Historical Terms Japanese Some About
Watanabe Hiroshi
University Tokyo of
by S. Roberts Translated Luke
Translator's Forward
preface merely
of publish the what is translation of
It
strange
to
a may
a
seem
• ,•, ,•, • (East Asian Higashi •
• Aria q• 6ken shis6 book. The book is 7" 7" ¢)
to
no
by 1997) Hiroshi University Tokyo Watanabe Kingly Ideologies, of Press, Authorities and
University Tokyo. collection • of • Faculty
is of of the of the It •_ Law
at
many
a
authority, Edo-period Tokugawa previously separately published journals about in
essays
China, comparative
history Japan. The of and Korea, and intellectual
essays are
preface
The fascinating, translate skill would like and had if the time and I I
to
more.
theory interpretive importance, both and it alone, however, because is of presents great
early Japan. terminology history modern of of anachronistic in the research the
use on
change of why presented preface is the author chose The this is the
in that to
some reason
why preface. explains terminology previously the in and he the used in these essays
of Japanese this translation is the retention Another odd of terms. aspect
many
meaning and appealing perhaps because the translation is
This is in but not
necessary a
importance hinges precise meaning in of Words the and of the
terms. usage essay on
explanatory
books
the individuals and of the brackets and dates of
my are own some
additions.
Preface: About Japanese Historical Some Terms
commonly Japanese narration of in used will the this book In I
not terms use some
objects. history. This occasion look
will different refer their
I terms to to may very on use
just
different. do this be Some the reader. do However I strange strange to not to
or
understanding. commonly historical obstruction historical used
terms correct to
an are
give examples explain why them. will of these and choose words Below I I not to use
•)• Bakufu 1.
chronology second Japan of for the of in month certain historical the A entry
says
•, • ;f• [barbarian-subduing general] • • taishrgun "Ieyasu and became 1603 great seii 32
bakufu
created the in
Edo. fine is It ''I became that he taish6gun, the to
but seii what say
does it
that he bakufu?'" "created the to
say mean
it If
that there
becoming consciousness
that sh6gun
creating means was a
meant
a
bakufu, called
it is well
government known
this that is the a Ieyasu
and his a not
case.
did
call their bakufu.
The not is successors used government the in laws and term
not a
proclamations. Neither did
the Kamakura the military Muromachi
authorities
make
nor
&the
Tokugawa •j• •,•,, • 2 Ienobu's )l[ term. chamberlain • Arai use • I• Hakuseki
•-
(1657-1725)
head the
• 5• his of • Tokushi •
(Lectures wrote at
Readings of
yoron
on
History,
1712): "concerning military
houses, the • •)•
Yoritomo bakufu
created for and
a
three generations
held administrative
authority
rights the of
military warriors and
over
preparedness
throughout • the Takauji realm • I• :Y• made I•] K6meiin the
head of
the Northern
Court and
bakufu." his created This offers
example
of the
own
very
a
rare
phrase
of
the bakufu" "created (bakufu • )(ff
[• hiraku ).3 • usage •
a
o
Secondly,
this if is polity that the authority
under the sh6gun to the meant of say
commonly
bakufu,
called
this also is
Of there
from was ancient not
a correct.
course, was
times
Chinese
"mufu" referring general the who term the
a to and
protects the
emperor,
bakufu
does • in kagami ,• the term Azuma • (Mirror
of the East, appear 13-14th
century)
sh6gun denote the and denote along to
his residence
with other
to such
terms
as
• • • ryfiei bakka
q•,
5k: •
and
taiju .4 this,
of Because there few
are
a
rare
examples
pedantic of the of
from the earliest of period. the Edo term Hayashi usage years
1
Rekishigaku kenkyfikai • • )• •, -• • ed., ;z• 5• Nihon • • shi
(Chronology nenpy6
1• of
Japanese History), (Tokyo: revised edition shoten, Iwanami
1993), 158. p.
2
exception As
there
is document entitled "Muromachi-ke •j• • • onaisho • • -• an" • an
a
(Drafts of from Directives the (dated Muromachi House) 1336,
month, day), 8th
18th which has:
point, balcufu "at this Sahy6ei-no-kami the Takauji •z ;• •i g•: • • [his Ashikaga] and
brother
Sama-no-kami Naoyoshi • • • •j• ,• had the retired
issue
declaring decree
the that
emperor
a
and evil rebellious [•¢i: [Nitta] retainer ]• • Yoshisada and
t•1 followers his
be chastised." Koji
• • • • (Categorized Compendium
ruien of Ancient Matters),
Kan'i bu 35, "Kamakura
no
shogun" [Tokyo: k6bunkan, Yoshikawa 1981-85].
3
•(,• Tsunetsugu
•t• Muraoka • •, • ed., 5•. •, • Tokushi
(Tokyo: bunko, Iwanami
yoron
1936),
rules Also 14. "[Ashikaga
it •j• reads: 223 z•z•lJ •] Yoshimitsu determined the p. p. on of
etiquette and for
the households. warrior
This became the bakufu for standard ceremony the for
a
long time."
4
• • )]• Nankaku Hattori • (1683-1759) daish6gun called "Minamoto
"'bakufu." Yoritomo"
the
•, "Nigenron"_• • (Discourse Minamotos),
the Two • 5J•, Hino in
Tatsuo • I•
ed.,
Kmsei
on
• L•_ • Juka • • • ff•Z bunshfi 3• shfisei (Collection Writings the of Early of
Confucian Modem
Scholars), • 7, •1• Nankaku Vol. • • •£ bunshfi 3• (The Writings sensei Nankaku)
of Teacher
(Tokyo:
Perikansha, 1985), Also, T6sh6g• 79. •i• the • "• J• gofikki • • (True Record
p. of
Ieyasu), 5, kan • Shintei in kokushi 5•. z6ho • • • •y [] taikei • (Revised Enlarged and
edition, Collection the of Historical Records Country), of the (Tokyo: Vol.
38 Yoshikawa
k6bunkan,
1964),
73-74,
phrase includes the
"Ordering
imperial
pp. the
to
to messenger an
go
bakufu originates 0nin, with the Kamakura general right's the of house great
time the From of
after rebellion bakufu, beset the there
directives formal
protocol." were no on 33
•j• )•
•d "bakufu" )l[ k•: few Tokugawa • (1583-1657) Ieyasu ILl called
Razan
a on a
• •, (1696-1764) made lord in Tokugawa )lira "I
Muneharu occasions. wrote, 5
was a
quite sh6gun], [of and then the bakufu, munificence love and the received the
great
• j• •z
• Baiu [Owari] main household. It6 unexpectedly of the head ''6 made
was
bakufu, holding • currently • •)3 in the office (1683-1745) Shinsuke "Muro wrote,
forty-three he
originally Forty-two scholar Kaga. in held office
years ago was
or as a
Gyokusai day. Takahashi this [Edo] remains there ''7 received and into the
government to
•. • )k• •: it • shi that • Nihon • (1683-1760) the Mito school's Dai about •. wrote
exceptions.
these bakufu
the Munetaka. "offered the in time of But
''8
to
are rare up was
rarely word. used period bakufu For
(1789-1800), Kansei least until
At the
very
was a
gf, • •L j• shigen (1745-1813) Sh6i 0fl in his example )=d= listed Bit6 Jishfi the scholar --•
possible following describe the (Personal Thoughts Names) • in the 1800 to terms
on
• zoAfi writing ) • the in (t6kon •"
when Tokugawa jitai
government
contemporary
w
)• .•_ • • )• )• seiifu 6fuZF )• j• daifu g• but • fuch6 style: daich6 Chinese
developed tradition, representative richly
almanac bakufu. large of A 9 not tome
a
•, • • setsuy6 •A• • eidai • Nihon published by Suharaya the Dai Mohei in 1831
Japan) •¢• • • • •-• • • (Inexhaustable Almanac of Great • Warehouse )•, mujinz6 •
•A•. bakufu. •, • e• daish6gun, bakka, but kinri kinchft and •o listed taiju, not
English writings
"Bakufu" in &the the
have
In term recent
on usage years
we seen
method, indeed it historical history. Although is of this Japanese the intent correct usage
reality. here,
reflect does I not, argue as
5 •
•, Ky&o Bakufu,"
shisekikai Questions in of the entitled the There is section "Answers to
a
• •fz I• •. Razan),/can Writings • •E • Teacher (The • of ed., • 1 bunshf¢ Razan sensei
gakkai, kfko (Kyoto: 1918), Heian 341-43. pp.
60nchi
Government,"
Principles •5• • •d• •: of (Preface Seiy6, "Ruminations the • jo to
on
•, • •, ;• taikei, seid6 ed., Nihon shis6 38, Kinsei Tatsuya 1731), in Naramoto
ron
(Tokyo: •_ {N • Theory) Early
Iwanami •, •: • • Political (Discourses • Modem 38: on
1976), shoten, 156. p.
7 • {1• • • -• • (Collection Observations and •? •ty], of ed., Kenbun dans6 Kamei Nobuaki
1940), bunko, (Tokyo: Discussions, 1738), Iwanami 54. p.
8 • •f• ,• 5•. of Jb: • 1746), J• Japan, k6jo History Great (Praise for The sans6, f3 Nihon shi Dai
3q',
taikei, 7Jg al., $2 48, shironsha eds, [3 Nihon ;;Z shis6 Kinsei Sannosuke in Matsumoto --- et
• (•k History) (Tokyo: • Early
;• (Collection ,• •: • ,•, • Discourses • of Modem 48: on
shoten, 1974), Iwanami 243. p.
9 • • • • • (Compendium 1•[•, • Japanese of •] s6sho ed., Giichir6 Nihon
• Jurm Seki
0tori
shuppan, 1971), 8, Writings) (Tokyo: Vol. 1-2. Confucian pp.
10
• •:
Furthermore, of Takai Ranzan revised edition the Folios 242 17 104
recto,
recto,
verso.
• • • •I • •(,• q• setsuy6 eds., kura • kaidai Edo dai Kaitei z6ho 1•1 and Nakamura Keinen z
• • Expanded) • • • Edo, Revised and • j• of the for (Warehouse • Islands Almanac •32
expanded edition), expanded folio edition, Mohei, (Suharaya 1863 ed.,
1st 1833 1704 notes
on
rev.
• daish6gun. Bakufu Appelation bakufi•. samurai -F called of the "Also about bakka 197
:-•
:Jz ." shoshi means 34
My
is
that
not to
purpose contemporary all must times. argue
terms
one
at use
probably Historians
have Jy need
kub6sama • • instead
sh6gun • of to
•_. no
use
problems However, political ideology
of hidden in bakufu.
lie the term may
"Bakufu" began
become
under
influence the to the
of later
Mito term
a common
school historical philosophy of [an "emperor'-centered vision politics
of developed Edo
by the scholars Tokugawa
of the collateral Mito]. • house Fujita I•1 Yfikoku • •
at
(1774-1826)
in Seimeiron • his
•/• ]E (1791,
wrote Discourse the Rectification of
on
Names): bakufu
"If the
the
then lord each bakufu. the
If each reveres emperor,
reveres
lord
bakufu, the
then higher the
lesser and
retainers will reveres lord. each this is If
revere
carried
high then low and keep will place their out and the of all countries be will
in
harmony.
Yfikoku's
''11 • student :j• Aizawa Seishisai
• (1782-1863)
5E
and his
son
•,,,,
j• Fujita
• •
T6ko (1806-55) • bakufu the consistently. used
Bakufu probably term
became
together
with phrase :Og the J]• Mito •f•
term j6i (revere sonn6 •_ common a the
expel barbarian) and the
the in largely
and 1850's emperor 1860's
due the
to
appearance
in of
T6ko's
kijutsugi 1847 •_ K6d6kan ff• •L • • rE (Records
Discussions of the at
K6d6kan).
Well, why
did the
scholars the of later Mito school
this
word? revealed As in
use
Seimeiron,
the they
emphasize
wanted that
the
to of the
government
government
a was
"sh6gun"
appointed
by
the
Kyoto. in clarify This emphasize
and its
emperor to
was
legitimacy
and increasingly under their self-identity correctness strong definition and of
as,
Japanese the members
of
"country
the _• (k6koku the of [] ). tenn6"
The as, the of •
use
bakufu
word political
word legitimacy show the the of
to the When a was
government.
began Mito scholars regularly
using
this probably there people thought term, who
it
were
Indeed, in the kijutsugi, strange. K6d6kan Fujita complains T6ko following of the
conditions: "Unlearned boors bakufu would call by
the 'ch6tei'•-)• the •_
[court],
name
the and bakufu
call would the [king]! the 5E Tokugawa "6' worst the If themselves ''•3
bakufu
the
it humble, would be self-explanatory to
term form expression. of were use
a
perspective anti-Tokugawa
the From
of people, using
the • "gok6gi'"
not
terms
common
•'• (c• and (z• "k6hen"
viewing • of
Tokugawa
authority lightly by
way was
a
more
situating
it underneath authority the Kyoto. in Also • • when K6kaku (r.
1779-
emperor
1817) "With the assistance kanpaku's the • • of letters wrote of bakufu's
and
the
way
military skills, of
reign have I peacefully
continue for
that way years," 20 it
my seen
more
likely
have feeling been with
his authority raise the &the Kyoto side. may to 14
11
•j Kenjir6 • 1•[•, Kikuchi --• ed., • :•k • Y•koku • • (The Complete zensh• Writings
of
Yfakoku) (Yoshida
Yahei, 1935), 229. p.
12
Conceming point,
please this Chapter discussion the in [Watanabe's] of this 6 book,
see
'k6koku'" "'Taihei' (The "Great "'Imperial Country"). Peace" and the to
13
• 1•1•, •z
• Usabur6 Imai al., eds, -=- Nihon 74k: shis6 Mitogaku •: taikei, 53, •
,•, • 1• et
53
7k • •" (The School) Mito (Tokyo: shoten,
Iwanami 1973) 298. p.
14
• •.•, Morisue •i• • Yoshiaki al., eds., • Reladai f•)3 • • sh6chokush• • (Imperial et. Edicts
Generations) from All the (Tokyo:
Meguro shoten, 1938), 717. p. 35
period, closing political Edo Indeed, of the the conditions in the of the term
years
"krg/ widely. Calling spread suddenly popular bakufu the and its became
15
very use
Yi• retainers) •]fe (N'• (bakufu • oyakunin" (officials government) "bakushin" )• the •5, of
satisfying YE bit •ff: (bakufu officials) "bakurt felt rather and
have
must
even a or
• ;XZ •ff
(proclamation •c daigrrei • • fukko Finally 5E rebellious. with the 6sei r)
c
no
g,J(, • government) kingly that "the sessh6 declaration the for of restoration the
came
Meiji period, with bakufu, kanpaku, heretofore abolished. After the will be and the "16
etc.
wholly bakufu entrenched. help became the of national education the system,
term a
being only image the
doubt this reinforced historical of the Without
emperor as a a
Tokugawa legitimate ruling authority throughout history the "Japan," and best the of at
having by having by historical
the clan ruled been the entrusted government
emperor--a as
early period. view Edo held the in not
"bakufu" expression Thus, focused historical vision the of the of word is
use an a
_• [] (country tennr). the of krkoku the
on
major perceive
bakufu shift that there of the makes it difficult Usage
to term
was a
period. Furthermore, it middle of the Edo in in Kyoto relations between Edo and the
interpretation privileges Kyoto. also relation between Edo and Mito school's the the of It
imperial change change forget from ancient times it after makes how the house
to met
easy
managing finally (in military well), survive into the with the its relations houses to as
bakufu related word and of this chosen the have Because I present. terms
not to
use
• •, • •], U3Z • • • bakugi etc.) (bakumatsu bakushin, bakkaku bakuri, bakusei
previous specific changed intending (I of all unless its
have
I to usage express nuance. am
policy.) with this be consistent this articles collected those in the in book
terms to
• •d) • (the Tokugawa seiken it think of What then should be called? One
can
perhaps Tokugawa authority). governmental natural the it would be However to
most
use
•.
commonly krgi different from The 05, "kr'" is word used then. That term most
was
Therefore, well). "public" "gong" (and the Chinese word the
17 cannot
western
one as
(krkenryoku simply public authority (z3, and
it of that contains the
power
assume nuances
• • •4• public authority
[] public authority J3 (kokka ), ), territorial • krken
state
or
(•_). •.•
meaning
(ryrdo J•z of need • will be done the the krken research New to on
15
• gaik6 • has, Meiji nashonarizumu: bakumatsu Mitani Hiroshi his in ishin seifi -=- to
to
•
•)• • • • _• • • • •'• 7•" Meiji • •,• (The I•yj • • Restoration and -)- • hend6 • •
z
Change) Closing Tokugawa Political Foreign the of the in and Nationalism: Relations Years
suggestive shuppansha, following 1997), footnote (Tokyo: between Yamakawa the put
a
history description political "early of the aftermath of Japanese of the modem and state" the
a
'Tokugawa krgi' signing Friendship: using Treaty "From here the of the of will I stop term
on,
using "bakufu." begin because from this time it the and This is became
pattern to
common use
distinguish authority solely Kyoto, Tokugawa imperial in the 'chrtei' for and the court to
as
imperial ruling authority 'bakufu," giving meaning the of the it the of the of under government seat
16
Yoshiaki, Morisue 756. p.
17
• •.L •j• Chfigoku • •
[] Mizoguchi (t3, (The Yfiz6 "Public" and the -=, k6 shi © • to
no
(Tokyo: China) 1995). shuppan, "Private" in Kenbun 36
k6gi
and kub6
least terms
from the time of at the
middle
with
these points in
ages
on
mind.
18 people However
of
the
period Edo
did
it
use to as
common
a
noun
mean
"government"
m)--albeit iY/(
(seifu
with
than
in
the
of the
modern more reverence
case
Indeed
it
also
possible
term.
replace
the •. with
to "kan"
was kanpu • •(• The term
of
Russia
k6gi. its
• • The kansen 19
Qing
the
dynasty of
was
in China
also
defined
were
as
"kdgi
fune" •"
• ;• Z-• • .20 cO no
It
appropriate
k6gi
label
the institutions seems to more
which functioned to
use
as
the central in the period Edo bakufu. than government
• Ch6tei • 2.
Fujita
As
complained, T6ko
k6gi the
often called (court). ch6tei
Indeed
it
was
would
have been unnatural not call the governmental
&flee to
hegemon the of
(kunshu
Y•i
•)
who ruled
the
(tenka realm T) 5V,
by
that There
merely
term.
the well-known
not
are
examples
of
such in the • Ak6
• •, roku gijin ,• J• usage (Record
Righteous
of
the
Retainers Ak6)
of
and •
Kokus6 []
•
seigi
3E (Discussions
Proper
Funeral Rites for
on
Country)
the
by
;•:• •"
Kyfis6
Muro (1658-1734), writings the :• Ogyfi of
•
•R • Sorai
•
(1666-1728)
and in
:: • the • Keizairoku ,•
(Record of Economic Matters) of Dazai
18
One good
concerning iS; kub6 •., • is Nitta
•1•, Ichir6 source
I• "Nihon
chfisei
kokusei
no
tenn6:
rikai
hitotsu to
• •
shiza" • [• []
e no ©
no
(National
Govemment
and Emperor the
Japan's in Medieval
Period:
One Perspective
Toward
Understanding), •, •, Shis6 (July 819 1993).
19
Katsuragawa •
Hoshfi •
)11 f•j
(1754-1809) (Kamei
g& Takayoshi
•:, • •
ed.), Hokusa
bunryaku: Da•kolcuya K6dayfi hy6ryfik•
•. Roshm
(Abridged
Shipwreck Tales of
the
North:
The Daikokuya Record to of K6dayfi's
a
Shipwreck
to
Russia)
(Tokyo:
Iwanami shoten,
1990),
34. See also
40, 50, 45,
52, 61,
188, p.
and pages 194 on
•" where ]can glossed is
"k6gi." as
20
Nakagawa
@ ,•, Tadateru )ll •:
(1753-1830),
Shmzoku •,?. •-•
• labun •
(Record
comp., of
Tales
Customs) Chinese of (Tokyo:
Heibonsha,
1961),
2, Vol. Nakagawa
91.
Nagasaki the p. was
Magistrate.
21
"Despite
inabilities,
thought have I
following the of my
own for the
benefit the of
court
(ch6teO."
Kokus6
manuscript seigi, held Tokyo in University
Library
(without copy folio
numbers).
"The (ch6tei)
subjected
the court retainers of
Ak6 law;" the
"the Ak6 to retainers
would
[shown
not accept towards Yoshinaka]. Kira
mercy Would
those
who
regard
the Ak6
just retainers
regard
the
unjust?"
preface From the as court
the
Ak6
as roku. to gijin See
Ishii
• • 1•[•, Shir6 • ed., Nihon
shis6 ta•keL 27,
K•nsei buke shis6
,•, •,
(Thought
the of
Warrior Houses in Early the Period) Modem (Tokyo:
shoten, Iwanami
1974), 343. p
22
Some examples "Currently
the ch6tei ranks
the lords
based are:
the of
warriors
and amount
on
fief. Furthermore
each
lord
has his
samurai and all
and
small organized great own into
the
are
military
units."
"The ch6tei has
descendents
and relatives remote offer worship
their
to
ancestors
performed who
outstanding
labors
the [shogunal] time of
dynastic
change" at
(teimei • •
).
Hiraishi
• Naoaki •
•, :q5
ed., Kinsei Juka bunsh• shfisei daisankan Sorai sh• 37
"•" • •i• (1708-81) •- • • • II1 about (1680-1747). J6zan Shundai Yuasa 23 wrote
• policy proposals • ch6tei (1619-91): his the • I11 submitted "He Banzan Kumazawa to
land. capital, setting of the reform the '':4 Matsura the in Eastern government
out to
(1646-1,709): •, • • Tsunayoshi •c• • )I[ •z• (1760-1841) Tokugawa I11 of Seizan
wrote
i•
And,
Minamikawa children eh6tei...".25 this in the Isen time there
"Because at
no were
although
feudal, • there • the (1729-81) )I[ is the "Because system current wrote: are
codes. The nativist law laws domainal has its ''•6 of the each great country court,
own
• Oyamada • ¢• I11 •J• Tomokiyo (1783-1847, known t• scholar also I•t Takada
as
people Tomokiyo) writing: "'scholars," this and that about
who criticized "There
say
are
•
(6yake korekare the matsurigoto of the ari court"
government
to
mono
ronzuru
o
no
• • •
• •v • • •" • • [glossed [glossed @ • ] •v• •5 • v) ] • • 73• • •. ,• ©
b
-'•
meaning 6yake 05,,
). gloss nearly reflects, okami 9 his with the he used
As
court
as same
•: :•: writing 0_• • _•, of k6gi •.• (1804-50), about the :• .•7 Ch6ei and Takano events
language of
imprisonment such "the of used 1837, Dutch scholars the in august
anger
as
•
• • [glossed gyakurin [kami ] this or-/- h• the authorities" Note:
© term
means no
expressions Chinese] also this in only imperial other "criticize the in ch6tei" and and anger
vein of :8 usage.
• • • (Tokyo: • by • •g 5• •1• Sorai) Scholars, 3, (Early Works Confucian Vol. • Modem
1985) Perikansha, 111. p.
23
•. Although • refer the is kenkan used of will write kenkan
"For better I to to want
way,
a
certainly k6gi saying broad (tenshi this is ), in
-• truth it is like • It
of heaven in
age. more a
son
•
[] j• ch6tei." "Such •- and (taikun will sometimes also kokka ). than I tycoon terms term
use
g• g• Jt• ff42 referring • wagach6 [] of the and all
kokuch6 honch6
to current court
ways
are
as
•1• !• •}J, •f• • (Y•J ,• ed., Nihon shis6 )L (ch6tei)." Keizairoku, "hanrei" in Rai Tsutomu
81•]• L• (Tokyo: •,•,,•, (• •, (The School) • gakuha Sorai Iwanami taikei, 37, Sorai • 37:
previously Examples Keizairoku been shoten, roku and Ak6 have 1972), 11, from 13. gijin pp.
cited footnote the in 466, the additional of in 13. noted notes, p. source
24
• • 4•. • •, (Revised • • • • al., eds., Taniguchi and Z6tei zensh• Sumio Banzan I• et
(Tokyo: shuppan, Edition Banzan) Expanded Complete Meicho [Kumazawa] Works of of the
1980), 7, Vol. 310. pp.
25 •, ¢f,• • g• (Evening Beginning e? • -• ed., • Discussions Kasshi Nakamura Yukihiko yawa
(Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1977), 3, [1814]) Vol. 254. from the Kasshi Year p.
26
• • • • • •---, al., Senz6 Sayings ,•, (Random Kinkei), Moil in of K•nkei From et
zatsuwa
• ;?E • • Essays) (Tokyo: hyakkaen Chfi6 (A ]• Garden of Hundred Flowered eds., Zuihitsu
sha, 1983), 5, kgron Vol. 192. p.
27
•j• • •d • Virtues) Nihon keizai (Discussions in the Accumulation of s6dan SeMtoku From
on
• •)• • •, •'4• • • • • (Popular -• ]:I] • •_ ;• bunko ed., Tsftzoku keizai s6sho kank6kai I•
1916), kank6kai, Writings) Library (Tokyo: 2, s6sho Vol. 304. Nihon keizai Economic of p.
28 • • • Forgetfulness), Against Sat6 Sh6suke • • (A in •q• Wasuregatami ¢'• h• • Memento
J]', ChOei, Sakuma Sh6zan, Yokoi Takano al., 55, Kazan, Watanabe eds., taikei, Nihon shis6
et
• • •5•, ••: [•] 7)g,•,,•{•:•55: • • 111 Sh6nan, HashimotoSana• •
•tz/j• 7•g:• • • 1971), shoten, (Tokyo: Iwanami 174-5. pp. 38
Furthermore,
scholars of learning Chinese thought
that "k6gi" the word
would
not
foreigners, be
by understood
because uniquely it
Japanese
That why is when
term.
a was
k6gi
the
authorities
order
leave Rezanov Nagasaki wrote they 1805, in to to of an
wrote
themselves:
"This is the intent of the ehdtei.
• And • Sakuma ''•9 ¢•, I•j Sh6zan 121
(1811-64) repeatedly
the used "my/our words (waga ch6tei" • •
ch6tei •_ ) writing
in
a
drat• negotiations of
in with 1858
Harris. Townsend thought Neither 30 that this
was
overreaching one's vis-/•-vis Kyoto. status
think
only To that it is natural Kyoto call (ch6tei) the
bakufu and to Edo the
court
highly
is "modem" keeping and in
with the views of Mito the school. it Is that
strange
not
modem historians who
have sympathy
scholarship
for Mito
nevertheless may
no
are
engaged in debate
described
being "court-bakufu about relations in period?" the Edo a
as
What
then should be appropriate the terminology imperial for the
the court?
In
period
Edo the
•
•
(forbidden kinri
most quarter) •, term
• kinch• common
was
or
(inside saying,,eourt forbidden the quarter).
Rather than bakufu, and
image different
is
a
conjured
when
k6gi the kinri,
and forbidden and terms up quarter." use we government
_• • Tenn6 3.
certain In
the did exist tepm6 Japan in from middle the
the of thirteenth a not sense
until the eighteenth end the of century • Jl[,• the time From of century. Juntoku (r. tenn6
1210-21) its until revival the time ofK6kaku (r. 1779-1817),
posthumous
at the tennd
title
(shig6 z•
•_
)
officially tenn6 either used
before
after death. not While
was
regnant
or
they
by
called kinri(sama)
• such • (•), kinch•(sama)
• O (•),
terms
were
as
tenshi(sama) (tf•)
5E-• (son heaven), •/•" of t6gin (the
[reign]), shuj6 and
current
(my lord); after retirement
{ill called •J Sent6 (Sent6
villa), retirement
shin
were
(newly retired), • • hon
(the currently retired), 'in like; and the
after and
death
were
called example for • 1•, • Gomizunoo-in )• •g •E, Sakuramachi-in
•J-
Momozono-in
l• [] [i.e.,
with
appended]. "in" previously the In mentioned Dai Nihon
name eidai
(1854), setsuy6 mujinz6 the section called •k: "I-Ionch6 y6ran" •_ {-• nendai • _• • (Era
Court) of Names Our also • refers {z K6kaku and Jink6 and (with before all
to
the
exception
of period, ancient the Juntoku,
faithfully and tepm6) few
other
somebody-m
a
as
•'• 1•:.
People of period the Edo would have ,e something said
like
"Gomizunoo
not
• 7• • _• 5•, tenn6"'
scholars Such
•? Nakai • •',• Chikuzan (1730-1804) ILl
Yamagata and
3•
Taika as
• • [11 •,
(1781-1866)
lamented situation this 3: in "propriety which naming" of
was
29
(•saka: • •£ Ts•k6 •_ ichiran (Compendium Foreign Relations) of shuppan, Seibund6
1967), 7, Vol. 193. p.
30
From
"A Draft of Bakufu Petition Concerning the
Negotiations Draft of to Harris," with
in a
a
Sh6suke, Sat6
al., eds., 297-98. et pp.
31
5• • kigen • From $6b6
• (High-Minded
Commoner), Words of
• in Takimoto Y+k:
Seiichi
a
:-•
ed., • • •( Nihon • 5k7 •] keizai
(Great
Japanese Collection
taiten Thought of
the
on
Economy)
(Tokyo:
Keimeisha, 1929), 23, Vol. 'l• • 324-26. • Jinno Tadataka
evaluated
pp.
Chikuzan this point
follows: "As &imperial for issue the
posthumous naming
retirement on and
as
naming,
thoughtful all people hardly
would Chikuzan's need explanation
before thousand with a 39
office Indeed, Edo called in while in consider when there that unclear.
33
someone was we
called shrgunsama, who
tenkasama, kubrsama, and after retirement such
terms
was as
majestically, • • • •)• for death like, "rgoshosama" after called and the and who
was
"•" •: •, • • • -• •.• • • • • Daiyfi-inden Daitoku-inden Jrken-inden example,
relationship the that However, indeed unclear.
Kyoto between Edo and then the was was
of the until all of the is said that situation of the 1925 actual It not
structure state.
were
"Somebody-tennr. "Somebody-re" retroactively the [officially] made into former From TM
day, perspective perspective of the this of
official historical the government
was an
terminology appropriate need be accordance in historical does But to
current measure.
phenomena? fascinating historical there need obscure such with that measure? Is to a
book, will the "'in." this Krkaku
for all before In I term emperors
use
Furthermore, "'kinri(sama).'" but rather will the "tennd" I term not use
• 4. Han
period,
officially used the in Edo is hart known fact that well the It
not term
a was
• ¢•, • •_ during period officially only hanseki hrkan but the from the rather used
was
•
emperor) chiken registers (return the haihan of the fief the lords the of from 1869
to to
• prefectures) • (abolition I•, later. of domainal and creation of the han the two
years
eighteenth
Unofficially, only after middle of the it became the
century.
term
a common
•
Jl[,• ;•: (1621-98) Early examples "The • Kinoshita when Jun'an wrote:
are
good"; scholarship pleasure in the and hart, Krfu, "Lord and found revered loved lord of
provinces" [referring important Hosokawa Province is of Hizen of the hart to western
an
by term]. Arai Hakuseki referred the the lords themselves Kinoshita's student the 3• to
•; ?•Y :-• • • lagen tekigi • (Selected Discussions
likewise." voice would Srb6
argue
on one
lagen), (1930), in Nihon keizai Vol. Srb6 501. 38 taiten, p.
32
• Country) • 5•. History [] (Collection the of the his of Discourses Kokushi In
on
sanron
• • • •i p•], ,•, • 1846), • Izumiya • (Okadaya • q5, 4, Vol. folio Kashichi Kin'emon 9 •
verso.
33
1•_ • 1•, [] gakushiin ed., • information Teikoku Teishitsu seido tennr, For the above
see on
• • 51• •_ •t] (History Imperial (Tokyo: Household) of the Institution of the Teikoku shi
•, • @ gakushiin, chapter ed., Vol. Krta Nihon 1945), 6, 4; 4, •, section Kodama shi
•/j• ;$: •Ac • shrhyakka Encyclopedia History, (Little • Japanese 8, )k of Vol. 5• • 8 term6
•J• •, shuppansha, Fujita Emperor) (Tokyo: Kond6 Satoru 1978), 82-83; The and El
pp.
• gg • Bakufu) (The Emperor Declining (Tokyo: 5•, of Bakumatsu the the in Years term6 ©
no
Fujita Krdansha, brings deals 1994), Nakai Chikuzan and with 129-35. out most
pp.
appropriately meaning changes of the and the rhetoric. in the issues
34 • -• 5•. •- "Shigr" J• •, •: •-, (Great [] daijiten 1ii in Yamada Hideo Kokushi Et
krbunkan, Dictionary History) (Tokyo: 1985), 6, should Yoshikawa Vol. 728. of National I
p.
appropriate fact, although the works in that this is recorded such in
entry note
appears
many
as no
• • • • • ¢• (Complete Laws), (Govemment Notices) Kanp6 of and and zensho Hrrei I years
documentary point. have clear basis for this
yet not seen a
35
• •E goky6 (A I• and Classics [] -• the Four Books Bestowed Shi sh•sh• Record 5U• Five la
on
•j• • •
[] bythe Painting Sincerity Lord), ,•,, Seijo (Conceming 561; sekishinzu of the
and of p. a 40
palace residential Tokugawa
of • • Tsunatoyo •
) l[ (1662-1712, • later __•
) Ienobu
as
•
"'hantei •
then and Hankanpu ''36 • • • the (Lineages and wrote a of the
Letters
Lords).
the
However 37 {• j• other Trgai •1• hand • It6
(1670-1736)
such
on
wrote
phrses •, Yqs: "honchin" (this
lord/domain), • "'chinpei"
• (warriors
of the as
lord/domain),
(3mi
"became •,
of
Zeze-'chin' in province,"
and servant like. the In 3s a
Kyrh6 period the (1716-35)
"han'
commonly
used
not term.
was
a
However, likely it began
fashionably
be pedantic phrase
inasmuch to
It6
a
as
Trgai's
Ogyfi Sorai, enjoyed using contemporary, the frequently
He
used in his
term.
letters • such •
kihan (your •- ham), •
heihan (my
terms han), •.
wagahan •
(my
as
•b• hart), shinpan • (Tokugawa hart), • P•. collateral
tohan (outer
[tozama]),
hart
daihan
"•
J•: han), (great • han), (one hantaifu • ippan 5•: 9•
(minister
ahan),
of yftshi han
"• •-
(ahan • official),
forth. and disciple • His • •[• Hattori 1]•, Nankaku (1683-
so
1759) followed also
this practice. that, After being flavor its of pedantic expression
a
probably lessened. 39
This is merely
question
wording of
household The not and the han
different.
a
are
"Somebody's
Somebody" retainer •
• • • different is
from
han's "Some
•, •,
somebody"
4• • • "Somebody fleeing authority/protection from the
•
• of Lord
Somebody" •
• • 32 • •- 19 different is "fleeing -•. from • )• •, the han"
the In
background
there reality is
the that the
period the of Edo retainers shifted
over course
being
from
"a warrior in
service lord" of employed official "an ahan,'" in
their and to
a
organization method of being shifted from private
fealty oath "stockholding"
of to
a
a
federation
of
households.
A word 40
needed fit
this just condition. It to
new was
new
happened be "han" and for example, "chin." to not,
My Lady Shizuka), 576, •, both in Pt• Kinoshita -[7 Kazuo ,• ed. transl., and
bunshft Kinri
p.
• • • (The Writings Kinri) (Tokyo: of kankrkai, Kokusho 1982).
36
Hakuseki, Arai Oritaku
• 2-3 shiba • •, 9 #_ k/ • 1•[•, Gor6 in • Hani 5K
ed., •
no
(Tokyo:
bunko, Iwanami 1949), 74, 83. pp.
37
• Ichijima • :-• • Kenkichi ed., • Hakuseki • •: • Arai • zensha (The Complete •
Hakuseki) Works ofArai (Tokyo: Yoshikawa
hanshichi, 1906), 226. p.
38
Miyake • )-L•, In Masahiko • ed., 33• Shrjutsu bunsh• sh•sei, Kinsei Juka
k•_
bunshft
sensei
-• {• • • •: •, 3• • • • • • 3• (The Writings Shrjutsu) of (Tokyo: Teacher Perikansha,
1988), 4,
Vol. honchin 62, chmpei 99;
146, Zeze-chm 123. pp. p. p.
39
The
Nihon Dai setsuy6 eidai mujmzr, above, noted explains lists "'han'" and it
"means
as:
a
castle town."
40
perspective different From issue,
• the • Asao •J•has )• Naohiro following written the a
on
early about the seventeenth point "Until this comments have written 'the century: Hosokawa I clan'
'the Shimazu and
clan'
and neccessarily did Shimazu Hosokawa and han han. not This is
use
because until this time there meaningfully independent
han not the up government,
was a
nor
ban of
han
retainer concept just There band. individual lords their and economy retainer a or
were
bands, individual household lord's individual and lord's civil
governments,
governments.
However,
territorial, this time around politically body
unified being,
although into
distinct
a
came
a
had formed." Jg
rekishi, •. Nihon kan, • 1• Sakoku 17• yet 17 [] • not
(The economy
©
no
History Japan, of Country) 17, Vol. Shrgakkan, (Tokyo: The Closed
1975), 350. p. 41
being period, the This of the latter of the Edo half
aside the issue if
set
ease, we
calling something early likely period by in is invite hart the Edo the to
term
misunderstanding
terminology. by book of anachronistic this the han will the In term
use
be Furthermore, point used "bakuhan with this mind. insofar the in taisei"
term
as
•k i•J problematic simply
bakufu han, includes it. the and will will I I terms not
two
use
political period Tokugawa political call the of the Edo "the structure"
structure
• P• • fl•l.I • (Tokugawa ). )ll seiji taisei 42