of the African voice where all the member states stood together with no dissenting view. This marked yet another epoch in African renaissance. The salient point here is that the divide and rule method of the economically powerful states can no longer play havoc with Africa. Africins have both a just political and moral conscience which guides their decisions in both intra-Africa and extra-continental OContinued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

Focus on decisions of the OAU Summit 0 Continued from previous page affairs.But this position is not new to Africa. It was the guiding spirit since the formation of the continental body in 1963. As its name suggests, UNITY of purpose is the hallmark of the OAU.This unity has been amply demonstrated in Africa's response to the Libyan question. Yet a further milestone recorded at the last Summit has been the earnest pursuit to stimulate economic growth and intra-African trade. It had been long realised that European nations transformed themselves from a Common Market to an Economic Community and has now developed into a European Union that is well set towards the introduction of single currency in about a year or two. The Association of East Asian and Pacific Countries (ASEAN) incorporating Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Republic of Korea (ROK), Democratic People's Repub. lic of Korea (DPRK) and India, the world's largest democracy, have also built themselves into an economic block so has the South American countries. It has therefore been necessary for the OAU to. formally translate the Abuja Treaty into a concrete economic institution called the African Economic Community as recommended by the 66th Ordinary Session of the Council of Ministers, of the continental body and adopted by the 33rd Summit itself. The economic dimension would in time act as an emble that testifies the values of concerted economic cooperation. Benefits of such a developmeht are inexhaustible. They span and extend right across the full spectrum of socio-economic, political, cultural, scientific, educational and creative spheres of human endeavour. As has been shown in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), a region or subregion in the case of SADC itself can prosper if national leaders assign each other specific areas to spearhead subregional general development. Coupled with local initiatives and commitment to development, the progressive element among the donor commununity would not be found wanting in offering a little help to facilitate such a development. Apart from SADC, there is also the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) where the continent has witnessed ambitious plans at cooperation. The North Africa sub-region or Maghreb sector has been forging ecomomic links at the sub-regional level as Well. Economic co-operation is one positive initiative to render futile internal and inter-country strifes as such tensions sap at the sensibilities and peaceful conditions of the common folk. In as much as the task to harmonize these sub- regional economic groups and individual states into a single economic community is a daunting endeavour, for President Mugabe it is, given his track record, a challenge he will rise to and deliver satisfactory especially with the help of the party cadreship who have stood with him over his long political career as a nationalist, freedom fighter, nation builder and statesmen. The OAU statesmen face the big task of ridding themselves of a $300 billion foreign debt. Nevertheless, Cde Mugabe believes that Africa's commitment to a common market would not be stampeded into adopting Western style reforms inappropriate to African requirements. In line with the OAU's stand to strengthen democratic process in its member states, the Harare Summit condemned the coup de'etat in Sierra Leone that was carried out on the 25th May 1997 barely a week before the commencement of the Summit. The Leaders called for the immediate and unconditional restoration to office of the deposed civillian Gorvenment of President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah elected to office a year ago. The summit lent credence to its commitment to Democracy when it agreed not to recognize the military junta in Freetown and urged the international community to do likewise in order to isolate the coupmakers. Within Sierra Leone itself the Inter-Religious Council also sounded the same note for civilian rule when it called on the Junta to hand over power to the deposed Kabbah Government The Regional efforts by the Economic Community for West African States led by Nigeria was commented by the Summit for the stand it took to cause the junta to handover power to the civillian government it had ousted. Time will tell whether diplomatic initiatives are to prevail over the coup-makers or military wing led by Nigerian General Victor Malu was to put down the coup. Malu was quoted by the 12th June issue of the Nigerian Independence Guardian to the effect that "Ecomog was holding its fire to allow on going negotiations between the coup leaders and the economic Community of West African States to reach a decision." As both the OAU Chairman Cde. Mugabe and the Organisation's Secretary General Cde. Salim Ahmed Salim, of Tanzania explained in response to questions from journalists at the dosing Press Conference, the Nigerian political situation of military government should not stop Nigeria from actively encouraging the restoration of the Kabbah civilian Government in Sierra Leone. Thus by' all accounts the OAU Harare Summit will go down in the annals of history as having been one of the finest and most productive ever in 34 years of the Organisation. II ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6 For in-depth news analysis, always remember Zimbabwe News

Ar to theCn ra C..ite Let us defend and invigorate the Party The President, Cde. Robert Gabriel Mugabe has asked the Minister of Finance, Cde. Herbert Murerwa to establish a rural development fund to finance infrastructural development in rural areas. Addressing the 30th session of the ZANU PF Central Committee in Harare on Friday, June 13, 1997, the President and First Secretary of the Party said he has made the move because this is the only effective way of raising the level of development in rural and communal areas. I wish to greet and welcome you in the name of the Party. I believe everyone of us present here would want to join me in congratulating Cde Joshua Nkomo, our Vice President and Second Secretary, on attaining the age of 80. You will agree with me, I am sure, that the journey he has walked has not only been long and weary, but one strewn with difficulties and immense problems, the greatest of which was the colonial question demanding maximum courage, commitment and the highest degree of sacrifice. In those early days of the national struggle, the 1940s and the 1950s, when the generality of our people had, for years after the liberation uprisings of 1893/4 and 1896/7, been thoroughly cowed down, humiliated by their defeat, and subjected to semi-slavery as voiceless servants of their white masters, to raise a voice of criticism or condemnation of the oppressive colonial system needed the rarest of bravery. We thus should recognise that those who did so were no doubt extremely courageous revolutionary pioneers whose names must live for ever in the sacred book of our national struggle. Cde Nkomo not only did so but indeed dared the racist regimes by organising and leading the earliest national movements, from the Southern Rhodesia African National Congress, to the African National .Congress of 1957, the National Democratic Party of 1960, the Zimbabwe African People's Union, I It pays to advertise in 1 The Zimbabwe News magazine 1962, and now, as Vice President and Second Secretary, ZANU (Patriotic Front). That, you will admit, is the longest consistent and unbroken revolutionary record of the highest level of national service given by any one in this country. Why, then should we not shower, this son-of-the-soil, Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo Nkomo, with numerous accolades and praises, and indeed dress him up in fitting and formidable regalia bearing countless colourful badges. That surely is the concrete image he depicts. Sithi amphlope kuye in many thunderous ways! In these days of dishonest or deceptive political assertions, judgements, and posturings demonstrating a complete failure on the part of some people to recognise the truth, it is the duty of our Party in general, and of its dedicated leaders, in particular, to narrate in a candid, courageous and honest manner the true story of our revolutionary history, and especially that part of it which relates to and has to do with the national struggle for our liberation. Why should those who sacrificed their lives for our freedom and suffered for it so much be lumped by our history with cowards, renegades and reactionary forces which unashamedly sided with the enemy and became his most faithful agents. We should never tire of lifting the banner of victory and hence we should for ever keep singing the proud songs of praise, why, I ask, should we appear today to be retreating and succumbing in a cowardily manner to the disparaging word and propaganda of our counterrevolutionaries and erstwhile racist enemies, as they now take advantage of the freedom we have created with our sweat and blood by once again turning their guns on us? Aren't we the people who must always be on the offensive because we have gone through revolutionary mould, which experience bids us never to yield to the wiles and guiles of counter-revolutionaries and neocolonialists and their newly-found stooges, but should always carry on the just fight, the just struggle against them with courage, fortitude and confidence. The lies and propaganda of the antinationalist and anti-revolutionary camps and elements in our society shguld never be allowed to thrive. But alas, some among us have allowed themsleves to become faithful purveyors of our enemies' disseminated lies and propaganda, completely uncomprehending and totally oblivious of the divisive and destructive effects they have on the Party and its echelons.' But where, I ask, is our own machinery for counteracting the lies and positively asserting the truth of our position? I urge the Party's Departments of the Commissariat; Information and Publicity; Youth Affairs; and Women's Affairs, to come together and work out a strategy for both politicising, defending and invigorating the Party. The Party is at present slumbering and needs to be shaken up! The need for us to ensure the completion of our restructuring exercise which has remained half-done is partly responsible for the lack of cohesiveness in the Party, and thus appears to be the main factor behind the loose discipline, loose thinking, and loose talk in ,the Party. Even within our top leadership this despicable looseness can easily be identified. Disciplined behaviour now appears cast to the winds. I want once again to urge the Party Chairman, as well as the Secretary of the Commissariat, to lead the final stage of our structural organisation of the Party by using the manpower the Central Committee is comprised of. I am saying this again, although fully aware of the good work so far done towards getting the registration of our members completed. But, registration should not be undertaken to the exclusion (or is it detriment?) of organisational activities, such as public meetings, rallies, discussion groups, social parties, and get-togethers of our members? These appear to have suffered extinction. Why can't they be resurrected? Formal Party gatherings are not the only form of organisation, for several other indirect and informal methods exist. The women and the youth have always been the backbone of our Party, because they *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

Let us defend and invigorate the Party *Continuedfrom previous page have a greater ability and capacity to get together in various ways. For example, women are, in every village, township, or farm compound, always organised in clubs or cooperatives (sewing, knitting, clay-modelling, basketmaking, etc). Even in Church Organisations, they are found in sodalities, church choirs, charity organisations. The social or economic grouping method of organisation is a very effective one, especially where the social or economic group is a productive one, yielding incomes and other forms of rewards for its members. The party and Government cannot afford to ignore or underestimate this organisational approach, for to do so is to deliberately ignore or underestimate an important Party-dynamising approach. For, is it not our experience that at women's and youth clubs and cooperatives, Party songs are sung, and dances take place in the name of the Party? It is surely. high time we undertook a wide-spread systematic Party organisational programme assisted with funding, and involving women and youths in effective production clubs and cooperatives, in addition to what Government has, on its part, tried to do through SEDCO and the Ministry of National Affairs, Employment Creation and Cooperatives. The approach need not only take the form of establishing new groupings but can also be one that takes advantage of existing ones, most of which are, after all, comprised of ZANU (PF) members. Any assistance given by the Party or Government in promoting the activities of existing groupings will certainly consolidate their members' faith and confidence in our Party and Government. Let us, therefore, take the Party to the informal sector - kuvanhu, ebantwini - and turn the people's 'chat' at the musiko into both political and business 'chat'. Elections cannot be won just through the occasional rally where all that the majority of the attendants do is to listen to speeches, singing and sloganeer. Little groupings, be they clubs or cooperatives, have the great advantage that individuals, to the man or woman, actively participate in their programmes. Through them, therefore, it is possible to motivate and activate maximally their members into becoming emotion- al proponents, organisers and propagandists of the Party, who can effectively be fielded by the branch and even district Party organs. The creation of a party cadreship that is fully committed, unyielding on matters of principle, and, therefore, highly conscientised should be an on-going deliberate process. In fact, the survival of the Party depends on a cadreship of this nature, especially when we move into the future, where the number of opportunists, defeatists and renegades will probably have increased. Already, within the Party, there is a growing increase of the number of halfbacked members, whose ostensible deceptive postures, exeggerated enthusiasm, and over-reaching gestures of generosity, betray the hollowness of their membership. judge some of them by the way they put'self' before the' Party and refuse to obey Party orders or comply with its rules! Judge them also by their conceit and arrogance! But as we blame and condemn them, let us, on our part, please conduct an examination of ourselves, an exercise in self-introspection. If we do, we shall certainly establish that through our inertness our Party machinery has become disorganised, inactive, directionless, and, therefore, is as weak in its command as in its organic structures. The leadership entities at the branch and district organs, as well as at the provincial levels, find themselves in the predicament in which, as elected entities empowered by the people, they cannot effectively translate their acquired authority into meaningful commanding authority. While solid structures do sometimes produce strong leaders, the truer position is that it is instead the strong leadership which produces strong structures. I want to urge our entire Party hierachy from top to bottom, to make a thorough examination, perhaps diagnosis, of itself, and establish its areas of strength and those of weakness, and then proceed towork out effective ways of revitalising and dynamising the Party. The more we postpone the review exercise, the worse the problem of Party lethargy and indifference becomes. The Party must also look at how its policies have, over the last ten years, unfolded. if they have unfolded through effective implementation and the attachment of set targets, then they have yielded a sense of satisfaction. But where they have remained unfulfilled, even remotely, then they have, on the other hand, generated loss of confidence, loss of trust, great disappointment, and even some degree of hostiity; in which case the membership of the Party will tend to be greatly indifferent and, less committed. I am glad that our National Land Acquisition Committee has now concludid its programme of identifying- land that Government .should .acquire" i- the immediate future for- alocation to and resettlement of the land-hbngry masses, and those among our enterprtsing people who wish to pursue agriculturm for commercial purposes.When the programme of land distribution starts .operating and people begin to see our promised land policy coming true, you will certainly see the amount of joyi-confidence and commitment to the Party rising to a crescendo, especially in rural areas, but with also a spill-over effect in urban areas. The same effect would be achieved by our pursuing the rural road, dam and water provision programme, if undertaken comprehensively, seriously and simultaneously across the length and breath of our provinces. In this lat.ter regard, I have asked the Minister of Finance to start a rural development fund to be used in targeting each and every rural province, especially in regard to its infrastructure. I believe that this is the only effective way of raising the level of development in the rural or ommunal areas. Enunciated policies that remain purely theoretical for ten or seventeen years and hardly see the light of day are destructive to the Party through the loss of public confidence they cause. I want to believe that the dramatic improvement in the economy this year, which has regenerated the confidence of our nation and its people in themselves, should become our immediate springboard into the future. I personally would want to see a new economic era un-veiling in which our people's standard of living will significantly rise. With reference to urban areas, we have to ensure not just that more investment and greatest industrial expansion occur, but also that there is a greater absorption of labour and lessening of enemployment. I have already discussed the need for greater emphasis to be laid on *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

From Zaire to Congo signals brightest future in 30 years By Hugh McCullum A Mobutu Sese Seko slipped out of the crumbling capital of old Zaire and Laurent-Desire Kabila took over the leadership of the new Democratic Republic of Congo, there was jubilation and hope, not just among the 46 million citizens of Africa's third largest country, but throughout most of the continent. The end of more than three decades of "Mobutuism" cannot help but stabilise Central, Eastern and Southern Afica. Let us defend and invigorate the Party 0 Continued from previous page the informal sector by promoting its diverse activities through funding, training and marketing provision. Throughout our planning, however, the theme of indigenisation must continue to cut across the economic expansion programme and the privatisation of parastatals. We have, as a Party, constantly to remember that political sovereignty alone is hollow and can only become complete when the people of Zimbabwe are able to say they now also have economic sovereignty over their natural resources, through their ownership of the majority of these resources. Obviously, the need for capital, technology and interaction with other nations, bids us to leave some room for their participation with us in our socio-economic development process. This is why we invite their investment capital and make room for the participation of their companies, so they can provide us with the necessary complementarity. Let ZANU (PF) always look up, straight and far into the horizon of the hope and eternity! And let us establish those necessary solid foundations for its perpetual life into the future! Pambili lokubambana!*Pamberi ne ZANU (P.F.)! I thank you. El Congo has borders with nine countries, including three SADC nations-Zambia, Angola and Tanzania. It has riches galore and links people from east to west across Africa's midriff. The end to economic decay, colossal corruption, gross human rights violations and 32 years of dictatorship has been accomplished in just eight short months and it has been an all-African accomplishment, led by the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (ADLC). As a South African foreign affairs spokesman said after his country became the first in the world to recognise the new government of national salvation: "it was a spectacular victory which will positively change how Africa does its political and economic business as much as did the demise of apartheid in South Africa." As country after country around the world officially recognized Congo, only a few western nations like France and Belgium, both with close ties to Mobutu, and remnants of France's once powerful francophone African empire showed reluctance, making demands for immediate elections, inclusion of Mobutu's old and discredited political parties and inhumane treatment of refugees. While the US, Mobutu's staunchest ally in Africa during the Cold War, has reluctantly recognised the new rulers, it too is making similar demands, implying that the Alliance is undemocratic and inhumane. No such demands were ever made of Mobutu while he squandered Zaire's wealth, established himself as a dictator and brought his people to the brink of destruction. As President Nelson Mandela, who played the key diplomatic role during the African nations attempts to resolve the Central African crisis said during a state visit to Zimbabwe: "The western media's portrayal of Kabila is inaccurate and untrue. He is a true leader and has always recognised the need for democracy and humanitarianism. These cynical double standards do not help Africa to solve its own problems." Coalitions of countries like Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Angola, President J. Chiraq whose country (France) heavily backed Mobutu who actively joined with the Alliance to end Zaire's trauma-which was a blight on the whole continent-can now hope for a brighter future and cross-border economic co-operation. Led by South Africa and supported by all of SADC, regional diplomacy played a quiet but hugely important place in the transition which occured with far less violence than many would have predicted. With SADC recognising that a common market and reciprocal trade could bring huge rewards to the region, southern Africa will play a significant role in Congo's reconstruction after decades of neglect. For Angola, especially but also other neighbouring countries, the end of the destabilising tacticts of "Mobutuism" *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6 From Zaire to Congo signals brightest future eContinuedfrom previous page Will help restore and maintain peace The end to institutionalised corruption and political instability will also shore up fragile countries nearby like Rwanda and Burundi. Observers are already noting the pivotal role SADC will play now that two gi ants, South Africa and Zaire are rid of the yokes of oppression. Congo has masses of hydroelectric power, minerals of all kinds and natural resources yet to be exploited for its people. Southern Africa has the technology and know-how to make common cause in developing those resources. Trade and development will play a major role in forging closer ties between southern and central Africa. If almost all of Africa is rejoicing, there are long faces in some parts of Francophone at the disaster that French policies have wreaked. The Quay d'Orsey blindly supported the genocidai Rwanda government which Willed more than a million people in 1994 and then collaborated with Mobutu in providing safe havens for Hutu death squads. In the end, France played no role in the peace- making, instead continued to support Mobutu by supplying him with Serbian mercenaries who took their monev The disgraced dictator, Mobutu Sese Seko now wandering from place to place in search of sanctuary President B. Clinton of the USA whose administration is accused of e\cessive detnands on the DRC and ran from the Alliance's forces. France still maintains several battalions of elite forces at key bases in Africa, propping up other authoritarian regimes. There will be serious soulsearching among many of these countries. If Mobutu can be forced from power, so can others. The alliance, while victorious, however, faces enormous problems in rebuilding Congo and moulding its 200-plus ethinic groups into a nation. Mobutu, who used Zaire's wealth as his personal bank, neglected the infrastructure to the point where virtually nothing works and at the same time played tribal politics, one against the other. However, on balance, African leaders believe the future of Congo is brighter than ever before and the new leadership seems to have gained support from all areas of the country and most of the continent and world community. (SADRDC) C ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

I nentinlNw O ne fact that has become clear in the Middle East is that the peace process has been stalled, and brought to a halt. The prospects for peace, for real peace, are dim at the present time. This became abundantly clear from the statement and analysis of the President of the Palestine Liberation Organistion (PLO), Comrade Yasser Arafat, in Harare last month. He attended the 33rd Summit of the OAU in Harare on June 2-4, 1997. Chairman Arafat was. flanked by his lieutenant and fellow comrade-in- arms,Mr Kaddoumi. The two Palestinian leaders were convinced that the Prime Minister of Israel, Mr Benjamin Netanyahu, did not want peace. The evidence of this was his policy of pressing on with the building of Jewish settlements in Eastern Jerusalem, and his flagrant and continual violation of the peace agreement, especially the refusal to give up land that was given to the Palestinians in the West Bank, and other places. The views of the two leaders were echoed and supported by other Arab leaders from the region. Mr. Amyr Mussa, the dynamic Egyptian Foreign Minister who has been at the centre of the negotiations, said he did not think that Netanyahu wanted peace. The Sudanese President, Comrade Mohammed EI-Beshir, went further to say Netanyahu wanted a continuation of the war. That view was shared by Brother Omar Montasser, the Foreign Minister of the Libyan Jamahariha which has always deeply distrusted the intentions of "Zionism", the philosophy of world-wide Jewery. Arafat at the O.A.U Chairman Arafat was in buoyant but angry mood when he addressed the OAU on the 2nd of June. After laying bare the intentions of Netanyahu he asked the gathered Heads of African states to support the Palestinian cause at the United Nations, and in discussions with the European Union. He was particularly keen that Israeli policy of building new Jew- ish settlements should be con-demned in the Security Council of the Uhited Nations. That may just restrain Netanyahu and his Government In several bilateral meetings with African Heads of States, Arafat carried the same message of solidarity and diplomatic offensive. There was no room for complacency. To reinforce his arguments Brother Kadoumi produced maps showing the boundaries of the Oslo agreement, and the new settlements built way inside what should be Palestinian territory. Infact the whole area of Gaza and West Bank which should be Palestinian territory is littered .with Jewish villages and settlements. Laughing and spreading the maps before me, he said its like the skin of a leopard which has many black spots (those were Jewish settlements and villages). The total land being given to Palestinians is only one-sixth of the total land area they used to occupy before the second world war. Jerusalem is Palestinian City Even if Gaza,' West Bank, and other areas were resolved amicably, the issue that goes to heart and culture (and religion) of the diferrences between Is*raelis and the Palestinians is the palce of the holy city of Jerusalem. It is the holy city for both Christians, Jews, and Moslems.Yasser Arafat is adamant that the emerging new state of Palestine must have Jerusalem as its capital. Comrade Ali Halimeh, the Ambassador of the state of Palestine in Zimbabwe, argues that Jerusalem has all the cultural features of a Palestinian town. Returning to Jerusalem earlier this year after more than twenty years, he said walking from Mount Olive down the street, he felt he was in Palestine, where everything was Palestinian. From Jerusalem, he went to his home village of Tarishiha, and found that it had been taken by the Jews. So was Nazareth, the birthplace of christ. Ali is pessemistic about the proscpects for a continuing peace process in the Chairman Yasser Arafat Middle East when the key players are dragging their feet. Position of the USA After the Palestinians and the Israelis themselves, the major player from outside is the USA.The view of the Palestinian leaders is that the USA is not putting enough pressure on the Israelis and implement the letter and spirit of the Oslo agreement. The initiatives of President Bill Clinton are constrained by the powerful Jewish lobby in New York state and inside Congress itself. The administration even voted a security Council resolution calling on Israel to stop building Jewish settlements. That resolution followed the letter and spirit of the agreement. A silver lining in the sky of the Middle East is the positive posture of the members of the European Union.They have .always voted for the full implementation of the agreed points in the Oslo agreement, and they have critised Israeli policies that run counter to the agreement.In particular, the supporting the legitimate aspirations of the GoVernment of France, has given a lead in Palestinian people. The new socialist Prime Minister is likely to strengthen the hand of President J. Chirac on this particular issue. The new Labour Government in Britain has traditional ties with the question of Palestine. It- was a Labour Government that decided to establish a homeland for Jews in the original Palestine.They too, are likely to be sympathetic to the legitimate aspirA-tions of the Palestinian people. 11 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

Worl Pouato S pecia Reproductive health programmes emphasize quality of care When you gave birth at the hospital, the doctor would give you a contraceptive injection < without even asking you whether you wanted it or how many more kids you wanted to have," a South African woman recalls.That was under the apartheid regime; today, South Africa is moving to ensure that family planning programmes respond to the needs and desires of clients, not to government dictates. South Africa is one among many countries acting on the recommendations of 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, which called for universal access to a comprehensive set of reproductive health services, including family planning, by 2015. The emphasis should be on the quality of care offered to clients and on delivering the best possible service. Although nearly 60 percent of couples are using modern contraception, up from 10-15 percent thirty years ago, the right to reproductive health acclaimed at the 1994 Cairo conference is still far from a reality in many countries, according to The State of World Population 1997 report by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Among the most important reforms is to offer a wide range of reproductive health services along with family planning under one roof. In South Africa, says Dr. Helen Rees of the Reproductive Heath Research Unit of Baragonath Hospital in Soweto, "We are trying to improve and integrate reproductive health services into family planning or primary care services, and then to develop rational guidelines for management that can be applied on a very large scale." A key objective of integrated reproductive health care is to ensure that women know their options and can exercise them. The report stresses that the quality of services may determine whether women and men can exercise their right to voluntary choice in matters of reproduction and sexuality. Clients are more satisfied and more likely to continue using services that ask and act on their preferences. Dissatisfied clients who have no alternative to poor-quality Ensuring that women know their options and can exercise them has become the principal goal of many reproductive health programmes. Above, women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, listen to a talk about family planning public services may simply stop using them. One key to identifying the reproductive health needs of any individual or couple is privacy, to ensure confidential exchange of information. Clients need to feel free to discuss their reproductive intentions, state of health, cultural understandings and social circumstances. Clients should have access to a range of safe and effective contraceptive methods so they can choose the method most suitable for them, the report stress- es. Prospective contraceptive users need information about how methods work, how effective they are and which to avoid. For example, women who are breastfeeding should not take oral contraceptives. Intra-uterine devices (IUDs) should not be recommended to patients witb reproductive tract infections, for instance. Staff training in new methods and counceiling techniques, along with improved *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

Reroductive health programmes emphasize quality of care *Continuedfrom previous pagA supervision, is therefore a critical step in improving service quality and maintaining continuity, according to the report. A new programme in the Indian state of Rajasthan offers clients a mix of family planning methods-the pill, IUD, condom and sterilization-and child survival services. Nurse midwives and female health assistants explain the advantages and disadvantages of each contraceptive method. There is no compulsion, no targets, and no motivation fee. The IUD, the most popular contraceptive method, is offered only after verifying that the woman is free of reproductive tract infections. Others can receive the device once their infections are treated. The result has been a vast increase in the IUD retention rate. Sometimes, the report points out, providers steer certain methods based their age, marital status or ethnicity, without regard to medical considerations or the clients' wishes. Clients are rarely asked about their sexual practices or-those of their partners. Providers' attitudes or legal barriers may even prevent would-be-clients- such as unmarried women and adolescents (married and unmarried)- from using reproductive health services at all. At a clinic in Zimbabwe, "all the clients, no matter how old or young" are welcome, says Dorothy Chikwanda, the junior clinic manager. She says that the key to service quality is to offer those interested a range of options: "First we have to give the client the choice, then we have to explain her choice to her." The physical state of a facility also affects the equality of care- and sometimes the health of clients.Common problems include inadequate supply of clean water and electricity, insufficient or undertrained staff, unavailability of blood supplies, shortages of essential drugs including antibiotics, and missing supplies and equipment. Health Project in Johannesburg has conducted workshops to help health care providers improve their interaction with clients. In Iran, 18,000 Women Health Volunteers provide reproductive health and family planning information and serives in urban slums. Kenya has integrated family planning with other reproductive health services to avoid duplication, and make services more convenient, accessible and costeffective. Chile, Thailand and the Philippines are also moving to integrate reproductive health services and make them more accessible. Ghana and Mali have have revised reproductive health standards to improve services in poor communities. India's Family Welfare Programme has increased funding for 'reproductive health and expanded the range of services.To ensure respect for individual clients, it has set up new rules for family planning programmes that use clientcentred perfomances goals in place of method-specific contraceptive targets. Bolivia now gives women free access to prenatal care, delivery and post-natal care, family planning, and pap smears. Family planning services in Brazil now offer a full range of contraceptive methods. The expansion of family planning services has been a special priority in Eastern Europe ano the tormer Soviet Union. Russia mledical authorities acknowledge that fmproved availability of family planning has helped reduce the abortion rate. Family planning activities have also been strengthened in Kazakstan, Tajikistan, Ukraine and Poland. UNFPA has been working closely with other UN agencies to develop a reliable set of indicators to help design integrated reproductive health programmes and monitor their progress. Conventional statistics on service utilization and contraceptive practice will be augmented with new measures of unmet demand, access, service coverage and quality of care. In the Gaza Strip, a Women's Health Centre was recently established in the AI- Bureij Refugee Camp with UNFPA support. The centre combines previously unavailable reproductive health servicesincluding pre-and post-natal care, safe delivery and family planning - with social assistance, legal counselling, psychiatric support, and community education and physical fitness programmes. Says Sabah Ammer, a regular visitor, "The doctor spends a lot of time talking over our problems with us. If one method of family planning does not work for us, she will recommend another type, teach us us. how to use it, and keep working with us until something works." Men take responsibility for reproductive health and Family Planning W omen point their fingers at men and say, 'We are willing to use family planning, but these peo Since the Cairo conference, many de- F I Vlt u s 1JUol ulri 5. Emmanual Sabakati has heard this lament improving the quality to reproductive often while counselling couples on famiimprovingathequalty toanng repruce ly planning. Sabakati is project director health and family planning services, of the "Man to Man" programme in These include training health care providers in interpersonal communica- Malawi, designed to address the critical tions, strengthening the health infras- role of men in family planning. tructure, and developing new medical But studies show that men are conprotocols. In South Africa, the Women's cemed for women's reproductive health, .ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6 and are willing to participate in mking decisions, according toThe state of World Population 1997report by the United Nations population Fund (UNFPA). The problem may be communication: husband and wife may want the same thing, but they don't tell each other. The result can be a bigger family than either really wanted. The report is published on 28 May. *Continued on next page

Men take responsibility for reproductive health and Family Planning *Continuedfrom previous page Husband and wife communication about reproductive health, including family planning, has been improving over the past few decades, the report notes. However, a large minority of men still consider sexual and reproductive health to be exclusively women's concern-so they don't discuss it. Worse, men often impede women's efforts at family planning, as the women in Sabakati's clinic charge. Dr. Everald Hosein coordinates the University of the West Indies Caribbean Population and Family Health Programming in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. He said that almost every method of contraception a women might choose can be opposed by her partner for one reason or another. For example, some men complain that condoms and intra-uterine devices interfere with their sexual pleasure. One women told Hosein, "My man doesn't want me to use the pill; he says it will make me fat." The report finds that men are frequently insensitive to women's reproductive and sexual health needs. In many cultures misunderstandings and myths about female sexuality and reproductive systems persist-though there are indications that male attitudes towards a range of taboos (including concerns about menstruation and "cleanliness") are changing. Boys and men should be taught about responsible sexuality and parenthood, the report recommends. They need to understand the risks women face from pregnancy and childbirth, and from multiple partners, harmful traditional practices, and sexual initiation too early in life. Women's reproductive and sexual health requires the mutual concern and investment of both partners. Man to Man was founded in response to these needs. Says Sabakati, "It is important to target rhales because they are the heads of families, and therefore they should know about family planning." Participants are taught about various methods of contraception, particularly *Continued on next page Father and daughter in Niger: Men around the world need to take more responsibility for parenting, and for their partners' sexual and reproductive health 26 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

Men take responsibility for reproductive health and Family Planning *Continued from previous page those men can use. "When men are motivated to seek methods suitable for them, they choose between vasectomy or condoms," notes Sabakati. All choices are strictly voluntary. "If they choose condoms, we supply them. If they choose vasectomy, we assist them in arranging it." Those who undergo vasectomy are usually in their late thirties or early forties. When he was a Boy Scout in Zimbabwe, Joseph Mabuto recieved family life education. The experience "gave a new dimension to my life," he said. Now a scout leader, Mabuto advises teenage scouts about family and reproductive matters. "My scouts are always coming to me to ask about sexuality, maturity, peer pressure and the like," he says. Zimbabwe's Chief Scouts Commisioner, Ignatius Kajenga, points out that the whole society benefits from providing family life education to boys. "The boys disseminate the information to their family and friends. We teach them about sexuality, sexual health, sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS, and family planning." Most courses are conducted in local languages. "Decision-making is an important aspect of the education,"Kajenga says. "Eventually it is incumbent upon the boys themselves to make up their mind on what types of families they are going to have."He adds that the boys are glad to recieve information on sexuality and reproduction, as such subjects are generally taboo with parents Legal barriers also underscore the important role men play in family planning according to the report. Fourteen countries require a woman to get her husband's consent before she can recieve any contraceptive services. This has the effect of denying services to unmarried women, including adolescents and the divorced or widowed, as well as to women who wish to delay or limit births but who cannot persuade their husbands. An additional 60 countries require spousal, authorization for permanent methods. Spousal consent restrictions often apply only to women, the report notes. But the reports finds signs of improvement, especially at the grassroots. In the Phillipines, a new centre for men in experimenting with innovative ways to in- volve men in reproductive health programmes. In Indonesia, the government plans to expand its counselling programme to include training materials on male participation in family planning and reproductive health. In Ghana, seminars and plays have been organised for both male and female audience to generate discussions on partners' joint responsibility in the use of family planning, parenting and family life. The Noor Al Hussein Foundation in Jordan has launched a two-year nationwide motivational campaign with "Family health is a joint responsiblity of both spouses" as its slogan. -The campaign, begun in April 1996, includes p wide range of activities: puppet shows, seminars, mobile science exhibition, counsellin.q and interactive educational theatre. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6 Zimbabwe News Subscription Rates Please tick a box to select your term ZIMBABWE 0 12 Issues (I year)S30.00 03 6 issues(6 monthsi S15.00 REGIONAL 0 12 Issues (I year)US$37.20 C3 6 issues (6 months) US$18.60 OVERSEAS rl 12 issues (I year).'SS57.60 1 6 issues (6 months) USS28.80 NAME: ...... A D R E SS : ...... SIG NATURE...... THE RATES INCLUDE POSTAGE AND HANDING I enclose my cheque 0 postal order 0 for the amount indicated above. Mail to: The Circulation Manager, Zimbabwe News. P.O. Box CY 3206, Causeway 144 LUnion Avenue. Harare, Tel: 790148/9. Special activities are intended to sensitize men ,about their responsibilities in family planning and reproductive health. Efforts to reach men are eliciting response. "When I read in the pape. about vasectomy, I was very much in terested because I wanted to give relie: to my wife," said Aaron Kumwenda, client at the Man to Man project Malawi. "Having borne four childnez^ she was tired, I thought. As the head of the family, I had to do it." Anderson Mazengera, who underwent the same procedure after deciding with his wife that they had reached their desired family size, notes that male responsibility does not end with vasectomy: "Now what we have to do is develop our family." 01

Founding of Pan-African games By Tendayi Ndemera frican sport is filled with history, only a tiny part of which is known bv the general public. There is a good reason for this, in a continent where oral education is of capital importance, and where people often say that "when an old man dies, it is like a library burning down". Here, then, are a few notes to refresh your memory: It was in 1912 that the founder of the modern Olympic Games, Pierre de Coubertin, first mooted the idea of organising African Games. His proposal naturally encountered systematic opposition from the colonial powers. It was not until 1932, at the International Olympic Committee session in Rome, that Coubertin again took up the theme, and sought once more to convince his collegues that African Games should be organised in Algiers in 1925. On the same occasion, Courtin invited the Prince regent of Ethiopia, Ras Tar Fari Mekonen (the idol of a Jamaican community, hence Rastafarian-RastaRastaman) who was later crowned Emperor and reigned under the name of Haile Selassie, to the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris. Time passed and nothing concrete was done. The Egyptian city of Alexandria was then chosen and the date postponed until April 1929. Considerable preparations were made and an excellent stadium built, thanks to a financial contribution from the IOC member in Egypt, the Greek citizen Angelo Bolanaki. The colonial powers, afraid that sport would encourage unity among the.African people fighting for independIence, opposed the project, and the Games were cancelled. "I thought that attitudes had evolved sufficiently to put this into practice," said Coubertin. "It seems that the issue was not yet ready. It must now be approaching maturity, and I still firmly believe that, before long, sport in Africa will get organised in spite of everything." Coubertin regretted that the process had been slowed down. Nevertheless, to accelerate the holding of African Games, he instituted, an "African medal" which was to be awarded annually to those working to promote African sport. The mecal depicted an African throwing a javelin with, on the other side, a Latin inscription visible through some bamboo: "Athletae proprium est se ipsum noscere, ducere et vincere. (To know oneself, control oneself ad overcome oneself), wrote Pierre de Coubertin. "The eternal beauty of sport, fundamental aspirations of the true sportsman and the conditions for his success." The first African Games were held in Brazzaville, Congo, in July 1965. It required long, hard work and a huge sacrifice to make a success of these games which, for the first time, brought together 20 independent African countries. "AFRICA ARISE: The time has come for UNITY", this was the chorus of the anthem of the first African Games, whose secretary general was JeanClaude Ganga. In athletics, it was the Kenyans and Nigerians who dominated. Already, in the 1 500m heats. a certain Kipchoge Keino set a new African record. Tfie African sports leaders gathered in Brazzaville then decided to set up a permanent committee with the task of organising the Games, and chose Mali to stage the second African Games. It was at a general assembly in Bamako in December 1966, attended by 19 African countries, that the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa (SCSA) was founded, and the Congolese Jean-Claude Ganga was elected secretary general. Ganga is now an IOC member and president of the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA). The SCSA headquaters is based in Yaonde, in Cameroon.,. There was subsequently a change of government in Mali, and the military powers in control abandoned plans to stage the Games scheduled for 1969. In spite of the Biafrana war, Nigeria agreed to host the Games in 1971, but as it was clear that there was very little time left to organise the Games for that year, the SCSA took the decision to postpone the second African Games until 1973 "to enable Nigeria to devote itself to the immense task of the national reconstruction". Thus eight years after the Games in Brazzaville, the athletes found themselves in Lagos in January 1973. The results were convincing, since it was here that future world 15oom recordholder Filbert Bayi from Tanzania was discovered. The organising committee of the African Games in Lagos was headed by General Henry Adefope, IOC member in Nigeria. The rendezvous fixed in Lagos was kept in Algeria, in 1978. Algeria fulfilled the contract by organising the third African Games, a key element in strengthening African unity and solidarity. Egypt then successfully hosted the 4th African Games. In the meantime, in 1948 two Egyptians, Mohamed Taher Pacha and El Demerdash Tony, an honary IOC member, had the idea of organising Mediterranean Games. It was thus Egypt which hosted the first edition, in 1951 in Alexanderia in the stadium meant to host the African Games in 1929 at the instigation of Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Since then, the games have been ever more succesful. Three other African countries have taken turns at organising them: Tunisia, in 1967 Algiria, in 1975, and Morocco, in 1983. On the threshold of independence, four African nations, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and Uganda, also took part in the Commonwealth Games in Cardiff, Great Britain, in 1958. In 1959, under the government of Gener, al De Gaulle, it was France's turn, and at the instigation of the High Commissioner for Youth and Sport and now honary IOC member, Maurice Herzog, the "Community Games" were organised, for the French colonies. In 1960, the city of Tannarive, now Antananarivo, (Madagascar) staged the games Which would subsequently become the "Friendship Games".In 1961, it was Cote d'lvoire which hosted them. The President of the Republic, the late Felix Houphouet Boigny said: "We do not give up hope of one day seeing Africa become a land of reconciliation between people's". In fact it was in Dakar, Senegal, in 1963 that sporting Africa retied its knot of friendship and traced out its future. In addition to the community countries, there was Algeria, Congo, Leopoldville ( The Democratic Republic of Congo), Egypt, Ghana, The Gambia, 0 Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6

Peter Musende (1960-1997) de Peter Musende who passed away last May was born on November 13, 1960 at Chibvongodze Kraal in Chief Mangwende's area, Murewa. Born in a family of five boys and five girls, Peter started his Primary education at Chidya in 1968. He studied up to Grade 7 which he completed in 1975. From here, he enrolled at Musami Mission the following year but cut his studies short while doing Form Two due to lack of school fees. However, he was a prominent student who occupied various leadership positions in sports while being a prefect at the same time. He started his political career in 1977 when he met a group of ZANLA combaFounding of Pan-A frican games *Continued from previous page Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Tunisia. The Senegalese head of state at the time, Leopold Sedar Senghor, described the games as a "powerful element of fraternity" and "a solid step towards African cooperation". the secretary general of the Games organising committee being none other than Judge Keba Mbaye, IOC member in Senegal. Just one month after the Games, 30 Afri- * can heads of state met in the Ethiopian capital, Addis Abba, and founded the Organisation of African Unity. But the fact remains that the African football confederation, created in 1957 in Khartoum by the three countries Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan, is the older institution. The two founders, the late Ydnekatchew Tessema of Ethiopia and Dr Abdel Mohamed Halim of Sudan served as IOC members in their respective countries. Dr Halim is today a fit 87-year old, who was at the Session in Budapest in June 1995 Staff Writer tants led by Cde. Chenjerai Zvinoputika in June of that year. He was selected to lead local youths but was arrested and detained at Hoswech Farm Military Camp in 1978, from where he was transferred to Marondera Prison. Cde. Musende was tortured and accused of associating with the freedom fighters. Fortunately, he escaped and Rhodesian soldiers failed to apprehend him. During this period, he became actively involved in the liberation struggle. He was often sent on important assignments by the freedom fighters. In 1979, following the Lancaster House Agreement, he was the ZANU (PF) election agent in Murewa and after the Party's landslide victory in the first ever all race elections, he was elected secretary of Chamachinda District. In 1980, Cde. Musende was amongst commissioners appointed to look into the establishment of district councils. Immediately following the formation of district councils, he was elected councillor in Murewa until 1983, and was reelected for another two-year term of office. During the same year, Cde. Musende was elected Deputy Secretary for security of the Youth League in Mashonaland ne of the ruling ZANU PF's prominent cadres, Comrade Stephen Vuma died in his sleep at his plot in Gweru early May. He had been ill for sometime. He was declared a national hero and laid to rest at the Heroes Acre in Harare. He was born on what was to be Zimbabwe's Independence Day, April 18 in 1936 at Ghogo in Chief Lukulaba's area, Shurugwi. Stephen Vuma was born third and one of the five boys in a family of East. The same year, after the holding of Party Congress, he was elected Secretary for Security to the Main Wing. During the integration exercise folloWing the historc Unity Accord of 1987 between former PF-ZAPU and ZANU (PF) to form the new ZANU PF, he was appointed to the Provincial Integration Committee. At the First People's Congress of the united ZANU PF, Cde. Musende was elected chairman of the Mashonaland East Province. He was also elected Murewa Council Chairman the same year; positions he still held at the time of his untimely death early last May.. Cde. Musende was also a member of the national committee of the Association of Rural District Councils (ARDC), representing Mashonaland East councils. At the time of his death, Cde. Musende was serving as the ruling Party's member of the Central Committee having won re-election as Mashonaland East Provincial chairman in December, 1993. He was declared a liberation war hero and laid to rest with full military honours at his rural home in Murewa. Cde. Musende is survived by two wives and twelve children. 0 ten children. His father though, had three wives and many other children. Stephen Vuma attended Zhaugwe School near Figtree, Gloag Range Mission near lnyathi before going to Dadaya Mission in Zvishavane. Upon leaving Dadaya in 1958, he joined active politics and was to complete his education through correspondence. Liberation struggle He joined the Posts and Telecommunications Corporation after Dadava. Dur*Continued on nextpage ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6 Stephen Kenneth Sesulelo Vurna (1936-1997) Staff Writer

Stephen IKenneth Sesulelo Vuma (1936-1997) *Cuoitin ielfro in previous page ing this period, Cde Vuma became actively involved in mobilising people for the nationalist struggle for freedom and independence of Zimbabwe. He was soon arrested and jailed in 1959. In 1962, he was restricted to his father's plot in Silobela. Prior to that development, he had visited liberation movement leaders either imprisoned or under restriction. The leaders he visited included Cde Leopold Takawira in Chilimanzi (now Chirumanzi), Cdes C. Muchachi-Nhema and J.Z. Moyo in Kezi, Cde Joshua Nkomo in Simukwe and Cde Robert Mugabe in Zvimba. Cde Vuma was seeking the opinion of the leaders on the possibilities of sending Sir Garfield Todd, Cdes Josiah Chinamano and Nathan Shamuyarira to the United Nations to present the nationalist agenda for Zimbabwe's independence. In his journeys, Cde Vuma was accompanied by Cdes Charles Madombo, Dumiso Dabengwa and Ethan Dube. He was arrested two days after his return from Zvimba and detained at the then Salisbury (Harare) Maximum Prison. When released from prison, Cde Vuma headed for Bulawayo where he worked briefly. In 1963, he was asked to go to Dar-es Salam, Tanzania. On the way, he met Cde. Emmerson Mnangagwa who introduced him to Cdes Willie Musarurwa and A. Ngwenya, then liberation movement representatives in Northern Rhodesia (Zambia). While in exile, he realised that an independent Zimbabwe would need a skilled labourforce. He enrolled at the Kiev Institute of National Economy in the then Soviet Union, where he graduated with a MSc Degree in National Economic Planning, a diploma in Political Science as well as diploma in Cybernetics and Econometrics. Back home Upon his return home in 1980, Cde Vuma was the PF-ZAPU Secretary for Finance and financial director for several Party's companies. In 1990, he was elected Member of Parliament for Silobela until 1995 when he lost the seat to Cde Margaret Msimbe. Nonetheless, Cde Vuma shall be remembered for his candid, patriotic and, thought-provoking contributions during his term of office in Parliament. After losing his seat to Cde Msimbe, Cde Vuma took up farming. Interestingly, his father, Sesulelo Willie had been a renowned farmer in Shurugwi. Cde vuma's illness was first noticed while attending ZANU PF's Second National People's Conference in Bulawayo last December. He collapsed and had to be hospitalised. He was a member of the Party's Central Committee and Deputy Secretary for Finance in the Politburo. Cde Vuma is survived by his two wives, Maudy (nee) Ndlovu and Nomsa (nee) Ndlovu and, six children rE ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 6 n. early photograph of Cde .K. Va

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