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Jürgen Reinmüller JÜRGEN REINMÜLLER KLIMAVERHÄLTNISSE IN EXTREMEN HOCHGEBIRGEN DER ERDE Ergebnisse eines Sonderklimamessnetzes Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades „Magister der Naturwissenschaften“ an der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Betreuung durch: Ao. UNIV. PROF. DR. REINHOLD LAZAR Institut für Geographie und Raumforschung 2010 Eidesstattliche Erklärung 2 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich, Jürgen Reinmüller, erkläre hiermit, dass die vorliegende Diplomarbeit von mir selbst und ohne unerlaubte Beihilfe verfasst wurde. Die von mir benutzten Hilfsmittel sind im Literaturverzeichnis am Ende dieser Arbeit aufgelistet und wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommene Stellen wurden als solche kenntlich gemacht. Admont, im März 2010 Jürgen Reinmüller Vorwort 3 Vorwort Die höchstgelegenen Bereiche der Hochgebirge der Erde weisen bis dato eine außerordentlich geringe Dichte an Klimastationen und damit ein Defizit an verfügbaren Klimadaten auf. Aussagen zu den thermischen Aspekten in den Gipfellagen extremer Hochgebirge jenseits der 6000 m Grenze konnten bis dato nur unbefriedigend erörtert werden. Als staatlich geprüfter Berg- und Schiführer und begeisterter Höhenbergsteiger liegen die beeindruckenden, hochgelegenen Gipfel seit Jahren in meinem Interessensbereich. Zudem sehe ich mich in meinem bergführerischen Arbeitsbereich zunehmend mit den Zeichen des aktuellen Klimawandels konfrontiert. Schmelzende Gletscher oder auftauender Permafrost stellen für Bergsteiger ein nicht unwesentliches Gefahrenpotential dar. Die durch das von Univ. Prof. Dr. Reinhold Lazar ins Leben gerufene Projekt HAMS.net (High Altitude Meteorological Station Network) gewonnenen Daten können künftig bei der Tourenplanung diverser Expeditionen miteinbezogen werden und stellen eine wichtige Grundlage für klimatologische Hochgebirgsforschung in großen Höhen dar. Ich selbst durfte dieses interessante Projekt durch den Data-Logger-Tausch am Aconcagua im Februar 2007 ein wenig unterstützen und werde dem Projekt auch in Zukunft mit Rat und Tat zur Seite stehen. Dank für die Anleitung und freundschaftliche Motivation gilt vor allem meinem Betreuer Univ. Prof. Dr. Reinhold Lazar. Durch seinen Tatendrang und sein Engagement zum Klimamonitoring im Hochgebirge konnte dieses Projekt erst verwirklicht werden. Für die nötigen technischen Informationen bezüglich der Messtechnik der Stationen bedanke ich mich bei Herrn Mag. Andreas Pilz und für das Auslesen der Datalogger am Institut für Geographie und Raumforschung der Universität Graz bei Herrn Mag. David Eckart. In lieber Erinnerung möchte ich diese Arbeit meinem kürzlich, leider viel zu früh verstorbenen Vater widmen. Durch seine unkomplizierte und liebenswürdige, unterstützende Art wurde mir die Freude am Hochgebirge erst ermöglicht. Zusammenfassung 4 Zusammenfassung Bei näherem Betrachten fällt weltweit bis heute eine sehr geringe Dichte an Hochgebirgsklimastationen in Hochlagen jenseits der 6000 m Grenze auf. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Daten der Stationen des Sonderklimamessnetzes HAMS.net (High Altitude Meteorological Station Network), welche im Zeitraum von 2004 bis heute in den südamerikanischen Anden und am westlichen tibetischen Hochplateau mit Hilfe von automatischen Wetterstationen aufgezeichnet wurden, statistisch-deskriptiv aufzubereiten. Als weiteres Ziel soll die möglichst lückenlose Erhebung aller bislang global betriebenen Klimastationen in extremen Hochgebirgen in einer Höhe über 4500 m gesehen werden. Zusätzlich soll auf die bisherigen Publikationen im Bereich der Hochgebirgsklimatologie in extremen Höhenlagen (Gipfelniveau ab 5000 m) eingegangen werden. Die methodische Vorgehensweise besteht in erster Linie aus einer sehr intensiven und mehrsprachigen Internetrecherche. Dabei sollen alle bislang veröffentlichten klimamesstechnischen Aktivitäten im extremen Hochgebirge herausgefiltert werden. Als Arbeitsgrundlage dienen die 221 450 Einzelmesswerte der Temperatur- und Feuchte- sensoren der sechs Stationen des HAMS.net und für Vergleichszwecke die Radiosondendaten von Antofagasta und Santo Domingo in Chile. Als zentrale Aussage dieser Arbeit steht die Tatsache im Vordergrund, dass wir es mit der Region Ladakh um einen ausgeprägten Wärmepol zu tun haben. Aufgrund der vorliegenden Datensätze gehe ich von einem Überwärmungsbetrag von etwa 3 K aus. Bezogen auf die Seehöhe trifft man hier auf die wärmsten Flächen im weltweiten Hochgebirgsvergleich. Zudem konnten aus der Literatur bereits bekannte klimatologische Aussagen mit diesen Daten untermauert werden. Wir erhalten Ergebnisse, dass beispielsweise freie Gipfel in den Morgenstunden kälter sind als die umgebene Atmosphäre oder dass wir im Bereich der Ariden Diagonale in Punkto Gipfeltage (Bergsteigen) gegenüber dem Aconcagua eine klimatische Gunstsituation vorfinden. Mit den vorliegenden Datensätzen konnten über die Tagesgänge Rückschlüsse zum Witterungsverhalten gemacht werden. Zudem konnte u. a. mittels der Darstellung von Temperaturgradienten und der Jahresgänge ein Überblick zu den thermischen Aspekten in diesen Lagen im extremen Hochgebirge geschaffen werden. Abstract 5 Abstract On closer examination, one is still struck today by the very low density of high mountain climatological stations across the world in high altitude locations above the 6000 m threshold. The aim of this work is the statistical and descriptive redaction of the data of the HAMS.net specialist climatological monitoring network (High Altitude Meteorological Station Network) that has been recorded using automatic weather stations in the period from 2004 to date in the Andes of South America and on the high plateau of western Tibet. The most comprehensive survey possible of all the climatological stations operated to date across the world in extreme mountain areas at an altitude of over 4,500 m should be seen as a further objective. In addition, the work aims to consider the existing publications in the field of high mountain area climatology at extreme altitudes (summit level at or above 5000 m). The methodological approach used primarily consists of very intensive and multi-lingual internet research. This is intended to select all the climatological measurement activities in extreme mountain areas that have been published to date. The basis of the work is formed by the 221,450 individual readings from the temperature and humidity sensors of the six HAMS.net stations, and, for comparison purposes, the radio sonde data from Antofagasta and Santo Domingo in Chile. The central finding of this work focuses on the fact that the Ladakh region forms a pronounced hotspot. Based on the available datasets, I assume an excess warming amount of about 3 K. In relation to height above sea level, one finds here the warmest high mountain areas in the world in comparative terms. In addition, with this data it has been possible to substantiate already known climatological findings from the existing subject literature. We are given results showing that, for example, free-standing summits are colder during the morning hours than the surrounding free atmosphere, or that in the area of the Arid Diagonal we find a favourable climatic situation in terms of (mountain climbing) summit ascent days in relation to Mount Aconcagua. It has been possible to use the available datasets to make inferences about weathering behaviour from the diurnal variations. In addition, by describing temperature gradients and annual variations, it has been possible amongst other things to create an overview of temperature aspects in these locations in extreme mountain areas. Inhaltsverzeichnis 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort . 3 Zusammenfassung . 4 Abstract . 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis . 6 Abbildungsverzeichnis . 8 Tabellenverzeichnis . 9 Abkürzungsverzeichnis . 10 1 Einleitung . 11 1.1 Ziel und Zweck der Arbeit . 11 1.2 Arbeitsgrundlagen und Methodik . 11 1.3 Abgrenzung und Lage der Untersuchungsräume . 13 1.4 Messproblematiken im extremen Hochgebirge . 15 2 Höhenklimate extremer Hochgebirge . 20 2.1 Aktueller Publikationsstand . 20 2.2 Die chilenisch-argentinischen Anden . 21 2.3 Das tibetische Hochplateau . 27 3 Betriebene Hochgebirgsklimastationen . 30 3.1 Historischer Abriss . 30 3.2 Stationsstandorte, Betreiber und Messinstrumente . 33 4 Das Sonderklimamessnetz „HAMS.net“ . 36 4.1 Allgemeines . 36 4.2 Rahmenbedingungen . 36 4.2.1 Messmethodik und Geräte . 36 4.2.2 Das Stationsnetz . 39 4.2.3 Datengüte . 43 4.3 Statistisch-deskriptive Messdatenauswertung . 45 Inhaltsverzeichnis 7 4.3.1 Llullaillaco (Chile/Argentinien) . 45 4.3.1.1 Temperatur (Gipfelstation 6739 m) . 46 4.3.1.2 Relative Luftfeuchtigkeit (Gipfelstation 6739 m) . 51 4.3.2 Nevado de Cachi (Argentinien) . 55 4.3.2.1 Temperatur (Hangstation 4965 m) . 55 4.3.2.2 Relative Luftfeuchtigkeit (Hangstation 4965 m) . 60 4.3.3 Aconcagua (Argentinien) . 62 4.3.3.1 Temperatur (Talstation 4360 m) . 63 4.3.3.2 Relative Luftfeuchtigkeit (Talstation 4360 m) . 67 4.3.3.3 Temperatur (Gipfelstation 6955 m) . 69 4.3.3.4 Relative Luftfeuchtigkeit (Gipfelstation 6955 m) . 76 4.3.4 Chamser Kangri (Indien) . 78 4.3.4.1 Temperatur (Talstation 4500 m) . 79 4.3.4.2 Relative Luftfeuchtigkeit (Talstation 4500 m) . 83 4.3.4.3 Temperatur (Hangstation 5700 m) . 84 4.3.4.4 Relative Luftfeuchtigkeit (Hangstation 5700 m) . 88 5 Verifikation bzw. Falsifikation bisheriger Erkenntnisse durch die Daten des HAMS.net . 90 5.1 Anden . 90 5.2 Himalaya . 93 6 Schlussfolgerung und Ausblick . 96 Literaturverzeichnis . 99 Anhang . 106 A Datenbestand . 107 B Monatswerte . 108 C Datensätze
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