A Community of Communities
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A Community of Communities Report of the Commission on Representation of the Interests of the British Jewish Community March 2000 2 Adar 5160 The lnstitute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR) is an independent think-tank which informs and influences opinion and decision-making on social, political and cultural issues a{fecting Jewish life. The Commission on Representation of the lnterests of the British Jewish Community was established as an independent working party in 1998 by JPR, which provlded the secretariat and a home for the Commission. Members were drawn on an ad personam basis from a cross-section of Britlsh Jewry in terms of gender, region and rellgious outlook. The Commission's task was to examine how the interests of the Britlsh Jewlsh community are represented at various levels-withln the community, to Jewish communities abroad and in the wider UK soclety. The Commission was also asked to make recommendations on how the representation of these interests can best be organized for the twenty-first century. JPR pledged to publish the report of the Commission Members of the Commission / Report a uthors Davrd Blackburn Lucie Hass Stephen Chelms Maurlce Helf gott Adrian Cohen Proiessor Ba rry Kosmin Ruth Deech Dr Mary Rudolf Krom Jean Gaffln, OBE Melanie Ph llips Professor IVargaret Harris Carolyn Taylor Secretariat Antony Lerman Dr Winston Prckett Andrea Margolit Lena Stanley-Clamp Contents Summary 1 Recommendations 3 l lntroduction I 2 For What Sort of British Jewry ls Representation Being U n derta ken? 13 3ln What Kind of Britain ls Representation Taking Place? 15 4 The Current Pattern of Representation 19 5 Gathering ldeas: The Consultation Exercise 23 Appendix 1 Jewish Communal Organizations Engaged in Representation 34 Appendix 2 Representation in Five Jewish Communities- France, the Netherlands, Australia, Canada and the USA by Daniel E lazar 44 Appendix 3 United Kingdom Legislation Concerning Jews by His Honour Judge Aron Owen and Sheriff G. H. Gordon, OC, LLD 50 Appendix 4 Gathering the Evidence Consultations via Town Meetings, lnterviews and Ouestionna- ires 54 Summary degree of growth in the last decade. Setting the stage: reasons for the Recent studies on issues oflewish identity have Comm ission's establ ish ment shown a trend towards non-synagogal modes of Over the past 300 years BritishJews have affiliation and a rising number of marriages with established well-developed representative non-Jews. Yet, paradoxically, at the same time there structures. However, there is an increasing is greater confidence among the strictly Orthodox, recognition that we are in a period of rapid change. a huge investment and expansion inJewish The pace of this change has placed considerable education and a stronger sense of British Jewish stmin on the historic centml representative identity structures: the Board of Deputies of BritishJews and the Chief Rabbinate. Vocal andvariegated Finally British Jews increasingly regmd rhemselves interest groups, ranging from the strictly Orthodox in ethnic terms. Alongside religion, culture and to the progressive, claim that the current modes of language, their ethnicity includes feelings of kinship representation fail to include them or speak for and belonging, and a desire for group continuity In their interests. practice, however, most British Jews presently regard the synagogue as the only practicable way Questions have been raised as to whyJewish open to them to identifywith and belong to representative institutions have been unable to somethingJewish. defuse tensions and resolve disputes that frequently surface in the public sphere. In addition, new Changing Britain organtzations are continually emerging to address In what kind of Britain, then, is representation the wider society on matters ofJewish interest. taking place? Finally many individuals particularly women, the Britain has become more diverse in terms of younger generation and -the unaffiliated-feel religion, ethnic origin, culture and lifestyle. It is now disenfranchised. Aware that decisions taken by often referred to as a multicultural society Ethnic, othens affect them, they do not believe that they regional and other differences are increasingly have the means of influencing those decisions. They portrayed as requiring not merely toleration, but also do not feel the present representational also acknowledgement, respect, resources and structures meet thet needs. representation. Changing British Jewry The most significant changes are structural, affecting The Commission asked: 'For what sort of British the various tiers of government to whichJews have Jewry is representation being undeftaken?' The traditionally made representations. The changes answer was: a communiry in transition. under way that are akeady affecting Britain's central political institutions promise to alter significantly the In terms of demography, there has been a pattern of power, leading to new challenges and significant decline in the estimatedJewish opportunities for representational activiry They population, which now numbers under 300,000 include reform of the House of Lords, devolution people. Despite the fact that today approximately 70 and regionalization, changes in local government, per cent of the population, of UKJews are formally including a London mayor and Greater London linked to a synagogue, approximately one third of Authority and closer integration into the European the population is religiously unaffiliated. Union. Moreover, those BritishJews who are affiliated to a Mapping current representation synagogue are increasingly diverse and are The Commission identified thoseJewish communal segmented across the following groupings: organizations that carry out representation, together with their main target audiences: .60.7 per cent belong to central Orthodox government and Padiament, local authorities, synagogues (Ashkenazi and Sephardi); international and European organrzations, foreign governments, international Jewish organizations, . 2B.B per cent belong to progressive q,nagogues Israel, Diaspora communities, European Jewish (Reform, Liberal and Masorti); organzations, other-faith minority groups, the . 10.5 per cent belong to strictly Orthodox (llaredi) voluntary sector, the media and other opinion synagogues, which have shown the greatest formem. This information is discussed in Section 4 and ha-s representation, representation abroad and internal been produced in diagrammatic form. The Jewish divisions. organrzational map seryed a^s the starting point for analysing Jewish representation, revealing in stark Among the key questions surrounding the current relief its multi-faceted, diverse and complex nature. state of representational activity, the following emerged: Gathering ideas: the consultation exercise For more than eighteen months the Commission . Do the multiple layers of special interest and carried out its research and deliberations on a representation constitute needless duplication or variery of levels. It canvassed zLS many people as strength through diversiry? possible within theJewish community, together . Should there be one or manyvoices? with those in the wider society who are the main target audiences ofJewish representation. V4-nt is the role of religious representation? . Do theJewish media have a role in A detailed questionnaire on the scope, subject representation? matter and comprehensiveness ofJewish representation was compiled, and copies were sent . V4rat is the place of informal representation? to more than 2,000Jewish organizations and r How is theJewish community regarded by the individuals. Advertisements were placed in the targets of representation-as a religious or an national andJewish press inviting people to request ethnic group? a questionnaire, and a special web-site was established to allow respondents to submit their . V{hen is collective representation necessary? answers on-line. Through the Commission's wide-ranging Seven'town meetings'were held in Central consultations with every sector of theJewish London, Redbridge, Golders Green, Brighton, community an overridin g leitmotif began to Manchesteq Glasgow and Ieeds. Smaller focus emerge: a growing realization that a means of groups and discussions were also held. Finally the representation regarded as effective in the past or Commission conducted in-depth interviews with even today may not be adequate in the future. more than seventy key informzurts, both inside and outside the British Jewish community The Commission obseled that, while people were quick to express their concerns and extensive During the Commission's evidence-gathering, criticisms of existing representative structures, they certain recurring themes emerged: questions of were less willing, initizrlly, to posit solutions. leadership, consultation, professionalism, Nevertheless, a number of solutions were put networking and coordination, reaching the forward and subsequently seffed as a basis for the unaffiliated, internal, informal and religious Commission's recommendations, which follow. Recom mendations The following section is in two pafts: 'Principles for action' and 'Implementation of principles'. Both grew out of a consideration of the evidence, ideas and suggestions expressed during the consultative process. Together they constitute a strategic direction that we believe will meet the current and emerging representational needs of the BritishJewish community Principles for action 1 For the purposes of representation we should adopt aninclusiue d.eftnition of the