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1 Le Crabe D'eau Saumâtre De Robert Armases Roberti

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1 Le Crabe D'eau Saumâtre De Robert Armases Roberti 1 Le crabe d'eau saumâtre de Robert Armases roberti (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) Citation de cette fiche : Noël P., 2017. Le crabe d'eau saumâtre de Robert Armases roberti (H. Milne Edwards, 1853). in Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed.], 11 février 2017. Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel, pp. 1-6, site web http://inpn.mnhn.fr Contact de l'auteur : Pierre Noël, UMS 2006 "Patrimoine naturel", Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 43 rue Buffon (CP 48), 75005 Paris ; e-mail [email protected] Résumé. La carapace est presque carrée, légèrement convexe, avec des stries latérales. Le front présente un sinus médian profond. Les chélipèdes sont faiblement granuleux. Les pattes sont relativement longues et fines. L'abdomen du mâle est triangulaire, celui de la femelle arrondi. La largeur de la carapace atteint 2,7 cm. La couleur est gris brun avec de très petites taches claires ; la face ventrale est presque blanche. Les larves sont émises par les femelles dans les rivières et ces larves gagnent la mer pour y poursuivre leur développement qui dure 17 jours. Ce crabe a une activité crépusculaire et nocturne. Il creuse des galeries où il se réfugie le jour. Il se nourrit de matières organiques en décomposition. Il est la proie des oiseaux. On le rencontre dans les mangroves et parmi la végétation des berges des cours d'eau jusqu'à 9 km de la mer et 300 m d'altitude. L'espèce est endémique de l'arc antillais. Figure 1. Aspect général de Armases roberti en vue dorsale, d'après Chace & Hobbs (1969). Classification : Phylum Arthropoda Latreille, 1829 > Sub-phylum Crustacea Brünnich, 1772 > Super-classe Multicrustacea Regier, Shultz, Zwick, Hussey, Ball, Wetzer, Martin & Cunningham, 2010 > Classe Malacostraca Latreille, 1802 > Sous-classe Eumalacostraca Grobben, 1892 > Super- ordre Eucarida Calman, 1904 > Ordre Decapoda Latreille, 1802 > Sous-ordre Pleocyemata Burkenroad, 1963 > Infra-ordre Brachyura Latreille, 1802 > Section Eubrachyura de Saint Laurent, 1980 > Sous-section Thoracotremata Guinot, 1977 > Super-famille Grapsoidea MacLeay, 1838 > Famille Sesarmidae Dana, 1851 > Sous-famille Sesarminae Dana, 1851 > Genre Armases Abele, 1992. Synonymes (Abele 1992 ; Ng & al. 2008 ; GBIF 2017 ; INPN Noms vernaculaires: 2017 ; ITIS 2017 ; WoRMS 2017): Le crabe d'eau saumâtre ; le crabe d'eau saumâtre de Robert. Sesarma bromelium Rathbun, 1896 Sesarma bromeliarum Tesch, 1917 Sesarma roberti H. Milne Edwards, 1853 Principaux noms étrangers. Sesarma (Holomelopus) roberti H. Milne Edwards, 1853 Anglais : brackish water crab (Rathbun 1918, 1933 ; Powers Sesarma americana Pocock, 1889 [nec S. americanum de Saussure 1977) ; marsh crab (espèces voisines) ; jumpy crab 1858]. (Schubart & Diesel 1998). Sesarma (Holometopus) angustipes Rathbun, 1918 Sesarma miersi Rodriguez, 1980 Sesarma angustipes Rodriguez, 1980 N° des bases de données: GBIF ID : 5974799 ; INPN Cd_Nom : 649459 ; WoRMS AphiaID : 444487. Description. La carapace est presque carrée et son rapport longueur / largeur avoisine 0,98. Elle est légèrement convexe à l'avant et sur le côté. Des stries latérales sont présentes. Les marges latérales convergent légèrement vers l'avant. La région introrbitale est subdivisée en quatre lobes distincts avec un sinus médian profond. Les marges latérales 2 de la région frontale sont parallèles, la marge antérieure est concave au milieu. Les yeux sont bien développés et pigmentés. Les chélipèdes présentent un dimorphisme sexuel, ils sont relativement plus petits chez la femelle que chez le mâle ; la marge médiane postérieure du mérus est faiblement granuleuse, avec des dents antéromédianes étendues côté distal ; des touffes de soies sont présentes sur la surface intérieure distale. Le carpe est granuleux avec des granules gros et pointus sur la marge. La paume est granuleuse et sa surface médiane possède de gros granules pointus. Les dactyles sont granuleux côté dorsal. Les deux doigts de la pince se terminent par une cornée en cuiller. Les pattes ambulatoires sont longues et relativement fines. La longueur du mérus du quatrième péréiopode est d'environ trois fois sa largeur ; le propode et le dactyle de ce même appendice ont de longues soies noires et le propode est muni de courtes épines noires ventrales ; le dactyle a des épines noires courtes sur la face dorsale et ventrale. Les femelles ont peu d'épines comparativement aux mâles. Le dactyle est un peu plus court que le propode. L'abdomen du mâle a un contour triangulaire. La largeur du telson équivaut à sa longueur. Le gonopode du mâle est droit ; sa pièce terminale est aplatie avec un sinus pointu distal en forme en "V". L'abdomen de la femelle est subcirculaire ; la largeur du telson est un peu plus grande que la longueur. Le gonopore de la femelle est subcirculaire avec une courte projection antérieure ; l'operculum est surélevé avec une portion en forme de "U" autour de la projection (Rathbun 1918 ; Abele 1992). La largeur de la carapace est de 14,8 à 27,0 mm chez les mâles, 12,2 à 22,3 mm chez les femelles et entre 17,5 mm et 23,5 mm chez les femelles ovigères (Abele 1992). Les mâles de A. roberti sont donc en moyenne légèrement plus grands que les femelles. Figure 2. Pince gauche et carapace (vue dorsale) d'Armases roberti (mâle, syntype) ; d'après Monod (1956). La couleur de la carapace est marron clair à brun sombre avec des marques claires. La région hépatique et la région protogastrique présentent une à quatre taches claires circulaires, les taches de la région protogastrique les plus grandes étant près de la marge postéromésiale. Les régions branchiales ont quatre ou cinq taches souvent plus petites que les taches des régions hépatique et protogastrique. La région mésogastrique a souvent une paire de petites taches formant une rangée transversale avec les taches postéromésiales de la région protogastrique. Les sillons délimitant la portion mésogastrique de la carapace est claire, en particulier le long de la marge postérieure. Les portions antérolatérales et surtout postérolatérales de la région branchiale ont une série de lignes claires très fines et subparallèles à la marge postérolatérale de la carapace ; ces lignes sont courtes vers l'avant et progressivement plus longues vers l'arrière. Le front est brun sombre à noir. Les pédoncules oculaires sont rouge sombre, les cornées sont jaune-vert, souvent avec une tache brun sombre postérodorsalement. Les troisièmes maxillipèdes sont couleur crème avec des franges de soies brun sombre. Les chélipèdes sont plus sombres dorsalement que ventralement ; le côté dorsale du mérus est rouge magenta s'éclaircissant en rose crème ventralement ; le carpe est rouge pourpre sur le dessus devenant rose mauve dessous ; le propode est pourpre sur la paume avec un dégradé orange le long de la base du doigt fixe, la face ventrale en dégradé avec du crème ou du blanc ; le dactyle est principalement orange avec une tache triangulaire rouge vif à la base de la surface mésiale. Les pattes ont le dessus gris-brun sombre, et sont gris-bleu dessous ; le mérus et le carpe ont des mouchetures beige et brun sombre irrégulières et variables ; l'extrémité du dactyle est jaune paille, les soies sont rouge sombres. Le sternum, les podomères des pattes et l'abdomen sont rose crème avec un aspect réticulé gris bleu ; les plaques sternales entre les chélipèdes sont imprégnés de mauve ; la marge du telson est orange. Les femelles semblent avoir un motif en bandes plus régulier que chez les mâles sur les pattes ambulatoires, et même les chélipèdes portent des bandes et des marques irrégulières bien visibles (Chace & Hobbs 1969 ; Abele 1992). Risques de confusion, espèces voisines, variations infra-spécifiques. Dans le genre Armases, il existe 13 espèces au niveau mondial (Ng & al. 2008 ; GBIF 2017 ; WoRMS 2017). Parmi les espèces les plus proches dans la même zone biogéographique (Antilles), citons Armases cinereum (Bosc, 1802), Armases ricordi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) et Armases rubripes (Rathbun, 1897). Quatre espèces 3 existent sur les côtes du Pacifique tropical américain : Armases angustum (Smith, 1870), Armases gorei (Abele, 1981), Armases magdalenense (Rathbun, 1918), et Armases occidentale (Smith, 1870). Armases elegans (Herklots, 1851) est la seule espèce africaine du genre. Il y a eu par le passé des confusions nomenclaturales pour A. roberti, confusions qui ont été signalées par Monod (1956) et Chace & Hobbs (1969). La parenté des diverses espèces a été discutée par divers auteurs (Niem 1996). Les travaux les plus récents semblent indiquer que A. roberti est assez voisin de A. angustum et de A. americanum, et dans une moindre mesure de A. benedicti (Thiercelin 2015). Biologie. Reproduction. A. roberti est gonochorique. Après la ponte, les œufs qui sont petits et nombreux mesurent 0,40 mm de diamètre (Abele 1992). Il peut y avoir plusieurs pontes sans accouplement entre deux exuviations. Une fois l'incubation arrivée à son terme, les femelles larguent les larves dans les rivières et ces larves emportées par le courant gagnent des eaux plus salées près de la mer. Le développement larvaire qui dure 17 jours environ comprend 4 stades zoé ; le stade mégalope dure 12 jours et peut se faire dans des eaux relativement salées (entre 15 et 45 ‰) ; le premier stade zoé peut vivre 2 à 3 jours en eau douce ce qui lui permet de voyager vers la mer à partir d'une zone éloignée du rivage (Diesel & Schuh 1998). Des femelles ovigères ont été notées en octobre et en novembre (Abele 1992). Comportement. Le jour, A. roberti reste caché dans les racines des arbres, sous les pierres ou dans des terriers qu'il creuse et sort le soir pour se nourrir (Diez 2015). Ses terriers sont petits et profonds ; ils sont creusés de préférence dans des substrats mous à la limite de l'eau sur les berges vaseuses escarpées. Alimentation. Il se nourrit de matières organiques en décomposition (Diez 2015). Locomotion. Lorsque A.
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