Peligros Volcánicos De Chile
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Jürgen Reinmüller
JÜRGEN REINMÜLLER KLIMAVERHÄLTNISSE IN EXTREMEN HOCHGEBIRGEN DER ERDE Ergebnisse eines Sonderklimamessnetzes Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades „Magister der Naturwissenschaften“ an der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Betreuung durch: Ao. UNIV. PROF. DR. REINHOLD LAZAR Institut für Geographie und Raumforschung 2010 Eidesstattliche Erklärung 2 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich, Jürgen Reinmüller, erkläre hiermit, dass die vorliegende Diplomarbeit von mir selbst und ohne unerlaubte Beihilfe verfasst wurde. Die von mir benutzten Hilfsmittel sind im Literaturverzeichnis am Ende dieser Arbeit aufgelistet und wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommene Stellen wurden als solche kenntlich gemacht. Admont, im März 2010 Jürgen Reinmüller Vorwort 3 Vorwort Die höchstgelegenen Bereiche der Hochgebirge der Erde weisen bis dato eine außerordentlich geringe Dichte an Klimastationen und damit ein Defizit an verfügbaren Klimadaten auf. Aussagen zu den thermischen Aspekten in den Gipfellagen extremer Hochgebirge jenseits der 6000 m Grenze konnten bis dato nur unbefriedigend erörtert werden. Als staatlich geprüfter Berg- und Schiführer und begeisterter Höhenbergsteiger liegen die beeindruckenden, hochgelegenen Gipfel seit Jahren in meinem Interessensbereich. Zudem sehe ich mich in meinem bergführerischen Arbeitsbereich zunehmend mit den Zeichen des aktuellen Klimawandels konfrontiert. Schmelzende Gletscher oder auftauender Permafrost stellen für Bergsteiger ein nicht unwesentliches Gefahrenpotential dar. Die durch das von Univ. Prof. Dr. Reinhold Lazar ins Leben gerufene Projekt HAMS.net (High Altitude Meteorological Station Network) gewonnenen Daten können künftig bei der Tourenplanung diverser Expeditionen miteinbezogen werden und stellen eine wichtige Grundlage für klimatologische Hochgebirgsforschung in großen Höhen dar. Ich selbst durfte dieses interessante Projekt durch den Data-Logger-Tausch am Aconcagua im Februar 2007 ein wenig unterstützen und werde dem Projekt auch in Zukunft mit Rat und Tat zur Seite stehen. -
[email protected].: Tacora/Rev
[email protected].: Tacora/rev: 18 de noviembre, 2009/24 de abril, 2011/19 de mayo, 2011/05 de mayo, 2013/10 de marzo, 2014/07 de mayo, 014/l28 de diciembre, 2015/26 de junio, 2016 [email protected].: Tacora/rev: 18 de noviembre, 2009/24 de abril, 2011/19 de mayo, 2011/05 de mayo, 2013/10 de marzo, 2014/07 de mayo, 014/l28 de diciembre, 2015/26 de junio, 2016 LA INDUSTRIA AZUFRERA, EL ANDARIVEL Y EL FERROCARRIL DE TACORA por: Ian Thomson N. ÍNDICE 1. Introducción y conclusiones. 2. Los inicios de la explotación del azufre en Chile. 3. La importancia crítica de los costos de transporte. 4. La explotación del azufre del Tacora y los orígenes del Ferrocarril. 5. El tráfico del Ferrocarril, el personal y la rentabilidad. 6. El trazado y la infraestructura del Ferrocarril. 7. El Ferrocarril de Tacora después de su cierre. 8. La red de andariveles. 9. El material rodante ferroviario. Recuadro 1: El de Aucanquilcha: otro ferrocarril azufrero en altura Recuadro 2: La Asociación para la Conservación de las ex-azufreras y del Ferrocarril de Tacora Referencias seleccionadas El autor es, por profesión, un economista dedicado a temas de transporte. Además, durante largos años, ha sido activo en las áreas de la conservación y del estudio de la historia de sistemas de transporte, especialmente los ferroviarios. Promovió, a principios de la década de 1980, la formación de la Asociación Chilena de Conservación del Patrimonio Ferroviario, sirviendo como su presidente durante unos diez años, con breves intervalos. -
The South American Indian As a Pioneer Alpinist
TI-lE SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN AS A PIONEER ALPINIST 81 THE SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN AS A PIONEER ALPINIST BY EVELIO ECHEVARRfA C. ECENTL Y it has become kno\vn that a number of very high Andean mountain tops had not only been ascended but also permanently occupied by the Indians, possibly as much as three centuries before de Saussure's ascent of Mont Blanc. They climbed peaks of up to 22,ooo ft., they constructed shelters on or near their tops, and they used the high places as watch-towers or as sacrificial shrines. Some authorities believe that this activity took place as early as the late four teenth century, though we cannot prove that some of it did not take place long after, possibly as late as the nineteenth century. These Indian accomplishments have been left unmentioned in practi cally all mountaineering history books. In this article, which may be the first to attempt a comprehensive survey,1 my purpose is to review briefly the location and the nature of each discovery. The area in which these Indian mountain ascents took place is what in physical geography is known as the Atacama desert (although this name is nowadays used in political and cultural geography for a much more restricted area). It is a treeless, sandy and volcanic waste-land seldom visited by mountaineers. It stretches from the neighbourhood of Arequipa, in Peru, as far south as Elqui in Chile; to the east it reaches the Andean slopes that face the jungles of Argentina and Bolivia, and to the west, the Pacific Ocean. -
Explora Atacama І Hikes
ATACAMA explorations explora Atacama І Hikes T2 Reserva Tatio T4 Cornisas Nights of acclimatization Nights of acclimatization needed: 2 needed: 0 Type: Half day Type: Half day Duration: 1h Duration: 2h 30 min Distance: 2,3 km / 1,4 mi Distance: 6,7 kms / 4,2 mi Max. Altitude: 4.321 m.a.s.l / Max. Altitude: 2.710 m.a.s.l / HIKES 14.176 f.a.s.l 8.891 f.a.s.l Description: This exploration Description: Departing by van, we offers a different way of visiting head toward the Catarpe Valley Our hikes have been designed according the Tatio geysers, a geothermal by an old road. From there, we to different interests and levels of skill. field with over 80 boiling water hike along the ledges of La Sal They vary in length and difficulty so we sources. In this trip there are Mountains, with panoramic views always recommend travelers to talk to their excellent opportunities of studying of the oasis, the Atacama salt flat, guides before choosing an exploration. the highlands fauna, which includes and The, La Sal, and Domeyko Every evening, guides brief travelers vicuñas, flamingos and foxes, Mountains, three mountain ranges on the different explorations, so that among others. We walk through the that shape the region’s geography. they can choose one that best fit their reserve with views of The Mountains By the end of the exploration we interests. Exploration times do not consider and steaming hot water sources. descend through Marte Valley’s sand transportation. Return to the hotel by van. -
Report on Cartography in the Republic of Chile 2011 - 2015
REPORT ON CARTOGRAPHY IN CHILE: 2011 - 2015 ARMY OF CHILE MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE OF CHILE REPORT ON CARTOGRAPHY IN THE REPUBLIC OF CHILE 2011 - 2015 PRESENTED BY THE CHILEAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CARTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION AT THE SIXTEENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE INTERNATIONAL CARTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION AUGUST 2015 1 REPORT ON CARTOGRAPHY IN CHILE: 2011 - 2015 CONTENTS Page Contents 2 1: CHILEAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE ICA 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Chilean ICA National Committee during 2011 - 2015 5 1.3. Chile and the International Cartographic Conferences of the ICA 6 2: MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL ACTIVITIES 6 2.1 National Spatial Data Infrastructure of Chile 6 2.2. Pan-American Institute for Geography and History – PAIGH 8 2.3. SSOT: Chilean Satellite 9 3: STATE AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS 10 3.1. Military Geographic Institute - IGM 10 3.2. Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy – SHOA 12 3.3. Aero-Photogrammetric Service of the Air Force – SAF 14 3.4. Agriculture Ministry and Dependent Agencies 15 3.5. National Geological and Mining Service – SERNAGEOMIN 18 3.6. Other Government Ministries and Specialized Agencies 19 3.7. Regional and Local Government Bodies 21 4: ACADEMIC, EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING SECTOR 21 4.1 Metropolitan Technological University – UTEM 21 4.2 Universities with Geosciences Courses 23 4.3 Military Polytechnic Academy 25 5: THE PRIVATE SECTOR 26 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND ACRONYMS 28 ANNEX 1. List of SERNAGEOMIN Maps 29 ANNEX 2. Report from CENGEO (University of Talca) 37 2 REPORT ON CARTOGRAPHY IN CHILE: 2011 - 2015 PART ONE: CHILEAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE ICA 1.1: Introduction 1.1.1. -
Volcanes Cercanos Volcanes Cercanos
Localidades al interior de un radio de 30 km respecto de volcanes activos Volcanes cercanos Localidad Comuna Provincia Región Olca, Irruputuncu Collaguasi Pica Iquique Tarapacá Taapaca, Parinacota Putre Putre Parinacota Tarapacá Callaqui, Copahue Ralco Santa Bárbara Bio Bio Bio Bio Nevados de Chillán Recinto Los Lleuques Pinto Ñuble Bio Bio Villarrica, Quetrupillán, Lanín, Sollipulli Curarrehue Curarrehue Cautín La Araucanía Llaima, Sollipulli Mellipeuco Melipeuco Cautín La Araucanía Villarrica, Quetrupillán, Lanín Pucón Pucón Cautín La Araucanía Llaima Cherquenco Vilcún Cautín La Araucanía Villarrica Lican Ray Villarrica Cautín La Araucanía Villarrica Villarrica Villarrica Cautín La Araucanía Llaima, Lonquimay Curacautín Curacautín Malleco La Araucanía Llaima, Lonquimay Lonquimay Lonquimay Malleco La Araucanía Villarrica, Quetrupillán, Lanín, Mocho Coñaripe Panguipulli Valdivia Los Rios Calbuco, Osorno Alerce Puerto Montt Llanquihue Los Lagos Calbuco, Osorno Las Cascadas Puerto Octay Osorno Los Lagos Chaitén, Michinmahuida, Corcovado Chaitén Chaitén Palena Los Lagos Hornopirén, Yate, Apagado, Huequi Rio Negro Hualaihue Palena Los Lagos Localidades al interior de un radio de 50 km respecto de volcanes activos Volcanes cercanos Localidad Comuna Provincia Región Olca, Irruputuncu Collaguasi Pica Iquique Tarapacá Taapaca, Parinacota Putre Putre Parinacota Tarapacá San José San Alfonso San José de Maipo Cordillera Metropolitana San José San José de Maipo San José de Maipo Cordillera Metropolitana Tupungatito La Parva Lo Barnechea Santiago -
Area Changes of Glaciers on Active Volcanoes in Latin America Between 1986 and 2015 Observed from Multi-Temporal Satellite Imagery
Journal of Glaciology (2019), 65(252) 542–556 doi: 10.1017/jog.2019.30 © The Author(s) 2019. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Area changes of glaciers on active volcanoes in Latin America between 1986 and 2015 observed from multi-temporal satellite imagery JOHANNES REINTHALER,1,2 FRANK PAUL,1 HUGO DELGADO GRANADOS,3 ANDRÉS RIVERA,2,4 CHRISTIAN HUGGEL1 1Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 2Centro de Estudios Científicos, Valdivia, Chile 3Instituto de Geofisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico 4Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Chile, Chile Correspondence: Johannes Reinthaler <[email protected]> ABSTRACT. Glaciers on active volcanoes are subject to changes in both climate fluctuations and vol- canic activity. Whereas many studies analysed changes on individual volcanoes, this study presents for the first time a comparison of glacier changes on active volcanoes on a continental scale. Glacier areas were mapped for 59 volcanoes across Latin America around 1986, 1999 and 2015 using a semi- automated band ratio method combined with manual editing using satellite images from Landsat 4/5/ 7/8 and Sentinel-2. Area changes were compared with the Smithsonian volcano database to analyse pos- sible glacier–volcano interactions. Over the full period, the mapped area changed from 1399.3 ± 80 km2 − to 1016.1 ± 34 km2 (−383.2 km2)or−27.4% (−0.92% a 1) in relative terms. -
Along Arc Petrochemical Variations in the Southernmost Andean SVZ (43.5-46°S): Implications for Magma Genesis
O EOL GIC G A D D A E D C E I H C I L E O S F u n 2 d 6 la serena octubre 2015 ada en 19 Along Arc Petrochemical Variations in the Southernmost Andean SVZ (43.5-46°S): Implications for Magma Genesis Charles R Stern* Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0399, USA José Antonio Naranjo SERNAGEOMIN, Av. Santa María 0104, Santiago, Chile *Contact email: [email protected] Abstract. The southernmost Andean SVZ (43.5-46°S) (Sellés et al., 2004) further to the north. Among the smaller consists of six stratovolcanoes (Yanteles, Melimoyu, MEC, the Puyuhuapi group are HA type basalts (Fig. 2; Mentolat, Macá, Cay, Hudson). Hudson and Melimoyu are Lopéz et al. 1995a). In contrast, the Palena group just to high-K (K2O>1 wt% at 50 wt% SiO2), high incompatible the north of are LA type basalts (Fig. 2; Watt et al., 2013), element abundance (HA) types. Macá and Cay are low-K, as are all other MEC cones further to the south in the low incompatible element abundance (LA) centers, while Mentolat has very low K, Rb and other incompatible SSVZ. This paper addresses these regional variations in element contents (VLA), similar to Huequi, Calbuco and magma types along and across the SSVZ arc. Nevados de Longaví further north. Such differences have been attributed to differences in degree of mantle partial melting due to variability in the extent of contamination of the mantle source region by hydrous fluids and/or melts derived from subducted oceanic lithosphere, possibly as a result in down-dip temperature changes at the top of the subducted slab. -
The Causes and Effect of Temporal Changes in Magma Generation Processes in Space and Time Along the Central Andes (13°S – 25°S)
The causes and effect of temporal changes in magma generation processes in space and time along the Central Andes (13°S – 25°S) Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades "Doctor rerum naturalium" der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen im Promotionsprogramm Geowissenschaften / Geographie der Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) vorgelegt von Rosanne Marjoleine Heistek aus Nederland/Niederlande Göttingen 2015 Betreuungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Wörner, Abteilung Geochemie, GZG Prof. Dr. Andreas Pack, Abteilung Isotopengeologie, GZG Referent: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Wörner Prof. Dr. Andreas Pack Weitere Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Sharon Webb Prof. Dr. Hilmar von Eynatten Prof. Dr. Jonas Kley Dr. John Hora Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 25.06.2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................1 Abstracts .................................................................................................................................................2 Chapter 1: Introduction .........................................................................................................................7 1.1.The Andean volcanic belt .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.2. The Central volcanic zone ........................................................................................................................... -
Diagnostico Regional De Suelos Abandonados Con Potencial Presencia De Contaminantes”
INFORME FINAL. Versión 4 “DIAGNOSTICO REGIONAL DE SUELOS ABANDONADOS CON POTENCIAL PRESENCIA DE CONTAMINANTES” CONTRATO NO 618775-3-LP13 31-Marzo-2014 Informe Final-versión 4 Página 1 INDICE GENERAL GLOSARIO DE TERMINOS UTILIZADOS EN ESTE INFORME. 4 ALCANCE Y PRESENTACION DEL INFORME 7 PARTE 1.- PRESENTACION DEL PROBLEMA. 10 1.1.- INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL. 10 1.1.1 ESTADO DEL ARTE DE LA GESTION DE SUELOS CON POTENCIAL 12 PRESENCIA DE CONTAMINANTES. 1.2.- OBJETIVOS 15 1.2.1 Objetivo General 15 1.2.2 Objetivos Específicos 15 1.3.- GENERALIDADES DE LA METODOLOGIA DE TRABAJO 16 1.3.1Gestión de suelos con potencial presencia de contaminantes: identificación 16 y priorización. PARTE 2.- RECOPILACION Y SISTEMATIZACION DE LA INFORMACION 20 DISPONIBLE. 2.1 LA REGION DE ANTOFAGASTA Y LOS SUELOS CON POTENCIAL 20 PRESENCIA DE CONTAMINANTES. 2.1.1. Breve descripción de la región 20 2.1.2Estrategia de desarrollo regional 2009-2020 22 2.2 LEVANTAMIENTO DE INFORMACION 23 PARTE 3: PRIORIZACION Y JERARQUIZACION DE SUELOS 32 ABANDONADOS CON POTENCIAL PRESENCIA DE CONTAMINANTES. 3.1.- RESULTADOS DE LA PRIORIZACION DE SAPPC. 32 3.2.- RESULTADOS DE LA INSPECCION DE LOS SAPPC. 37 3.3 RESULTADOS DE LA JERARQUIZACION DE SAPPC. 41 PARTE 4.- INVESTIGACION PRELIMINAR Y CONFIRMATORIA. 48 4.1- INVESTIGACION PRELIMINAR 48 4.2- INVESTIGACION CONFIRMATORIA 48 4.2.1 DEFINICION DE CONTAMINANTES DE INTERES POTENCIAL. 49 4.2.2 HIPOTESIS DE DISTRIBUCION DE LOS CONTAMINANTES 52 4.2.3 TAMAÑO DEL SPPC. 53 4.2.4 COMPONENTES AMBIENTALES A MUESTREAR; NÚMERO Y TIPO DE 53 MUESTRAS. 4.2.5 MUESTRAS BLANCO O BACKGROUND 54 4.2.6 ANALISIS QUIMICO DE MUESTRAS AMBIENTALES 62 4.2.7 PROCEDIMIENTOS DE CONTROL Y ASEGURAMIENTO DE CALIDAD 72 4.2.8 COMPARACION CON VALORES DE REFERENCIA. -
Geología Y Peligros Del Volcán San Pedro, II Región
O EOL GIC G A D D A E D C E I H C I L E O S F u n 2 d 6 la serena octubre 2015 ada en 19 Geología y peligros del volcán San Pedro, II Región Daniel Bertin* y Álvaro Amigo Unidad de Geología y Peligros Volcánicos, RNVV, Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Rudecindo Ortega 03850, Temuco, Chile * email: [email protected] Resumen. El volcán San Pedro constituye la componente Petit-Breuilh, 2004), donde destaca la del año 1901, que más reciente de un sistema binario que se remonta a fines causó daños de diversa consideración (Martin, 1901). En la del Pleistoceno inferior con la edificación del volcán San actualidad, y a lo largo del siglo XX, el volcán ha exhibido Pablo. Durante su etapa inicial, el San Pedro se construyó permanente actividad fumarólica de tipo pasiva. mediante numerosos flujos lávicos y depósitos piroclásticos de flujo, para posteriormente sufrir un colosal evento de colapso, generando hacia el noroeste un extenso depósito 2 Geología (extraído de Bertin y Amigo, de avalancha de detritos volcánicos. Durante el 2014a,b) Pleistoceno superior la actividad se retomó a través de una serie de voluminosas lavas y lavas-domo dacíticas 2.1 Basamento emitidas desde el escarpe de colapso, etapa que culminó El volcán San Pedro se emplaza sobre un basamento hace ca. 10 ka con una erupción catastrófica la cual constituido por, al menos, tres planicies ignimbríticas de involucró un volumen de material no corregido cercano a los 9 km3. Este evento generó un depósito ignimbrítico de distribución regional y pertenecientes al Mioceno superior pequeño volumen pero amplia extensión, en especial hacia (ignimbritas San Pedro Inferior, Sifón y Carcote; Guest, el flanco oeste del edificio. -
Mount Fuji Stromboli Is Located Mount Fuji Is Located in Italy
Stromboli Mount Fuji Stromboli is located Mount Fuji is located in Italy. in Japan. Its highest point is Its highest point is 924m high. Volcanoes Volcanoes 3776m high. The volcano has erupted Fuji last erupted in 1707. throughout the 20th century. This volcano is the highest volcano, it has the highest As long as there are peak in Japan and is historical records, considered one of the three Stromboli has been holy mountains. constantly active. Mount Fuji is an important It is famous for its element in Japanese art. normally small, but regular explosions. At night its eruptions Did You Know...? are visible from far More than 200 000 away so it is known as Did You Know...? Stromboli has an people climb to the the "Lighthouse of the eruption cycle of 20 top of the Mount Mediterranean". to 30 minutes. Fuji every year. Photo courtesy of giopuo, flrnt, island of volcanoes (@flickr.com) - granted under creative commons licence - attribution Photo courtesy of Manish Prabhune, midorisyu (@flickr.com) - granted under creative commons licence - attribution visit twinkl.com visit twinkl.com Ojos del Mauna Loa Mauna Loa is one of five Salado volcanoes that form the Ojos del Salado Island of Hawaii (the US Volcanoes is located on the Volcanoes state) in the Pacific Ocean. Argentina-Chile border. Its highest point is Its highest point is 4170m high. 6893m high. Mauna Loa rises from Nevados Ojos del Salado is the sea floor, and its the world's highest active height from its base to its volcano. summit is 9170m. This is greater than the height of It has two summit peaks of Mount Everest.