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Pengaturan Tanah Baluwarti Sebagai Kawasan Cagar Budaya Yang Berbasis Budaya Hukum Jawa*

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Pengaturan Tanah Baluwarti Sebagai Kawasan Cagar Budaya Yang Berbasis Budaya Hukum Jawa* PENGATURAN TANAH BALUWARTI SEBAGAI KAWASAN CAGAR BUDAYA YANG BERBASIS BUDAYA HUKUM JAWA* Lego Karjoko** Abstract The aim of this research is to describe the regulation of Baluwarti land. As agreement between Surakarta government, Baluwarti society and keraton Surakarta relatives about the meaning of keraton Surakarta and the property of Baluwarti land. This research uses quality method with socio-legal study approach. The data consist if primary and secondary sort. The sources of the ›rst data are keraton Surakarta relatives, the apparatus of Surakarta government and Baluwarti society, while the second are public and personeal data and the legally data. There were two ways to teke the primary data, namely observation and interview. Secondary had been gathered through library study, analysis of document, archives, primary and secondary legal data. Trianggulation method had been used to check the validity of data. The analysist consist of three ways used in the same moment, namely data reduction, data serve and veri›cation. The interpretation had been used to understand the meaning of the information and the relation among it. The composition of the meaning relation depents on the thougt frame of the informant. As result of the discussion of this research is the harmonious opinion between Surakarta gavernment, Baluwarti society and keraton Surakarta reltives thet keraton Surakarta is the adat institution. It is also the guardian of Javanese culture and the tourism destinatiun. Each of them uses legal culture of Javanese as their frame of opinion. The opinion of part of keraton Surakarta relatives that keraton Surakarta is the governance center can’t be received. Such opinion isn’t compatable with the aspiration of Surakarta government and Baluwarti society. It is also able to cause the social violetry. There is a different opinion between keraton Surakarta relatives, government of Surakarta and Baluwarti society about the meaning of property of Baluwarti land. According to Baluwarti society and Surakarta government, Baluwarti land is the state property. On the other side, as for keraton Surakarta relatives, Baluwarti land is Sinuhun property delegated to Parentah Keraton Surakarta. But actually the three sides have the same interest. All of them hope that the existention of keraton Surakarta can give them economic constribution. The same interest is the foudation of the regulation of Baluwarti society as the cultural guardian. The source of Baluwarti land is the nation property, while Surakarta government regulates the relation between Sri Susuhunan and keraton relatives, person and corporation with Baluwarti land. The owner of Baluwarti property is Sri Susuhunan as the chief of keraton Surakarta relatives. Kata Kunci: budaya hukum, pengaturan, tanah Baluwarti. * Laporan Hasil Penelitian Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta. ** Dosen Fakultas Hukum Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta (e-mail: lkarjoko63@yahoo. co.id). 36 MIMBAR HUKUM Volume 21, Nomor 1, Februari 2009, Halaman 35 - 52 A. Latar Belakang Masalah bekas tanah Kasunanan dan pembagiannya Keraton Surakarta merupakan aset serta tidak adanya harmonisasi antara UUPA pariwisata yang mempunyai nilai jual yang dan PP Nomor 38 Tahun 1963 disatu sisi tinggi. Keraton Surakarta berkedudukan dengan Keppres Nomor 23 Tahun 1988 di sebagai pusat orientasi kebudayaan Jawa sisi lain dapat menyebabkan tidak adanya mempunyai nilai budaya tinggi. Kehidupan kepastian hukum mengenai status hukum tradisi itu sebagian besar hingga sekarang tanah Baluwarti. Dengan demikian perlu masih hidup di sana. Hal ini menjadikan adanya pengaturan tanah Baluwarti yang keraton Surakarta sebagai inti kawasan komprehensif. wisata budaya di Kota Surakarta. Kegiatan tradisi budaya keraton B. Perumusan Masalah Surakarta berlangsung dalam suatu wilayah Pengaturan tanah Baluwarti berarti yaitu Keraton Surakarta yang terletak di pengaturan hubungan hukum antara kelurahan Baluwarti, kecamatan Pasar pemerintah kota Surakarta, masyarakat Kliwon, kota Surakarta, yang sampai saat ini Baluwarti dan kerabat Keraton Surakarta status hak atas tanahnya masih diperebutkan dengan tanah Baluwarti. Sebagai titik awal antara kerabat keraton Surakarta, pemerintah untuk merekontruksi pengaturan tanah kota Surakarta, dan masyarakat Baluwarti. Baluwarti terlebih dahulu harus dilakukan Pada satu sisi Pemerintah Kota Surakarta rekonstruksi pengertian keraton Surakarta dan dan masyarakat Baluwarti menganggap hak atas tanah Baluwarti. Untuk menyusun tanah Baluwarti berdasarkan UUPA (yang konstruksi pengaturan tanah Baluwarti berideologi budaya hukum kekeluargaan) digunakan paradigma konstruktivisme, menjadi tanah negara. Sedangkan menurut dengan teori sistem hukum dari Lawrence M. kerabat Keraton Surakarta, berdasarkan Friedman, teori interaksionisme simbolik, Keppres Nomor 23 Tahun 1988 tanah pandangan Dunia Jawa dari Franz Magnis Baluwarti adalah milik keraton Surakarta. Suseno dan teori konfiik sosial dari Dean G. Tidak adanya kepastian hukum mengenai Pruitt dan Jeffrey Z. Rubin. status hukum tanah Baluwarti yang Secara teoritis pengaturan tanah merupakan kawasan cagar budaya akan Baluwarti sebagai kawasan cagar budaya menghambat terciptanya atmosfer living dapat dihasilkan dari interaksi antara kerabat culture keraton Surakarta. keraton Surakarta, masyarakat Baluwarti Berdasarkan pendapat Lon L. Fuller dan pemerintah kota Surakarta. Masyarakat mengenai delapan prinsip legalitas,1 tidak melalui kulturnya menyediakan seperangkat jelas dan tidak rincinya UUPA, PP Nomor arti yang sama terhadap simbol-simbol 224 Tahun 1961 dan Keppres Nomor 23 tertentu (dalam hal ini keraton Surakarta Tahun 1988 dalam mengatur peralihan dan hak atas tanah Baluwarti). Dalam 1 Lon L. Fuller melihat hukum, sebagai suatu usaha untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Ada delapan nilai-nilai (de- lapan prinsip legalitas) yang harus diwujudkan oleh hukum. Mengenai delapan prinsip legalitas dapat di baca dalam Satjipto Rahardjo, 2000, Ilmu Hukum, Citra Aditya Bhakti, Bandung, hlm. 51-52. Karjoko, Pengaturan Tanah Baluwarti Sebagai Kawasan Cagar Budaya 37 berinteraksi masing-masing kelompok ini primer, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan dapat menggunakan budaya hukum Jawa dua cara yaitu, pengamatan (observasi) dan atau kekeluargaan sebagai kerangka acuan wawancara (interview). Pengumpulan data yang akan menjadi titik tolaknya dalam sekunder dilakukan melalui studi pustaka memaknai keraton Surakarta dan hak atas dan content analysis dokumen, arsip, bahan tanah Baluwarti. Untuk mengintegrasikan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. pendapat ketiga pihak tersebut mengenai Pengecekan keabsahan data dilakukan makna keraton Surakarta dan hak atas tanah dengan teknik trianggulasi sumber. Analisis Baluwarti digunakan strategi bridging. terdiri dari 3 alur kegiatan yang terjadi secara Berdasar asumsi tersebut di atas bersamaan yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, maka permasalahan umum dari penelitian penarikan kesimpulan/veri›kasi. Interpretasi ditempatkan dalam pertanyaan: bagaimana terhadap data tersebut untuk menangkap pengaturan tanah Baluwarti sebagai makna dan hubungan antar makna di balik kawasan cagar budaya yang dihasilkan dari informasi data tersebut. Kemudian disajikan pengintegrasian pendapat pemerintah Kota keterkaitan makna-makna berdasarkan pola Surakarta, masyarakat Baluwarti dan kerabat pikir para informan. keraton Surakarta mengenai makna keraton Surakarta dan hak atas tanah Baluwarti? D. Hasil Penelitian dan Pembahasan 1. Pendapat Pemerintah Kota Surakarta C. Metode Penelitian Mengenai Makna Keraton Surakarta Penelitian ini menggunakan metode dan Hak Atas Tanah Baluwarti kualitatif. Ada dua jenis data kualitatif a. Budaya Hukum Jawa sebagai yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini, Kerangka Acuan dalam Memaknai yaitu: pertama, ideologi yang mendasari Keraton Surakarta asumsi-asumsi fundamental yang digunakan Keraton Surakarta sebagai sumber kerabat keraton Surakarta, pemerintah kota daya kultural selalu dipandang sebagai Surakarta dan masyarakat Baluwarti dalam aspek ›sik berupa struktur ›sikal suatu memaknai keraton Surakarta dan hak atas tempat (meliputi berbagai bentukan ›sik tanah Baluwarti. Kedua, konsep keraton baik bangunan maupun lanskap beserta Surakarta dan hak atas tanah Baluwarti kualitas estetikanya), dan aspek non›sik dari kerabat keraton Surakarta, pemerintah berupa kegiatan atau akti›tas pengguna di Kota Surakarta dan masyarakat Baluwarti. dalamnya. Dengan perkataan lain keraton Data diperoleh dari data primer dan data Surakarta sebagai aset wisata meliputi sekunder. Data primer bersumber dari atraksi ›sik dan non›sik. kerabat keraton Surakarta, aparat pemerintah Berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Wali- kota Surakarta, aparat kantor pertanahan kotamadya KDH Tk II Surakarta Nomor kota Surakarta, masyarakat Baluwarti. Data 646/116/I/1997 tentang Penetapan Bangun- sekunder bersumber dari: data sekunder an-Bangunan dan Kawasan Kuno Bersejarah yang bersifat pribadi dan publik, serta data di Kotamadya Dati II Surakarta yang sekunder di bidang hukum. Untuk jenis data 38 MIMBAR HUKUM Volume 21, Nomor 1, Februari 2009, Halaman 35 - 52 dilindungi UU Nomor 5 Tahun 1992 tentang upacaranya. Baik kehidupan keseharian Cagar Budaya, maka bangunan keraton maupun upacara itu berpeluang besar untuk Surakarta merupakan benda cagar budaya. bercerita banyak mengenai keraton secara Pasal 16 Perda Kotamadya Dati menyeluruh. Upacara adat di dalam keraton II Surakarta Nomor 8 Tahun 1993 selalu memiliki makna religius (sebagai yang menyatakan benda
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