Fort Necessity National Battlefield

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Fort Necessity National Battlefield FO RT NECESSITY NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD A Resource Assessment june 2004 ® NATIONAL PARKS CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION THE FORT NECESSITY ASSESSMENT 1 ort Necessity National Battlefield F NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Schoolchildren learn n 1754, numerous American Indian tribes life that he did so was at this site. about the French and joined French and British troops (including Established as a national battlefield in 1931, Indian War from an interpreter dressed as I colonists) in the battle to control the Ohio Fort Necessity commemorates this battle and a soldier. River valley in the French and Indian War—called educates nearly 90,000 visitors each year about the Seven Years’ War in Europe. Historians assert the war’s critical significance to the country’s her- that this war led to the American Revolution and itage. Located in southwestern Pennsylvania, this thus was the beginning of America’s path to inde- 900-acre park is composed of three sections. The pendence. In the area of Fort Necessity, a 22-year- main site includes a visitor center, the recon- old George Washington led his troops against the structed Fort Necessity, and the Mount Washing- French and their Indian allies in the first battles ton Tavern. The tavern, built on land once owned of the French and Indian War. Washington was by George Washington, provided food and lodg- forced to surrender. The only time in his public ing for travelers on the National Road, the first highway built entirely with federal funds. quin, Shawnee, and Ottawa were generally allied Jumonville Glen marks the place where the first with the French, while the Delaware, Seneca, shots were fired in the 1754 Fort Necessity cam- Mohawk, Onondaga, Tuscarora, Oneida, and paign, and the Braddock Grave section of the Cuyahoga often fought on the side of the British. park is where British Major General Braddock These tribes are from present day New York, New was buried after his failed attempt to take the England, and Canada. Park staff contacted these French Fort Duquesne. Native groups to solicit contributions to an edu- In the summer of 2004, Fort Necessity cation packet that will be used to create exhibits National Battlefield will commemorate the 250th at the new visitor center (Fort Necessity/National anniversary of the start of the French and Indian Road Interpretive and Education Center) current- War. In honor of this milestone, the National ly under construction. The new exhibits will in- Parks Conservation Association’s State of the corporate an interpretation of Fort Necessity that 2 Parks program conducted an assessment to deter- includes tribal perspectives. mine the condition of the park’s cultural re- Building relationships with traditionally asso- sources and staff’s capacities to protect those ciated groups helps park staff better manage the resources (stewardship capacity). Fort Necessity’s resources they are bound to protect and aids in natural resources were also considered in this development of interpretive programs, and such assessment, but their condition was not rated. collaboration is required by National Park Service The current overall condition of cultural standards. However, few park units have the resources at Fort Necessity rates a “poor” score of resources to carry out this policy. Fort Necessity is 56 out of 100. The park’s ability to care for its fortunate to have a part-time American Indian ort Necessity National Battlefield resources, also known as its stewardship capacity, specialist to help interpret Indian involvement in F also rates a “poor” score of 44 out of 100, due pri- the French and Indian War. To meet Park Service marily to critical and chronic operational funding ethnography standards, this position should shortfalls. Because the State of the Parks method- become full-time and permanent. ology strictly assesses current conditions, the The park needs to conduct a traditional affili- overall rating does not reflect a significant invest- ation study and an ethnographic overview and ment of $12 million to build a new visitor center assessment to help identify traditionally associat- and state-of-the-art exhibits, due to be completed ed groups that want to work with the park. The in mid-2005. park’s 1994 Resource Management Plan calls for such studies to “identify and document site-asso- ciated groups (and contemporary descendants of CULTURAL RESOURCES these groups) and their relationships to the park’s cultural and natural resources,” but limited funds ETHNOGRAPHY (PEOPLES AND prevent action. CULTURES)—INCREASED The park's strong commitment to cultivate AMERICAN INDIAN PARTICIPATION partnerships with outside organizations and uni- NEEDED versities has yielded a few ethnographic projects. SCORE: POOR, 36 OUT OF 100 The Student Conservation Association (SCA) and Fort Necessity’s staff focus their efforts on inter- local universities are partnering with the park to pretation of the French and Indian War. This accomplish several traditional use studies, in- interpretation includes the 12 groups of Native cluding an examination of the role that the peoples who were allied with French and British Washington Tavern and the entire National Road troops. The Huron, Abenaki, Nipissing, Algon- might have played in the Underground Railroad. A scholar at the McNeill Center of the University ARCHAEOLOGY—MORE of Pennsylvania is studying American Indian RESEARCH NEEDED associations with the Fort Necessity region, and SCORE: POOR, 44 OUT OF 100 five years ago, the park began an internship pro- gram in conjunction with West Virginia Uni- Fort Necessity has eight recorded archaeological versity to bring American Indian interns to the sites that help contribute to the understanding of park. the French and Indian War and the National For the most part, contact with traditionally Road. Possible pre-historic sites have not been associated people occurs on a project-by-project identified, but there is reason to believe that a basis, and the park does not have regular commu- pre-historic village may have existed near the site nication with any traditional group. The park of the Civilian Conservation Corps picnic area. In 3 needs to appoint a staff member as the official the past ten years, in addition to the National liaison between the park and Native groups, and Historic Preservation Act’s Section 106 compli- this person should establish regular contact with ance work, surveys have been completed at the these associated people. Mount Washington Tavern, Jumonville Glen, the CULTURAL RESOURCES Overall conditions 56 POOR ort Necessity National Battlefield F Ethnography 36 Archaeology 44 Cultural Landscapes 48 Historic Structures 65 History 68 Archive and Museum Collections 81 RATINGS SCALE CRITICAL POOR FAIR GOOD EXCELLENT STEWARDSHIP CAPACITY Overall conditions 44 POOR Funding/Staffing 30 Planning 37 Resource Education 38 External Support 86 RATINGS SCALE CRITICAL POOR FAIR GOOD EXCELLENT The State of the Parks assessment methodology and other State of the Park reports can be found at http://www.npca.org/stateoftheparks/ or contact the State of the Parks program at 970.493.2545 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS •Congress and the administration must provide the Funds are needed to complete an archaeological park with a $500,000 increase in base funding needed overview and assessment, add sites into the National to carry out routine maintenance and rehabilitation Park Service archaeological database, determine the and to hire a preservation specialist with technical condition of all the identified sites, and complete a skills. In addition, Congress and the administration long-term plan to document and nominate all sites to must provide a $495,000 increase in base funding to the National Register of Historic Places. Park staff staff and maintain the park's new visitor center by the should investigate possible adverse effects of park time it is completed in mid-2005. development on archaeological sites before plans are complete and approved. • The American Indian specialist (or park guide) position 4 at Fort Necessity should be turned into a permanent • The park needs to develop a new comprehensive full-time position, and one person should be responsi- interpretive plan and a statement that outlines an ble for developing regular communication and long- updated list of themes and objectives for park inter- term relationships with each associated tribe. pretation. The planning process may influence final design of exhibits at the new visitor center to reflect • Congress and the administration should increase new interpretation strategies. funds so park staff can complete cultural landscape inventories and reports for the undocumented land- • Fort Necessity National Battlefield should hire a part- scapes and restore the Great Meadows to its historic or full-time historian to complete original research state through an ecosystem-wide planning process. about topics relating to the park unit and to consult ort Necessity National Battlefield with staff engaged in developing interpretive pro- F • Congress and the administration should increase grams. An administrative history of the park is also funds to support the park’s archaeology program. needed. •Congress and the administration should provide fund- ing for the park to complete rehabilitation work on the historic Mount Washington Tavern’s interior, imple- ment the 2004 historic furnishings plan, and replace HVAC units. • The Park Service should conduct a business plan assessment so the park and the public can better understand funding needs, priorities,
Recommended publications
  • Foundation Document Overview, Fort Necessity National Battlefield
    NatioNal Park Service • U.S. DePartmeNt of the iNterior Foundation Document Overview Fort Necessity National Battlefield Pennsylvania Contact Information For more information about the Fort Necessity National Battlefield Foundation Document, contact: http://www.nps.gov/fone or (814) 893-6322 or write to: Superintendent, Western Pennsylvania Parks, Flight 93 National Memorial, P.O. Box 911, Shanksville, PA 15560 Purpose Significance Significance statements express why Fort Necessity National Battlefield resources and values are important enough to merit national park unit designation. Statements of significance describe why an area is important within a global, national, regional, and systemwide context. These statements are linked to the purpose of the park unit, and are supported by data, research, and consensus. Significance statements describe the distinctive nature of the park and inform management decisions, focusing efforts on preserving and protecting the most important resources and values of the park unit. • The fighting at Jumonville Glen and Fort Necessity sparked the French and Indian War, which reconfigured the global balance of power and set the stage for the American Revolution. • The skirmish at Jumonville Glen was 22-year-old George Washington’s first military engagement, and the battle at Fort Necessity was the only time in his military career that he surrendered. • During the Battle of Fort Necessity and throughout the FORT NECESSITY NATIONAL French and Indian War, a young George Washington learned BATTLEFIELD preserves the sites of valuable lessons that shaped him into the leader who guided the Continental Army to victory during the American the opening battles of the French and Revolution and prepared him to become the first president Indian War and commemorates George of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Railroads Are Talismanic Winds 60 5
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge United States History History 1985 The Rise of the Urban South Lawrence H. Larsen University of Missouri at Kansas City Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at uknowledge@lsv.uky.edu. Recommended Citation Larsen, Lawrence H., "The Rise of the Urban South" (1985). United States History. 68. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_united_states_history/68 The Rise of the Urban South This page intentionally left blank The Rise of the Urban South LAWRENCE H. LARSEN THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Copyright© 1985 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine College, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Club, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. Editorial and Sales Offices: Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0024 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Larsen, Lawrence Harold, 1931- The rise of the urban South. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Urbanization-Southern States-History-19th century. I. Title. HT123.5.A13L371985 307.7'6'0975 84-25596 ISBN 978-0-8131-5347-6 Contents List of Tables vn Preface ix 1. A Wider Field Both for Virtue and Vice 1 2.
    [Show full text]
  • American Pagent - Ap U.S
    AMERICAN PAGENT - AP U.S. HISTORY VOCABULARY LIST UNIT #1 – Part I (1491-1607) Chapter One History Makers Christopher Columbus - An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," when he landed on and named the Caribbean island of San Salvador on October 12, 1492. He conducted three other journeys prior to his death in 1503. John Cabot – Italian named Giovanni Caboto who explored the northeastern coast of North America for England in 1497. Ponce de León - Spanish explorer who sailed to the America in 1513 and 1521, exploring Florida in search of gold and perhaps the fabled "fountain of youth," before being killed by a Native American arrow. Hernando de Soto –Spanish conquistador who led expedition from Florida west to the Mississippi (1540-1542) with 600 men in search of gold. He discovered the Mississippi River, before being killed by Indians and buried in the river. Francisco Coronado - From 1540 to 1542, he explored the pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico looking for the legendary city of gold El Dorado, penetrating as far east as Kansas. He also discovered the Grand Canyon and huge herds of bison. Bartolomé de Las Casas - A Spanish missionary who was appalled by the method of encomienda systems, calling it “a moral pestilence invented by Satan.” Giovanni da Verranzo - Another Italian explorer, he was sent by the French king in 1524 to probe the eastern seaboard of what is today’s U.S. Don Juan de Oñate - Leader of a Spanish group that traveled parts of Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in 1598.
    [Show full text]
  • George Washington - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopediavisited on 11/13/2014
    George Washington - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediavisited on 11/13/2014 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, George Washington 1731][Note 1][Note 2] – December 14, 1799) was the first President of the United States (1789–1797), the Commander- in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.[3] He presided over the convention that drafted the United States Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation and remains the supreme law of the land. Washington was elected president as the unanimous choice of the electors in the elections of both 1788–1789 and 1792.[4] He oversaw the creation of a strong, well-financed national government that maintained neutrality in the wars raging in Europe, suppressed rebellion, and won acceptance among Americans of all types.[5] Washington established many forms in government still used today, such as the cabinet 1st President of the United States system and inaugural address.[6][7] His retirement after two terms and the peaceful transition from his presidency to that In office of John Adams established a tradition that continued up until April 30, 1789[nb] – March 4, 1797 Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to a third term.[8] Vice President John Adams Washington has been widely hailed as "father of his country" Preceded by Inaugural holder even during his lifetime.[3][9] Succeeded by John Adams Washington was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Senior Officer of the Army Virginia; his wealthy planter family owned tobacco In office plantations and slaves, that he inherited.
    [Show full text]
  • French & Indian War Bibliography 3.31.2017
    BRITISH, FRENCH, AND INDIAN WAR BIBLIOGRAPHY Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center 1. ALL MATERIALS RELATED TO THE BRITISH, FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (APPENDIX A not included) 2. FORTS/FORTIFICATIONS 3. BIOGRAPHY/AUTOBIOGRAPHY 4. DIARIES/PERSONAL NARRATIVES/LETTERS 5. SOLDIERS/ARMS/ARMAMENTS/UNIFORMS 6. INDIAN CAPTIVITIES 7. INDIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE 8. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR HISTORIES 9. PONTIAC’S CONSPIRACY/LORD DUNMORE’S WAR 10. FICTION 11. ARCHIVAL APPENDIX A (Articles from the Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine and Pittsburgh History) 1. ALL MATERIALS RELATED TO THE BRITISH, FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR A Brief History of Bedford Village; Bedford, Pa.; and Old Fort Bedford. • Bedford, Pa.: H. K. and E. K. Frear, 1961. • qF157 B25 B853 1961 A Brief History of the Colonial Wars in America from 1607 to 1775. • By Herbert T. Wade. New York: Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York, 1948. • E186.3 N532 No. 51 A Brief History of the King’s Royal Rifle Corps. • Edited by Sir Edward T. H. Hutton. Winchester: Printed by Warren and Son, Ltd., 1912. • UA652 K5 H9 A Charming Field For An Encounter: The Story of George Washington’s Fort Necessity. • By Robert C. Alberts. National Park Service, 1975. • E199 A33 A Compleat History of the Late War: Or Annual Register of Its Rise, Progress, and Events in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. • Includes a narrative of the French and Indian War in America. Dublin: Printed by John Exshaw, M.DCC.LXIII. • Case dD297 C736 A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples 1724-1774.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductions Supplied by EDRS Are the Best That Can Be Made from the Original Document
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 467 469 SO 034 056 TITLE Traveling the National Road: A National Park Service Curriculum Based Education Program. INSTITUTION National Park Service (Dept. of Interior), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 2001-00-00 NOTE 65p. AVAILABLE FROM Fort Necessity National Battlefield, One Washington Parkway, Farmington, PA 15437. Tel: 724-329-5512; For full text: http://www.nps.gov/ fone/classroom/nrintro.htm/. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Built Environment; *Curriculum Enrichment; Heritage Education; Intermediate Grades; Primary Sources; *Road Construction; Secondary Education; Social Studies; Student Educational Objectives; Student Research; *Travel; United States History IDENTIFIERS National Park Service; *Westward Movement (United States) ABSTRACT In 1805, a U.S. Senate committee urged the building of a road that would connect the eastern United States with the western United States. The road came to be known as the National Road (or Cumberland Road). It began in Cumberland, Maryland, and eventually reached to Vandalia, Illinois. It was the first and only U.S. road built entirely with federal funds. This curriculum-based packet is designed to provide teachers with background information and suggested classroom activities. It concentrates on the National Road between the years 1806-1853, the period of its construction and greatest prosperity. The packet contains six units, each with general objectives. The objectives are listed on the teacher sheet in each unit. Each unit in the packet contains a teacher sheet, a student sheet, and two or more activity sheets. The teacher sheets contain the unit objectives; materials needed; background information; suggested questions, activities, and sites that can be visited; and answers for the activity sheets.
    [Show full text]
  • American Revolution Study and Exam Guide
    AMERICAN REVOLUTION STUDY AND EXAM GUIDE This PDF contains a selection of sample pages from HTAV's American Revolution Study and Exam Guide Jennifer Casey Ian Lyell AMERICAN REVOLUTION STUDY AND EXAM GUIDE 1 First published 2017 by: CONTENTS History Teachers’ Association of Victoria Reproduction and communication for educational purposes: Suite 105 This publication is protected by the Australian Copyright Act 134–136 Cambridge Street 1968 (the Act). The Act allows a maximum of one chapter Collingwood VIC 3066 or 10 per cent of the pages of this publication, whichever is Australia the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers Phone 03 9417 3422 it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Fax 03 9419 4713 Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for Web www.htav.asn.au educational institutions contact: CONTENTS Copyright Agency Limited © HTAV 2017 Level 11, 66 Goulburn Street, Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 9394 7600 | Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601 | REVISION CHECKLISTS . 5 American Revolution Study and Exam Guide Email: info@copyright.com.au by Jennifer Casey and Ian Lyell. Revision Checklist—Area of Study 1: Causes of Revolution Reproduction and communication for other purposes: (1754 to 4 July 1776) . 5 ISBN 978 1 8755 8517 5 Except as permitted under the Act (for example: a fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review) no part Revision Checklist—Area of Study 2: Consequences of Revolution Publisher: Georgina Argus of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval (4 July 1776 to 1789) .
    [Show full text]
  • FOC Preliminary Schedule
    MASHANTUCKET PEQUOT MUSEUM & RESEARCH CENTER MISSION STATEMENT e Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center (MPMRC), part of the government of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation, is a non-prot educational institution that seeks to further knowledge and understanding of the richness and diversity of the indigenous cultures and societies of the United States and Canada. To accomplish this mission, the Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center conducts and supports research and the development of ethnographic, archival, library, and archaeological collections and provides programs and exhibits that encourage interaction with and among indigenous peoples, the general public, and the scholarly community. CONFERENCE SPONSORS e Fields of Conict 2018 conference has been made possible by: n Grant - U.S. National Park Service, American Battleeld Protection Program n Gold Sponsor - General Society of Colonial Wars n University of Connecticut Special thanks to the following conference supporters: n Connecticut Explored n Denison Homestead Museum n Hard Rock Café n New South Associates n Second World War Museum, Gdańsk, Poland e Fields of Conict, Provisional Working Group, welcomes you to the Tenth Biennial Fields of Conict Conference hosted by the Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center. ADDRESS WELCOME For the next four days you will be surrounded by some of the best and brightest of conict archaeologists from across the globe. Like all great ideas, Fields of Conict (FOC) was born in a pub in 1998 when co-founders Phil W. M. Freeman and Anthony “Tony” Pollard pondered the idea of gathering battleeld archaeologists together to discuss issues unique to their subject. With a call for papers, they were overwhelmed at the response, and since that rst meeting in Glasgow, Scotland, in 2000, Fields of Conict has grown exponentially.
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Necessity National Battlefield's Volunteer Program Handbook
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Fort Necessity National Battlefield Volunteer -In -Parks Program Handbook A Guide for Volunteers of Fort Necessity National Battlefield 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS National Park Service Mission Statement………………………………3 National Park Service and National Park System……….…………….3 Fort Necessity Significance, Mission Statement, Objectives……….4 National Park Service Volunteers in Parks Program………………….5 Fort Necessity Volunteer Program…………………………………........6 Volunteer Bill of Rights and Responsibilities……………………….....7 Traditions of Volunteerism…………………………………………….…..8 Fort Necessity Housing…………………………………………………….8 Volunteer Positions…………………………………………………………9 General Volunteer Information……………………………………………10 Volunteer Position Descriptions………………………………………….12 Volunteer Training Checklist………………………………………………19 General Operational Information……………………………………...….21 Cultural Sensitivity………………………………………………………….27 Most Asked Fort Necessity History Questions…………………………28 Conduct……………………………………………………………………..…30 Prohibited Activities…………………………………………………………30 Telephones, Office Equipment, Internet, Vehicles…….………………30 Standard Operating Procedures –……………………………………….32 Reservations and Guide to Facilitating Self-guided Groups………..37 Suggested Reading List……………………………………………………37 Library and Gun Laws………….………………………………..…………38 Sample Coaching Form for Interpretive …………………….…….........39 Sample Volunteer Evaluation Form………………………………….......41 Sample Volunteer Agreement………………………………………………42 2 WELCOME! The staff at Fort Necessity National
    [Show full text]
  • French and Indian War
    NO. 21 THE C LE MENTS LI BRARY ASS OC IATE S SPRING-SUMMER 2004 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR eorge Washington composed In other words. as Washington faced War II did for Americans in the late one of the odder letters in his his greatest crisis yet as comm ander-in­ I950s or early ' 60s. The cen tral public voluminou s co rrespondence on chief of the Continental Army. it was event of Washington's life to date, as Jul y 20, 1776, as he and his men less the futu re of the United States for his gene ration, had been the destruc­ prepared to defend New York against than his personal history that was on tio n of New France. the stunning victo­ the invasion that Ge neral \Villiam Howe his mind. The specific experie nces ry that had made Britain the greatest was abo ut to unleash. Hundreds of were a pair of spectacular defeats that imperi al power of the day. Yet victory Royal Navy ships had somehow also cre­ rode at anchor in ated the con ditions that the harbo r, and had plunged the British thousands of British Empire into civil war, and Hessian troops just a little mor e than were encamped on 12 years after the Staten Island when Peace of Paris. the commander-in­ Today, 250 years chief wrote the afte r the Seven Years' following words War began in America. to his old comrade­ we have almost forgot­ in-arms. Adam ten the eve nts that Stephen: loomed so large for "I did not let Washin gton in 1776.
    [Show full text]
  • Mount Washington Tavern APPROVED: Ken Mabery Superintendent, Fort Necessity/Friendship Hill March 30, 2004
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Media Services Harpers Ferry Center Historic Furnishings Report Fort Necessity National Battlefi eld Farmington, Pennsylvania Mount Washington Tavern APPROVED: Ken Mabery Superintendent, Fort Necessity/Friendship Hill March 30, 2004 National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Media Services Harpers Ferry Center 67 Mather Place Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425-0050 EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA Historic Furnishings Report Mount Washington Tavern Fort Necessity National Battlefi eld Farmington, Pennsylvania By John Demer Staff Curator Media Services Harpers Ferry Center National Park Service, 2005 Contents Administrative Information 5 3 Enabling Legislation 5 Redesignation 5 Interpretive Objectives 5 Operating Plan 7 First Floor 7 Second Floor 8 Prior Planning Documents 9 Historical Information 11 A Note on Sources 13 Primary Documents 13 Original Furnishings 14 Analysis of Historic Occupancy 15 Travel on the National Road 16 The Owens Trip 18 The Mails 20 Express Mails 20 Food and Freight 21 Wagon Loads 21 Stage Lines 21 Hog Drovers 21 Number of Travelers 22 Inns and Innkeeping 22 Black Wagoners 25 Taverns, Hotels, and Entertainment 26 James and Rebecca Sampey 27 Documented Events at Mount Washington Tavern 28 Evidence of Room Use and Furnishings 29 William Jackson Inventory (1832) 29 Table 1: William Jackson inventory, fi rst fl oor 30 Table 2: William Jackson inventory, second fl oor 33 MOUNT WASHINGTON TAVERN CONTENTS Furnishings Plan 37 Recommended Furnishings 39 First Floor 39 Entry
    [Show full text]
  • Warnings in George Washington's Farewell Address
    Warnings in George Washington’s Farewell Address: Parallels in policies from the 18th century Visa Lukinmaa Pro Gradu Thesis English Faculty of Humanities University of Oulu Spring 2021 Table of contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3 2. George Washington and the history of the early republic ...................................................... 5 2.1. Pre-Washington era .......................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Washington’s early life and first term .............................................................................. 9 2.3. Washington’s second term and final years ..................................................................... 22 2.4. After Washington ........................................................................................................... 28 3. Previous studies .................................................................................................................... 30 4. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 32 5. Farewell Address .................................................................................................................. 35 5.1. Construction of the Farewell Address ............................................................................ 35 5.2. Domestic issues raised in the Farewell Address
    [Show full text]